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AI's Breakthrough in Understanding Aging Cells - The Key to Eternal Youth?

Video vocabulary

prevent

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US / prɪ'vent /

UK / prɪˈvɛnt /

A2
  • verb
  • To stop something from happening or existing

necessitate

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US / nəˈsesɪteɪt /

UK / nəˈsɛsɪˌtet /

B2
  • verb
  • To make something essential and needed

insight

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US / 'ɪnsaɪt /

UK / ˈɪnˌsaɪt /

B1
  • noun
  • Power to understand people and things very well
  • Very good understanding of something

disease

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US / dɪˈzi:z /

UK / dɪˈziz /

A2
  • noun
  • Illness that affects a person, animal, or plant

futuristic

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US / ˌfju:tʃəˈrɪstɪk /

UK / ˌfjutʃəˈrɪstɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning futurism

attach

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US / ə'tætʃ /

UK / əˈtætʃ /

A2
  • verb
  • To be associated or connected with

carry

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US / ˈkæri /

UK / ˈkæri /

A1
  • verb
  • To have a child, be pregnant
  • To have a disease you might give to others
  • (Of stores) to sell a particular product
  • To hold something and move it to another place
  • To travel a long distance (sound)
  • To support the weight or burden of something

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

behaviour

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US / bɪˈheɪvjə(r) /

UK / bɪˈhevjɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • The way a person or thing acts; manner

andes

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US / ˈændiːz /

UK / ˈændiːz /

A1
  • noun
  • A mountain range in South America running miles along the Pacific coast

address

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US / ə'dres /

UK / əˈdrɛs /

A1
  • noun
  • Exact street location of a place
  • A formal speech to a group of people
  • verb
  • To write the place someone lives on a letter
  • To refer to someone or something formally
  • To make a formal speech to a group of people
  • To try to find a solution to; think about

translational

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US / træns'leɪʃnəl /

UK / træns'leɪʃnəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning converting between languages

single

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US / 'sɪŋɡl /

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being one only, without others
  • Only; merely
  • Not married or in a relationship
  • noun
  • One run in cricket or a hit baseball
  • An individual song from a CD or album
  • Person who is not married or in a relationship

research

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US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Study done to discover new ideas and facts
  • Work done to find or discover knowledge
  • verb
  • To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

guidance

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US / ˈgaɪdns /

UK / ˈɡaɪdns /

A2
  • noun
  • Advice on what to do in school, job, future
  • Process of controlling weapons to hit a target
  • Act of guiding a person or thing

english

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US / ˈɪŋglɪʃ /

UK / ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of England
  • noun
  • Language of the UK, USA, Nigeria and elsewhere
  • Person's name

google

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US / 'ɡu:ɡl /

UK / 'ɡu:ɡl /

A1
  • noun
  • A widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important
  • other
  • Search the internet (for information) using the Google search engine

fifty

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US / 'fɪftɪ /

UK / ˈfɪfti /

A1
  • number
  • 50

apply

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US / ə'plaɪ /

UK / əˈplaɪ /

A1
  • verb
  • To spread a substance or liquid over a surface
  • To commit your time and effort to doing something
  • To make something useful in a certain situation
  • To be relevant for a situation
  • To ask formally for (job, permission etc.)

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

ability

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US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • The power, resources or skill to do something

misuse

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US / ˌmɪs'ju:s /

UK / mɪsˈjuz /

A2
  • noun
  • Incorrect use of something
  • verb
  • To treat a person or thing badly
  • To use something incorrectly

university

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US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

A1
  • noun
  • High-level educational institution; college

blindly

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US / ˈblaɪndli /

UK / ˈblaɪndlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Without seeing or looking; without thought or care

cell

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US / sel /

UK / sɛl /

A2
  • noun
  • Smallest unit of living things in biology
  • Group of people - often from a secret organization
  • Prisoner's room in a jail
  • Shortened form of 'cellphone'

emerge

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US / ɪ'mɜ:dʒ /

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒ /

A2
  • verb
  • To rise or appear out of some background

existence

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US / ɪɡ'zɪstəns /

UK / ɪɡˈzɪstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • State of being present, alive or real

inform

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US / ɪnˈfɔ:m /

UK / ɪnˈfɔ:rm /

A2
  • verb
  • To give information or facts about something

language

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US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Words or signs used to communicate messages

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

method

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US / 'meθəd /

UK / ˈmɛθəd /

A2
  • noun
  • (Organized and planned) way of doing something

microscope

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US / ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp /

UK / ˈmaɪkrəskoʊp /

B1
  • noun
  • Scientific device making small things look bigger

multidimensional

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US / ˌmʌltɪdaɪ'menʃənl /

UK / ˌmʌltɪdaɪ'menʃənl /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Having several dimensions or aspects

similarly

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US / ˈsɪmələli /

UK / ˈsɪmələrli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a way almost the same as something else

virtual

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US / ˈvɜ:tʃuəl /

UK / ˈvɚtʃuəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Existing only on the internet or on a computer
  • Existing only in a digital world
  • Almost being; nearly complete

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

current

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US / 'kʌrənt /

UK / ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr- /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or being in the present time
  • noun
  • Electricity flowing through wires
  • Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

eventually

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US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

health

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US / helθ /

UK / hɛlθ /

A1
  • noun
  • (Person, company) being in a good condition; well

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

toronto

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US / tə'rɒntəʊ /

UK / tə'rɑnto /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A city in Canada, capital of Ontario, on the northern shore of Lake Ontario; population 2,503,281 (2

week

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US / wi:k /

UK / wik /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

computational

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US / ˌkɒmpjuˈteɪʃənl /

UK / ˌkɑ:mpjuˈteɪʃənl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving computation or computers

categorize

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US / ˈkætəgəraɪz /

UK / 'kætəɡəraɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To distribute into classes or the same type

exciting

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US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Creating interest, happiness or pleasurable fear
  • verb
  • To cause a reaction; make active
  • To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

hint

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US / hɪnt /

UK / hɪnt /

A2
  • noun
  • Helpful piece of information
  • Tiny quantity or sign of something
  • verb
  • To suggest without being direct about it

particularly

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US / pəˈtikjuləli /

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

A2
  • adverb
  • Specially; more than others

roughly

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US / ˈrʌfli /

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
  • In a manner that is violent or not careful
  • In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
  • In a basic, simple manner

biologist

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US / baɪˈɒlədʒɪst /

UK / baɪˈɑːlədʒɪst /

A2
  • noun
  • A scientist who studies living things

revolutionize

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US / ˌrevə'lu:ʃənaɪz /

UK / revəˈluːʃəˌnaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To completely change so that it is much better

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

privacy

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US / ˈprɪvəsi /

UK / ˈpraɪvəsi /

B2
  • noun
  • State of being hidden from the presence of others

open

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US / 'əʊpən /

UK / ˈopən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Available for use; accessible
  • Not being hidden; available for others to see
  • Being available for customers to enter or use
  • Allowing everyone to use or take part in
  • Not secret anymore
  • Not closed or shut
  • Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
  • noun
  • Name for a tennis or golf competition
  • verb
  • To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
  • To start the activities or services of a business
  • To make a space or hole appear in something
  • To move or change so that it is no longer closed
  • To start something, e.g. a new business

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

forward

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US / 'fɔ:wəd /

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Toward what is ahead; in front
  • Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
  • adverb
  • Toward the front in place; in front
  • Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
  • verb
  • To send something to another address or person

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

gpt

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • abbreviation
  • GPT is an acronym

alright

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US / ɔ:lˈraɪt /

UK / ɔlˈraɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • OK; fine; good

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

humanity

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US / hju:ˈmænəti /

UK / hjuˈmænɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Quality of being understanding or sympathetic
  • Human race as one group of people

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

hormone

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US / 'hɔ:məʊn /

UK / ˈhɔrˌmon /

B2
  • noun
  • Chemical produced by the body to control functions

identify

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US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

B1
  • verb
  • To indicate who or what someone or something is

feasibility

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US / ˌfi:zə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / ˌfizəˈbɪlətɪ /

B2
  • noun
  • Quality of being able to be done

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

attempt

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US / ə'tempt /

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

A2
  • noun
  • Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
  • verb
  • To try to do something challenging or difficult

summer

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US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Part of the year when the weather is hot
  • verb
  • To spend time in a place in the warm months

urine

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US / ˈjʊərɪn /

UK / ˈjʊrən /

C1
  • noun
  • Yellow liquid waste from the body

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

newly

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US / ˈnu:li:, ˈnju:- /

UK / ˈnuli, ˈnju- /

A2
  • adverb
  • Very recently; just done or made

researcher

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US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

mention

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US / 'menʃn /

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of referring to or talking about something
  • verb
  • To refer to or talk or write about something

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

nevertheless

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US / ˌnevəðəˈles /

UK / ˌnevərðəˈles /

A2
  • adverb
  • In spite of what has just been said; nonetheless

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

lead

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US / li:d /

UK / lid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the main part in movies or plays
  • noun
  • Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve a crime
  • Main part in a play or movie
  • Heavy, gray metal element
  • Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
  • Act of being at the front in a race or game
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game
  • To travel in front of; go in advance of others

classify

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US / 'klæsɪfaɪ /

UK / ˈklæsəˌfaɪ /

B2
  • verb
  • To arrange things into groups of similar items
  • To keep some information secret from the public

stanford

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US / ˈstænfəd /

UK / ˈstænfərd /

A1

wish

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US / wɪʃ /

UK / wɪʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Expression of a hope for something in the future
  • verb
  • To want something to happen or to become true

predict

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US / prɪ'dɪkt /

UK / prɪˈdɪkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To guess or estimate what will or might happen

specific

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US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Precise; particular; just about that thing
  • Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

map

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US / mæp /

UK / mæp /

A1
  • noun
  • Diagram showing the geography of an area
  • verb
  • To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
  • To find points of similarity between things

follow

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US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

academic

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US / ˌækə'demɪk /

UK / ˌækəˈdɛmɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning education, schools, universities, etc.
  • Unimportant or irrelevant; trivial
  • noun
  • Educator teaching at a college or university
  • other
  • Concerning education, schools, universities, etc.

suppress

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US / səˈpres /

UK / səˈprɛs /

B1
  • verb
  • To prevent the display of emotion or feeling
  • To use force to prevent something happening

suggest

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US / səˈdʒest /

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

A1
  • verb
  • To mention something that could be done; propose

software

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US / ˈsɒftweə(r) /

UK / ˈsɔ:ftwer /

A1
  • noun
  • Computer applications and systems

outside

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US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adverb
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
  • noun
  • Area around or near something, such as a building
  • preposition
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

image

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US / 'ɪmɪdʒ /

UK / ˈɪmɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Picture, sculpture or painting of something
  • General idea or opinion of something
  • verb
  • To obtain pictures by scanning them with a machine

dana

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US / senˈseɪʃənl /

UK / sɛnˈseʃənəl /

A1

body

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US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

demand

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US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

UK / dɪˈmænd /

A2
  • noun
  • Desire customers have to buy product, service
  • A strong request for someone to do something
  • verb
  • To strongly request someone to do something

aspect

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US / 'æspekt /

UK / ˈæspɛkt /

A2
  • noun
  • Way something looks or seems to be
  • An element, feature, or quality of something

twentieth

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US / 'twentɪəθ /

UK / ˈtwɛntiɪθ, ˈtwʌn- /

A1
  • noun
  • 20th

regular

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US / ˈregjələ(r) /

UK / ˈrɛɡjəlɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having an equal amount of space or time in between
  • Occurring or being done frequently
  • Being normal, usual, or average
  • noun
  • Customers who frequently visit a place
  • Soldier who has a permanent job in the army

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

red

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US / red /

UK / rɛd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the color of blood

nature

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US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's character or particular way of behaving
  • Basic look, feel or function of something
  • Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

human

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US / 'hju:mən /

UK / ˈhjumən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or characteristic of people
  • noun
  • A person; a man, woman or child

institute

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US / 'ɪnstɪtju:t /

UK / ˈɪnstɪˌtut, -ˌtjut /

A2
  • noun
  • Organization studying science, engineering etc.
  • verb
  • To start or commence doing, e.g. a business plan

catalogue

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US / ˈkætəlɒg /

UK / ˈkætlˌɔɡ, -ˌɑɡ /

B1
  • noun
  • Book of items that are available for purchase

believe

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US / bɪ'li:v /

UK / bɪˈliv /

A1
  • verb
  • To think or accept that something is true
  • To have a particular opinion about something

bit

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US / bɪt /

UK / bɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • Small piece of something
  • verb
  • (E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

prove

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US / pru:v /

UK / pruv /

A2
  • verb
  • To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

hospital

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US / ˈhɒspɪtl /

UK / ˈhɑ:spɪtl /

A1
  • noun
  • Building for sick people, with doctors and nurses

gain

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US / ɡeɪn /

UK / ɡen /

A2
  • noun
  • An increase in something, such as weight
  • verb
  • To increase in something, such as weight
  • To get something wanted, needed or valued

fiction

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US / ˈfɪkʃn /

UK / ˈfɪkʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Made-up stories; imagined events
  • False statement or account about something

acquire

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US / ə'kwaɪə(r) /

UK / əˈkwaɪr /

A2
  • verb
  • To get or earn something by thinking or working

paper

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US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
  • Made from the material that we use to make books
  • noun
  • Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
  • Written test
  • Newspaper
  • Pages of a book are made from this

hinge

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US / hɪndʒ /

UK / hɪndʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Metal piece that attaches a door/gate to the wall
  • verb
  • To be dependent on or caused by

introduce

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US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

A1
  • verb
  • To open an essay to set the scene
  • To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
  • To begin the use of a new thing or practice
  • To make someone known to another by name
  • To insert or put something inside another thing

underperform

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US / ˌʌndəpəˈfɔːm /

UK / ˌʌndərpərˈfɔːrm /

C2
  • verb
  • To perform below standard/what was expected

simple

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US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

result

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US / rɪ'zʌlt /

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

A2
  • noun
  • Something produced through tests or experiments
  • Final score of a competition, election or game
  • verb
  • To be the outcome of other causes and effects

isolate

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US / ˈaɪsəleɪt /

UK / ˈaɪsəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To identify, consider, or deal with separately
  • To keep in a place or situation apart from others
  • To separate something from another substance

hold

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US / həʊld /

UK / hold /

A1
  • noun
  • Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
  • Influence or power held over someone
  • Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
  • verb
  • To agree to keep something for someone
  • To have the capacity to support/contain something
  • To control an area and protect it from attack
  • To not allow someone to leave a place
  • To cause an event to happen at a place or time
  • To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
  • To have a specific quality or property
  • To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
  • To have or own something
  • To wait before being able to talk on the phone
  • To limit the movement of someone in a sport

gilbert

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US / 'gɪlbət /

UK / 'gɪlbət /

A1
  • noun
  • A librettist who was a collaborator with Sir Arthur Sullivan in a famous series of comic operettas
  • other
  • A unit of magnetomotive force equal to . ampere-turns
  • English navigator who in established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America

change

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US / tʃeɪndʒ /

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Exchange of one set of clothes for another
  • Money in the form of coins instead of paper
  • Money returned after giving too much
  • Act of making or becoming something else
  • verb
  • To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • To exchange one kind of money for another
  • To replace something with another thing
  • To make or become something else
  • To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

heart

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US / hɑ:t /

UK / hɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • A feeling of care for others; compassion
  • Courage, confidence, and emotional strength
  • Be cheerfully encouraging
  • Most essential, important, or central part
  • Referring to a promise or something important
  • State or feelings of affection or deep love
  • Core part of a vegetable, e.g. a lettuce
  • The part of the body that pumps blood
  • Place where emotions are believed to be felt
  • A shape that represents love

huge

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US / hju:dʒ /

UK / hjudʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very very large

israel

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US / 'ɪzreɪl /

UK / 'ɪzreɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine

comprehension

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US / ˌkɒmprɪˈhenʃn /

UK / ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of understanding, e.g. a reading text

due

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US / dju: /

UK / du, dju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • When something is required or expected
  • Owed to a person as a right
  • noun
  • Something you deserve; something you can expect

ago

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US / əˈgəʊ /

UK / əˈgoʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a specified length of time in the past

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

professor

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US / prəˈfesə(r) /

UK / prəˈfɛsɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Teacher who teaches at a college or university

produce

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US / prə'dju:s /

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

A1
  • noun
  • Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
  • verb
  • To grow something naturally
  • To make something appear
  • To manufacture something using machines
  • To control the making a movie or television show

outcome

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US / ˈaʊtkʌm /

UK / ˈaʊtˌkʌm /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that happens as a result, consequence

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

fast

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US / fɑ:st /

UK / fæst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a way that is difficult to move or change
  • Moving or able to move quickly
  • Showing time that is later than the actual time
  • adverb
  • With a great deal of speed
  • noun
  • Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
  • verb
  • To refuse food for a long time

chance

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US / tʃɑ:ns /

UK / tʃæns /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening by luck; not planned
  • Taking a risk to try something
  • noun
  • The way something happens without planning
  • An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
  • The possibility that something will happen
  • verb
  • To occur just through luck; happen
  • To take a risk to try something

biology

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US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • The study of living things

acknowledge

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US / ək'nɒlɪdʒ /

UK / ækˈnɑlɪdʒ /

A2
  • verb
  • To say you have received a letter, gift, etc.
  • To say you accept the truth or value of something
  • to publicly express appreciation

volume

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US / ˈvɒlju:m /

UK / ˈvɑljum, -jəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Number or amount of something e.g. sales
  • Amount of space that something takes up
  • One book that is part of a set of books
  • Level of sound produced by radio or television

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

skepticism

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US / 'skeptɪsɪzəm /

UK / ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm /

C2
  • noun
  • Doubting that something is true/probable/useful

risk

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US / rɪsk /

UK / rɪsk /

A1
  • noun
  • Actions that cause potential problems
  • verb
  • To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

rethink

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US / ˌri:ˈθɪŋk /

UK / riˈθɪŋk /

A2
  • verb
  • To reconsider or think again about something

laboratory

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US / lə'bɒrətrɪ /

UK / ˈlæbrəˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

B1
  • noun
  • A place to do scientific experiments

error

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US / ˈerə(r) /

UK / ˈɛrɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is not correct; a mistake

envision

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US / ɪnˈvɪʒn /

UK / ɪnˈvɪʒn /

C2
  • verb
  • To imagine or picture in your mind

embed

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US / ɪm'bed /

UK / ɛmˈbɛd /

B2
  • verb
  • To place or set inside rock, etc.

devise

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US / dɪ'vaɪz /

UK / dɪˈvaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To think of and plan something

billion

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US / ˈbɪljən /

UK / ˈbɪljən /

A2
  • noun
  • Number 1,000,000,000

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

wealth

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US / welθ /

UK / wɛlθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of money or possessions you own, e.g. large
  • Great quantity, amount, or number of something

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

update

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US / ˌʌpˈdeɪt /

UK / ʌpˈdet /

B1
  • noun
  • Addition of a current version of something
  • New information or data to make more current
  • verb
  • To download the latest version of software
  • To make more current or modern

self

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US / self /

UK / sɛlf /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's own interests or desires
  • Person that someone really is
  • Particular aspect of someone's personality
  • Person, usually someone already been mentioned

project

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US / prəˈdʒekt /

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

A1
  • noun
  • A planned piece of work for specific purpose
  • Group of homes built by government for poor people
  • verb
  • To predict what will happen in the future
  • To show something on a screen using light
  • To stick out past the edge of something

crucial

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US / 'kru:ʃl /

UK / ˈkruʃəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Extremely important or necessary

discover

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US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

A2
  • verb
  • To find something new that was not known before

deactivate

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US / ˌdi:ˈæktɪveɪt /

UK / diˈæktəˌvet /

C2
  • verb
  • To stop a machine, service etc. from operating

extensive

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US / ɪkˈstensɪv /

UK / ɪkˈstɛnsɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Large; full or complete

activity

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US / æk'tɪvətɪ /

UK / ækˈtɪvɪti /

A1
  • noun
  • An action or task, e.g. sports, washing clothes

model

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US / ˈmɒdl /

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being an excellent example of
  • noun
  • Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
  • A small scale copy of a full original
  • verb
  • To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
  • To make a small scale copy of a full original

hundred

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US / 'hʌndrəd /

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

A1
  • number
  • 100

fundamental

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US / ˌfʌndəˈmentl /

UK / ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Forming a necessary part, base, or core
  • noun
  • A basic part of something
  • (Music) the lowest note in a harmony

blood

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US / blʌd /

UK / blʌd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Related by birth; family
  • noun
  • Red liquid in the bodies of people and animals
  • verb
  • To be initiated into something, e.g. a secret club

without

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US / wɪˈðaʊt /

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Not with; not having

oxford

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US / ˈɒksfəd /

UK / ˈɑ:ksfərd /

A1
  • other
  • A low shoe laced over the instep

six

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US / sɪks /

UK / sɪks /

A1
  • number
  • 6

presence

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US / ˈprezns /

UK / ˈprɛzəns /

A2
  • noun
  • The same place or area that a person is
  • Ability to reach a market, group of people etc.
  • Something not physically seen but felt to be there
  • Feeling a person gives by being noticeable

last

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US / lɑ:st /

UK / læst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most recent; the latest
  • The one before
  • adverb
  • Final; with nothing following; after all others
  • Most recent; the latest
  • determiner
  • The one at the end
  • verb
  • To remain or continue for a certain period of time

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

information

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US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Collection of facts and details about something

creativity

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US / ˌkri:eɪ'tɪvətɪ /

UK / ˌkrieˈtɪvətɪ /

A2
  • noun
  • Ability to imagine new ideas

century

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US / 'sentʃərɪ /

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of 100 years

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

relatively

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US / ˈrelətɪvli /

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner comparing something to something else

mathematical

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US / ˌmæθə'mætɪkl /

UK / ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning numbers and equations

optimistic

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US / ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk /

UK / ˌɑːptɪˈmɪstɪk /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Tending to believe the future will be good

expert

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US / 'ekspɜ:t /

UK / ˈɛkˌspɚt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having special knowledge or skill
  • noun
  • Skillful person with special knowledge

chat

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US / tʃæt /

UK / tʃæt /

A2
  • noun
  • A friendly and relaxed talk with friends
  • verb
  • To talk in a friendly and relaxed manner

document

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US / 'dɒkjʊmənt /

UK / ˈdɑkjəmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Official (printed) record that gives information
  • verb
  • To support an opinion with recorded evidence

willing

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US / 'wɪlɪŋ /

UK / ˈwɪlɪŋ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Act of making a choice
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

precise

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US / prɪ'saɪs /

UK / prɪˈsaɪs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of language details etc.) Very accurate and exact
  • (Of a time, place, quality) exact
  • Being very careful about how you do things

quake

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US / kweɪk /

UK / kwek /

B2
  • noun
  • Short for earthquake
  • verb
  • To shake physically, due to fear or anxiety
  • (Of buildings) to shake forcefully

moment

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US / 'məʊmənt /

UK / 'moʊmənt /

A1
  • noun
  • Very short or brief period of time
  • A particular period in time

hopeful

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US / 'həʊpfl /

UK / 'hoʊpfl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having or showing hope

handle

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US / 'hændl /

UK / ˈhændl /

A2
  • noun
  • The part of a door you hold to open it
  • Thing you hold to carry or open a bag, pan etc.
  • verb
  • To cope with or take responsibility for
  • To control a machine, car etc.
  • To control or be controlled /used in a certain way
  • To deal with a particular situation/person; manage
  • To buy, sell, or move materials or goods
  • To hold, control, or use something with the hands
  • To touch objects with the hands to look at them

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

eric

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US / ˈerɪk /

UK / /

A1

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

behind

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US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a later or slower time than expected
  • Being in a losing position in a sporting event
  • Being in the past; old fashioned
  • adverb
  • Remaining
  • noun
  • The part of the body that one sits on
  • preposition
  • At or toward the back of someone or something
  • Supporting or helping someone

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

tech

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US / tek /

UK / tɛk /

A2
  • noun
  • Shortened form of 'technology' or 'technician'

upon

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US / əˈpɔn, əpən /

UK / əˈpɑn, əˈpɔn /

A1
  • preposition
  • More formal term for 'on'

theodora

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US / ˌθiəˈdɔrə /

UK / /

A1
  • proper noun
  • (c.500–548), Byzantine empress; wife of Justinian. As Justinian's closest adviser, she exercised con

recently

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US / ˈri:sntli /

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just a while ago; not long ago

rewind

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US / ˌri:ˈwaɪnd /

UK / riˈwaɪnd /

C1
  • verb
  • To make something go backwards

process

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US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

percent

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US / pə'sent /

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

A2
  • adverb
  • One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

origin

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US / ˈɒrɪdʒɪn /

UK / ˈɔrədʒɪn,ˈɑr- /

A2
  • noun
  • Point at which something begins or is created
  • Country or social group that a person comes from

his

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US / hɪz /

UK / hɪz /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Something belonging to a male person

instance

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US / 'ɪnstəns /

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • An example of something; case
  • verb
  • To give as an example of something else

datum

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US / ˈdeɪtəm /

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

B1
  • noun
  • Item of factual information

evaluation

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US / ɪˌvæljʊ'eɪʃn /

UK / ɪˌvæljʊˈeʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Judgment about the value or condition of something

activation

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US / ˌæktɪ'veɪʃn /

UK / ˌæktɪ'veɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of making something (e.g. a bomb) active

widespread

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US / ˈwaɪdspred /

UK / ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or existing in many places

organize

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US / ˈɔ:gənaɪz /

UK / ˈɔ:rgənaɪz /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrange and plan things, e.g. a party

fantastic

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US / fænˈtæstɪk /

UK / fænˈtæstɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Strange or unusual in design or appearance
  • Very large, fast or great
  • Hard to believe; amazing

independently

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US / ˌɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ /

UK / ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner being free from the control of another

increase

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US / ɪn'kri:s /

UK / ɪnˈkris /

A1
  • noun
  • Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
  • verb
  • To make or become larger in size or amount

feed

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US / fi:d /

UK / fid /

A2
  • noun
  • Food given to animals
  • verb
  • To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
  • To push something through an opening
  • To provide necessary supplies to

challenge

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US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
  • Act of formally inviting someone to compete
  • A question to determine correctness of something
  • verb
  • To formally invite someone to compete at something
  • To question the correctness of something

scientist

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US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who is trained in a science

next

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US / nekst /

UK / nɛkst /

A1
  • adverb
  • The one that follows another in time or order
  • At a time or place directly after the present one
  • noun
  • The one that follows after
  • adjecitve
  • Immediately after the previous one
  • First occurrence after the present one

location

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US / ləʊˈkeɪʃn /

UK / loʊˈkeɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Particular position or area of place, event, etc.

gather

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US / ˈgæðə(r) /

UK / ˈɡæðɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Fold in cloth, as in a full skirt
  • verb
  • To bring objects together into one place
  • (Of liquids) To come to a head, as in boil
  • To collect foods such as wild berries or crops
  • To increase or accumulate
  • To bring people, animals together into a group
  • To activate strength, courage to prepare for task
  • To understand or believe some information

clear

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US / klɪə(r) /

UK / klɪr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Empty; without anything in it or on it
  • Being certain and without doubt
  • Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
  • Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
  • adverb
  • Completely; entirely; through the whole of
  • Away from; free from
  • verb
  • To recover from or remove a problem
  • To get rid of the entire contents of
  • To give permission for something to happen
  • To make a place or surface empty by removing
  • To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

universal

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US / ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:sl /

UK / ˌjunəˈvɚsəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Existing in all places at all times for all people
  • Done or experienced by everyone
  • noun
  • Things which apply equally to everyone

uncover

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US / ʌn'kʌvə(r) /

UK / ʌnˈkʌvɚ /

B1
  • verb
  • To remove what is on top to show something
  • (Journalist) to discover some news to be reported

similarity

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US / ˌsɪmə'lærətɪ /

UK / ˌsɪməˈlærɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Degree to which people or things are the same

focus

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US / 'fəʊkəs /

UK / ˈfokəs /

A2
  • noun
  • Main purpose or center of interest or activity
  • verb
  • To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
  • To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

interest

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US / 'ɪntrəst /

UK / ˈɪntrɪst, -tərɪst, -ˌtrɛst /

A1
  • noun
  • Best or most advantageous thing for someone
  • Activity or subject one enjoys doing or learning
  • Fee for borrowing money
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

discovery

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US / dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

UK / dɪˈskʌvəri /

A2
  • noun
  • Learning something for the first time

explore

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US / ɪk'splɔ:(r) /

UK / ɪkˈsplɔr /

A2
  • verb
  • To examine something in detail to learn about it
  • To travel to a place to discover more about it

exist

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US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

A1
  • verb
  • To be present, alive or real

furthermore

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US / ˌfɜ:ðəˈmɔ:(r) /

UK / ˌfɜ:rðərˈmɔ:r /

B1
  • adverb
  • In addition to what has been said

developmental

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US / dɪˌveləpˈmentl /

UK / dɪˌveləpˈmentl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the development or growth

caution

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US / 'kɔ:ʃn /

UK / ˈkɔʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Quality of being cautious; avoiding risk, danger
  • Warning given by police for breaking traffic rules
  • A warning about a possible danger
  • verb
  • To give someone a warning about a possible danger

accurately

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US / 'ækjərətlɪ /

UK / 'ækjərətlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • Exactly and without any mistakes; correctly

abnormal

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US / æbˈnɔ:ml /

UK / æbˈnɔ:rml /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not normal, not typical, not usual, not regular

swiftly

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US / swɪftlɪ /

UK / ˈswɪftlɪ /

B2
  • adverb
  • Quickly

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

understand

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US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

A1
  • verb
  • To know the meaning of language, what someone says

study

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US / 'stʌdɪ /

UK / ˈstʌdi /

A1
  • noun
  • Room that a person studies or reads in
  • Piece of research
  • Topic or subject you research or learn about
  • verb
  • To focus on learning something usually at school

necessary

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US / 'nesəsərɪ /

UK / ˈnɛsɪˌsɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Needed or required; unavoidable

involve

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US / ɪn'vɒlv /

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

A2
  • verb
  • To have or be included as a part of something

compare

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US / kəm'peə(r) /

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

A1
  • verb
  • To consider how similar and different things are

themselves

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US / ðəmˈselvz /

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Reflexive form of 'they'

seventy

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US / ˈsevnti /

UK / ˈsɛvənti /

A1
  • number
  • 70

output

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US / 'aʊtpʊt /

UK / ˈaʊtˌpʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of something that is produced
  • verb
  • To produce data or information, as a computer

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

development

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US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
  • A new event related to a previous event

dub

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US / dʌb /

UK / dʌb /

B2
  • verb
  • To add a new soundtrack to an audio recording
  • To give (a person or place) a name or nickname

arrange

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US / əˈreɪndʒ /

UK / əˈrendʒ /

A2
  • verb
  • To write music for a particular instrument
  • To organize things or people in a particular way
  • To plan (an event) at a time and place
  • To organize events so they happen

yet

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US / jet /

UK / jɛt /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a later time (used after ‘not’)
  • (Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
  • Eventually; at a future time
  • Until now; up to the present
  • conjunction
  • Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

translation

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US / trænsˈleɪʃn /

UK / trænsˈleʃən, trænz- /

A2
  • noun
  • changing text from one language to another; the process of changing something into a different form

significant

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US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
  • Having meaning; important; noticeable
  • (Statistics) being clearly different

rat

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US / ræt /

UK / ræt /

B1
  • noun
  • Long-tailed rodent similar to/bigger than a mouse
  • Person who is not loyal and reveals secrets

internet

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US / ˈɪn.tə.net /

UK / ˋɪntɚ͵nɛt /

A1
  • noun
  • Worldwide computer network system

functionality

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US / ˌfʌŋkʃəˈnæləti /

UK / ˌfʌŋkʃəˈnælɪti /

A1
  • noun
  • Capable of serving a purpose well

currently

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US / ˈkʌrəntli /

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

A2
  • adverb
  • Happening or being in the present time

sheer

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US / ʃɪə(r) /

UK / ʃɪr /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of luck/stupidity) very complete or absolute
  • (Of fabric) very fine or thin; see-through
  • adverb
  • Straight up and down; steeply
  • verb
  • To suddenly turn or change direction

raw

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US / rɔ: /

UK / rɔ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being uncontrolled or strong, as your emotions
  • Being inexperienced
  • Being in a natural or unchanged state
  • (Of skin) being red and sore on the surface
  • (Of foods) uncooked

potentially

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US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • That could happen or become reality

experimental

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US / ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl /

UK / ɪkˌspɛrəˈmɛntl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Using techniques that are different or untried

gallon

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US / ˈgælən /

UK / ˈɡælən /

B1
  • noun
  • Unit of liquid equal to 4 US quarts (3.785 liters)

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

achieve

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US / ə'tʃi:v /

UK / əˈtʃiv /

A2
  • verb
  • To succeed in doing good, usually by working hard

structure

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US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
  • verb
  • To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

protein

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US / ˈprəʊti:n /

UK / ˈprəʊˌtiːn /

B1
  • noun
  • Group of molecules made from amino acids

perform

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US / pə'fɔ:m /

UK / pɚˈfɔrm /

A1
  • verb
  • To carry out an action well or successfully
  • To entertain an audience by dancing, singing etc.

organ

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US / 'ɔ:ɡən /

UK / ˈɔrɡən /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a person's body with a particular function
  • Large institution or body
  • Large wind instrument similar to a piano

limitation

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US / ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn /

UK / ˌlɪmɪˈteʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of controlling or reducing the size of

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

globally

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US / 'ɡləʊbəlɪ /

UK / 'ɡloʊbəlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Throughout the world

genome

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US / ˈdʒi:nəʊm /

UK / ˈdʒi:noʊm /

B2
  • noun
  • Complete set of genetic material in an organism

effectiveness

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US / ɪˌfek'tɪvnɪs /

UK / əˈfɛktɪvnɪs /

B2
  • noun
  • Degree of how well something works or is done

convert

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US / kən'vɜ:t /

UK / kənˈvɚt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person switching from one belief system to another
  • verb
  • To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
  • To change form, character, or function to another

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

wide

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US / waɪd /

UK / waɪd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a great distance from one side to the other
  • adverb
  • Fully; completely

prediction

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US / prɪˈdɪkʃn /

UK / prɪˈdɪkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • A statement of what will happen next

sense

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US / sens /

UK / sɛns /

A1
  • noun
  • Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • Normal or clear state of mind
  • Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
  • verb
  • To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
  • To recognize the presence of something

scale

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US / skeɪl /

UK / skel /

A2
  • noun
  • Size, level, or amount when compared
  • Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
  • Device that is used to weigh a person or thing
  • Range of numbers from the lowest to the highest
  • Dimensions or size of something
  • verb
  • To change the size of but keep the proportions
  • To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
  • To remove the scales of a fish

pattern

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US / 'pætn /

UK / ˈpætən /

A2
  • noun
  • Model to follow in making or doing something
  • Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
  • Regular repeated behavior
  • verb
  • To copy the way something else is made

collect

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US / kəˈlekt /

UK / kəˈlɛkt /

A2
  • adverb
  • By asking the receiver of a call to pay for it
  • verb
  • To ask for money, e.g. for a charity
  • To gather things, people together in one place
  • To get and keep one type of things as a hobby
  • To take things and bring them together
  • To go and receive, e.g. a prize or an award
  • To take control of your own feelings or thoughts

transform

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US / træns'fɔ:m /

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

C2
  • verb
  • To change the shape completely in a good way

subscribe

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US / səb'skraɪb /

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

B1
  • verb
  • To regularly pay to receive a service

tune

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US / tju:n /

UK / tun, tjun /

A2
  • noun
  • Group of musical notes that make a pleasant sound
  • verb
  • To make adjustments to equipment to make it better
  • To adjust to be at the right musical pitch
  • To modify how something operates, looks, e.g. car

unveil

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US / ˌʌnˈveɪl /

UK / ʌnˈvel /

B1
  • verb
  • To remove something's outer covering

role

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US / rəʊl /

UK / rol /

A2
  • noun
  • Character played by an actor
  • Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

power

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US / 'paʊə(r) /

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal or official right to perform certain actions
  • Ability to move forcefully and quickly
  • Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
  • Mathematical way to multiply a number
  • Condition of being in political control
  • Physical force, energy, and strength
  • verb
  • To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
  • To move something forcefully and quickly

essential

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US / ɪ'senʃl /

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Extremely or most important and necessary

chemical

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US / ˈkemɪkl /

UK / ˈkɛmɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made of various elements
  • noun
  • Basic substance produced by mixing elements

creator

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US / kriˈeɪtə(r) /

UK / kriˈetɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who makes something original or new

genetic

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US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

diminish

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US / dɪˈmɪnɪʃ /

UK / dɪˈmɪnɪʃ /

B1
  • verb
  • To make something smaller or less important
  • To imply someone's reputation is less good
  • To become or cause to become less in size, value

level

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US / 'levl /

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Sports) equal to another
  • Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
  • noun
  • Specific height of something
  • Amount of ability you have compared to others
  • Floor or deck within a building
  • Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
  • verb
  • To aim a gun at someone
  • To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
  • To make things flat or even
  • To make a score equal to another, in sports

physical

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US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the body of a person
  • Concerning things that can be seen or touched
  • noun
  • Health check at the doctors' or hospital

state

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US / steɪt /

UK / stet /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning region within a country
  • noun
  • Region within a country, with its own government
  • Situation or condition something is in
  • verb
  • To say; declare as fact

accustom

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US / əˈkʌstəm /

UK / əˈkʌstəm /

C1
  • transitive verb
  • Make (someone or something) accept something as normal or usual.

across

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US / əˈkrɔs /

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Distance from one side to another
  • (Go) from one side to the other of something

destiny

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US / /

UK / /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone's future; the power that governs this

expose

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US / ɪk'spəʊz /

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

A2
  • noun
  • News article revealing secret information
  • verb
  • To make visible, without covering or protection
  • To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
  • To be talked about in the media
  • To make a secret known to the public
  • To experience something, often a harmful thing

chicken

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US / ˈtʃɪkɪn /

UK / ˈtʃɪkən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Acting like a coward
  • noun
  • A bird raised for its eggs and meat
  • Someone who is too afraid to do something

filter

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US / 'fɪltə(r) /

UK / ˈfɪltɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Device to remove certain types of light, sound
  • Device to remove unwanted things from liquid, gas
  • verb
  • To remove certain types of light, sound
  • To remove unwanted substances from a liquid or gas

may

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US / meɪ /

UK / me /

A1
  • noun
  • 5th month of the year
  • other
  • Used to express a desire
  • Expresses permission, possibility or probability
  • Used to show that a thing could be true

program

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US / 'prəʊɡræm /

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

A1
  • noun
  • Small book of events in a play, concert or movie
  • A plan or schedule of events
  • Series of classes at a college or university
  • A computer application
  • TV show
  • verb
  • To make someone act or think in a certain way
  • To write computer code for a piece of software

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

able

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US / 'eɪbl /

UK / ˈebəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Skilled; good at something
  • Having the ability to do something

fertilize

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US / ˈfɜ:təlaɪz /

UK / ˈfɜ:rtəlaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To make pregnant; to put sperm in an egg
  • To add chemicals to produce larger, better plants

restore

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US / rɪˈstɔ:(r) /

UK / rɪˈstɔr, -ˈstor /

B1
  • verb
  • To return a thing to its original condition

simulate

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US / 'sɪmjʊleɪt /

UK / ˈsɪmjəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To copy something or look or behave like it

three

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US / θri: /

UK / θri /

A1
  • number
  • Number 3

cause

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US / kɔ:z /

UK / kɔz /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • Reason for
  • verb
  • To make something happen; create effect or result

similar

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US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Nearly the same; alike

essentially

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US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

fascinating

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US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
  • Very interesting
  • verb
  • To attract or interest greatly

naked

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US / ˈneɪkɪd /

UK / ˈnekɪd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not wearing any clothes; without covering

thirty

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US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

UK / ˈθə:ti /

A1
  • number
  • 30

value

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US / 'vælju: /

UK / ˈvælju /

A1
  • noun
  • Importance you attach to something
  • Some information expressed as a number
  • Stated price of something; worth
  • verb
  • To place a high importance on something
  • To say how much money something is worth

she

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US / ʃɪ /

UK / ʃi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Female person or animal mentioned before
  • (Refers to female person mentioned before)

catch

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US / kætʃ /

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Amount of something that has been caught
  • Trick or something trying to deceive
  • verb
  • To stop something flying and hold it
  • To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
  • To get sick or get a disease from someone else
  • To find someone to do something, a task
  • To get stuck on or in something
  • To be trapped so you can’t escape
  • To be able to understand what someone is saying

interesting

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US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Taking your attention; making you want to know
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

hit

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US / hɪt /

UK / hɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • A planned killing, usually for money
  • Song, movie etc. that is successful
  • When someone strikes someone or something
  • Time when a player makes contact with the ball
  • Time when a website is accessed
  • verb
  • To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
  • To press something, such as a button or switch
  • To suddenly realize the importance of something
  • To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
  • To fight, attack or damage something or someone
  • To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
  • To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

solve

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US / sɒlv /

UK / sɑ:lv /

A2
  • verb
  • To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

redefine

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US / ˌri:dɪˈfaɪn /

UK / ˌriːdɪˈfaɪn /

B1
  • verb
  • To give a new explanation of or reason for
  • To set or mark the limits of something again

specie

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US / 'spi:ʃi: /

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Singular of species

tailor

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US / 'teɪlə(r) /

UK / ˈtelɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Person who makes men's clothes by hand
  • verb
  • To make or alter to fit a certain purpose

dna

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US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

B2
  • noun
  • Chemical in living cells with genetic information

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

egg

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US / eg /

UK / ɛɡ /

A2
  • noun
  • Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

derive

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US / dɪˈraɪv /

UK / dɪˈraɪv /

B1
  • verb
  • To come from another thing

extent

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US / ɪkˈstent /

UK / ɪkˈstɛnt /

A2
  • noun
  • Point, level or limit to which something reaches
  • Range or space included in something

digitally

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US / 'dɪdʒɪtəlɪ /

UK / 'dɪdʒɪtəlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • By means of electronic signals or computers

include

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US / ɪnˈklu:d /

UK / ɪnˈklud /

A1
  • verb
  • To make someone, something part of a group

physicist

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US / ˈfɪzɪsɪst /

UK / ˈfɪzɪsɪst /

B2
  • noun
  • Person who studies and works in physics

boundary

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US / 'baʊndrɪ /

UK / ˈbaʊndəri, -dri /

B1
  • noun
  • A division or border to separate two areas

great

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US / ɡreɪt /

UK / ɡret /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very large in size
  • Very important
  • Very good; fantastic; wonderful
  • adverb
  • Very good; better than before
  • noun
  • Successful and well-admired person

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

intrigue

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US / ɪnˈtri:g /

UK / ˈɪnˌtriɡ, ɪnˈtriɡ /

B1
  • noun
  • Secret plan; the act of making a secret plan
  • verb
  • To make someone interested or curious

lab

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US / læb /

UK / læb /

B1
  • noun
  • Short for 'laboratory'

require

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US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

A2
  • verb
  • To demand that someone does something
  • To need to do something, to make it necessary

oxygen

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US / 'ɒksɪdʒən /

UK / ˈɑksɪdʒən /

B1
  • noun
  • A gas in the air that we need to breathe

sensitive

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US / 'sensətɪv /

UK / ˈsɛnsɪtɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Taking offense easily; easily upset or hurt
  • (Private information) needing careful treatment
  • Concerning awareness of small differences
  • Able to recognize the feelings of others
  • Responsive to physical touch
  • Becoming unstable

variation

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US / ˌveəriˈeɪʃn /

UK / ˌvɛriˈeʃən, ˈvær- /

A2
  • noun
  • Something almost the same as another but different
  • Music played with a different tune from another

task

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US / tɑ:sk /

UK / tæsk /

A2
  • noun
  • Big or small piece of work someone has to do
  • verb
  • To be given something to do, e.g. wash dishes

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

sustain

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US / sə'steɪn /

UK / səˈsten /

B2
  • verb
  • To lengthen or continue to do something
  • To support or maintain someone or something
  • To suffer something damaging or bad

cancer

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US / 'kænsə(r) /

UK / ˈkænsɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Any growth caused by abnormal cell division

join

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US / dʒɔɪn /

UK / dʒɔɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To bring something close to another, to become one
  • To become a member of
  • To participate in an activity with others

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

liken

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US / ˈlaɪkən /

UK / ˈlaɪkən /

C1
  • verb
  • To compare something to another person or thing

possibility

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US / ˌpɒsə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / ˌpɑsəˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Something with a chance of happening or being true

sentence

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US / 'sentəns /

UK / ˈsɛntəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Official punishment given by a court of law
  • Set of words that make a whole statement
  • verb
  • (Of a judge) to decide the punishment of

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

ten

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US / ten /

UK / tɛn /

A1
  • number
  • 10

train

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US / treɪn /

UK / tren /

A1
  • noun
  • Line of people, animals moving the same direction
  • Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
  • Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
  • Series of events happening one after another
  • verb
  • To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
  • To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
  • To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
  • To point a certain way or toward something
  • To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

translate

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US / trænsˈleɪt /

UK / trænsˈlet /

A2
  • verb
  • To change something into a different state
  • To be equivalent to; equate to
  • To change a text, speech into a different language
  • To change words from one language into another

along

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US / əˈlɒŋ /

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • As a companion; taken with someone
  • preposition
  • At a point on a line

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

fish

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US / fɪʃ /

UK / fɪʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal that swims and lives in water
  • verb
  • To go fishing with a net or hook

deeply

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US / ˈdi:pli /

UK / ˈdiplɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • To a significant degree
  • To a great, intense or extreme extent

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

aim

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US / eɪm /

UK / em /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of pointing something at a target
  • Purpose or goal
  • verb
  • To point something at a target
  • To intend to get a thing or for a thing to happen

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

echo

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US / 'ekəʊ /

UK / 'ekoʊ /

B1
  • noun
  • Repetition of sounds after bouncing off something
  • A repetition of events or circumstances
  • verb
  • (Of a place) to be filled with repeating sounds
  • (Of a sound) to be repeated
  • To repeat something, e.g. something someone said

effort

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US / ˈefət /

UK / ˈɛfət /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of work used trying to do something

decide

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US / dɪ'saɪd /

UK / dɪˈsaɪd /

A2
  • verb
  • To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
  • To make a legal judgment in court
  • to affect the result of something

experiment

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US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
  • verb
  • To create and perform tests to research something
  • To try something new that you haven't tried before

german

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US / ˈdʒɜːmən /

UK / ˈdʒɜːrmən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Germany
  • noun
  • Person from Germany

landmark

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US / ˈlændmɑ:k /

UK / ˈlændmɑ:rk /

B1
  • noun
  • Event that marks a change or turning point
  • Easily recognizable structure that is easy to see

layer

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US / ˈleiə /

UK / ˈleɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • One of several sheets of a material or object
  • verb
  • To put things one on top of another

norse

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US / nɔ:s /

UK / nɔ:rs /

B2
  • noun
  • People from Norway in medieval times

observe

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US / əbˈzɜ:v /

UK / əbˈzɜ:rv /

A2
  • verb
  • To celebrate a particular holiday/religious event
  • To obey or follow laws, rules, or customs
  • To watch carefully; to make a comment

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

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US / beɪs /

UK / bes /

A2
  • noun
  • Place military personnel live, train, and operate
  • Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
  • Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
  • Most important idea or ingredient to add others
  • Origin or start from which something came
  • Main place where an organization or a person works
  • verb
  • To use as the starting point or origin for
  • To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

biological

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US / ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

UK / ˌbaɪəˈlɑdʒɪkəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being related to life and living things

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

hope

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US / həʊp /

UK / hop /

A1
  • noun
  • When you wish something will happen; what you wish
  • verb
  • To expect and want something to happen

propose

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US / prə'pəʊz /

UK / prəˈpoz /

A2
  • verb
  • To make an offer of marriage
  • To offer or put forward an idea for consideration

variety

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US / və'raɪətɪ /

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Particular type of thing or person

venture

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US / 'ventʃə(r) /

UK / ˈvɛntʃɚ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Business activity) taking chances or risks
  • noun
  • (Business) activity involving calculated risks
  • verb
  • To risk something, such as money
  • To face the dangers, take the risk of something
  • To say something; to dare to speak your mind

status

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US / 'steɪtəs /

UK / ˈstetəs, ˈstætəs /

A2
  • noun
  • Position or rank relative to others in a society
  • Legal position of a person or thing
  • Current state or position of a thing

button

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US / 'bʌtn /

UK / ˈbʌtn /

A2
  • noun
  • Small round piece material used to fasten clothing
  • Switch activated by pressing
  • verb
  • To fasten e.g. a shirt, coat

arizona

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US / ˌæriˈzəunə /

UK / ˌærɪˈzonə /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A state in the southwestern US, on the border with Mexico; population 6,500,180 (est. 2008); capital

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

merge

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US / mɜ:dʒ /

UK / mɜ:rdʒ /

B1
  • noun
  • Causing two or more things to combine into one
  • verb
  • To cause two or more things to combine into one
  • To be combined into one

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

resident

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US / ˈrezɪdənt /

UK / ˈrɛzɪdənt, -ˌdɛnt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Someone who lives in a particular place
  • noun
  • Trainee doctor who works/lives in a hospital

secret

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US / 'si:krət /

UK / 'si:krət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • That you don't want others to know; private
  • noun
  • Information you do not want others to know

throughout

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US / θru:ˈaʊt /

UK / θruˈaʊt /

A2
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

voyage

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US / 'vɔɪɪdʒ /

UK / ˈvɔɪɪdʒ /

B1
  • noun
  • Long journey to a distant or unknown place
  • verb
  • To take a sea journey to a different or new place

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

disruption

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US / dɪs'rʌpʃn /

UK / dɪs'rʌpʃn /

B2
  • noun
  • When a disturbance stops an activity in progress

methodology

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US / ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi /

UK / ˌmeθəˈdɑːlədʒi /

B1
  • noun
  • System or techniques to show how to do tasks

vastness

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US / vɑ:stnəs /

UK / ˈvæstnɪs /

B1
  • noun
  • An exceedingly great area or degree

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

another

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US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One more, but not this
  • determiner
  • One more added
  • pronoun
  • One more (thing)

complex

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US / 'kɒmpleks /

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
  • noun
  • Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
  • Psychological issue regarding self-image

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

real

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US / rɪəl /

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Actually existing or happening, not imagined
  • Being important or special

beyond

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US / bɪ'jɒnd /

UK / biˈɑnd, bɪˈjɑnd /

A2
  • adverb
  • On or to the farther side
  • In addition to
  • preposition
  • Later in time than
  • Out of the limits of

atlas

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US / ˈætləs /

UK / ˈætləs /

B2
  • noun
  • Book of maps

comprehensive

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US / ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv /

UK / ˌkɑ:mprɪˈhensɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Including most or all things

doctor

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US / ˈdɒktə(r) /

UK / ˈdɑːktɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person paid to help people become or stay healthy
  • Person awarded the highest university degree
  • verb
  • To treat someone's illness
  • To change something in order to trick someone

decipher

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US / dɪˈsaɪfə(r) /

UK / dɪˈsaɪfɚ /

B2
  • verb
  • To uncover the meaning of something hard to read

forty

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US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

UK / ˈfɔrti /

A1
  • number
  • 40

name

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US / neɪm /

UK / nem /

A1
  • noun
  • What something or someone is called
  • verb
  • To state what someone is called, e.g. John

mole

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US / məʊl /

UK / mol /

B2
  • noun
  • Small animal with dark fur that lives under ground
  • Small natural dark spot on someone's skin
  • Spy working among those whose secrets he sells

something

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US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In some degree or measure
  • noun
  • a person or thing of some value or consequence
  • pronoun
  • Thing that is not yet known or named
  • Approximately

breakthrough

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US / 'breɪkθru: /

UK / ˈbrekˌθru /

B2
  • noun
  • Important discovery in doing something difficult

contain

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US / kənˈteɪn /

UK / kənˈten /

A2
  • verb
  • To keep something from spreading
  • To hold something inside something else

distinction

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US / dɪˈstɪŋkʃn /

UK / dɪˈstɪŋkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Special quality that makes something different
  • A prize of award for a high level of achievement

four

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US / fɔ:(r) /

UK / fɔr, for /

A1
  • number
  • 4

imagine

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US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To think creatively about; form mental picture of

inside

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US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

jura

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US / ˈdʒuːrə /

UK / ˈdʒʊrə /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A system of mountain ranges on the border of France and Switzerland. It has given its name to the Ju
  • An island of the Inner Hebrides, north of Islay and south of Mull, separated from the west coast of

million

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US / ˈmɪljən /

UK / ˈmɪljən /

A1
  • number
  • 1,000,000

quo

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US / tʃɑ:dʒ /

UK / tʃɑrdʒ /

A1

profile

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US / 'prəʊfaɪl /

UK / ˈproˌfaɪl /

B1
  • noun
  • A short description of a person or group
  • Shape of someone's head when viewed from the side
  • verb
  • To write a short description of a person or group

quantity

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US / ˈkwɒntəti /

UK / ˈkwɑntɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • A large amount of something
  • Amount or number of something

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

beat

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US / bi:t /

UK / bit /

A2
  • noun
  • Regular movement or rhythm (e.g. heart or music)
  • verb
  • To move in regular motions in order to push blood
  • To strike or hit repeatedly and with great force
  • To mix ingredients together with a fork or machine
  • To play a drum
  • To win against another person or team; defeat

compute

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US / kəm'pju:t /

UK / kəmˈpjut /

A1
  • verb
  • To find out by calculating or estimating

database

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US / 'deɪtəbeɪs /

UK / ˈdetəˌbes, ˈdætə- /

A2
  • noun
  • Data stored in logical order to aid retrieval

medical

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US / ˈmedɪkl /

UK / ˈmɛdɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or relating to physical health or medicine
  • noun
  • A health check or test

science

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US / 'saɪəns /

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Study of the physical world, based on facts

utilize

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US / ˈju:təlaɪz /

UK / ˈjutlˌaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To use something for a particular purpose

shift

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US / ʃɪft /

UK / ʃɪft /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of work) starting at a certain time, as at night
  • noun
  • A change in a persons plans, opinions or beliefs
  • Period of work starting at a certain time
  • verb
  • To change in position or direction
  • To move something from one place to another

speculate

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US / ˈspekjuleɪt /

UK / ˈspɛkjəˌlet /

B2
  • verb
  • To take risks that might lead to big profits
  • To predict or guess what is possible or likely

truth

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US / tru:θ /

UK / truθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Real facts about something

basic

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US / 'beɪsɪk /

UK / ˈbesɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • At the most important or easiest (beginner) level

capture

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US / 'kæptʃə(r) /

UK / ˈkæptʃɚ /

B1
  • verb
  • To attract and hold e.g. interest, attention
  • To record, tape, or film something
  • To catch and prevent from being free
  • To take control of a place or object by force

concern

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US / kənˈsɜ:n /

UK / kənˈsɚn /

A2
  • noun
  • Company, firm or business
  • Feeling of worry or anxiety
  • verb
  • To be about a particular topic
  • To have a direct impact on someone
  • To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
  • To feel worry or anxiety

excel

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US / ɪkˈsel /

UK / ɪkˈsɛl /

B2
  • verb
  • To perform an activity better than others

deduce

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US / dɪˈdju:s /

UK / dɪˈdu:s /

B2
  • verb
  • To use logic or reason to reach a conclusion

knowledge

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US / ˈnɒlɪdʒ /

UK / ˈnɑlɪdʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Information, understanding, or skill

healthy

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US / ˈhelθi /

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In good condition physically, or financially; well

walker

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US / 'wɔ:kə(r) /

UK / ˈwɔkɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Special kind of frame designed to help people walk
  • Person who is traveling on foot

certain

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US / ˈsə:tn /

UK / ˈsɚtn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Definite, fixed
  • Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
  • Being sure about something; without doubt

develop

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US / dɪ'veləp /

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

A1
  • verb
  • To explain something in steps and in detail
  • To create or think of something
  • To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
  • To make a photograph from film

gene

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US / dʒi:n /

UK / dʒin /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of cell controlling development of a thing

explain

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US / ɪk'spleɪn /

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

A1
  • verb
  • To make clear or easy to understand by describing

integrate

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US / ˈɪntɪgreɪt /

UK / ˈɪntɪˌɡret /

A2
  • verb
  • To combine together; make into one thing

pile

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US / paɪl /

UK / paɪl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Surface) consisting of usually short threads
  • noun
  • Large amount of something
  • Group of things one on top of another
  • Long post used to support something
  • Carpet, rug consisting of usually short threads
  • verb
  • (E.g. of problems) to increase; get more or worse

point

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US / pɔɪnt /

UK / pɔɪnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An item to be discussed
  • Small spot or dot
  • Fact or detail
  • Feature of something
  • The size of the text on a page or screen
  • A certain time or stage in a process
  • Certain position in time or space
  • Idea or fact you try to convince people about
  • Measurement of scores in a game, sport
  • Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
  • verb
  • To face a certain direction, e.g. north
  • To indicate something with your finger to others

regulation

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US / ˌregjuˈleɪʃn /

UK / ˌrɛɡjəˈleʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of controlling something with rules or orders
  • other

speculative

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US / ˈspekjələtɪv /

UK / ˈspɛkjulətɪv, -ˌle- /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Not based on sure knowledge; based on intuition

novel

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US / 'nɒvl /

UK / ˈnɑvəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unusual and new or different from previous things
  • noun
  • Written fiction story

skeptical

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US / 'skeptɪkəl /

UK / 'skeptɪkəl /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Doubting that something is true/probable/useful

survival

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US / səˈvaɪvl /

UK / sɚˈvaɪvəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of continuing to exist when facing difficulty

story

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US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

A1
  • noun
  • One of many floors or levels in a building
  • Account or description of how something happened

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

frog

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US / frɒg /

UK / frɔ:g /

B1
  • noun
  • Small hopping amphibian

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

notion

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US / ˈnəuʃən /

UK / ˈnoʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Sudden idea or desire to do something

scenario

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US / sɪˈnɑː.ri.əʊ /

UK / səˈner.i.oʊ /

B1
  • noun
  • An imagined sequence of events in a plan/project

thousand

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US / ˈθaʊznd /

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1,000

team

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US / ti:m /

UK / tim /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of people working on a task together
  • Group of people playing a sport together

ultimate

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US / ˈʌltɪmət /

UK / ˈʌltəmɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Basic; original; most significant
  • Being the greatest example of something
  • Happening or coming at the end of process; final

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

among

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US / əˈmʌŋ /

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the center of several things

available

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US / əˈveɪləbl /

UK / əˈveləbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Present and able to be used
  • Able to be used at a scheduled time

enhance

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US / ɪn'hɑ:ns /

UK / ɛnˈhæns /

B1
  • verb
  • To improve; make bigger or better

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

personalization

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US / 'pɜ:sənəlaɪzeɪʃn /

UK / 'pɜ:sənəlaɪzeɪʃn /

C1
  • noun
  • Act of making something for a particular person

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

scientific

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US / ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk /

UK / ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning academic study of the physical world

tool

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US / tu:l /

UK / tul /

A2
  • noun
  • Device used to make things, e.g. a hammer
  • verb
  • To provide a workshop with the right equipment

debate

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US / dɪ'beɪt /

UK / dɪˈbet /

A2
  • noun
  • General public discussion of a topic
  • A formal event where two sides discuss a topic
  • verb
  • To consider options before making a decision
  • To take part in a formal discussion

puzzle

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US / 'pʌzl /

UK / ˈpʌzəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Something challenging to explain or understand
  • Game requiring the player to find an answer
  • Game with many pieces, e.g. forming a picture
  • A problem requiring thought and skill to be solved
  • verb
  • To be a challenge to understand; confuse

realize

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US / 'ri:əlaɪz /

UK / ˈriəˌlaɪz /

A1
  • verb
  • To become aware of or understand mentally

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

shirley

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US / ˈrɪkʃɔ: /

UK / ˈrɪkʃɔː /

A1

eighty

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US / 'eɪtɪ /

UK / ˈeti /

A1
  • number
  • 80

foundational

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US / faʊn'deɪʃənəl /

UK / faʊn'deɪʃənəl /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the base or important starting point

generation

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US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act or process of producing or causing something
  • People born and living at about the same time

face

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US / feɪs /

UK / fes /

A1
  • noun
  • Side or outer surface of something
  • An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
  • Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
  • Characteristics you show in public
  • verb
  • To cover a surface with something like paint
  • To deal with a problem or responsibilities
  • To look toward; point in a certain direction

greek

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US / gri:k /

UK / ɡrik /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Greece
  • noun
  • Person from Greece

erythropoietin

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US / ɪrɪθrə'pɔɪətɪn /

UK / ɪˌrɪθroʊpɔɪ'i:tɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • Glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells

liu

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US / lju /

UK / /

A1

mouse

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US / maʊs /

UK / maʊs /

A2
  • noun
  • Small animal that has fur and a long tail
  • Computer device to control movement on a screen
  • Quiet, shy person

promise

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US / 'prɒmɪs /

UK / ˈprɑmɪs /

A1
  • verb
  • To say you will certainly do something

molecule

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US / ˈmɒlɪkju:l /

UK / ˈmɑlɪˌkjul /

B2
  • noun
  • Two or more atoms chemically combined

possibly

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US / ˈpɒsəbli /

UK / ˈpɑ:səbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • May be true or likely, but is uncertain

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

boundless

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US / ˈbaʊndləs /

UK / ˈbaʊndlɪs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Without limits; innumerable; limitless

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

amazing

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US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Surprising in a pleasing way
  • verb
  • To cause wonder; to surprise completely

begin

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US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

computer

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US / kəmˈpju:tə(r) /

UK / kəmˈpjutɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Machine for storing data, accessing the internet

doubt

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US / daʊt /

UK / daʊt /

A1
  • noun
  • Not being sure of something; lack of certainty
  • verb
  • To question the truth or certainty of something

incredible

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US / ɪnˈkredəbl /

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very good; amazing
  • Really good; amazing; great
  • Very hard to believe

prompt

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US / prɒmpt /

UK / prɑmpt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Fast; in a quick manner; without delay
  • noun
  • Message on a computer requiring attention
  • Encouragement to ask someone else to talk
  • verb
  • To display a message to requires a user to act
  • To say something to encourage someone else to talk
  • To remind an actor of his or her lines (words)
  • To cause something to occur; be the cause of

specialist

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US / 'speʃəlɪst /

UK / ˈspɛʃəlɪst /

B1
  • noun
  • Person who works in one specific area or field

such

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US / sʌtʃ /

UK / sʌtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Being similar to
  • (Thing) as previously stated or referred to
  • adverb
  • (Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

capable

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US / 'keɪpəbl /

UK / ˈkepəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being able to do something very well; proficient

incorporate

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US / ɪn'kɔ:pəreɪt /

UK / ɪnˈkɔrpəˌret /

A2
  • verb
  • To form into a company or business corporation
  • To include or involve as part of something else

individual

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US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made for use by one single person
  • Having a distinct manner different from others
  • noun
  • Single person, looked at separately from others

labor

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US / 'leɪbə(r) /

UK / ˈlebɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • The people with work in a community
  • All of the workers in a country, specific company
  • verb
  • To struggle to do something because it's difficult
  • To work hard (often physically) for many hours

usage

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US / ˈju:sɪdʒ /

UK / ˈjusɪdʒ, -zɪdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Amount something is used
  • Way something is actually used

uce

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US / /

UK / /

A1

under

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US / ˈʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In the same place as another thing, but lower
  • adverb
  • In a lower quantity or price than expected
  • preposition
  • According to the terms of an agreement or law
  • Managed or controlled by the authority of
  • Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
  • Influenced or affected by something or someone
  • Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

animal

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US / ˈænɪml /

UK / ˈænəməl /

A1
  • noun
  • A living creature that is not a plant or person

california

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US / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:njə, -'fɔ:ni:ə /

UK / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:rnjəˌ -'fɔ:rni:ə /

A1
  • noun
  • A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the rd largest state; known for earthquakes

cellular

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US / 'seljələ(r) /

UK / ˈsɛljəlɚ /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a cell of a living thing
  • (Of radio signals) functioning without wires

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

rhythm

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US / ˈrɪðəm /

UK / ˈrɪðəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Pattern of events, motions, or changes
  • A pattern of sound and beats in music

upend

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US / ʌpˈend /

UK / ʌpˈɛnd /

C2
  • verb
  • To overturn or turn up on end

talk

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US / tɔ:k /

UK / tɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Style of speaking
  • Discussion between two countries
  • Giving information in front of people; lecture
  • Saying things or ideas to someone with words
  • verb
  • To make a formal speech about something
  • To say things or ideas to someone with words

technology

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US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

capability

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US / ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti /

UK / ˌkeɪpə'bɪləti /

B1
  • noun
  • Means, ability, or potential to do something

cluster

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US / 'klʌstə(r) /

UK / ˈklʌstɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • A small group of things
  • verb
  • To come together in a group, flock etc.

foundation

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US / faunˈdeiʃən /

UK / faʊnˈdeʃən /

C1
  • noun
  • Base or important starting point
  • Underground base on which building is constructed
  • Institution supported by a private fund
  • First cosmetic used when putting on makeup
  • Action of establishing an organization

meaningful

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US / 'mi:nɪŋfl /

UK / ˈminɪŋfəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having importance; showing someone's intention

mystery

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US / ˈmɪstri /

UK / ˈmɪstəri /

A2
  • noun
  • Quality of being strange and not understood
  • Book, play, or film about solving a strange crime
  • Something that is not known

responsible

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US / rɪ'spɒnsəbl /

UK / rɪˈspɑnsəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being the cause of something that has occurred
  • Having the duty of dealing with something
  • Able to be trusted to do what needs to be done

rna

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US / ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ /

UK / ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Long linear polymer of nucleotides that transmit genetic information from DNto cytoplasm

question

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US / 'kwestʃən /

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Issue or problems you are dealing with
  • What you ask about; issue
  • verb
  • To ask for or try to get information
  • To have or express concerns or uncertainty

vast

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US / vɑ:st /

UK / væst /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very large in size or amount

ask

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US / ɑ:sk /

UK / æsk /

A1
  • verb
  • To say to someone that you want something

biochemical

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US / ˌbaɪəʊ'kemɪkl /

UK / ˌbaɪəʊ'kemɪkl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Chemical change or process in living things

fraction

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US / ˈfrækʃn /

UK / ˈfrækʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Small part of something

express

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US / ɪk'spres /

UK / ɪkˈsprɛs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sent by a fast mail service
  • Traveling at high speed
  • noun
  • Fast train or bus
  • verb
  • To send something by fast mail
  • To state or show what you think or how you feel

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

introduction

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US / ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn /

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • A first experience with something
  • Opening part of a text or piece of music
  • Explanation of something, e.g. a place
  • Announcement of a new product or service
  • Making someone known to another by name

limit

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US / 'lɪmɪt /

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Point beyond which it is not possible to go
  • verb
  • To stop or prevent an increase past a point

rigorous

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US / ˈrɪgərəs /

UK / ˈrɪɡərəs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Very strict and often difficult; thorough
  • Being exact, precise, and carefully done

set

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US / set /

UK / sɛt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Prepared for something; ready
  • noun
  • Complete group of something
  • Place where a television show or movie is filmed
  • Group of games in a tennis match
  • Device that receives radio or television signals
  • verb
  • To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
  • To decide upon or choose something
  • To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
  • To decide on a price for something
  • To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
  • To be located in a specific place or time
  • To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
  • To put someone in a certain condition or state
  • (Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

test

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US / test /

UK / test /

A1
  • noun
  • A medical examination
  • Action to establish the truth or nature of
  • Examination; questions to measure knowledge
  • verb
  • To be given a medical examination
  • To try to establish the truth or nature of
  • To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

within

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US / wɪˈðɪn /

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Inside the limits of an area, time or range
  • preposition
  • From the inside of something

shortage

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US / ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ /

UK / ˈʃɔ:rtɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • A lack of something necessary

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

unique

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US / jʊ'ni:k /

UK / juˈnik /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unlike other things; being the only one like it

french

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US / frentʃ /

UK / frentʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of France
  • noun
  • Person's name

determine

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US / dɪ'tɜ:mɪn /

UK / dɪˈtɚmɪn /

A2
  • verb
  • To control exactly how something will be or act
  • To establish the facts about; discover

difference

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US / 'dɪfrəns /

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

A1
  • noun
  • A thing or issue that people do not agree about
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

field

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US / fi:ld /

UK / fild /

A1
  • noun
  • Area of study, such as physics or biology
  • Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
  • Open area of land, especially without buildings
  • Grassed area where you play some sports
  • verb
  • To respond to something or answer a question
  • To catch or stop a ball during a game

head

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US / hed /

UK / hɛd /

A1
  • noun
  • Counter for the number of cattle
  • Natural mental ability or intelligence
  • Leader or person with the greatest authority
  • Mind; mental ability; mental state
  • Side of a coin with a head on it
  • Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
  • Starting point of something, e.g. a river
  • verb
  • To hit a ball with your head in a game
  • To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
  • To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
  • To become the leader of something
  • To lead or be responsible for something

kidney

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US / 'kɪdnɪ /

UK / ˈkɪdni /

B2
  • noun
  • Body organ that cleans blood, producing urine

plaque

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US / plæk /

UK / plæk /

B2
  • noun
  • Sign on building as a reminder of an event/person
  • Hard matter that can build up on your teeth

scope

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US / skəʊp /

UK / skoʊp /

B1
  • noun
  • Opportunity for action or thought
  • Range of things included or dealt with
  • Instrument that you use to look at things
  • verb
  • to look at especially for the purpose of evaluation —usually used with out

quality

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US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Feature associated with someone or something
  • High level of worth or excellence

success

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US / sək'ses /

UK / səkˈsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Achievement of a desired purpose or goal
  • A successful person; one who achieved their aims

traditional

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US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Involved in a custom or event common to a people
  • Subtitles section
  • Exploring huge piles of data on genes and cells, AI has found some amazing secrets.
  • What exciting mysteries might they solve for us next?
  • Now, to understand the sheer scale of what AI has achieved, we need to rewind a bit and look at the story behind it.
  • So, back in the year of the Red Blood Cell, François Gilbert Viot, a French doctor, ventured down from the Andes, took some of his blood, and looked at it under a microscope.
  • He found that the red blood cells, crucial for carrying oxygen, had increased by forty two percent.
  • This was Viot's introduction to a fascinating aspect of human biology.
  • Our bodies can produce these essential cells on demand when necessary.
  • Early in the twentieth century, scientists proposed that a hormone was behind this capability.
  • They named it erythropoietin, or red maker, in Greek.
  • It took seventy years for scientists to isolate erythropoietin by filtering through six hundred seventy gallons of urine.
  • Fast forward about fifty years, and researchers in Israel identified a unique kidney cell responsible for producing this hormone when there's a shortage of oxygen.
  • They named it the Norn cell, after the Norse gods thought to determine human destiny.
  • It took humanity one hundred thirty four years to uncover the Norn cells.
  • Last summer, however, computers in California found them by themselves in just six weeks.
  • This discovery happened when Stanford researchers set up computers to self learn biology.
  • They used an AI program similar to ChatGPT, which learned language from billions of Internet techs.
  • However, Stanford's team fed their AI raw data on millions of actual cells, including their chemical and genetic profiles, without explaining the significance of these details or the differences among cells.
  • The computers analyzed the data independently, organizing a model of cells based on their similarities in a complex, multidimensional framework.
  • The outcome was impressive.
  • The AI could identify a previously unseen cell as one of over a thousand types, including the Norn cell.
  • It's incredible because the AI model discovered the Norn cell in the kidney without being informed of its existence.
  • Mentioned Jura Leskovec, a computer scientist at Stanford, behind the project.
  • This software is among various new AI enabled tools, dubbed Foundation Models, aiming to understand biology's basics.
  • These models aren't just organizing biological data, they're uncovering new insights into gene functions and cell development.
  • As these models grow, incorporating more lab data and computing power, experts believe they'll lead to even more significant findings, potentially unveiling mysteries about cancer and other diseases or discovering methods to transform cell types.
  • Discovering something about biology that biologists haven't been able to would be a landmark moment, and I believe it's coming," said Dr. Eric Topol, head of the Scripps Research Translational Institute.
  • The extent of these models' capabilities is up for debate.
  • While some are skeptical, others are hopeful that foundation models will eventually address one of biology's greatest puzzles.
  • the distinction between life and non life.
  • Now, for years, biologists have been intrigued by how our bodies' different cells utilize genes to perform the myriad tasks necessary for survival.
  • Roughly ten years ago, large scale experiments began aimed at identifying genetic information from individual cells.
  • The findings were catalogued in extensive databases, or cell atlases.
  • that grew to contain billions of data points.
  • Dr. Christina Theodoros, while a medical resident at Boston Children's Hospital, learned about a new AI model developed by Google in the year of the mouse for translating languages.
  • This model was trained on millions of English sentences and their translations in German and French, gaining the ability to translate previously unseen sentences
  • Dr. Theodora speculated on the possibility of a similar model being able to decipher the information contained within cell atlases.
  • In the year of the lab, she faced challenges in finding a lab willing to explore this idea due to widespread skepticism about its feasibility.
  • Shirley Liu, a computational biologist at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, decided to give her a chance.
  • Dr. Theodorus gathered data from one hundred six human studies, encompassing thirty million cells, and fed this into her newly developed program, GeneFormer.
  • The model acquired a profound comprehension of gene behavior across various cells.
  • For instance, it predicted that deactivating a gene named TED IV in a specific heart cell type would cause significant disruption.
  • When this prediction was tested on real heart cells known as cardiomyocytes, their ability to beat,
  • diminished.
  • In another experiment, Dr. Theodorus and her team introduced GeneFormer to heart cells from both individuals with abnormal heart rhythms and healthy individuals.
  • They tasked the model with identifying changes needed to restore health to the disease cells.
  • GeneFormer suggested diminishing the activity of four genes previously unassociated with heart disease.
  • Following the model's guidance, Dr. Theodorus' team attempted to suppress these genes.
  • In two of the four attempts, the treatments enhanced the cell's functionality.
  • The Stanford team later joined the field of foundation models after contributing to the creation of CellXGene, one of the largest cell databases globally.
  • They trained their AI on thirty three million cells from this database, focusing on messenger RNA and protein structures, both products of genes.
  • The resulting model, dubbed Universal Cell Embedding, UCE, learned to categorize over a thousand cell types by observing gene activation patterns.
  • It arranged thirty six million cells into clusters based on gene usage, echoing discoveries made by generations of biologists.
  • UCE also deduced significant insights into cellular development from a single fertilized egg, essentially redefining developmental biology.
  • It understood that body cells could be classified by their origin from one of the early embryo's three layers.
  • Furthermore, UCE proved capable of applying its knowledge to unfamiliar species.
  • When given genetic data from an unknown animal, like a naked mole rat,
  • it could accurately identify many of its cell types.
  • This model can handle any new organism, chicken, frog, fish, you name it, and still produce meaningful output, Dr. Leskovec explained.
  • Upon identifying the Norn cells, the team speculated, based on their database, that these cells might exist beyond the kidneys, possibly throughout the body.
  • Dr. Katalin Szustak, a researcher studying Norn cells, expressed both interest and skepticism about this finding.
  • While doubting the presence of erythropoietin producing Norn cells outside the kidneys, she acknowledged the potential for these newly identified cells to sense oxygen similarly.
  • In essence, UCE might have uncovered a new cell type before traditional biological methods could.
  • Alright, now, just as ChatGPT can make errors, so can biological AI models.
  • Kasia Kedzierska, a computational biologist at Oxford University along with her team, put GeneFormer and another foundational AI model, SCGPT, through rigorous testing.
  • They challenged these models with unseen cell atlases, asking them to categorize cells into types.
  • While the AI models excelled at certain tasks,
  • They sometimes underperformed compared to simpler software.
  • Dr. Kedzierska remains optimistic about the potential of these models, but cautions against using them blindly due to their current limitations.
  • Dr. Leskovec pointed out that as more data becomes available for training, these models are getting better.
  • However, he mentioned that the volume of data in cell atlases is relatively small compared to the vastness of information CHAT GPT was trained on, expressing a wish for an Internet of Cells.
  • The future looks promising, with larger cell atlases being developed and a wider variety of cell data being collected.
  • This includes detailing the molecules attached to genes and capturing detailed images of cells to identify the precise locations of proteins.
  • This wealth of information will enhance the Foundation model's ability to understand cell functionality deeply.
  • Efforts are also being made to merge the self learned insights of these models with the vast knowledge already documented by biologists.
  • This includes integrating discoveries from thousands of scientific papers with cell measurement databases, aiming for a comprehensive mathematical model of a cell.
  • Bo Wang, the creator of SDGPT and a computational biologist at the University of Toronto, believes such a virtual cell could revolutionize biology.
  • It would enable scientists to simulate experiments digitally, predicting cell behavior in any given scenario without needing a physical laboratory.
  • Dr. Quake is intrigued by the possibility that Foundation models might uncover not only the cell types known to exist, but also those that could potentially exist, adhering to the biochemical rules of life.
  • He imagines creating a map of life's boundaries, exploring beyond which life cannot sustain.
  • Such a map might even lead to the creation of novel cells not currently found in nature, with Foundation models devising chemical blueprints to convert regular cells into ones with unique capabilities.
  • These futuristic cells could perform tasks like clearing plaque from blood vessels or examining diseased organs from the inside.
  • Dr. Quake acknowledges the speculative nature of these ideas, likening them to the science fiction narrative of Fantastic Voyage.
  • Yet he remains open to the boundless possibilities the future may hold.
  • Now, let's talk about some of the potential new risks.
  • If the Foundation models achieve what Dr. Quake envisions, they could introduce various new challenges.
  • Recently, over eighty biologists and AI specialists have called for regulations on this technology to prevent its potential misuse, such as the development of novel biological weapons derived from artificially created cells.
  • Concerns about privacy could emerge even more swiftly.
  • There's hope to develop foundation models tailored to individual genomes, providing insights into how specific genetic variations influence cellular functions.
  • This level of personalization could lead to groundbreaking medical discoveries, but might also expose sensitive genetic information of those who contribute their DNA and cell data for research.
  • Amid these advancements and concerns, some experts question the ultimate capabilities of foundation models.
  • Their effectiveness hinges on the quality and scope of the data they're trained on.
  • Uncovering significant new truths about life may require data we don't yet know how to gather or may not even realize is necessary.
  • Sarah Walker, a physicist at Arizona State University who explores the origins of life, acknowledges that while these models could lead to interesting findings,
  • Their potential for fundamental breakthroughs is limited by the current scope of data.
  • Nevertheless, the success of foundation models has prompted a re evaluation of the role of human biologists.
  • Traditional biology has valued the creativity and labor involved in experimental research that uncovers life's mysteries.
  • However, computers, by analyzing vast quantities of cell data, might reveal complex patterns and insights in a fraction of the time, challenging our notions of scientific creativity and the future role of biologists in research.
  • Dr. Quake suggests this shift could necessitate a significant rethinking of creativity's nature in the scientific process, hinting at a future where the academic status quo, particularly for professors accustomed to traditional research methodologies, may be upended.
  • Alright, don't forget to hit that subscribe button for more updates.
  • Thanks for tuning in and we'll catch you in the next one.