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Addiction Explained, Rises & Falls in Dopamine | Dr. Andrew Huberman

Video vocabulary

keep

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US / ki:p /

UK / kip /

A1
  • noun
  • Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
  • Money spent on you so you can live in a place
  • verb
  • To continue doing something; not to stop
  • To stop balls going in a goal in sports
  • To not give back or return something
  • (Of food) to not spoil or not rot
  • To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
  • To have and continue to hold something
  • To do something that you have promised or agreed
  • To stay in a certain place or condition
  • To maintain the rules

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

progressively

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US / prəˈgresɪvli /

UK / prəˈɡrɛsɪvlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a progressive manner

game

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US / ɡeɪm /

UK / ɡem /

A1
  • noun
  • Activity with rules that people play to have fun
  • Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
  • Match between two teams

drink

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US / drɪŋk /

UK / drɪŋk /

A1
  • noun
  • A liquid that you put in your mouth
  • verb
  • To put water in your body through your mouth

something

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US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In some degree or measure
  • noun
  • a person or thing of some value or consequence
  • pronoun
  • Thing that is not yet known or named
  • Approximately

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

pain

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US / peɪn /

UK / pen /

A1
  • noun
  • Strong feeling of hurt or discomfort
  • Something or someone that bothers or upsets you
  • verb
  • To cause someone to feel upset or worry

contingency

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US / kənˈtɪndʒənsi /

UK / kənˈtɪndʒənsi /

B2
  • noun
  • What you do in case an emergency or problem occurs

podcast

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US / 'pɒdkɑ:st /

UK / 'pɑ:dkæst /

A2
  • noun
  • A digital recording (e.g. radio show) for download

hopefully

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US / ˈhəʊpfəli /

UK / ˈhopfəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner wishing something to happen

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

name

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US / neɪm /

UK / nem /

A1
  • noun
  • What something or someone is called
  • verb
  • To state what someone is called, e.g. John

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

fitness

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US / ˈfɪtnəs /

UK / ˈfɪtnɪs /

B1
  • noun
  • Good physical condition; being in shape

inject

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US / ɪn'dʒekt /

UK / ɪnˈdʒɛkt /

B1
  • verb
  • To add or put in more (money, energy etc.)
  • To motivate or put energy into something
  • To put medicine into someone with a syringe

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

completely

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US / kəmˈpli:tli /

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In every way or as much as possible

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

psychology

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US / saɪ'kɒlədʒɪ /

UK / saɪˈkɑlədʒi /

C2
  • noun
  • The study of the mind and how it affects behavior
  • Way in which a person or group thinks and behaves

certainly

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US / ˈsə:tnli /

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Sure; of course

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

professional

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US / prə'feʃənl /

UK / prəˈfɛʃənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of jobs such as doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc.
  • Acting/done properly as a qualified person would
  • Getting paid for playing a sport/doing an activity
  • noun
  • Highly qualified person, e.g. lawyer or doctor
  • One who plays a sport or similar activity as a job

trigger

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US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
  • Device that starts a process
  • verb
  • To start a process off e.g. a memory

effort

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US / ˈefət /

UK / ˈɛfət /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of work used trying to do something

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

distance

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US / 'dɪstəns /

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Lack of friendliness toward another person
  • Amount of space between two places or things
  • verb
  • To make it clear that you are not involved

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

expect

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US / ɪk'spekt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

A1
  • verb
  • To believe something is probably going to happen

baseline

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US / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

UK / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

C1
  • noun
  • Imaginary standard by which things are compared

experience

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US / ɪk'spɪərɪəns /

UK / ɪkˈspɪriəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing a person has done or that happened to them
  • An event at which you learned something
  • Knowledge gained by living life, doing new things
  • verb
  • To gain knowledge by doing things

involve

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US / ɪn'vɒlv /

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

A2
  • verb
  • To have or be included as a part of something

alertness

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US / ə'lɜ:tnəs /

UK / ə'lɜ:tnəs /

B1
  • noun
  • State of being aware and able to respond quickly

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

wise

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US / waɪz /

UK / waɪz /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Knowledgeable about life; having good judgment

equal

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US / 'i:kwəl /

UK / ˈikwəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Same in shape, size, or number
  • verb
  • To add up or be the same as

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

opioid

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Hallucinogenic narcotics, having similar effects to opium

methamphetamine

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US / ˌmeθæm'fetəmi:n /

UK / ˌmeθæm'fetəmi:n /

A1
  • noun
  • Amphetamine derivative (trade name Methedrine) used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride; used

book

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US / bʊk /

UK / bʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing made of pages with writing on that you read
  • verb
  • (Police) to officially record someone's crimes
  • To reserve (hotel room, etc.) in advance
  • To produce a red or yellow card to a soccer player

video

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US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of a moving film, with sound
  • noun
  • Recording capturing action with sound
  • verb
  • To make a moving film of, with sound

zero

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US / ˈzɪərəʊ /

UK / ˈzɪroʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Temperature when water turns to ice
  • number
  • Number 0
  • verb
  • To set a scale or other device to show 0

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

desire

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US / dɪ'zaɪə(r) /

UK / dɪˈzaɪr /

A2
  • noun
  • Thing that is wished for or wanted
  • verb
  • To wish for, hope or want something

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

recreationally

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US / /

UK / /

B2
  • adverb
  • As regards recreation; for leisure

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

pleasure

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US / 'pleʒə(r) /

UK / ˈplɛʒɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Feeling of happiness, enjoyment, or satisfaction

whole

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US / həul /

UK / hol /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; all of
  • Being in a good condition
  • noun
  • Complete amount or sum; total

towards

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US / tə'wɔ:dz /

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the direction of someone or something

pick

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US / pɪk /

UK / pɪk /

A1
  • noun
  • Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
  • Item selected from a group of choices
  • verb
  • To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
  • To decide on a thing from various choices; select
  • To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

somebody

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US / 'sʌmbədɪ /

UK / ˈsʌmˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi, -bədi /

A1
  • noun
  • Important well-respected person
  • pronoun
  • Person who is not known or named

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

yet

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US / jet /

UK / jɛt /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a later time (used after ‘not’)
  • (Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
  • Eventually; at a future time
  • Until now; up to the present
  • conjunction
  • Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

behaviour

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US / bɪˈheɪvjə(r) /

UK / bɪˈhevjɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • The way a person or thing acts; manner

avoid

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US / ə'vɔɪd /

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

A2
  • verb
  • To prevent from happening
  • To stay away from

effect

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US / ɪ'fekt /

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

A1
  • noun
  • An advantage, benefit
  • Change brought about by a cause; result

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

bit

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US / bɪt /

UK / bɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • Small piece of something
  • verb
  • (E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

male

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US / meɪl /

UK / ˈmel /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Characteristic of boys or men
  • noun
  • A member of the sex that fertilizes eggs

common

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US / 'kɒmən /

UK / ˈkɑmən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
  • Typical, normal; not unusual
  • noun
  • Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
  • Field near a village owned by the local community

alcoholic

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US / ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk /

UK / ˌælkəˈhɔlɪk, -ˈhɑlɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Containing alcohol; that can make you drunk
  • noun
  • Person who drinks too much alcohol

alcoholism

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US / ˈælkəhɒlɪzəm /

UK / ˈælkəhɔ:lɪzəm /

B1
  • noun
  • Medical condition from drinking too much alcohol

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

alcohol

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US / 'ælkəhɒl /

UK / ˈælkəˌhɔl,-ˌhɑl /

B1
  • noun
  • A colorless liquid that can catch fire (C2H5OH)
  • Drinks such as wine, whiskey, beer

simple

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US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

biology

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US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • The study of living things

pay

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US / peɪ /

UK / pe /

A1
  • noun
  • Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
  • verb
  • To give money for goods or work done
  • To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
  • To be punished or suffer for something you did
  • To make (a visit) to a person or place

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

link

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US / lɪŋk /

UK / lɪŋk /

A2
  • noun
  • Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
  • Connection between two or more things or people
  • Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
  • verb
  • To join or connect together

original

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US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
  • Being unique or thinking differently from others

fast

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US / fɑ:st /

UK / fæst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a way that is difficult to move or change
  • Moving or able to move quickly
  • Showing time that is later than the actual time
  • adverb
  • With a great deal of speed
  • noun
  • Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
  • verb
  • To refuse food for a long time

bring

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US / brɪŋ /

UK / brɪŋ /

A1
  • verb
  • To take or go with someone to a place

hold

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US / həʊld /

UK / hold /

A1
  • noun
  • Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
  • Influence or power held over someone
  • Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
  • verb
  • To agree to keep something for someone
  • To have the capacity to support/contain something
  • To control an area and protect it from attack
  • To not allow someone to leave a place
  • To cause an event to happen at a place or time
  • To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
  • To have a specific quality or property
  • To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
  • To have or own something
  • To wait before being able to talk on the phone
  • To limit the movement of someone in a sport

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

else

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US / els /

UK / ɛls /

A1
  • adverb
  • Otherwise; if you fail to
  • (Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

paper

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US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
  • Made from the material that we use to make books
  • noun
  • Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
  • Written test
  • Newspaper
  • Pages of a book are made from this

drop

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US / drɒp /

UK / drɑp /

A1
  • noun
  • Distance between a higher and a lower level
  • Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
  • A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
  • Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
  • verb
  • To drive someone to a place and then drive away
  • To let something fall from your hand
  • To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
  • To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
  • To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

pursue

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US / pə'sju: /

UK / pɚˈsu /

B1
  • verb
  • To follow and try to catch, or to reach a goal
  • To try to achieve or get something over time

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

try

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US / traɪ /

UK / traɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
  • verb
  • To make an effort, to attempt to do something
  • To examine someone or something in a court of law
  • To test to see if it is good or you like it
  • To make a person go through hardship; test
  • To examine something to see if it works

probably

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US / ˈprɒbəbli /

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • That is likely to happen or be true

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

associate

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US / ə'səʊʃɪeɪt /

UK / əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Part of a job title indicating a junior position
  • noun
  • Partner in professional work, e.g. in law
  • verb
  • To spend time with other people; mix with
  • To form a connection in your mind between things

massive

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US / ˈmæsɪv /

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Very big; large; too big

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

contrary

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US / 'kɒntrərɪ /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtrɛri /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of weather) difficult; likely to cause trouble
  • Going against authority, a parent, or the rules

either

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US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
  • adverb
  • (After negative statements) likewise, in addition
  • conjunction
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • determiner
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • pronoun
  • The one or the other

salient

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US / 'seɪlɪənt /

UK / ˈseliənt, ˈseljənt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Most noticeable parts of something

among

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US / əˈmʌŋ /

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the center of several things

past

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US / pɑ:st /

UK / pæst /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • No longer current or new
  • adverb
  • So as to go beyond, or further than something
  • noun
  • Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
  • preposition
  • After a particular time
  • At a later point in distance; beyond

peak

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US / pi:k /

UK / pik /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a cap that sticks out over your eyes
  • The very top of a mountain
  • State when something is at its best
  • Time or point when the highest level occurs
  • verb
  • To reach the highest or best point

pornography

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US / pɔ:ˈnɒgrəfi /

UK / pɔ:rˈnɑ:grəfi /

C1
  • noun
  • Pictures or stories that stimulate sexual desire

point

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US / pɔɪnt /

UK / pɔɪnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An item to be discussed
  • Small spot or dot
  • Fact or detail
  • Feature of something
  • The size of the text on a page or screen
  • A certain time or stage in a process
  • Certain position in time or space
  • Idea or fact you try to convince people about
  • Measurement of scores in a game, sport
  • Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
  • verb
  • To face a certain direction, e.g. north
  • To indicate something with your finger to others

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

addict

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US / ˈædɪkt /

UK / əˈdɪkt /

B1
  • noun
  • Person who can’t control their overuse of a thing

pernicious

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US / pəˈnɪʃəs /

UK / pərˈnɪʃəs /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Causing great harm/damage, but not easily noticed

reinforce

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US / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s /

UK / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:rs /

B2
  • verb
  • To send more troops/resources to support an army
  • To encourage or strengthen an idea or feeling
  • To strengthen a wall or building

day

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US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

someone

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US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person who is not known or named

reward

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US / rɪ'wɔ:d /

UK / rɪˈwɔrd /

A2
  • noun
  • Money given for information about criminals
  • verb
  • To give something because of someone's good work
  • To give someone money for helping the police
  • To give someone satisfaction for what they did

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

steepness

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US / sti:pnəs /

UK / sti:pnəs /

B1
  • noun
  • Degree of how inclined a road or mountain is

unquote

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US / ˈʌnˈkwəut /

UK / ʌnˈkwot /

B2
  • verb
  • To remove the quotation marks from

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

episode

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US / 'epɪsəʊd /

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

B1
  • noun
  • One separate event in a series of events
  • Show which is part of a larger story

true

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US / tru: /

UK / tru: /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

stimulus

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US / ˈstɪmjələs /

UK / ˈstɪmjələs /

B2
  • noun
  • Something that causes a change

shift

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US / ʃɪft /

UK / ʃɪft /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of work) starting at a certain time, as at night
  • noun
  • A change in a persons plans, opinions or beliefs
  • Period of work starting at a certain time
  • verb
  • To change in position or direction
  • To move something from one place to another

relate

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US / rɪ'leɪt /

UK / rɪˈlet /

A2
  • verb
  • To demonstrate a logical relationship between
  • To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
  • To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

extreme

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US / ɪk'stri:m /

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Very great in degree
  • Farthest from a center
  • Very severe; very strong
  • noun
  • Effort that is thought more than is necessary

feel

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US / fi:l /

UK / fil /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
  • To sense through direct contact; touch

immediately

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US / ɪˈmi:diətli /

UK / ɪˈmidiɪtli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Without any delay; straight away

drug

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US / drʌɡ /

UK / drʌɡ /

A2
  • noun
  • Illegal substance taken for effect on the mind
  • Chemical used as a medicine
  • verb
  • To give drugs to someone to make them sleep

vein

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US / veɪn /

UK / ven /

B1
  • noun
  • Tube that returns blood from the body to the heart
  • Mood or particular turn of mind
  • Thin line of something that has a different color

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

obvious

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US / ˈɒbviəs /

UK / ˈɑbviəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Easily understood and clear; plain to see

nothing

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US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Item of little or no value, importance, interest
  • Number or value of zero
  • pronoun
  • Not anything, not a single thing

despite

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US / dɪˈspaɪt /

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

A2
  • preposition
  • Without being affected by something; in spite of

typical

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US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Normal; usual; expected

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

number

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US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
  • Particular song or dance performed during a show
  • Total quantity or amount of things
  • verb
  • To put numbers on things
  • To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
  • To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

cause

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US / kɔ:z /

UK / kɔz /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • Reason for
  • verb
  • To make something happen; create effect or result

steep

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US / sti:p /

UK / stip /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Very expensive
  • Rising or falling very sharply, as a cliff or hill
  • Involving a quick increase or decrease
  • verb
  • To fill with a certain quality, e.g. history
  • To put a thing in a liquid for some time

sex

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US / seks /

UK / sɛks /

A2
  • noun
  • State of being male or female
  • Physical activity by which we produce babies

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

hard

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US / hɑ:d /

UK / hɑː(r)d /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult to do; difficult to understand
  • (Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
  • (Of alcohol) strong
  • Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
  • Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
  • Strong
  • (Of edge) clear; sharp
  • Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
  • adverb
  • With lots of force, power, or impact

health

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US / helθ /

UK / hɛlθ /

A1
  • noun
  • (Person, company) being in a good condition; well

education

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US / ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɛdʒəˈkeʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Academic field studying the practice of teaching
  • Process of giving or receiving teaching

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

recommend

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US / ˌrekə'mend /

UK / ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To advise or suggest that someone do something

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

thirty

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US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

UK / ˈθə:ti /

A1
  • number
  • 30

euphoric

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US / ju:'fɒrɪk /

UK / ju:'fɒrɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Feeling/showing intense happiness; elated

week

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US / wi:k /

UK / wik /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

hyper

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US / ˈhaɪpə(r) /

UK / 'haɪpər /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Very excited or active

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

recall

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US / rɪˈkɔ:l /

UK / rɪˈkɔl /

A2
  • noun
  • (Company) asking for the return of faulty goods
  • Act of remembering events or details of the past
  • verb
  • (Company) to ask for the return of faulty goods
  • To remember events or details of the past

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

frankly

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US / ˈfræŋkli /

UK / ˈfræŋkli /

B2
  • adverb
  • Speaking honestly and directly

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

fascinating

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US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
  • Very interesting
  • verb
  • To attract or interest greatly

lack

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US / læk /

UK / læk /

A2
  • noun
  • The state of not having or not having enough of
  • A shortage of something
  • verb
  • To not have, or not have enough, of something

absolutely

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US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally; very

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

smoke

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US / sməʊk /

UK / smoʊk /

B1
  • noun
  • Grey gas from fires and cigarettes
  • Fog of air coming from e.g. a cigarette, fire
  • verb
  • To give off a cloud of grey gas from burning
  • To add a taste to food by putting it near a fire
  • To breathe in through a cigarette, etc.

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

remember

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US / rɪ'membə(r) /

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

A1
  • verb
  • To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
  • To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
  • To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

mind

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US / maɪnd /

UK / maɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • One's opinion or way of thinking about something
  • Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
  • verb
  • To be bothered or upset by something
  • To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

increase

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US / ɪn'kri:s /

UK / ɪnˈkris /

A1
  • noun
  • Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
  • verb
  • To make or become larger in size or amount

suffer

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US / 'sʌfə(r) /

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

A2
  • verb
  • To experience pain, illness, or injury

process

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US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

ana

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US / 'ænə /

UK / 'ænə /

A1
  • other
  • A collection of anecdotes about a person or place
  • Mother of the ancient Irish gods; sometimes identified with Danu

prior

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US / 'praɪə(r) /

UK / ˈpraɪɚ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Existing or coming earlier in time
  • (Of a claim, etc.) more important than another one
  • noun
  • Monk or priest in charge of a monastery

hear

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
  • To be told or find out information or facts
  • To consider or listen to a court case

honest

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US / ˈɒnɪst /

UK / ˈɑnɪst /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Good, truthful, sincere, or faithful; trustworthy

away

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US / ə'weɪ /

UK / əˈwe /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not present
  • adverb
  • Disappear completely
  • Doing something with a lot of energy
  • Not here; far from here; in a different direction
  • To a different area, location

without

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US / wɪˈðaʊt /

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Not with; not having

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

clear

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US / klɪə(r) /

UK / klɪr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Empty; without anything in it or on it
  • Being certain and without doubt
  • Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
  • Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
  • adverb
  • Completely; entirely; through the whole of
  • Away from; free from
  • verb
  • To recover from or remove a problem
  • To get rid of the entire contents of
  • To give permission for something to happen
  • To make a place or surface empty by removing
  • To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

often

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US / ˈɔfən /

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Many times; frequently; on many occasions

substance

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US / 'sʌbstəns /

UK / ˈsʌbstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Essence of; most basic or central qualities
  • Particular type of material
  • Having material form; existing
  • Quality of truth, importance, or meaningfulness

problem

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US / ˈprɒbləm /

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Causing trouble
  • noun
  • Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
  • Question to show understanding of a math concept

caption

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US / ˈkæpʃn /

UK / ˈkæpʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Explanation written next to a picture in a book
  • verb
  • To add an explanation next to a picture in a book

wear

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US / weə(r) /

UK / wer /

A1
  • noun
  • Clothing designed for a purpose e.g. skiing
  • Damage from continual use over a long period
  • verb
  • To have clothes, glasses, shoes etc. on your body
  • To display an expression or emotion on the face
  • To become weaker or damaged from continued use

low

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US / ləʊ /

UK / lo /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
  • Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
  • Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
  • (Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
  • noun
  • Situation of not having a lot of something

vicious

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US / 'vɪʃəs /

UK / ˈvɪʃəs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Very dangerous, e.g. an animal or dog
  • Being very mean or violent
  • Expressing very mean or angry feelings

excellent

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US / ˈeksələnt /

UK / ˈɛksələnt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Extremely good

dopamine

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US / 'dəʊpəmi:n /

UK / 'doʊpəmi:n /

A1
  • noun
  • Drug used to treat shock and hypotension

last

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US / lɑ:st /

UK / læst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most recent; the latest
  • The one before
  • adverb
  • Final; with nothing following; after all others
  • Most recent; the latest
  • determiner
  • The one at the end
  • verb
  • To remain or continue for a certain period of time

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

mainline

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US / ˈmeɪnlaɪn /

UK / 'meɪnlaɪn /

C2
  • verb
  • To inject drug directly into the vein

behavioural

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US / bɪ'heɪvjərəl /

UK / bɪ'heɪvjərəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Way something acts; manner

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

instance

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US / 'ɪnstəns /

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • An example of something; case
  • verb
  • To give as an example of something else

almost

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US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

percent

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US / pə'sent /

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

A2
  • adverb
  • One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

quickly

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US / ˈkwɪkli /

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Without taking a lot of time; fast

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

follow

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US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

simply

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US / ˈsɪmpli /

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In an easy or clear manner

run

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US / rʌn /

UK / rʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Journey between two places made by ship or car
  • Series of similar things or successes and failures
  • Act of running; exercise of running
  • verb
  • To depart or travel according to a schedule
  • To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
  • (Of an engine) to be operating
  • To start or use a computer program
  • To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
  • To manage or operate a business
  • To operate or drive something
  • (Of a road) to go from one place to another
  • To move your legs faster than walking

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

lead

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US / li:d /

UK / lid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the main part in movies or plays
  • noun
  • Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve a crime
  • Main part in a play or movie
  • Heavy, gray metal element
  • Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
  • Act of being at the front in a race or game
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game
  • To travel in front of; go in advance of others

below

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US / bɪ'ləʊ /

UK / bɪˈlo /

A1
  • preposition
  • In a lower position, place, or level

colleague

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US / 'kɒli:ɡ /

UK / ˈkɑlˌiɡ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person you work or cooperate with

fine

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US / faɪn /

UK / faɪn /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Good, acceptable or satisfactory
  • Of high quality; made with great skill
  • In a careful or exact manner; into small pieces
  • Being of high quality
  • Good; okay; no problem
  • (Of weather) good; not raining
  • noun
  • Money you have to pay because you broke a rule
  • verb
  • To pay money because you broke a law

crave

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US / kreɪv /

UK / krev /

B2
  • verb
  • To have a very strong desire for something

woman

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US / ˈwʊmən /

UK / ˈwʊmən /

A1
  • noun
  • Adult female human being

forbid

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US / fəˈbɪd /

UK / fərˈbɪd /

B1
  • verb
  • To order someone not to do something

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

critical

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US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Making a negative judgment of something
  • Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
  • Most important part

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

psychological

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US / ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

UK / ˌsaɪkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the study of the mind
  • Concerning psychology

quote

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US / kwəʊt /

UK / kwot /

A2
  • noun
  • Written statement of the cost of something
  • The (often wise or famous) words of another person
  • verb
  • To tell someone how much a task will cost
  • To repeat precisely what a person said or wrote

unfortunately

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US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

bad

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US / bæd /

UK / bæd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not good; wrong
  • Lacking in good morals; evil
  • No longer fresh; spoiled

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

rock

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US / rɒk /

UK / rɑk /

A1
  • noun
  • Type of popular music with a strong, loud beat
  • Strong, tough person who can be relied upon
  • Big stone; hard, solid substance forming mountains
  • verb
  • To be greatly upset by something, e.g. a death
  • To be extremely effective or pleasing
  • To play, sing along with, or dance to heavy music
  • To move back and forth or from side to side

pull

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US / pʊl /

UK / pʊl /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
  • Force something has that draws other things to it
  • Using your hands to move something to you
  • verb
  • To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
  • To hold something and move it toward you
  • To remove something by force

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

turn

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US / tɜ:n /

UK / tɚn /

A1
  • noun
  • Place where changing of direction happens
  • Your time or chance to perform a duty
  • Your chance to play or do in say a game
  • Unexpected change, as in the weather
  • verb
  • To become (a particular age)
  • To become a different quality, color, etc.
  • To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
  • To move in an opposite direction or position
  • To shape metal with a spinning tool

female

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US / 'fi:meɪl /

UK / ˈfiˌmel /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Person of the sex that gives birth to babies

circuit

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US / ˈsɜ:kɪt /

UK / ˈsɜ:rkɪt /

B1
  • noun
  • An area where cars race in a circle
  • Route for journey all the way around a place
  • Series of events moving from place to place
  • other
  • Electronic equipment consisting of switches
  • verb
  • To complete a journey all the way round an area

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

teach

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US / ti:tʃ /

UK / titʃ /

A1
  • verb
  • To help someone learn or do something

big

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US / bɪɡ /

UK / bɪɡ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Popular
  • Serious
  • Large

statistic

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US / stəˈtɪstɪk /

UK / stəˈtɪstɪk /

B1
  • noun
  • Number that represents a piece of information

crack

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US / kræk /

UK / kræk /

B1
  • noun
  • Attempt to achieve a goal or objective
  • Unexpected and hard hit to the body
  • Joke or impolite comment about something
  • Sound that is short, unexpected and loud
  • Small gap between two things or parts of things
  • verb
  • To attempt to achieve a goal or objective
  • To hit someone or something hard and unexpectedly
  • To tell (a joke)
  • To solve a challenging problem or mystery
  • To make a sound that is short, unexpected and loud
  • To lose control, e.g. under pressure; break down
  • To break so lines appear, but it is not in pieces

deep

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US / di:p /

UK / dip /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complex and important
  • Extreme or intense
  • Going far down from the surface
  • Low in pitch, as a sound
  • adverb
  • At a certain distance beneath the surface

cetera

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US / ˈsetərə /

UK / ˈsetərə /

A1
  • other

discuss

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US / dɪˈskʌs /

UK / dɪˈskʌs /

A1
  • verb
  • To talk about seriously or in great detail

program

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US / 'prəʊɡræm /

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

A1
  • noun
  • Small book of events in a play, concert or movie
  • A plan or schedule of events
  • Series of classes at a college or university
  • A computer application
  • TV show
  • verb
  • To make someone act or think in a certain way
  • To write computer code for a piece of software

level

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US / 'levl /

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Sports) equal to another
  • Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
  • noun
  • Specific height of something
  • Amount of ability you have compared to others
  • Floor or deck within a building
  • Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
  • verb
  • To aim a gun at someone
  • To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
  • To make things flat or even
  • To make a score equal to another, in sports

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

physical

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US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the body of a person
  • Concerning things that can be seen or touched
  • noun
  • Health check at the doctors' or hospital

fact

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US / fækt /

UK / fækt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is known or proved to be true

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

nation

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US / 'neɪʃn /

UK / ˈneʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Area or region controlled by a government and army

short

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US / ʃɔ:t /

UK / ʃɔrt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Less than what is needed
  • Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
  • verb
  • (Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
  • adjecitve
  • Measuring a small distance
  • Happening for a small amount of time
  • Unfriendly or rude

piece

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US / pi:s /

UK / pis /

A1
  • noun
  • A counter in a board game
  • Small part of something larger
  • verb
  • To put items together to assemble something

alike

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US / əˈlaɪk /

UK / əˈlaɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Similar in appearance, manner or form
  • adverb
  • Equally; applied equally to several people/things

dramatic

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US / drəˈmætɪk /

UK / drəˈmætɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Gripping the attention; causing an effect
  • (Of an event) sudden and extreme

afterwards

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US / 'ɑ:ftəwədz /

UK / 'æftərwərdz /

A2
  • adverb
  • At a time after something else already mentioned

trough

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US / trɒf /

UK / trɔ:f /

B2
  • noun
  • Long open container for feeding farm animals
  • Low part between the tops of hills or waves

shoot

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US / ʃu:t /

UK / ʃut /

A2
  • noun
  • Emerging new part of a plant
  • verb
  • To kick or throw a ball at a goal
  • To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
  • To (cause to) fly away forcefully
  • To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

opinion

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US / əˈpɪnjən /

UK / əˈpɪnjən /

A2
  • noun
  • Court judge's statement why a decision was made
  • A person's thoughts on a topic

board

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US / bɔ:d /

UK / bɔrd, bord /

A1
  • noun
  • Surface for posting or showing information
  • Group of persons who direct an organization
  • Long piece of material used for riding the waves
  • Long thin piece of wood, used for building; plank
  • verb
  • To enter a ship, plane, or other vehicle
  • To cover with long wooden strips of wood
  • To pay money to live in someone's house; lodge

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

set

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US / set /

UK / sɛt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Prepared for something; ready
  • noun
  • Complete group of something
  • Place where a television show or movie is filmed
  • Group of games in a tennis match
  • Device that receives radio or television signals
  • verb
  • To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
  • To decide upon or choose something
  • To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
  • To decide on a price for something
  • To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
  • To be located in a specific place or time
  • To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
  • To put someone in a certain condition or state
  • (Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

consumption

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US / kənˈsʌmpʃn /

UK / kənˈsʌmpʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • The act of buying and using products
  • The act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used
  • A serious disease of the lungs

such

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US / sʌtʃ /

UK / sʌtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Being similar to
  • (Thing) as previously stated or referred to
  • adverb
  • (Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

leverage

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US / 'li:vərɪdʒ /

UK / ˈlɛvərɪdʒ, ˈlivə- /

B2
  • noun
  • An advantage which gives you influence or power
  • verb
  • To use an advantage which gives you influence

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

highly

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US / ˈhaɪli /

UK / 'haɪlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In a manner that shows approval
  • More than usual; to a great degree

amount

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US / ə'maʊnt /

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Quantity of something
  • verb
  • To add up to a certain figure

yourself

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US / jɔ:ˈself /

UK / jʊrˈsɛlf, jɔr-, jor-, jə- /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Reflexive form of 'you', used for an emphasis

under

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US / ˈʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In the same place as another thing, but lower
  • adverb
  • In a lower quantity or price than expected
  • preposition
  • According to the terms of an agreement or law
  • Managed or controlled by the authority of
  • Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
  • Influenced or affected by something or someone
  • Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

eighty

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US / 'eɪtɪ /

UK / ˈeti /

A1
  • number
  • 80

talk

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US / tɔ:k /

UK / tɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Style of speaking
  • Discussion between two countries
  • Giving information in front of people; lecture
  • Saying things or ideas to someone with words
  • verb
  • To make a formal speech about something
  • To say things or ideas to someone with words

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

financial

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US / faɪˈnænʃl /

UK / faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Involving money

eight

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US / eɪt /

UK / et /

A1
  • number
  • 8

circumstance

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US / 'sɜ:kəmstəns /

UK / ˈsɚkəmˌstæns /

A2
  • noun
  • Condition or fact that affects a situation

generate

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US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

A2
  • verb
  • To create or be produced or bring into existence
  • To create electricity, heat, energy and power

energetic

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US / ˌenəˈdʒetɪk /

UK / ˌɛnɚˈdʒɛtɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Possessing, exerting or displaying energy

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

line

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US / laɪn /

UK / laɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • Border that divides two places or regions
  • Long crease in the skin, often from age
  • Mark that is long, straight and very thin
  • Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
  • Telephone connection
  • People waiting one behind the other; queue
  • Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
  • verb
  • To put material along the inside of something

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

pursuit

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US / pəˈsju:t /

UK / pɚˈsut /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of following someone to catch them
  • Process of attempting to achieve a goal
  • Activity, hobby or sport, done for enjoyment

nowadays

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US / ˈnaʊədeɪz /

UK / ˈnaʊəˌdez /

A2
  • adverb
  • At the present time; now
  • Subtitles section
  • Let's just think about addiction because in biology and in psychology, frankly, it really often pays to think about the extremes first and then work our way towards more typical circumstances.
  • And with that said, addiction, unfortunately, is very common nowadays.
  • I just heard a statistic, in fact, that
  • there is an eighty, eight, zero percent increase in alcohol use disorder among women in the last thirty years.
  • I talked a little bit about this in the episode that I did about alcohol and health.
  • Again, I want to be very clear.
  • I'm not somebody that is completely against alcohol for adults, provided they're not alcoholics.
  • It turns out two drinks a week, probably fine health wise.
  • Zero would be better.
  • If we're honest, zero is better than any alcohol.
  • but two drinks a week is probably fine.
  • Past two drinks, you start running into problems.
  • And yet many, many people out there, male and female alike, suffer from alcohol use disorder, also called alcoholism.
  • The same is also true for things like methamphetamine or cocaine or other types of substance addictions.
  • And the same is also true for a lot of behavioral or what are sometimes called process addictions, things like sex addiction or video game addiction
  • or any type of behavior that frankly is leveraging the dopamine system, but that engages this progressive narrowing of the things that bring someone pleasure such that nothing else is really salient.
  • Nothing else is really pulling them in in the way that their video games or sex or pornography or alcohol, pick your substance or behavior that you see out there or hopefully not, but that you might suffer from an addiction to.
  • So what's happening in addiction?
  • Well, addiction involves dopamine among other things, often the opioid system, et cetera.
  • But if we were to think about what's the stimulus in an addiction and what's the peak in dopamine, and then what happens after that peak, it all becomes very clear as to why addiction happens and why it's so pernicious.
  • So for instance, let's take cocaine.
  • Cocaine causes dramatic increases in dopamine very, very fast.
  • So if somebody craves cocaine, what are they craving?
  • They're craving that dopamine peak.
  • They're craving the increased level of alertness.
  • They're craving a number of things associated with the feeling of being under the influence of the drug.
  • But the stimulus for it simply becomes that line of cocaine, or in the case of crack, that crack rock that they're going to smoke,
  • and God forbid they're mainlining it, you know, they're shooting into a vein.
  • What happens is they snort, smoke, or inject cocaine and dopamine levels almost immediately go up, up, up, up, up, up to a very high peak, okay?
  • So the time gap between the stimulus and the dopamine is very, very short.
  • So short, in fact, that there's really no other contingencies in between that the mesocortical system has to learn.
  • In fact, what does the system, quote unquote, learn?
  • It learns cocaine equals massive amounts of dopamine equals feeling euphoric and energetic, et cetera.
  • And in doing that, it reinforces the whole circuit so that that short, we can even say hyper short contingency is really what the system wants.
  • So much so that longer contingencies of say, putting in the hard work of, you know, generating a fitness program or a professional program for yourself or a education program, which takes not just many days, but many weeks and years.
  • Well, none of that is going to lead to peaks in dopamine that are as high as the peak in dopamine associated with cocaine.
  • So that tells us something critical.
  • It is both the duration between desire and effect.
  • And when I say effect, I mean the rewarding properties of dopamine that are experienced.
  • That's important.
  • So very short gaps teach the system to expect and want short gaps.
  • Makes it very hard to pursue things that take longer.
  • So when we say it's the short, or in this case, hyper short distance or time between the stimulus and the dopamine, what we're really talking about, if we were to plot this out on a board or on a piece of paper, is the steepness of the rise of that peak.
  • It's very, very steep.
  • The peak in dopamine is coming up very fast after the desire.
  • And in addition to that, and this is very important, the higher the peak in dopamine and the faster the rise to that peak, the further below baseline the dopamine drops after the drug wears off, okay?
  • So in the case of cocaine, it's a very fast and very large rise in dopamine followed by a steep drop and very deep trough in dopamine below baseline.
  • You say, okay, so there's pleasure, then there's lack of pleasure.
  • Ah, but it's worse than that.
  • Because it's not just lack of pleasure.
  • If you recall what we talked about a little bit earlier, that drop below baseline triggers the desire and the pursuit for what?
  • For more.
  • And so this sets in motion a vicious loop where people start pursuing peaks in dopamine that can come very fast without much effort.
  • And that's one of the ways in which addictions start to take hold.
  • Now, there's a simple way to think about this and to remember if you want to avoid this whole thing, I mean, the first one is obvious, don't do cocaine, don't try it, don't use it, certainly don't get addicted to it.
  • Those are all sort of one in the same, frankly.
  • I don't know many people that, despite opinions to the contrary, that use cocaine recreationally, that don't at some point run into either a financial, psychological, physical,
  • or some other problem.
  • The other thing that's absolutely critical to keep in mind, and this was discussed in my colleague, Dr. Ana Lemke's book, Dopamine Nation, and on this podcast, excellent book, by the way, I highly recommend it if you haven't read it already.
  • It's a fascinating exploration into dopamine as it relates to addiction, not just drug addiction, but other types of addiction.
  • Again, the name of that book is Dopamine Nation.
  • We'll provide a link to it in the show note captions.
  • The other thing that happens after those big fast increases in dopamine caused by things like cocaine is afterwards when it quickly drops below baseline, it takes a much longer time to get back to the original baseline than it did prior to using the drug.
  • And worse still is that the peaks in dopamine that are created from more consumption of cocaine leads to progressively lower peaks and deeper troughs below baseline.
  • So the whole system is shifting away from pleasure and more to pain and the desire for pursuit of the drug.