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9 Food Items That Will Skyrocket in Price in 2024 (That You'll Want)

Original YouTube Video | CityPrepping Published on 2023-09-16 Level：93 Speed：36 maxwordlevel：17

Video vocabulary

planning

US / ˈplænɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈplænɪŋ /

noun
Act of making a detailed set of actions to do
verb
To intend to do something in the future
To make a detailed set of actions to do something

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

quantity

US / ˈkwɒntəti /

•

UK / ˈkwɑntɪti /

noun
A large amount of something
Amount or number of something

cook

US / kʊk /

•

UK / kʊk /

noun
A person who prepares food
Person's name
verb
To heat food until it is ready to eat

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

recurrent

US / rɪˈkʌrənt /

•

UK / rɪˈkɜ:rənt /

adjecitve
Happening again and again

eat

US / i:t /

•

UK / it /

verb
To put food in your mouth

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

survival

US / səˈvaɪvl /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪvəl /

noun
Act of continuing to exist when facing difficulty

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

widely

US / ˈwaɪdli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdlɪ /

adverb
To a large degree; over a large range
By or among a large number of people

pantry

US / ˈpæntri /

•

UK / ˈpæntri /

noun
Room for preparation or storage of foods

persistent

US / pəˈsɪstənt /

•

UK / pərˈsɪstənt /

adjecitve
Continuing to do something despite challenges

heat

US / hi:t /

•

UK / hit /

noun
State of anger, excitement, or arguing
Particular temperature at which to cook something
High temperature
One of series of races to find the finalists
Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
verb
To make hot or hotter

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

successfully

US / sək'sesfəlɪ /

•

UK / səkˈsɛsfəlɪ /

adverb
In a manner that achieves a goal

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

cultivation

US / ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkʌltəˈveʃən /

noun
Science of the use of soil for growing plants

weather

US / 'weðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɛðɚ /

noun
Whether it is raining, sunny, cold etc. outside
verb
To successfully deal with a difficult situation
To erode or become damaged due to the environment

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

fungal

US / ˈfʌŋgl /

•

UK / ˈfʌŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Concerning fungi

portugal

US / 'pɔ:tʃʊɡl /

•

UK / 'pɔ:rtʃʊɡl /

other
A republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in th

visit

US / ˈvɪzɪt /

•

UK / ˈvɪzɪt /

noun
Trip to a place for a time, usually for a reason
verb
To go to a place for a time, usually for a reason

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

persist

US / pə'sɪst /

•

UK / pɚˈsɪst, -ˈzɪst /

verb
To continue a course of action despite opposition

population

US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

noun
Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

australia

US / ɒˈstreɪliə /

•

UK / ɔːˈstreɪliə /

noun
The smallest continent; between the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

global

US / ˈgləʊbl /

•

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

market

US / ˈmɑ:kɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:rkɪt /

noun
Need or demand for a particular product or service
Area or region where a certain product is sold
Public event where people sell goods on tables
Institution where stocks are bought and sold
verb
To publicize products to get you to buy; advertise

devastation

US / ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn /

noun
Act of ruining or destroying something

US / ˈpri:viəs /

•

UK / ˈpriviəs /

adjecitve
Existing or happening before the present time

exacerbate

US / ɪɡ'zæsəbeɪt /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbet /

verb
To increase the severity or bitterness of

series

US / ˈsɪəri:z /

•

UK / ˈsɪriz /

noun
Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
other
Number of things that happen one after another

warn

US / wɔ:n /

•

UK / wɔrn /

verb
To tell someone about possible danger

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

calendar

US / ˈkælɪndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkæləndɚ /

noun
A table showing the days, months and years

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

fortunately

US / ˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

•

UK / ˈfɔ:rtʃənətli /

adverb
Through good luck; luckily

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

fissure

US / ˈfɪʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɪʃɚ /

noun
Narrow opening or crack

storage

US / ˈstɔ:rɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈstɔrɪdʒ, ˈstor- /

noun
Act of storing something; a depository for goods

delay

US / dɪˈleɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈle /

noun
Action of being late or happening later
verb
To wait some amount of time before doing something
To do something later than is planned or expected
To stop something from happening for a time

regulation

US / ˌregjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛɡjəˈleʃən /

noun
Act of controlling something with rules or orders
other

supply

US / sə'plaɪ /

•

UK / səˈplaɪ /

noun
Availability of products and services for use
Specific things needed to perform a certain task
verb
To give or sell goods to others for their use

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

production

US / prəˈdʌkʃn /

•

UK / prəˈdʌkʃən, pro- /

noun
Process of producing or growing food naturally
Process of making something on a large scale
Process of making a movie or TV show

livestock

US / ˈlaɪvstɒk /

•

UK / ˈlaɪvˌstɑk /

noun
Any animals kept for use or profit

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

surround

US / səˈraʊnd /

•

UK / səˈraʊnd /

other
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
verb
To be all the way around something
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
To move closer on all sides of something

ukrainian

US / ju:'kreɪnɪən /

•

UK / ju:'kreɪnɪrn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Ukraine
noun
Person from Ukraine

severely

US / sə'vɪrlɪ /

•

UK / səˈvɪrlɪ /

adverb
Extremely bad or harsh

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

stem

US / stem /

•

UK / stɛm /

noun
Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
verb
To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
To start from or be the origin of
To stop something bad from spreading or developing

tomato

US / təˈmɑ:təu /

•

UK / təˈmeto /

noun
Round soft red vegetable, fruit used in sauces

uncertainty

US / ʌn'sɜ:tntɪ /

•

UK / ʌnˈsə:tn:ti /

noun
Feeling of not really knowing what will happen

minor

US / 'maɪnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmaɪnɚ /

adjecitve
Not so large in size; not important or valuable
An interval a half tone smaller than its major
noun
Subject studied in college, but not the main one
Someone too young to be legally responsible

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

diet

US / 'daɪət /

•

UK / ˈdaɪɪt /

noun
Plan of eating to reduce weight or improve health
other
The usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal)
verb
To eat special or less food, as to lose weight

staple

US / ˈsteɪpl /

•

UK / ˈstepəl /

noun
Main food of a particular community
A basic food that is eaten all the time
Primary product of a place or company
verb
To pin together using a machine and bent wire

yield

US / ji:ld /

•

UK / jild /

noun
Amount of crops grown
Amount of profit you make
verb
To bend or break because of a strong force
To give way to someone or something else
To produce, usually in agriculture or business
To produce a certain amount of profit; result in
To total to a certain amount, as in a calculation

component

US / kəmˈpəʊnənt /

•

UK / kəmˈponənt /

adjecitve
Being a part of something
noun
One of the parts that something is made up of

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

argentina

US / ˌɑ:dʒənˈti:nə /

•

UK / ˌɑrdʒənˈtinə /

noun
A republic in southern South America; second largest country in South America
other
Type genus of the Argentinidae: argentines

corn

US / kɔ:n /

•

UK / kɔrn /

noun
Small, painful hard spot on the foot
Plant with many yellow seeds used as food

trade

US / treɪd /

•

UK / treid /

noun
A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
Action of buying and selling things in business
The buying and selling of goods and services
Exchanging something for something else
Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
verb
To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
To give something in return for something else

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

wholesale

US / 'həʊlseɪl /

•

UK / ˈholˌsel /

adjecitve
Concerning the selling of goods in large amounts

teeter

US / ˈti:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtitɚ /

verb
To stand or walk moving from side to side

download

US / 'daʊnləʊd /

•

UK / ˈdaʊnˌlod /

noun
Transfer of data from the internet to a computer
verb
To transfer data from a computer or the internet

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

china

US / ˈtʃaɪnə /

•

UK / ˈtʃaɪnə /

noun
A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the wo
other
High quality porcelain originally made only in China

planting

US / ˈplɑːntɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈplæntɪŋ /

verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

country

US / ˈkʌntri /

•

UK / ˈkʌntri /

noun
An area of land that is controlled by a government
Open land that is away from towns and cities

norwegian

US / nɔ:'wi:dʒən /

•

UK / nɔrˈwidʒən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Norway
noun
Person from Norway

quinoa

US / 'ki:nwɑ: /

•

UK / 'ki:nwɑ: /

noun

fat

US / fæt /

•

UK / fæt /

adjecitve
Having too much weight for the body size
Bringing or having a large amount of money
noun
Amount beyond what is usual or necessary
Oily part of meat

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

drop

US / drɒp /

•

UK / drɑp /

noun
Distance between a higher and a lower level
Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
verb
To drive someone to a place and then drive away
To let something fall from your hand
To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

prep

US / prep /

•

UK / prɛp /

adjecitve
Preparation for an action or event
noun
Shortened form of 'preparation school'

spark

US / spɑ:k /

•

UK / spɑrk /

noun
Small piece of burning material produced by fire
Tiny, brief bit of light caused by electric energy
First small part of an idea or feeling
verb
To make tiny, brief bits of light
To start something new; To set in motion, activate

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

rage

US / reɪdʒ /

•

UK / reɪdʒ /

noun
Strong or violent anger
Sudden display of strong or violent anger
verb
To act or speak with strong or violent anger
To move violently, like a storm

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

prolong

US / prə'lɒŋ /

•

UK / prəˈlɔŋ, -ˈlɑŋ /

verb
To make continue for a longer amount of time

cavendish

US / ˈkævəndɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈkævəndɪʃ /

noun
Tobacco softened, sweetened, and formed into cakes.

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

section

US / 'sekʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛkʃən /

noun
A part of a whole
Specific area or region within a larger place
Specific group of people from a larger group
Part of a book, newspaper, etc.
verb
To divide something into smaller parts

account

US / ə'kaʊnt /

•

UK / əˈkaʊnt /

noun
An advantage
Arrangement with a bank to keep your money for you
An invoice for things bought
Arrangement whereby you can use online services
A description, often written, of events; report

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

activity

US / æk'tɪvətɪ /

•

UK / ækˈtɪvɪti /

noun
An action or task, e.g. sports, washing clothes

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

wipe

US / waɪp /

•

UK / waɪp /

noun
Act to clean or dry something with a cloth
verb
To clean or dry something with a cloth
To spread a liquid on something

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

miss

US / mɪs /

•

UK / mɪs /

noun
Action of not hitting something or someone
Form of address to unmarried girl or woman
verb
To be absent
To fail to hit something e.g. a ball
To do without something
To fail to see or sense something
To fail to understand someone's message
To be too late to ride on something e.g. train
To feel you want to see someone who is not there

legume

US / ˈlegju:m /

•

UK / ˈlɛɡˌjum, ləˈɡjum /

noun
Climbing bean or pea plant

moreover

US / mɔ:rˈəʊvə(r) /

•

UK / mɔ:rˈoʊvər /

adverb
In addition to what has been said

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

lucrative

US / ˈlu:krətɪv /

•

UK / ˈlukrətɪv /

adjecitve
Producing a lot of money

ongoing

US / ˈɒngəʊɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɑ:ngoʊɪŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing to exist or be in progress

closure

US / ˈkləʊʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkloʊʒə(r) /

noun
Feeling of accepting a death, divorce etc.
Act of closing something

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

endure

US / ɪn'djʊə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʊr, -ˈdjʊr /

verb
To last for a long time; continue to exist
To accept difficulties without struggle

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

citrus

US / 'sɪtrəs /

•

UK / ˈsɪtrəs /

noun
Type of plant producing juicy acidic fruits

severe

US / sɪ'vɪə(r) /

•

UK / səˈvɪr /

adjecitve
Very bad; harsh
Being very serious or extremely bad
(Of clothes, etc.) plain; simple; not decorated

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

virus

US / 'vaɪrəs /

•

UK / ˈvaɪrəs /

noun
File secretly put on computers to cause harm
Living organism that causes disease or sickness

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

encourage

US / ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ /

•

UK / ɛnˈkɚrɪdʒ, -ˈkʌr- /

verb
To increase the chance of something happening
To make someone more determined or confident

consistently

US / kən'sɪstəntlɪ /

•

UK / kənˈsɪstəntlɪ /

adverb
In a manner that is the same almost every time

option

US / 'ɒpʃn /

•

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

noun
A choice
Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

atlantic

US / æt'læntɪk /

•

UK / ætˈlæntɪk /

adjecitve
Of the ocean between Africa and the Americas

volume

US / ˈvɒlju:m /

•

UK / ˈvɑljum, -jəm /

noun
Number or amount of something e.g. sales
Amount of space that something takes up
One book that is part of a set of books
Level of sound produced by radio or television

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

strained

US / streɪnd /

•

UK / strend /

verb
To remove the water from (food) using a colander
To injure a muscle, leg etc. by using it too much

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

sandwich

US / ˈsænwɪtʃ /

•

UK / ˈsændwɪtʃ, ˈsæn- /

noun
Two pieces of bread with meat, cheese etc. in it
verb
To catch between two things

semblance

US / ˈsembləns /

•

UK / ˈsɛmbləns /

noun
Outward appearance

intricate

US / ˈɪntrɪkət /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪkɪt /

adjecitve
Very detailed or difficult to untangle

post

US / pəʊst /

•

UK / post /

noun
Message delivered or shared in an online group
Piece of wood, metal in the ground for support
Job or position within an organization or company
Place where a soldier, etc. is ordered to go
verb
To send a letter or package using stamps
To share a message on an internet discussion group
To send a soldier somewhere to do a job
To put a message in public for everyone to see

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

threat

US / θret /

•

UK / θrɛt /

noun
Warning of probable trouble
A warning that you may be harmed

greenhouse

US / 'ɡri:nhaʊs /

•

UK / ˈɡrinˌhaʊs /

adjecitve
Greenhouse gas that makes the Earth get warmer
noun
Glass building used for growing plants

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

shrink

US / ʃrɪŋk /

•

UK / ʃrɪŋk /

noun
A rude name for a psychiatrist
other
To make something smaller than it was before
verb
To become smaller
To make or become smaller than it was before

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

difficulty

US / ˈdɪfɪkəlti /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlti, -kəl- /

noun
Something that is hard to do

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

witness

US / 'wɪtnəs /

•

UK / ˈwɪtnɪs /

noun
Person who was present to see an event take place
Evidence or proof of something
verb
To see the signing of an official document
To see an event take place (usually a crime)
To serve as an example or evidence of something

shower

US / ˈʃaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʃaʊɚ /

noun
Device producing falling water for cleaning
Process of washing your body under running water
Party where a woman receives wedding/baby gifts
Giving someone many things, as gifts
Brief time when rain or snow is falling
verb
To wash your body under running water
To give someone many things as gifts

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

regulator

US / ˈregjuleɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəˌletɚ /

noun
Device controlling the amount, speed, or level
Official who makes sure rules are followed

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

select

US / sɪ'lekt /

•

UK / sɪˈlɛkt /

verb
To choose a suitable thing from a group

ukraine

US / ju:'kreɪn /

•

UK / ju:'kreɪn /

other
A republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian st

flood

US / flʌd /

•

UK / flʌd /

noun
Large number of people or things arriving at once
Destruction when a river breaks its banks
verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

powder

US / 'paʊdə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊdɚ /

noun
Dry material made up of small powder-like pieces
Dry and light form of snow
verb
To apply a dust onto the body or face

vein

US / veɪn /

•

UK / ven /

noun
Tube that returns blood from the body to the heart
Mood or particular turn of mind
Thin line of something that has a different color

inconvenience

US / ˌɪnkənˈvi:niəns /

•

UK / ˌɪnkənˈvinjəns /

noun
Quality of being difficult or annoying to do

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

winter

US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

adjecitve
(Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
noun
Time or season of idleness or decay
Coldest season of the year
verb
To spend the cold months at a certain place

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

dwindle

US / 'dwɪndl /

•

UK / ˈdwɪndl /

verb
To make or become less or smaller gradually

asia

US / ˈeɪʒə /

•

UK / ˈeɪʒə /

noun
Largest continent with Europe on the west to form Eurasia
other
Nations of the Asian continent collectively

sherman

US / ˈʃɜːmən /

•

UK / ˈʃɜrmən /

other
A peak in the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado (, feet high)

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

sauce

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔs /

noun
Food made from cooked fruit, e.g. apples or mangos

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

florida

US / 'flɒrɪdə /

•

UK / 'flɔ:rədə /

noun
A state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confed

amplify

US / 'æmplɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈæmpləˌfaɪ /

verb
To increase the effect of something
To add more details to a story or something said

align

US / əˈlaɪn /

•

UK / əˈlaɪn /

verb
To arrange (e.g. objects) in line with one another

dynamic

US / daɪˈnæmɪk /

•

UK / daiˈnæmik /

adjecitve
Always active or energetic; getting things done

barley

US / ˈbɑ:li /

•

UK / ˈbɑ:rli /

noun
Plant producing grain used in food and alcohol

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

optimism

US / ˈɒptɪmɪzəm /

•

UK / ˈɑptəˌmɪzəm /

noun
Condition of having a positive outlook or belief

offer

US / 'ɒfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

noun
Price you say you are willing to pay for something
Act of making a thing available to be accepted
verb
To suggest a price you are willing to pay
To give the opportunity to accept something
To say you are willing to do something
To give or say something as an act of worship

primary

US / 'praɪmərɪ /

•

UK / ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri /

adjecitve
Most important, most basic or essential
Happening first; earliest
of or for the teaching of young children

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

nicole

US / nɪˈkəʊl /

•

UK / nɪˈkoʊl /

grocery

US / 'ɡrəʊsərɪ /

•

UK / 'ɡroʊsərɪ /

noun
Daily foods such as flour, sugar, and tinned foods

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

infiltrate

US / ˈɪnfɪltreɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈfɪlˌtret, ˈɪnfɪl- /

verb
To enter a group, place to get secret information
(Of liquids/gases) to enter into something slowly

current

US / 'kʌrənt /

•

UK / ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr- /

adjecitve
Happening or being in the present time
noun
Electricity flowing through wires
Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky

wildfire

US / ˈwaɪldfaɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwaɪldˌfaɪr /

noun
Raging and rapidly spreading large fire

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

disrupt

US / dɪsˈrʌpt /

•

UK / dɪsˈrʌpt /

verb
To cause a disturbance in an activity in progress

absolute

US / ˈæbsəlu:t /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlut /

adjecitve
Complete; total; pure; not limited in any way
noun
Something that is complete, total, pure, certain

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

primarily

US / praɪˈmerəli /

•

UK / praɪˈmɛrəli, -ˈmɛr- /

adverb
In the most basic or important way

impact

US / 'ɪmpækt /

•

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

noun
A striking effect or result to hit with force
Very strong influence
Act or force of one thing hitting something else
verb
To hit or strike someone or something with force

projection

US / prəˈdʒekʃn /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkʃən /

noun
A prediction; guess about future developments
An image on a screen
A part that sticks out

dismal

US / ˈdɪzməl /

•

UK / ˈdɪzməl /

adjecitve
Bad in a sad and depressing way

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

wither

US / 'wɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪðɚ /

verb
To become drier and smaller, as when dead or dying
To lose vitality, energy or force

fare

US / feə(r) /

•

UK / fer /

noun
Money people pay to travel on buses, taxis, boats
Kind of food
verb
To perform well or poorly

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

prohibitively

US / prəʊˈhɪbɪtɪvlɪ /

•

UK / proˈhɪbɪtɪvlɪ /

adverb
To a discouraging degree, e.g. too high a price

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

exceed

US / ɪk'si:d /

•

UK / ɪkˈsid /

verb
To be greater in number, degree than something
To go above or beyond a limit or rule

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

additionally

US / ə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

•

UK / ə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

adverb
Also; as well

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

dilemma

US / dɪ'lemə /

•

UK / dɪˈlɛmə /

noun
Position in which you must make difficult choices

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

battle

US / 'bætl /

•

UK / ˈbætl /

noun
Military fight between armies
Working hard to stop something; struggle
verb
To fight or struggle against someone or something
To work hard to stop something; struggle

ban

US / bæn /

•

UK / bæn /

noun
Official action preventing something happening
verb
To make something illegal or not allowed

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

grain

US / greɪn /

•

UK / ɡren /

noun
Seeds of plants used for food
Natural pattern in something, e.g. wood
Very small piece of something such as sand, truth
Unit of weight based on a piece of wheat

calorie

US / 'kælərɪ /

•

UK / ˈkæləri /

noun
Unit for measuring the amount of energy in food

relief

US / rɪˈli:f /

•

UK / rɪˈlif /

noun
Aid given to people in need as after war/disaster
Artwork, e.g. part of wall, that partly sticks out
People who replace other workers and their duties
Release from worry, stress or tension

strain

US / streɪn /

•

UK / stren /

noun
Injury to a muscle, leg etc. through overuse
Type or variation of a disease or bacillus
verb
To remove the water from (food) using a colander
To injure a muscle, leg etc. by using it too much

nine

US / naɪn /

•

UK / naɪn /

number
9

reduction

US / rɪ'dʌkʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈdʌkʃən /

noun
Act of making something smaller
Amount that a price is decreased by

resource

US / riˈsɔ:s /

•

UK / ˈriˌsɔrs, -ˌsors, -ˌzɔrs, -ˌzors, rɪˈsɔrs, -ˈsors, /

noun
Something that can be used profitably; asset
An essential supply of something
Resourcefulness; ability to deal with problems
verb
To obtain (e.g. oil, gas) from its source

hike

US / haɪk /

•

UK / haɪk /

noun
Large and unexpected increase in price, level etc.
A long walk in mountains, etc. for exercise
Long walk, often in a rural area, for exercise
verb
To make a large and unexpected increase in a price
To take a long walk in mountains etc. for exercise

tight

US / taɪt /

•

UK / taɪt /

adjecitve
Showing anxiety or anger; tense
Positioned physically close together
Managed or controlled in a strict and careful way
(Of road, bend) curving sharply
Drunk
Being equally matched in ability or score
Lacking extra space
Having limited time available
Being very limited in supply
Not generous; mean with money; stingy
(Rope or tie) pulled strongly
Being in a good solid relationship
adverb
Firmly; so it can't move

seed

US / si:d /

•

UK / sid /

noun
A person's children; offspring
Part of a plant used to grow more on them
Source of a feeling or thought
Top-ranked person in a competition, e.g. in tennis
verb
(Of plants) to produce seeds for the future
To produce seeds, as a plant
To remove the center part from a fruit or vegetable
To be the source of a feeling or thought
To plant seeds in the ground

indoor

US / ˈɪndɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌdɔr, -ˌdor /

adjecitve
Located, done, or used inside a building

correspond

US / ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd /

•

UK / ˌkɔ:rəˈspɑ:nd /

verb
To have similarity or equality with something
To write letters or emails to someone

approximately

US / əˈprɒksɪmətli /

•

UK / əˈprɑksəmɪtlɪ /

adverb
Around; nearly; almost; about (a number)

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

contrast

US / 'kɒntrɑ:st /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:ntræst /

noun
Comparison that shows obvious differences
Difference in light and dark in photos, etc.
verb
To compare; to show clear, obvious differences

failure

US / ˈfeɪljə(r) /

•

UK / 'feɪljər /

noun
When things go wrong; lack of function
Act or result of not achieving your goals

consecutive

US / kənˈsekjətɪv /

•

UK / kənˈsɛkjətɪv /

adjecitve
Following one after the other in order

condiment

US / ˈkɒndɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:ndɪmənt /

noun
Salt, pepper or sauce used to enhance flavor

variety

US / və'raɪətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

noun
Particular type of thing or person

garden

US / ˈgɑ:dn /

•

UK / ˈgɑ:rdn /

noun
Yard; ground outside your house to grow plants
Public park in which visitors can see flowers
verb
To work in a yard to grow plants, vegetables

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

carolina

US / ˌkærə'laɪnə /

•

UK / ˌkærə'laɪnə /

noun
Area of the states of North Carolina and South Carolina

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

invasion

US / ɪnˈveɪʒn /

•

UK / ɪnˈveʒən /

noun
Entry into a place to cause harm

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

echo

US / 'ekəʊ /

•

UK / 'ekoʊ /

noun
Repetition of sounds after bouncing off something
A repetition of events or circumstances
verb
(Of a place) to be filled with repeating sounds
(Of a sound) to be repeated
To repeat something, e.g. something someone said

significantly

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfəkəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is important or noticeable
In a way that is meaningful

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

hurt

US / hɜ:t /

•

UK / hɚt /

noun
Mental, emotional, or physical pain
verb
To cause pain, damage or injury

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

sorghum

US / ˈsɔːɡəm /

•

UK / ˈsɔːrɡəm /

noun
Economically important tropical cereal grass

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

verb
To cause a change in something else

compensate

US / ˈkɒmpenseɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:mpenseɪt /

verb
To give (money) to as a form of correcting a loss

conflict

US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

noun
Argument or struggle between two or more parties
verb
To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

reduce

US / rɪ'dju:s /

•

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
To make something smaller in size, amount, level

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

wave

US / weɪv /

•

UK / wev /

noun
Movement of sound, air or energy
Deep and strong emotion that is suddenly felt
Slightly curved shape in hair
Frequency of movement of objects together
Up and down movement of water in a lake or sea
Signal with your hand to say hello or goodbye
verb
To cause to move side to side or back and forth
To swing back and forth as a result of the wind
To move your hand or arm to say hello or goodbye

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

pose

US / pəʊz /

•

UK / poʊz /

noun
False behavior to gain respect or liking
verb
To be or exist as (a problem, threat etc.)
To suggest an idea, question or solution
To sit or stand while being painted or drawn
To put someone in a position to be photographed

affordable

US / ə'fɔ:dəbl /

•

UK / əˈfɔrdəbəl, əˈfor- /

adjecitve
Cheap enough that it can be paid for

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

render

US / ˈrendə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛndɚ /

verb
To cause to be in a certain state or condition
To digitally make an image ready for use
To remove the fat from meat while it is cooking
To give or offer something to someone
To show or present something

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

partially

US / ˈpɑ:ʃəli /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rʃəli /

adverb
In part; in some degree; not wholly

cereal

US / 'sɪərɪəl /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəl /

noun
Breakfast food eaten with milk
Grain that can be eaten

double

US / 'dʌbl /

•

UK / ˈdʌbəl /

adjecitve
Concerning or intended for use by two people
Two times the amount or degree; twice
Made of two parts that are the same, similar
noun
Person that is exactly like someone else
verb
To be used for two functions at the same time
To make or become twice as much

increasingly

US / ɪnˈkri:sɪŋli /

•

UK / ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli /

adverb
More and more; in greater degree or amount

europe

US / ˈjʊərəp /

•

UK / ˈjʊrəp /

noun
A continent including Germany, France and Spain
other
The second smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use 'Europe' to re

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

complex

US / 'kɒmpleks /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

adjecitve
Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
noun
Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
Psychological issue regarding self-image

bread

US / bred /

•

UK / brɛd /

noun
Money or earnings
Baked food made from flour, used in sandwiches

industry

US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

noun
Hard work; being busy working
Factories or businesses that make certain products

staggering

US / ˈstægərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈstæɡərɪŋ /

adjecitve
Causing amazement; unbelievable
verb
To greatly surprise someone

soybeans

US / ˈsɔɪbiːnz /

•

UK / ˈsɔɪˌbinz /

other
Edible seed widely used to make sauce, in cooking

strict

US / strɪkt /

•

UK / strɪkt /

adjecitve
Tending to enforce rules; severe
(Of orders) that must be obeyed

slash

US / slæʃ /

•

UK / slæʃ /

noun
Line ( / ) used in writing
Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
verb
To cut violently with a sharp object
To decrease something by a large amount

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

flooding

US / flʌdɪŋ /

•

UK / flʌdɪŋ /

verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

plenty

US / 'plentɪ /

•

UK / ˈplɛnti /

pronoun
When there is not too little of something; a lot

beyond

US / bɪ'jɒnd /

•

UK / biˈɑnd, bɪˈjɑnd /

adverb
On or to the farther side
In addition to
preposition
Later in time than
Out of the limits of

poor

US / pʊə(r) /

•

UK / pʊr /

adjecitve
Inferior; below the normal standard
Deserving of pity or sympathy
Without money; not rich

chinook

US / tʃɪˈnu:k /

•

UK / ʃɪˈnʊk, tʃɪ- /

noun
Member of an important North American Indian people who controlled the mouth of the Columbia river;

ease

US / i:z /

•

UK / iz /

noun
State of being comfortable or relaxed
verb
To make something less difficult, tight, stressed
To move slowly and purposely to get in small space

region

US / 'ri:dʒən /

•

UK / ˈridʒən /

noun
Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

october

US / ɒkˈtəʊbə(r) /

•

UK / ɑkˈtobɚ /

noun
10th month of the year

elevate

US / ˈelɪveɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛləˌvet /

verb
To make something higher
To raise something in status, importance, feeling

expect

US / ɪk'spekt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

verb
To believe something is probably going to happen

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

substantial

US / səbˈstænʃl /

•

UK / səbˈstænʃəl /

adjecitve
(Of a meal) able to satisfy your hunger; filling
Being large in degree, quantity, or size
Being strongly and firmly made or built

address

US / ə'dres /

•

UK / əˈdrɛs /

noun
Exact street location of a place
A formal speech to a group of people
verb
To write the place someone lives on a letter
To refer to someone or something formally
To make a formal speech to a group of people
To try to find a solution to; think about

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

stock

US / stɒk /

•

UK / stɑk /

adjecitve
(E.g. of a response) standard; usual; not original
noun
Animals such as cattle kept for breeding
Tasty liquid added to stews, soups etc.
Merchandise; goods kept by a business for sale
Piece of a business, bought in the form of shares
verb
To keep some of, as items for sale

freeze

US / fri:z /

•

UK / friz /

noun
Sudden stop to prevent increase or decreases
Period of very cold weather under zero degrees
verb
To harden to a solid below zero degrees
To store an item of food in a cold place
To make someone to not want to communicate
To stop moving and be still; stay the same

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

disease

US / dɪˈzi:z /

•

UK / dɪˈziz /

noun
Illness that affects a person, animal, or plant

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

output

US / 'aʊtpʊt /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌpʊt /

noun
Amount of something that is produced
verb
To produce data or information, as a computer

north

US / nɔ:θ /

•

UK / nɔ:rθ /

adjecitve
Coming from the opposite direction to the south
noun
Direction to your left when facing the rising sun

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

farmer

US / ˈfɑ:mə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɑ:rmə(r) /

noun
Person who operates a farm

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

record

US / 'rekɔ:d /

•

UK / ˈrekərd /

noun
Highest or most extreme level achieved
Round plastic disc on which music has been stored
History of a person's past actions or achievements
verb
To indicate a temperature, speed, etc.; register
To write down or say what happened
To put music, sounds onto a device to store it

transportation

US / ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌtrænspɔ:rˈteɪʃn /

noun
Act of moving people or goods between places

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

availability

US / əˌveɪlə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˌveləˈbɪlətɪ /

noun
Being present and able to be used

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

export

US / ˈekspɔ:t /

•

UK / ˈekspɔ:rt /

noun
When goods are sold to another country
verb
To send goods to be sold in another country

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

pricing

US / ˈpraɪsɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈpraɪsɪŋ /

verb
To determine or set the cost of something

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

security

US / sɪ'kjʊərətɪ /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊrɪtisə'kjurətɪ /

noun
Department in a company in charge of protection
Financial document, like stocks, bonds and notes
Person paid to protect property and people
Things done to protect people, buildings etc.
Condition of being safe from danger or harm

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

reminiscent

US / ˌremɪˈnɪsnt /

•

UK / ˌrɛməˈnɪsənt /

adjecitve
Suggestive of; tending to remind you of

africa

US / 'æfrɪkə /

•

UK / ˈæfrɪkə /

noun
Continent between the Atlantic and Indian oceans

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

imbalance

US / ɪm'bæləns /

•

UK / ɪmˈbæləns /

noun
A lack of equality so two things are not equal

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

harvest

US / ˈhɑ:vɪst /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:rvɪst /

noun
Gathering crops from the fields; the crops
The time of year to bring crops in from the fields
verb
To gather ripe crops in from the fields

plain

US / pleɪn /

•

UK / plen /

adjecitve
Obvious; clearly so, true
Very simple, ordinary; not decorated; not striped
noun
Wide open area of flat, dry land

iguana

US / ɪˈgwɑ:nə /

•

UK / ɪˈɡwɑnə /

noun
Large herbivorous lizards with a spiny crest

pattern

US / 'pætn /

•

UK / ˈpætən /

noun
Model to follow in making or doing something
Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
Regular repeated behavior
verb
To copy the way something else is made

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

perceive

US / pə'si:v /

•

UK / pɚˈsiv /

verb
To notice or become aware of something
To think of someone or something in a certain way

minimum

US / ˈmɪnɪməm /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəməm /

noun
Smallest degree or level that is acceptable

experience

US / ɪk'spɪərɪəns /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɪriəns /

noun
Thing a person has done or that happened to them
An event at which you learned something
Knowledge gained by living life, doing new things
verb
To gain knowledge by doing things

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

surge

US / sɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / sɜ:rdʒ /

noun
Sudden movement in one direction by many
Sudden or unexpected increase in amount
Unexpected increase or movement, as in sea/prices
verb
To move unexpectedly and quickly in one direction
To rise to an unexpected height

scale

US / skeɪl /

•

UK / skel /

noun
Size, level, or amount when compared
Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
Device that is used to weigh a person or thing
Range of numbers from the lowest to the highest
Dimensions or size of something
verb
To change the size of but keep the proportions
To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
To remove the scales of a fish

allocate

US / ˈæləkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈæləˌket /

verb
To distribute or set apart for a plan or purpose

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

march

US / mɑ:tʃ /

•

UK / mɑ:rtʃ /

noun
Walk by a group of soldiers who walk in time
3rd month of the year
Music played for soldiers to walk in time to
Progress towards a future time or place
Public walk by a group to demand change
verb
To force someone to walk somewhere
(Soldiers) to walk in time with others
To walk as a group to demand some kind of change
To walk somewhere quickly often in an angry manner

contamination

US / kənˌtæmɪ'neɪʃən /

•

UK / kənˌtæməˈneʃən /

noun
Being impure because of a harmful agent

july

US / dʒuˈlaɪ /

•

UK / dʒʊˈlaɪ /

noun
7th month of the year

palm

US / pɑ:m /

•

UK / pɑ:m /

noun
Inner area of a person's hand
Tropical tree with large leaves only at its top
verb
To hide something in your hand
To push someone way with your hand

panama

US / 'pænəmɑ: /

•

UK / 'pænəmɑ: /

noun
A wide-brimmed hat of strawlike material, originally made from the leaves of a particular tropical p
proper noun
A country in Central America; population 3,900,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Panama City; language,

september

US / sepˈtembə(r) /

•

UK / sɛpˈtɛmbɚ /

noun
9th month of the year

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

norway

US / ˈnɔːweɪ /

•

UK / ˈnɔrˌweɪ /

noun
A constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achi

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

detailed

US / ˈdi:teɪld /

•

UK / dɪˈteld,ˈdiˌteld /

adjecitve
Developed or made with great care

measure

US / ˈmeʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛʒɚ /

noun
Plan to achieve a desired result
Tool used to calculate the size of something
verb
To determine the value or importance of something
To calculate size, weight or temperature of

punctuate

US / 'pʌŋktʃʊeɪt /

•

UK / ˈpʌŋktʃuˌet /

verb
To use special marks in writing, such as ? ; and !
To stop something briefly; interrupt

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

surprise

US / səˈpraɪz /

•

UK / sərˈpraɪz /

adjecitve
That surprises you; not expected
noun
Something unexpected that slightly shocks you
verb
To do something that another person didn't expect

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

banana

US / bə'nɑ:nə /

•

UK / bəˈnænə /

noun
Long curved yellow fruit with a white center

rainfall

US / ˈreɪnfɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈrenˌfɔl /

noun
Water falling from the sky

dire

US / ˈdaɪə(r) /

•

UK / daɪr /

adjecitve
(E.g. of consequences) very serious

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

predict

US / prɪ'dɪkt /

•

UK / prɪˈdɪkt /

verb
To guess or estimate what will or might happen

trend

US / trend /

•

UK / trɛnd /

noun
Current style or fashion
Direction things are moving in; current style
General direction that is taken
verb
To be current and popular
To move up or down

destructive

US / dɪ'strʌktɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈstrʌktɪv /

adjecitve
Causing a very large amount of damage

attribute

US / əˈtrɪbju:t /

•

UK / əˈtrɪbjut /

noun
Characteristic something has, e.g. size or color
Adjectives placed before the nouns they modify
verb
(Of books, art, music) to say it was composed by

soybean

US / 'sɔɪbi:n /

•

UK / ˈsɔɪˌbin /

noun
Edible seed widely used to make sauce, in cooking

alone

US / ə'ləʊn /

•

UK / əˈlon /

adjecitve
Apart from others
Without equal
adverb
Without anyone or anything else

alternative

US / ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv /

•

UK / ɔlˈtɚnətɪv, æl- /

adjecitve
A different choice
noun
Something different you can choose

tropical

US / ˈtrɒpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtrɑpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Hot and humid; near to the equator

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

spain

US / speɪn /

•

UK / speɪn /

proper noun
A country in southwestern Europe, occupying the greater part of the Iberian peninsula; population 46

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

southeast

US / ˌsaʊθ'i:st /

•

UK / saʊθˈist, saʊˈist /

noun
Location in the southeastern part of an area

renowned

US / rɪˈnaʊnd /

•

UK / rɪˈnaʊnd /

adjecitve
Widely known and esteemed

seek

US / si:k /

•

UK / sik /

verb
To ask someone for help
To search for; try to find or do; look for
To try to achieve something

russian

US / ˈrʌʃn /

•

UK / ˈrʌʃn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Russia
noun
Person from Russia

diminish

US / dɪˈmɪnɪʃ /

•

UK / dɪˈmɪnɪʃ /

verb
To make something smaller or less important
To imply someone's reputation is less good
To become or cause to become less in size, value

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

vulnerability

US / ˌvʌlnərə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / ˌvʌlnərə'bɪlətɪ /

noun
Being weak and able to be easily hurt or damaged

unseasonably

US / ʌnˈsiːznəbli /

•

UK / ʌnˈsiːznəbli /

other
Not in accordance with the season

livelihood

US / ˈlaɪvlihʊd /

•

UK / ˈlaɪvliˌhʊd /

noun
Way someone earns money to live

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

peach

US / pi:tʃ /

•

UK / pitʃ /

noun
Round sweet furry fruit that grows on trees
Very good

offset

US / ˈɒfset /

•

UK / ˈɔ:fset /

adjecitve
(Of printing) using inked plates
noun
Compensation or counterbalance
verb
To compensate for or counterbalance the effect of

nevertheless

US / ˌnevəðəˈles /

•

UK / ˌnevərðəˈles /

adverb
In spite of what has just been said; nonetheless

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

philippines

US / ˈfɪlɪpiːnz /

•

UK / fɪlɪˈpinz /

other
A republic on the Philippine Islands; achieved independence from the United States in
An archipelago in the southwestern Pacific including some islands

root

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, rʊt /

noun
Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
The origin or starting place of something
A number that is multiplied by itself
Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
verb
To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
(Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
To stop someone moving, as through fear

differently

US / 'dɪfrəntlɪ /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəntlɪ /

adverb
In another and different manner

latin

US / ˈlætɪn /

•

UK / ˈlætn /

adjecitve
Of or typical of a Spanish-speaking culture
noun
Ancient Roman language affecting many languages

rapeseed

US / 'reɪpsi:d /

•

UK / 'reɪpsi:d /

noun
Seed of rape plants; source of an edible oil

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

price

US / praɪs /

•

UK / praɪs /

noun
Person's name
Cost of something in money
verb
To determine or set the cost of something

farming

US / ˈfɑ:miŋ /

•

UK / ˈfɑrmɪŋ /

noun
Act of growing crops or raising animals
verb
To use land for raising plants or animals for food

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

italy

US / 'ɪtəlɪ /

•

UK / 'ɪtəlɪ /

proper noun
A country in southern Europe; population 59,800,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Rome; official langua

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

highlight

US / ˈhaɪlaɪt /

•

UK / ˈhaɪˌlaɪt /

noun
Best or most interesting part of something
Spot or section lighter than the area around it
verb
To use chemicals to make some hair a lighter color
To make people aware of a problem, subject, issue
To focus particular attention on; draw attention
To use a pen to mark places of interest in a book

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

fruit

US / fru:t /

•

UK / frut /

noun
Result or product of something
Food that grows on a tree or bush, usually sweet
verb
To grow e.g. apples, bananas, as a plant or a tree

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

wheat

US / wi:t /

•

UK / hwit, wit /

noun
A kind of grain that is used to make flour

average

US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
noun
Total of numbers divided by the number of items
verb
To add numbers then divide by the number of items

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

critical

US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Making a negative judgment of something
Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
Most important part

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

fungus

US / ˈfʌŋgəs /

•

UK / ˈfʌŋɡəs /

other
Plant, e.g. mushroom/mold, growing in damp places

olive

US / ˈɒlɪv /

•

UK / ˈɑ:lɪv /

noun
Person's name
Small, oval-shaped black or green fruit

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

anticipate

US / æn'tɪsɪpeɪt /

•

UK / ænˈtɪsəˌpet /

verb
To expect or look ahead to something positively
To be aware of something that might happen

identify

US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

verb
To indicate who or what someone or something is

problematic

US / ˌprɒbləˈmætɪk /

•

UK / ˌprɑbləˈmætɪk /

adjecitve
Being difficult to deal with or fix

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

goal

US / ɡəʊl /

•

UK / ɡol /

noun
Something you try to do or achieve; an aim
(Sports) net into which you put a ball to score
(Sports) act of scoring by putting a ball in a net

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

upon

US / əˈpɔn, əpən /

•

UK / əˈpɑn, əˈpɔn /

preposition
More formal term for 'on'

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

raise

US / reɪz /

•

UK / rez /

noun
Increase in a bet above another when playing cards
Pay increase
verb
To increase a bet above another when playing cards
To gather donations for a cause or charity
To bring up and educate a child to maturity
To bring a dead person to life
To increase a quantity, size, intensity or price
To lift (e.g. your hand) to a higher position
To mention a topic /issue for discussion; bring up
To increase (salary, etc.)
To grow or care for plants or animals

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

pivot

US / 'pɪvət /

•

UK / ˈpɪvət /

noun
Point on which something turns or balances
verb
To turn or balance on a center point

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

flour

US / ˈflaʊə(r) /

•

UK / flaʊr /

noun
Powder made from a grain used in cooking
verb
To cover something with flour in cooking

greening

US / 'ɡri:nɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɡrinɪŋ /

noun
Adding more nature to a city

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

sunflower

US / 'sʌnflaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌnˌflaʊɚ /

noun
Very tall plant with large, bright yellow flowers

inflict

US / ɪn'flɪkt /

•

UK / ɪnˈflɪkt /

verb
To make someone endure (something bad)

unexpected

US / ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd /

•

UK / ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd /

adjecitve
Surprising because it was not expected

chill

US / tʃɪl /

•

UK / tʃɪl /

noun
State of being a little cold
Feeling of fear or being frightened
Slight cold or illness that makes you shake
verb
To make something cold, e.g. a drink
To become less tense about something

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

crop

US / krɒp /

•

UK / krɑp /

noun
Plants grown on a farm for food, e.g. corn or rice
Section of short, thick hair
verb
To cut something to a shorter length or size

rebound

US / rɪ'baʊnd /

•

UK / ˈriˈbaʊnd, rɪ- /

noun
Bouncing off something, then going back into play
Recovery after defeat/bad time back to good state
verb
To bounce off of a surface
To recover or increase after decreasing

store

US / stɔ:(r) /

•

UK / stɔr, stor /

noun
Place where things are kept for future use
Place where you can go to buy things
verb
To put things in a place for later use

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

collapse

US / kə'læps /

•

UK / kəˈlæps /

verb
To fold (e.g. a stroller) down to make it smaller
To suddenly fall down or break apart into pieces
To fall down suddenly due to being ill or tired

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

loss

US / lɒs /

•

UK / lɔ:s /

noun
Friend, family, or other loved person's death
Decrease or decline in quantity or amount
Experience or state of failing to have or keep
A situation when you lose a game
Process of failing to have or keep something
Difficulty or trouble caused by someone's leaving
Situation when more money is spent than is earned

postpone

US / pə'spəʊn /

•

UK / postˈpon, posˈpon /

verb
To schedule for a later time

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

analyst

US / ˈænəlɪst /

•

UK / ˈænəlɪst /

noun
Someone who is skilled at studying details of data

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

suffer

US / 'sʌfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

verb
To experience pain, illness, or injury

exposure

US / ɪk'spəʊʒə(r) /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʒɚ /

noun
Allowing light through a cameras lens onto film
Being talked about in the media
Act of making something that is secret known
Experience of something directly

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

relatively

US / ˈrelətɪvli /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a manner comparing something to something else

mark

US / mɑ:k /

•

UK / mɑrk /

noun
Person's name
A dirty spot or line on something
Grade or score given for homework
Line or symbol made when writing
Particular point on a scale of measurement
Grade, such as a student receives in school
Stain or spot on something
Sign or symbol of a quality of feeling
Written sign or symbol
verb
To put a dirty spot or line on something
To give a grade for homework
To indicate something with a sign or symbol
To make or leave a visible sign of (path, etc.)
(Animals) to go to the toilet to show your area
To write or draw a line on something

economic

US / ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk /

•

UK / ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk, ˌikə- /

adjecitve
Concerning trade, industry, and money

center

US / 'sentə /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To direct focus toward something

canada

US / 'kænədə /

•

UK / ˈkænədə /

proper noun
A country in northern North America, the second largest country in the world; population 35,900,000

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

southern

US / ˈsʌðən /

•

UK / ˈsʌðərn /

adjecitve
Concerning a region in the south
Being in or toward the south

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

ketchup

US / ˈketʃəp /

•

UK / ˈkɛtʃəp, ˈkætʃ- /

noun
Thick red sauce made from tomatoes

estimate

US / 'estɪmət /

•

UK / ˈɛstəˌmet /

noun
Guess or calculation of cost, size or value
verb
To guess or calculate the cost, size or value of

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

georgia

US / ˈdʒɔ:dʒə /

•

UK / ˈdʒɔrdʒə /

noun
A republic in Asia Minor on the Black Sea separated from Russia by the Caucasus mountains; formerly
other
A state in southeastern United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

worldwide

US / ˈwɜ:ldwaɪd /

•

UK / ˈwɚldˈwaɪd /

adjecitve
Spanning or extending throughout the entire world
adverb

challenge

US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

noun
An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
Act of formally inviting someone to compete
A question to determine correctness of something
verb
To formally invite someone to compete at something
To question the correctness of something

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

vietnam

US / ˌvjet'næm /

•

UK / ˌvjet'næm /

other
A communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in

exporter

US / ekˈspɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ɪkˈsportɚ /

noun
Country, business selling goods to other countries

affordability

US / əˌfɔːdəˈbɪlɪti /

•

UK / əˌfɔrdəˈbɪləti /

noun
Cheap enough to buy something you want

sector

US / ˈsektə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛktɚ, -ˌtɔr /

noun
Part that a place is divided into
Area; type of industry or business

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

accompany

US / ə'kʌmpənɪ /

•

UK / əˈkʌmpəni, əˈkʌmpni /

verb
To play music with someone
To travel with someone

grove

US / grəʊv /

•

UK / groʊv /

noun
Small group of trees giving pleasant shade

coast

US / kəʊst /

•

UK / kost /

noun
Land near the sea or ocean
verb
To progress in something without trying hard
(Of a vehicle) to move forward without power

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

adjustment

US / əˈdʒʌstmənt /

•

UK / əˈdʒʌstmənt /

noun
Small change to attain a desired state or function
A change to make something function better

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

nation

US / 'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈneʃən /

noun
Area or region controlled by a government and army

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

dependent

US / dɪˈpendənt /

•

UK / dɪˈpɛndənt /

adjecitve
Someone who relies on (financial) support

recreational

US / ˌrekriˈeɪʃənl /

•

UK / ˌrɛkriˈeʃənəl /

adjecitve
Being done for pleasure

safeguard

US / ˈseɪfgɑ:d /

•

UK / ˈseɪfgɑ:rd /

verb
To protect and ensure the safety of

definitely

US / ˈdefɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈdefɪnətli /

adverb
Without question; beyond doubt

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

oil

US / ɔɪl /

•

UK / ɔɪl /

noun
A liquid used for frying foods
Thick, black liquid in the ground used as fuel
verb
To add a liquid for frying foods
To put liquid in a machine so it will run smoothly

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

inevitable

US / ɪnˈevɪtəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈɛvɪtəbəl /

adjecitve
That must happen; certain to happen

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

enthusiast

US / ɪnˈθju:ziæst /

•

UK / ɪnˈθu:ziæst /

noun
A person having a strong liking for something

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

cycle

US / ˈsaɪkl /

•

UK / ˈsaɪkəl /

noun
Series of regular and repeated actions
Bicycle, bike
verb
To go through a series of events repeatedly
To ride on a bicycle

surplus

US / ˈsɜ:pləs /

•

UK / ˈsɚpləs, -ˌplʌs /

adjecitve
More than is needed or wanted
noun
Extra amount of something above what you need

resort

US / rɪ'zɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪ'zɔ:rt /

noun
Act of choosing something to help with a problem
Vacation hotel or complex; area for holidays

soil

US / sɔɪl /

•

UK / sɔɪl /

noun
Conditions in which something develops
Mix of natural material in which plants grow
Land of a certain country
verb
To get or become dirty

cascade

US / kæˈskeɪd /

•

UK / kæˈsked /

noun
Body of water falling from something tall
verb
To fall, flow, or hang down in a large amount

shortage

US / ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈʃɔ:rtɪdʒ /

noun
A lack of something necessary

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

breakdown

US / 'breɪkdaʊn /

•

UK / ˈbrekˌdaʊn /

noun
When normal activity or behavior stops

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

extend

US / ɪkˈstend /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnd /

verb
To offer something (help, friendship) to someone
To reach from one point to another
To straighten or stretch something out, e.g. leg
To make something last longer

tens

US / tɛnz /

•

UK / tɛnz /

number
10s

california

US / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:njə, -'fɔ:ni:ə /

•

UK / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:rnjəˌ -'fɔ:rni:ə /

noun
A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the rd largest state; known for earthquakes

warm

US / wɔ:m /

•

UK / wɔrm /

adjecitve
Friendly, sincere and kind to others
Being friendly or sincere
Slightly hot; not very hot
verb
To become more friendly or to like something
To make something hotter

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

destroy

US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

verb
To damage so badly that something no longer exists
To defeat someone or something easily
To kill a sick or unwanted animal

malaysia

US / mə'leɪʒə /

•

UK / mə'leɪʒə /

other
A constitutional monarchy in southeastern Asia on Borneo and the Malay Peninsula; achieved independe

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

consequence

US / ˈkɔnsikwəns /

•

UK / ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns /

noun
Importance of a person or thing
Outcome of an event; result

brazil

US / brəˈzɪl /

•

UK / brəˈzɪl /

noun
Largest Latin American country and Largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

quality

US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

•

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

noun
Feature associated with someone or something
High level of worth or excellence

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

lettuce

US / ˈletɪs /

•

UK / ˈlɛtəs /

noun
Salad vegetable that has large thin green leaves

field

US / fi:ld /

•

UK / fild /

noun
Area of study, such as physics or biology
Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
Open area of land, especially without buildings
Grassed area where you play some sports
verb
To respond to something or answer a question
To catch or stop a ball during a game

jersey

US / 'dʒɜ:zɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒə:zi /

noun
Shirt worn as part of a sports uniform

vegetable

US / ˈvedʒtəbl /

•

UK / ˈvɛdʒtəbəl, ˈvɛdʒɪtə- /

adjecitve
Made from plants such as tomato, lettuce, carrots
noun
Plant that is raised and eaten as food

overall

US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

adjecitve
Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

news

US / nju:z /

•

UK / nu:z /

noun
Broadcast on radio or TV about recent events
Information about recent events

fusarium

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A mold of a large genus, many of which cause plant diseases, especially wilting.

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

nino

US / ˈnaiki: /

•

UK / ˈnaɪki /

acceptable

US / əkˈseptəbl /

•

UK / ækˈsɛptəbəl /

adjecitve
Satisfactory; good enough

salmon

US / ˈsæmən /

•

UK / ˈsæmən /

noun
Light pinkish orange color
Large fish with silver skin and pink flesh

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

spend

US / spend /

•

UK / spɛnd /

verb
To use money to pay for something
To use time in order to do something
To use up something completely

fishing

US / ˈfɪʃɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfɪʃɪŋ /

noun
The act of catching fish
verb
To go fishing with a net or hook

decimate

US / 'desɪmeɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛsəˌmet /

verb
to kill a large number of something, or to reduce something severely

highly

US / ˈhaɪli /

•

UK / 'haɪlɪ /

adverb
In a manner that shows approval
More than usual; to a great degree

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

drought

US / draʊt /

•

UK / draʊt /

noun
Long period of dry weather

prompt

US / prɒmpt /

•

UK / prɑmpt /

adjecitve
Fast; in a quick manner; without delay
noun
Message on a computer requiring attention
Encouragement to ask someone else to talk
verb
To display a message to requires a user to act
To say something to encourage someone else to talk
To remind an actor of his or her lines (words)
To cause something to occur; be the cause of

consumer

US / kənˈsju:mə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsumɚ /

noun
Person who buys goods or services

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

driver

US / ˈdraɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdraɪvɚ /

noun
People who move cattle from one place to another
Someone who operates a vehicle
A club with a wooden head used when playing golf

consumption

US / kənˈsʌmpʃn /

•

UK / kənˈsʌmpʃən /

noun
The act of buying and using products
The act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used
A serious disease of the lungs

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

limited

US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

adjecitve
(Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
With restrictions; not broad in scope
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

outlook

US / ˈaʊtlʊk /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌlʊk /

noun
General feeling or attitude about something
Place from which there is a clear view of an area
Idea of what the future will look like

lower

US / 'ləʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊɚ, laʊr /

adjecitve
In a position more near the bottom
verb
To move something downward to the ground

sustainability

US / səsˌteɪnəˈbɪlɪti /

•

UK / səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Property of being able to be continued/repeated

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

plunge

US / plʌndʒ /

•

UK / plʌndʒ /

verb
(Of prices, hopes etc.) to decrease very quickly
To dive (into water)
To start doing something energetically

necrotic

US / neˈkrɒtɪk /

•

UK / neˈkrɑːtɪk /

adjecitve
Of death of living tissue, e.g. in particular area

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

hour

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

noun
60 minutes
Particular time of the day
Fixed, regularly occurring time

Subtitles section

Weather, conflicts, trade imbalances, perceived and absolute scarcity, and global consumer demand drive food shortages.

Pointing to a single cause for future food scarcity is not always easy.

Still, sometimes you can point to one thing, like a fungus, maybe a war, a heat wave, an insect, or a weather event that can overnight impact availability.

Just last year, excess rain in a multi-decade drought-stricken California and the necrotic spot virus wiped out 80% of the nation's lettuce.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine is challenging wheat and sunflower seed oil supplies.

Here are the nine foods that we have identified as most acceptable to scarcity, shortages, or supply challenges for the rest of this year next.

We'll give you a detailed breakdown for each, explaining why it's facing pressures driving the cost up.

You may have heard some of them in the news already, but there are a few that we'll cover that might surprise you.

Wheat, flour, and cereal grains.

The global wheat shortage is becoming increasingly problematic, with multiple factors converging to raise concerns about the supply and pricing of wheat-based products.

Extreme drought conditions in the central and southern plains of the United States have significantly reduced hard red winter wheat production, potentially resulting in supply chain shortages and higher flour prices.

Now, this comes as a global wheat shortage driven by conflicts like the war in Ukraine and extreme weather events are already impacting prices, with the average cost of flour having risen by 28% this year.

As a result, consumers can expect increased prices for bread, pasta, and other wheat-based goods, raising concerns about food scarcity and affordability.

Now, in addition to the challenges facing the United States, southern Europe is grappling with a potential 60% decline in cereal production due to the Sherman heat wave, which has brought extreme temperatures from Africa.

Now, this severe weather is not only affecting the quantity of harvests, but also their quality.

Consequently, the 2023 European cereal harvest is anticipated to be the lowest since 2007, exacerbating concerns about food security, rising prices, and difficulties in the livestock sector due to the tighter cereal supplies.

And meanwhile, Australia is projected to experience a 33.9% drop in wheat production for the 2023-24 calendar due to poor rainfall.

Argentina is expected to see a 55.4% increase in wheat output for the same period due to above-average showers.

And that's not going to be enough to compensate for global losses.

Still, these contrasting situations highlight global wheat production's complex challenges and uncertainties and its potential impact on food prices and securities.

When one major food staple like this suffers, it can cascade across other widely produced cereal grains and legumes like soybeans.

Manufacturers may turn to soybeans, barley, sorghum, corn, rice, quinoa, and other grains to compensate for the shortages and raise prices.

And this can increase prices on all of these and punctuate shortages across global food supply chains.

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There's a global rice shortage brewing and it's primarily attributed to weather-related crop failures.

Major flooding, droughts, and heat waves in rice-producing countries have resulted in production levels shrinking to a 20-year low.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has increased demand for rice as an alternative to Ukrainian wheat exports, exacerbating the shortage.

Rice prices have surged 9.5% since March of 2022.

Related rice-based products have experienced corresponding price hikes.

Despite some analysts' optimism about the global rice market returning to surplus next year, concerns persist given the potential influences of El Nino-producing floods and droughts in the world's leading rice-producing regions.

And moreover, an export ban has impacted select rice varieties in the global market, contributing to the most significant global rice shortage in the past two decades.

Now fortunately, rice is one of those grains that is still relatively affordable at the moment, and it's easy to put in your preps for long-term storage.

It's also not the primary calorie source for most Americans, and setting aside your family supply for a year wouldn't really hurt.

If you have no rice set aside, you might want to set a goal to at least get 20 to 40 pounds at minimum in your inventory to offset any food shortages or price increases this year.

Vegetable-derived cooking oils are probably the most threatened food supply staple in 2024.

Palm oil production accounted for 31.4% of global oils and fats production in 2020, but faces a stronger-than-typical El Nino cycle extending the drought in Malaysia.

The conflict in Ukraine has disrupted the sunflower oil supply, prompting food manufacturers to seek alternatives such as rapeseed or soybean oil.

Ukraine, the world's leading exporter of sunflower oil, produced approximately 29% of global output in 2021.

As the war in Ukraine rages on, I could see production of this cooking oil dropping even further than the dismal forecasted estimates.

In Canada, renowned for its lucrative rapeseed, canola-producing crop, the rise in extreme heat, drought, and even wildfires have slashed supply in the face of rising global demand.

Reduced olive oil production in Europe attributed to poor harvests due to weather extremes, especially in Spain, Italy, and Portugal, which have played a significant role in this trend.

Olive oil production in Europe has seen a 40% drop in the 2022-23 crop year compared to the previous year, with wholesale prices doubling since the start of 2022.

In the United States, the prices of fats and oils are expected to rise by 10% this year with even more significant potential increases in 2024.

This price surge stems from the intricate dynamics impacting global vegetable oil supplies.

The convergence of factors such as extreme weather, wars, and sustainability dilemmas poses a potential threat to cooking oil supplies in the approaching year, carrying implications for both the food industry and consumers.

Corn In some cases, the supply challenges will come from adjustments in the global food supply.

I put corn in the category of looking good overall, but it's a crop I'm definitely keeping an eye on for several reasons.

Corn harvests worldwide are expected to reach record highs, especially in countries like the United States, Argentina, the EU, China, and Serbia, offsetting smaller crops in Ukraine and Brazil.

This surge in production is accompanied by a 4% increase in world corn demand, driven by growing foreign consumption.

Global corn exports are rising as well.

Despite a rebound in U.S. exports, Brazil is expected to remain the world's largest corn exporter for the second consecutive year.

These trends in corn production, demand, and exports may impact global corn prices and availability, potentially affecting various industries dependent on corn-based products.

Global corn will suffer from the substitution effect, where people look to corn to fill the missing gaps created by wheat and rice shortages.

More corn will be allocated to the production of corn oil as well to compensate for global vegetable oil supply declines.

That will elevate prices.

Corn as a feed grain will challenge supplies further.

Corn is also highly susceptible to weather, extreme heat, cold, and precipitation levels, which can all significantly impact fungal diseases in the crop.

The full impact of this stronger-than-usual El Nino will substantially affect how the corn supply scales tip.

We're going to keep an eye on this one because I don't think corn futures align with projections.

Oranges Florida, one of the world's critical regions for orange production and orange use, is facing a severe shortage in its orange crop in 2023.

A series of weather-related challenges, including Hurricane Ian and Tropical Storm Nicole in 2022, as well as the ongoing battle against citrus greening disease, have significantly reduced orange yields.

Florida's orange harvest for October 2022 to September 2023 is projected to be just 20 million boxes, marking a staggering 51% drop from the previous season, the most significant decline since 1913 and the lowest overall harvest since 1937.

Hurricane Ian alone caused a 34% reduction in production and inflicted approximately $760 million in damages to orange groves in the states, further exacerbating the situation.

Now, while oranges from other regions like California and Brazil have partially filled the gap, Florida's issues remain the primary driver of the shortage.

The current winter is predicted to bring plunging winter temperatures to the south, the kind that we all know causes iguanas to fall from trees, which we all know, right?

Fruit will be damaged when temperatures drop below 28 degrees for at least four hours.

The situation may worsen, further straining the supply and increasing the cost of oranges and orange products in the coming months and into the next years.

Bananas Bananas have been teetering on the edge of collapse for a few years and the conditions have not significantly improved.

They've actually continued to worsen.

The global banana industry faces a severe shortage as a destructive fungus reminiscent of the 1950s Panama disease threatens banana crops worldwide, especially in Asia, Latin America and beyond.

Now, this fissure and fungus spreading across the Middle East, Africa and Southeast Asia has already decimated 40% of the banana output by infiltrating plant roots and destroying veins, causing plant withering and decades-long soil contamination.

The banana disease is the reason why the Cavendish banana, the one that you're probably eating, even exists because it previously wiped out the more popular variety previous to this one.

Now, if we didn't begin to feel the direct impact of this next year, it's inevitable in the coming years.

Exports warn that countries like Vietnam, China and the Philippines could lose up to 70% of their banana-producing land within 25 years due to this strain of fusarium, which has already impacted over 20 banana-growing nations.

Monocultural farming practices centered on the Cavendish banana amplify the industry's vulnerability to such diseases, echoing the past devastation of the variety that was popular before.

Salmon The United States West Coast is grappling with a severe decline in salmon populations, primarily caused by prolonged drought that has strained water resources and elevated water temperatures.

In the safeguard of the dwindling Chinook salmon populations, which have already reached their lowest levels in recent years, regulators are contemplating a ban on salmon fishing in California for the second time in history.

This potential closure would have far-reaching consequences, impacting tens of thousands of people who rely upon salmon fishing for their livelihoods and recreational activities.

North Atlantic salmon isn't faring much better.

Norway is already experiencing its own salmon-related challenges.

Fresh salmon exports from Norway saw a 9% decline in the first quarter of 2023, contributing to a 6% reduction in global salmon supply.

This shortage has led to consistently rising Norwegian salmon prices over the last two years.

The declining numbers of returning salmon are a cause for concern despite strict regulations on wild salmon fishing in Norway.

Peaches Georgia's 2023 peach crop faces a dire shortage due to extreme weather.

Peach prices are set to double.

California and New Jersey offer some relief with successful peach crops.

While peaches are harvested in the summer months, the trees require a cold winter and time spent under what is called chill hours.

Georgia and surrounding peach-producing southern states like South Carolina are in store for plenty of freezing temperatures this winter.

But still, we'll watch for any period with unseasonably warm temperatures sandwiched between the frigid cold.

If this happens, that could bring about a fall-spring for the plants, and peach harvests would be even worse in 2024 than they were this year.

To address the constrained supply, grocery stores are resorting to sourcing peaches from the West Coast, resulting in fruit of diminished quality due to transportation and heat-related issues.

Although other states with substantial peach industries such as South Carolina have also witnessed crop losses exceeding 75%, California and New Jersey stand out as states boasting successful peach crops in 2023,

Offering a semblance of respite for peach enthusiasts.

Tomatoes, ketchup, pasta sauces Over the past three summers, record-breaking heat in major tomato-producing regions like Australia, Spain, and California has severely diminished tomato paste stocks, a critical component for popular condiments like ketchup.

California, the source of a quarter of the world's tomatoes and 95% of those used in U.S. canned goods, saw tomato yields fall below expectations by nearly 5% in 2021 and 10% in 2022 due to persistent drought conditions.

In 2023, heavy rains earlier this year eased the drought, resulting in flooded fields, postponing planning, and potentially leading to reduced yields.

The drought in California has created a recurrent pattern of lower tomato production, sparking concerns about shortages in products such as ketchup and pasta sauce.

Additionally, unexpected cold temperatures in the state delayed the tomato planting season until late July, causing limited tomato volumes in July.

The ongoing war in Ukraine has driven up energy prices in Europe, rendering greenhouse tomato cultivation prohibitively expensive for many farmers, further contributing to the reduction in tomato supply and adding to the challenges of the global tomato industry.

But fortunately, tomatoes can often be successfully grown at homes and gardens or indoors.

Tomato powder and dried tomatoes are easy ways to keep supplies in your prepping pantry.

Nevertheless, the current outlook all points to price increases in the future.

Food shortages and scarcity are going to impact people differently according to their diets, their economics, and ability to pivot to other food options.

What is a devastating loss of calorie staple to some may be a minor inconvenience to someone else around the world.

I would encourage you to assess your exposure to these nine potential food scarcities in the next year and take measures now to reduce their potential impact on you.

Definitely check out this video, How to Build a One Year of Food Storage, which will give you the information you need to endure the coming food shortages.

As always, stay safe out there.