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Architect Breaks Down 5 of the Most Common Los Angeles Homes | Architectural Digest

Original YouTube Video | Archdigest Published on 2023-05-25 Level：85 Speed：68 maxwordlevel：26

Video vocabulary

decorative

US / ˈdekərətɪv /

•

UK / ˈdekəreɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Being attractive but not necessarily useful

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

flamingo

US / fləˈmɪŋgəʊ /

•

UK / fləˈmɪŋgoʊ /

noun
Large pink to scarlet web-footed wading bird

flat

US / flæt /

•

UK / flæt /

adjecitve
Level; even; without curves or bumps
Lifeless; lacking energy or vitality
adverb
In a certain, direct or absolute manner
Against a surface without lifting or curving away
noun
Apartment; set of rooms for living in
The smooth or level part of something
Musical tone lower than another by a small degree
verb
To share an apartment with someone

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

stack

US / stæk /

•

UK / stæk /

noun
A large number or amount of something
Large tube through which smoke exits a building
verb
To arrange cards in a certain order, to cheat
To put one thing on top of another, e.g. boxes

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

footage

US / ˈfʊtɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈfʊtɪdʒ /

noun
A certain amount of film or video of something
Measurement in feet

neighbourhood

US / ˈneɪbəhʊd /

•

UK / ˈneɪbərhʊd /

noun
Area of a town or city that people live in

warmth

US / wɔ:mθ /

•

UK / wɔ:rmθ /

noun
Quality of kindness, friendliness, or sincerity
A friendly manner
State of being warm but not hot or cold

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

church

US / tʃɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / tʃɚtʃ /

noun
Building where Christians gather and pray to God
An occasion of Christian religious prayer, worship

arrive

US / əˈraɪv /

•

UK / əˈraɪv /

verb
To reach the place you are traveling to

characteristic

US / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

•

UK / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Typical or distinctive

echo

US / 'ekəʊ /

•

UK / 'ekoʊ /

noun
Repetition of sounds after bouncing off something
A repetition of events or circumstances
verb
(Of a place) to be filled with repeating sounds
(Of a sound) to be repeated
To repeat something, e.g. something someone said

decorate

US / ˈdekəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛkəˌret /

verb
To make more attractive by adding designs/paint
To award a medal to someone

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

floor

US / flɔ:(r) /

•

UK / flɔr, flor /

noun
Large area used for a particular purpose
Part of a room on which you stand
Particular level in a building; storey
verb
To hit or push someone to the ground
To surprise or confuse someone who can't respond

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

experiment

US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

noun
Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
verb
To create and perform tests to research something
To try something new that you haven't tried before

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

frame

US / freɪm /

•

UK / frem /

noun
Structure that holds a picture or photo
A person's body shape determined by their skeleton
Main part of structures supporting the other parts
verb
To make a person that is not guilty appear guilty
To put say or write something in a careful way
To put a picture in a protective structure

contrast

US / 'kɒntrɑ:st /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:ntræst /

noun
Comparison that shows obvious differences
Difference in light and dark in photos, etc.
verb
To compare; to show clear, obvious differences

counterpart

US / ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntərpɑ:rt /

noun
Person/thing having same function/characteristics

manhattan

US / mæn'hætn /

•

UK / mæn'hætn: /

noun
A cocktail made with whiskey and sweet vermouth with a dash of bitters
other
One of the five boroughs of New York City

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

sunshine

US / ˈsʌnʃaɪn /

•

UK / ˈsʌnˌʃaɪn /

noun
Feeling of happiness or cheerfulness
Rays of light coming from the sun

variety

US / və'raɪətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

noun
Particular type of thing or person

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

driveway

US / ˈdraɪvweɪ /

•

UK / ˈdraɪvˌwe /

noun
Road leading up to a private house

contemporary

US / kən'temprərɪ /

•

UK / kənˈtɛmpəˌrɛri /

adjecitve
Being modern, up -to-date, of this age
Happening in the same time period
noun
Person doing things at the same time as you

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

banal

US / bəˈnɑ:l /

•

UK / bəˈnæl, ˈbenəl, bəˈnɑl /

adjecitve
Ordinary and uninteresting from a lack of ideas

efficiency

US / ɪˈfɪʃnsi /

•

UK / ɪˈfɪʃənsi /

noun
Working well; producing something without waste

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

hindi

US / ˈhɪndi /

•

UK / ˈhɪndi /

adjecitve
Most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in North of India; along with English

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

sconce

US / skɒns /

•

UK / skɑns /

noun
A small fort or earthwork defending a ford

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

affordable

US / ə'fɔ:dəbl /

•

UK / əˈfɔrdəbəl, əˈfor- /

adjecitve
Cheap enough that it can be paid for

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

familiar

US / fəˈmɪliə(r) /

•

UK / fəˈmɪljɚ /

adjecitve
Well-known or easily recognized

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

typically

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

adverb
In a normal or usual way

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

zoning

US / ˈzəʊnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈzonɪŋ /

noun
Dividing an area for specific use
verb
To designate an area for a particular use

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

culver

US / ˈkʌlvə /

•

UK / ˈkʌlvər /

escape

US / ɪ'skeɪp /

•

UK / ɪˈskep /

noun
Act to briefly ignoring boring or bad things
The 'esc key' on a keyboard
Act of getting away from where you are being kept
verb
To avoid something undesirable, dangerous or bad
To get away from a place where you are being kept
(Gas, water) to come out from a pipe, container
To not to be noticed or remembered by someone

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

garden

US / ˈgɑ:dn /

•

UK / ˈgɑ:rdn /

noun
Yard; ground outside your house to grow plants
Public park in which visitors can see flowers
verb
To work in a yard to grow plants, vegetables

hot

US / hɒt /

•

UK / hɑ:t /

adjecitve
Angry or excited
Being very good at something
Having a high temperature
Popular and causing a great deal of excitement
Attractive in a sexually exciting way
(Of food) very spicy
Stolen; dangerous to buy or trade in

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

pasadena

US / ˌpæsəˈdiːnə /

•

UK / ˌpæsəˈdinər /

proper noun
A city in California, in the San Gabriel Mountains, northeast of Los Angeles; population 143,080 (es
An industrial port city in southeastern Texas, on the eastern side of Houston; population 146,439 (e

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

submerge

US / səb'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / səbˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To sink or put below the surface

sustainable

US / səˈsteɪnəbl /

•

UK / səˈsteɪnəbl /

adjecitve
Capable of continuing for a long time
Able to be maintained without running out of

whereas

US / ˌweərˈæz /

•

UK / hwɛrˈæz, wɛr- /

conjunction
Taking into consideration the fact that

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

architecturally

US / ˌɑ:kɪ'tektʃərəlɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑ:kɪ'tektʃərəlɪ /

adverb
With regard to architecture

hospital

US / ˈhɒspɪtl /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:spɪtl /

noun
Building for sick people, with doctors and nurses

breed

US / bri:d /

•

UK / brid /

noun
Kind of / sort of
Particular kind of animal, e.g. a Labrador dog
verb
To create situations for a (bad) thing to happen
To produce baby animals of specific kinds
To have (children); bring up or raise children

ample

US / 'æmpl /

•

UK / ˈæmpəl /

adjecitve
(Of quantity, amount) more than enough

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

court

US / kɔ:t /

•

UK / kɔrt, kort /

noun
Place king or queen meet people, makes laws etc.
Place where legal cases are decided
Large, flat area, to play tennis or basketball
verb
To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
To encourage dangerous behavior
To pay attention to someone to get their support

craftsman

US / ˈkrɑ:ftsmən /

•

UK / ˈkræftsmən /

noun
Creator of great skill in the manual arts

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

pacific

US / pə'sɪfɪk /

•

UK / pəˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Relating to or bordering the Pacific Ocean
Concerned with peace or of a peaceful nature

roof

US / ru:f /

•

UK / ruf,rʊf /

noun
Top of the inside a tunnel, cave, mouth etc.
Cover or top of a building or car
verb
To place a cover or top onto a building, vehicle

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

lake

US / leɪk /

•

UK / lek /

noun
Large area of water surrounded by land

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

technique

US / tekˈni:k /

•

UK / tɛkˈnik /

noun
Way of doing by using special knowledge or skill

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

clearly

US / ˈklɪəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈklɪrlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is easy to understand; obviously

dense

US / dens /

•

UK / dɛns /

adjecitve
Very thick and difficult to see, get through
Hard to understand
Uncomprehending; foolish; inconsiderate

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

movement

US / ˈmu:vmənt /

•

UK / ˈmuvmənt /

noun
Part of a piece of classical music
Group with a shared interest or goal
Group sharing the same idea to change society, art
Action you do when exercising, e.g. in a gym
Part of a piece of music

close

US / kləʊz /

•

UK / kloʊz /

adjecitve
Almost; near
(Of a friend) well-known; liked by others
Being near or related
Similar; nearly the same
verb
To come progressively nearer to something
To end; to bring to an end
To make something shut; stop from being open

neighbour

US / 'neɪbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnebɚ /

noun
Person who lives, or is near, you

rafter

US / ˈrɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræftɚ /

noun
Long, thick piece of wood that supports a roof

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

custom

US / ˈkʌstəm /

•

UK / ˈkʌstəm /

adjecitve
Specially made to order
noun
Tradition that most people in a community do

endure

US / ɪn'djʊə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʊr, -ˈdjʊr /

verb
To last for a long time; continue to exist
To accept difficulties without struggle

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

nice

US / naɪs /

•

UK / naɪs /

adjecitve
Being attractive or of high quality or value
Good or enjoyable
Being kind or friendly

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

curb

US / kɜ:b /

•

UK / kɚb /

noun
Anything that restrains or controls

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

verb
To take pleasure in something

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

interior

US / ɪn'tɪərɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɪriɚ /

adjecitve
Being the inside part of a building, car etc.
noun
Part of country that is far from the border, coast
Remote central area of a continent

foot

US / fʊt /

•

UK / fʊt /

noun
Base of something such as a mountain or vase
Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

public

US / 'pʌblɪk /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

adjecitve
Owned by the government
Concerning society in general
Being available or accessible to people in general
Known or able to be known by all people

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

station

US / 'steɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈsteʃən /

noun
Building, area, place used for a specific reason
A person's place in society
Place where you can catch a train or a bus
Company that broadcasts radio or TV programs
verb
(Army) to be posted to a place to perform duties
To put a person in a certain place or position

urban

US / 'ɜ:bən /

•

UK / ˈɚbən /

adjecitve
Concerning a city; located in a city

bungalow

US / ˈbʌŋgələʊ /

•

UK / ˈbʌŋɡəˌlo /

noun
House that only has one story

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

construction

US / kən'strʌkʃn /

•

UK / kənˈstrʌkʃən /

noun
Act of building something; thing that is built
Something that is made using different parts
The way words are organized in a sentence
The way something is made or structured

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

ordinance

US / ˈɔ:dɪnəns /

•

UK / ˈɔrdnəns /

noun
Law, especially a local one; statute

playful

US / 'pleɪfl /

•

UK / ˈplefəl /

adjecitve
Being fun or wanting to play

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

sunlight

US / ˈsʌnlaɪt /

•

UK / ˈsʌnˌlaɪt /

noun
Rays of light coming from the sun

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

challenge

US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

noun
An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
Act of formally inviting someone to compete
A question to determine correctness of something
verb
To formally invite someone to compete at something
To question the correctness of something

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

organize

US / ˈɔ:gənaɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔ:rgənaɪz /

verb
To arrange and plan things, e.g. a party

commission

US / kə'mɪʃn /

•

UK / kəˈmɪʃən /

noun
Money paid for a service, e.g. money exchanging
An official role or title in the military
Group officially put in charge of e.g. education
Order for a specific piece of work, usually of art
verb
To hire someone, order work to be done for payment

communal

US / kəˈmju:nl /

•

UK / kəˈmjunəl, ˈkɑmjə- /

adjecitve
Shared or used in common by members of a group

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

southern

US / ˈsʌðən /

•

UK / ˈsʌðərn /

adjecitve
Concerning a region in the south
Being in or toward the south

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

art

US / ɑ:t /

•

UK / ɑrt /

noun
Creative skill using the imagination e.g. painting
A skill or talent you have

community

US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

noun
Group of people who share a common idea or area

car

US / kɑ:(r) /

•

UK / kɑr /

noun
A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

relatively

US / ˈrelətɪvli /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a manner comparing something to something else

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

gable

US / ˈgeɪbl /

•

UK / 'ɡeɪbl /

noun
Triangular section at the end of a roof

lifestyle

US / ˈlaɪfstaɪl /

•

UK / ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl /

noun
The type of life that you have; the way you live

similarity

US / ˌsɪmə'lærətɪ /

•

UK / ˌsɪməˈlærɪti /

noun
Degree to which people or things are the same

dark

US / dɑ:k /

•

UK / dɑrk /

adjecitve
Of a color that is not light
Marked by unhappiness or hopelessness
Having little or no light; not light in color
noun
The time of day when the sky is black

concentrate

US / 'kɒnsntreɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnsənˌtret /

verb
To cause to be present in large amount or number
To pay great attention to a task; focus
To remove water from a thing to make it more pure

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

unit

US / ˈju:nɪt /

•

UK / ˈjunɪt /

noun
One apartment in a building
Group of people, e.g. soldiers, that work together
A chapter of a textbook
A standard of measurement of something
Single item made by a company

wood

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

adjecitve
Living or existing in the woods
Made from the material from trees
noun
Person's name
Land covered with trees, smaller than a forest
Cut tree used for making fires or building things
verb
To plant an area of land with trees

affordability

US / əˌfɔːdəˈbɪlɪti /

•

UK / əˌfɔrdəˈbɪləti /

noun
Cheap enough to buy something you want

location

US / ləʊˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / loʊˈkeɪʃn /

noun
Particular position or area of place, event, etc.

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

pleasing

US / ˈpli:zɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈplizɪŋ /

adjecitve
Happy; delighted; entertaining
verb
To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
To make someone happy by doing something

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

hollywood

US / ˈhɔli:ˌwʊd /

•

UK / ˈhɑliˌwʊd /

adjecitve
A flashy vulgar tone or atmosphere believed to be characteristic of the American film industry
noun
A district of Los Angeles long associated with the American film industry
other
Of or relating to the film industry in the United States
Film industry of the United States

famous

US / 'feɪməs /

•

UK / ˈfeməs /

adjecitve
Excellent
Widely known; recognized by many people

love

US / lʌv /

•

UK / lʌv /

noun
Person's name
A very strong feeling of affection
The person you care very deeply about
Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
verb
To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

maximize

US / ˈmæksɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmæksəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make as large or great as possible

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

privacy

US / ˈprɪvəsi /

•

UK / ˈpraɪvəsi /

noun
State of being hidden from the presence of others

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

revisit

US / ˌri:ˈvɪzɪt /

•

UK / riˈvɪzɪt /

verb
To talk or think about something again
To visit some place or someone again

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

southeast

US / ˌsaʊθ'i:st /

•

UK / saʊθˈist, saʊˈist /

noun
Location in the southeastern part of an area

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

apex

US / 'eɪpeks /

•

UK / ˈepɛks /

noun
Highest point (of something); peak

expose

US / ɪk'spəʊz /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

noun
News article revealing secret information
verb
To make visible, without covering or protection
To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
To be talked about in the media
To make a secret known to the public
To experience something, often a harmful thing

lushly

US / ˈlʌshli /

•

UK / ˈlʌshli /

adverb
(Of vegetation) in a healthy manner

school

US / sku:l /

•

UK / skul /

adjecitve
Being to do with schools and education
noun
Large group of fish that swim together
Education of a child
Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
A particular belief or idea about something
verb
To teach or train someone to know or do something

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

standalone

US / 'stændəˌləʊn /

•

UK / 'stændəˌloʊn /

noun
Self-contained and usually independently operating

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

magazine

US / ˌmægəˈzi:n /

•

UK / ˈmægəzi:n /

noun
Part of a gun used for holding bullet
Building or room used for storing military weapons
Weekly/monthly publication with pictures/stories

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

spanish

US / ˈspænɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈspænɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Spain

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

wall

US / wɔ:l /

•

UK / wɔl /

noun
High, flat side of a room or building

cannibalize

US / 'kænɪbəlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈkænəbəˌlaɪz /

verb
To use parts of one machine to repair another

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

maximum

US / ˈmæksɪməm /

•

UK / ˈmæksəməm /

noun
Largest or highest number or amount of something

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

backing

US / ˈbækɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbækɪŋ /

noun
Supporting another person, often with money
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

circular

US / ˈsɜ:kjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɜ:rkjələ(r) /

adjecitve
Shaped like a circle or part of a circle
noun
Paper with news, ads, etc. sent round to people

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

parking

US / ˈpɑ:kɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rkɪŋ /

noun
The area you can park your car
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

colonnade

US / ˌkɒləˈneɪd /

•

UK / ˌkɑ:ləˈneɪd /

noun
A series of columns built at regular intervals

angeles

US / ˈeɪndʒəlz /

•

UK / ˈændʒəlɪs /

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

image

US / 'ɪmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈɪmɪdʒ /

noun
Picture, sculpture or painting of something
General idea or opinion of something
verb
To obtain pictures by scanning them with a machine

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

ones

US / wʌnz /

•

UK / wʌnz /

number
Number 1, a single person or thing

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

eclectic

US / ɪˈklektɪk /

•

UK / ɪˈklɛktɪk /

adjecitve
Of a wide variety; not narrow or restricted

hall

US / hɔ:l /

•

UK / hɔl /

noun
Area just inside the entrance of a building
Large room/building for public events/gatherings
Large, impressive older home
Part of the name of a building

quintessentially

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
As a model example of a specific thing

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

visible

US / ˈvɪzəbl /

•

UK / ˈvɪzəbəl /

adjecitve
Can see, easily seen or understood
Being obvious or easy to see

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

hill

US / hɪl /

•

UK / hɪl /

noun
High land not as high as a mountain
Where the road or land goes upward; slope
Person's name

favourite

US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

•

UK / 'fevərɪt /

adjecitve
Best liked or most enjoyed
noun
A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

revival

US / rɪˈvaɪvəl /

•

UK / rɪˈvaɪvəl /

noun
Process of becoming active, strong or alive again
New revised version of a play or movie

park

US / pɑ:k /

•

UK / pɑ:rk /

noun
Person's name
Public green area in a town for exercise, relaxing
Field upon which a sport is played, e.g. baseball
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

porch

US / pɔ:tʃ /

•

UK / pɔ:rtʃ /

noun
Roofed structure over the entrance of a building

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

stair

US / steə(r) /

•

UK / stɛr /

noun
Steps that go from one level to another
One step in a flight of stairs

endanger

US / ɪn'deɪndʒə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈdendʒɚ /

verb
To bring a person/thing into a dangerous situation

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

essentially

US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

adverb
Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

house

US / haʊs /

•

UK / haʊs /

noun
Place where a specific activity or business occurs
Building in which a family, person lives
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

value

US / 'vælju: /

•

UK / ˈvælju /

noun
Importance you attach to something
Some information expressed as a number
Stated price of something; worth
verb
To place a high importance on something
To say how much money something is worth

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

abundant

US / əˈbʌndənt /

•

UK / əˈbʌndənt /

adjecitve
Being in very great supply; plentiful

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

furniture

US / ˈfɜ:nɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɚnɪtʃɚ /

noun
Items such as tables, chairs, beds or closets

generous

US / ˈdʒenərəs /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəs /

adjecitve
Giving or ready to give freely
(Of an amount) larger than usual; lavish

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

landscaping

US / ˈlændskeɪpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈlændskeɪpɪŋ /

noun
Improving land by gardening
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

monica

US / mɒn'strɒsətɪ /

•

UK / mɑnˈstrɑsɪti /

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

typify

US / ˈtɪpɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɪpəˌfaɪ /

verb
To be a typical part or element of something

action

US / 'ækʃn /

•

UK / ˈækʃən /

noun
Something that a person or thing does
verb
To act to do something

boardwalk

US / ˈbɔ:dwɔ:k /

•

UK / ˈbɔrdˌwɔk, ˈbord- /

noun
Walkway made of wooden boards; usually at seaside

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

directly

US / dəˈrektli /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktli, daɪ- /

adverb
In a frank and honest way
Right away; immediately

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

inventor

US / ɪnˈventə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈventə(r) /

noun
Person who creates new machines, systems etc.

primary

US / 'praɪmərɪ /

•

UK / ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri /

adjecitve
Most important, most basic or essential
Happening first; earliest
of or for the teaching of young children

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

overhang

US / ˌəʊvəˈhæŋ /

•

UK / ˌoʊvərˈhæŋ /

noun
Part of building/rock that sticks out
verb
To stick out from an edge above something

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

sequence

US / 'si:kwəns /

•

UK / ˈsikwəns, -ˌkwɛns /

noun
Part of a movie showing one part of the story
verb
To arrange things in an order they should happen

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

style

US / staɪl /

•

UK / staɪl /

noun
The (tasteful) way something is designed or done
verb
To shape or design something in a certain way

hit

US / hɪt /

•

UK / hɪt /

noun
A planned killing, usually for money
Song, movie etc. that is successful
When someone strikes someone or something
Time when a player makes contact with the ball
Time when a website is accessed
verb
To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
To press something, such as a button or switch
To suddenly realize the importance of something
To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
To fight, attack or damage something or someone
To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

tile

US / taɪl /

•

UK / taɪl /

noun
Squares of hard material to cover floor/roof/wall

square

US / skweə(r) /

•

UK / skwɛr /

adjecitve
Being fair or honest
Multiply a number by itself e.g. 2x2 or 6x6
noun
Shape with 4 equal length sides and 4 equal angles
The result of multiplying Length by the width
Open public area in the middle of the town
verb
To make something balance or be equal
To multiply a number by itself, e.g. 2x2 or 6x8
To straighten the edge to form a four-sided shape

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

solve

US / sɒlv /

•

UK / sɑ:lv /

verb
To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

alley

US / 'ælɪ /

•

UK / ˈæli /

noun
A narrow road or path between buildings

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

hire

US / ˈhaɪə(r) /

•

UK / haɪr /

noun
Short term rental of something e.g. car, phone
verb
To give a job to someone in exchange for pay
To give the use of something in exchange for money

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

typical

US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Normal; usual; expected

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

offer

US / 'ɒfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

noun
Price you say you are willing to pay for something
Act of making a thing available to be accepted
verb
To suggest a price you are willing to pay
To give the opportunity to accept something
To say you are willing to do something
To give or say something as an act of worship

silver

US / 'sɪlvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪlvɚ /

adjecitve
Being the shiny gray color of mercury
noun
Person's name
Shiny gray color
Near white color metal with high value
Objects made from silver, such as dishes, forks
verb
To coat something with a layer of silver
To polish silver objects to make them shine

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

current

US / 'kʌrənt /

•

UK / ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr- /

adjecitve
Happening or being in the present time
noun
Electricity flowing through wires
Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

dingbat

US / ˈdɪŋbæt /

•

UK / ˈdɪŋbæt /

noun
Silly empty-headed person

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

san

US / /

•

UK / /

adjective
Relating to the San or their languages.
noun
A member of the aboriginal peoples of southern Africa commonly called Bushmen.
The group of Khoisan languages spoken by the San.

santa

US / ˈsæntə /

•

UK / ˈsæntə /

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

california

US / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:njə, -'fɔ:ni:ə /

•

UK / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:rnjəˌ -'fɔ:rni:ə /

noun
A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the rd largest state; known for earthquakes

arch

US / ɑ:tʃ /

•

UK / ɑ:rtʃ /

adjecitve
Chief; the most important or typical (of a type)
noun
Curved part of a structure (e.g. on a bridge)

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

letter

US / 'letə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlɛtɚ /

noun
One of the 26 parts of the English alphabet
Message you put in an envelope and send by post

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

setback

US / 'setbæk /

•

UK / ˈsɛtˌbæk /

noun
Unfortunate happening that hinders or frustrates

shade

US / ʃeɪd /

•

UK / ʃed /

noun
Area of darkness when something blocks the light
Something that blocks or reduces light
Color that is a little darker or brighter than
verb
To shelter something from direct light
To change the truth to deceive or influence
To make one part of a picture darker or lighter

trot

US / trɒt /

•

UK / trɑt /

verb
(Of a horse) to move rapidly taking small steps

bore

US / bɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɔr, bor /

verb
To accept (responsibilities or duties)
To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
To show (sign of something)
To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge
To make a deep hole in the ground with a drill
To make someone not interested in something

barrel

US / 'bærəl /

•

UK / ˈbærəl /

noun
A round container with curved sides and flat ends
Straight tube from which a bullet exits a gun
verb
To travel at high speed

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

extend

US / ɪkˈstend /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnd /

verb
To offer something (help, friendship) to someone
To reach from one point to another
To straighten or stretch something out, e.g. leg
To make something last longer

die

US / daɪ /

•

UK / daɪ /

noun
Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
verb
To cease to function or work
(Of a thing) to stop being used or done
(Of a person) to stop living

mullet

US / ˈmʌlɪt /

•

UK / ˈmʌlɪt /

noun
Type of marine warm water fish

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

specifically

US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

•

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

adverb
As regards a particular thing; closely related to
In particular

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

unique

US / jʊ'ni:k /

•

UK / juˈnik /

adjecitve
Unlike other things; being the only one like it

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

column

US / ˈkɒləm /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:ləm /

noun
Regular series of articles in a newspaper/magazine
Strong vertical stone pillar that holds up a roof
Vertical line in a table or chart

amazing

US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

adjecitve
Surprising in a pleasing way
verb
To cause wonder; to surprise completely

cool

US / ku:l /

•

UK / kul /

adjecitve
Steady and calm when facing difficulties
Almost cold; not warm or hot
Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
verb
To make something decrease in temperature
(Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

limited

US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

adjecitve
(Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
With restrictions; not broad in scope
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

warm

US / wɔ:m /

•

UK / wɔrm /

adjecitve
Friendly, sincere and kind to others
Being friendly or sincere
Slightly hot; not very hot
verb
To become more friendly or to like something
To make something hotter

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

explode

US / ɪk'spləʊd /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplod /

verb
To express an emotion in a sudden and loud way
To increase in number or amount very quickly
To burst or cause to burst into pieces

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

lumber

US / 'lʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlʌmbɚ /

noun
Pieces of wood cut ready for use in building
verb
To move heavily, slowly, and awkwardly

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

window

US / ˈwɪndəʊ /

•

UK / ˈwɪndoʊ /

noun
Opening in a wall or door to let in light
Opening in a wall through which people do business

los

US / /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
Law of the sea.
Length of stay.
Line of scrimmage.
Line of sight.
Loss of signal.

meaningful

US / 'mi:nɪŋfl /

•

UK / ˈminɪŋfəl /

adjecitve
Having importance; showing someone's intention

rear

US / rɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪr /

noun
Part of the human body that you sit on; buttocks
verb
To care for a young animal, child into adulthood
(Of horse) to raise the body up on the back legs

purchase

US / ˈpɜːtʃəs /

•

UK / ˈpɜːrtʃəs /

noun
Something that you bought
Strong hold on something; grip
verb
To buy something; to get by paying money for it

street

US / stri:t /

•

UK / strit /

noun
Road in a city with buildings and places to walk

define

US / dɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To explain the meaning of words
To set or mark the limits of something

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

garage

US / 'ɡærɑ:ʒ /

•

UK / ɡəˈrɑʒ, -ˈrɑdʒ /

noun
Place for keeping a car

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

typography

US / taɪˈpɒgrəfi /

•

UK / taɪˈpɑɡrəfi /

noun
Appearance of typed or printed letters/words

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

outdoors

US / ˌaʊtˈdɔ:z /

•

UK / aʊtˈdɔrz, -ˈdorz /

adjecitve
Outside a building; in the open air

protection

US / prəˈtekʃn /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkʃən /

noun
Being kept from harm
Something that defends against harm or danger

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

traditional

US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Involved in a custom or event common to a people

adobe

US / əˈdəʊbi /

•

UK / əˈdoʊbi /

noun
Type of sun-dried brick made of straw and clay

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

developer

US / dɪˈveləpə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈveləpər /

noun
Someone who develops real estate

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

vent

US / vent /

•

UK / vɛnt /

noun
Opening allowing exit/entry of gas, steam etc.
Expression of feelings often of anger
verb
To express anger or grievance loudly/with feeling

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

population

US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

noun
Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

walkway

US / ˈwɔ:kweɪ /

•

UK / ˈwɔkˌwe /

noun
Path set aside for walking

taste

US / teɪst /

•

UK / test /

noun
(Good) sense of style in clothes, art, or manners
Flavor in your mouth from food or drink
A liking for something; preference
Brief experience of something
verb
To experience something
To experience the flavor of food, drink
To briefly experience to see if you like something

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

veranda

US / vəˈrændə /

•

UK / vəˈrændə /

noun
Roofed outdoor area on front or side of building

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

soft

US / sɒft /

•

UK / sɔft, sɑft /

adjecitve
Having flowing curves rather than sharp edges
Easy to press, bend or cut; not hard or firm
Showing a sympathetic and gentle heart
Not rough to the touch; light in feel
(Of lights, music) not too bright; not too loud

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

available

US / əˈveɪləbl /

•

UK / əˈveləbəl /

adjecitve
Present and able to be used
Able to be used at a scheduled time

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

housing

US / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

noun
Homes; houses in general
Cover for a machine
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

thick

US / θɪk /

•

UK / θɪk /

adjecitve
Difficult to see through, as fog
Full of (people, etc.)
(Of a liquid) that moves or pours slowly
Stupid; not smart
(Of person's accent) hard to understand
Having a large distance between two surfaces

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

epitomize

US / ɪ'pɪtəmaɪz /

•

UK / ɪˈpɪtəˌmaɪz /

verb
To be a typical example of

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

taper

US / 'teɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtepɚ /

verb
(Of e.g. streets) to become gradually narrower

union

US / 'ju:nɪən /

•

UK / ˈjunjən /

noun
Act of joining two or more things into one
Marriage
Organization of workers to look after their needs

afford

US / ə'fɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈfɔrd, əˈford /

verb
To make available, to provide
To have enough money to pay for something

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

associate

US / ə'səʊʃɪeɪt /

•

UK / əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt /

adjecitve
Part of a job title indicating a junior position
noun
Partner in professional work, e.g. in law
verb
To spend time with other people; mix with
To form a connection in your mind between things

characterize

US / 'kærəktəraɪz /

•

UK / ˈkærəktəˌraɪz /

verb
To describe the qualities of person, place, thing

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

frontage

US / ˈfrʌntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈfrʌntɪdʒ /

noun
Land facing a street or river

pizza

US / ˈpi:tsə /

•

UK / ˈpitsə /

noun
Round Italian food with cheese cooked in an oven

mission

US / 'mɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɪʃən /

noun
A task or role someone is given to do
Special assignment given to a person or group
Group tasked with a specific duty
A task given to someone to gain or achieve
Religious group wishing to convert others
Housing for a religious group working overseas
Religious or charitable task in a foreign country

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

valley

US / 'vælɪ /

•

UK / ˈvæli /

noun
Area between mountains with river running through

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

beverly

US / ˈbevəli /

•

UK / ˈbɛvəli /

proper noun
An industrial and resort city in northeastern Massachusetts; population 39,343 (est. 2008).

fernando

US / /

•

UK / /

lay

US / leɪ /

•

UK / le /

adjecitve
Amateur; not being a trained priest
verb
To place a bet on a game outcome
(Of a bird, etc.) to produce eggs from its body
To put or set something down in a flat position
To set out things on (table) to prepare for a meal

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

sand

US / sænd /

•

UK / sænd /

noun
Area composed of tiny pieces of rock near an ocean
Small pieces of rock that make beaches and deserts
verb
To cover a surface with grit e.g. roads
To smoothen a surface with sandpaper

weather

US / 'weðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɛðɚ /

noun
Whether it is raining, sunny, cold etc. outside
verb
To successfully deal with a difficult situation
To erode or become damaged due to the environment

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

interact

US / ˌɪntər'ækt /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈækt /

verb
To talk or do things with each other

heat

US / hi:t /

•

UK / hit /

noun
State of anger, excitement, or arguing
Particular temperature at which to cook something
High temperature
One of series of races to find the finalists
Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
verb
To make hot or hotter

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

entry

US / ˈentri /

•

UK / ˈɛntri /

noun
Act of entering a room, building, party
Act of starting a career
Person or thing included in a competition or race
Piece of information entered into a computer
Place where one enters a building, stadium etc.
Piece of information in a database, dictionary etc.

prioritize

US / praɪˈɒrətaɪz /

•

UK / praɪˈɔ:rətaɪz /

verb
To rank things in importance

realize

US / 'ri:əlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈriəˌlaɪz /

verb
To become aware of or understand mentally

speak

US / spi:k /

•

UK / spik /

verb
To be able to use a certain language
To use words to tell information, express thoughts

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

additional

US / əˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / ə'dɪʃənl /

adjecitve
Further or added

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

peak

US / pi:k /

•

UK / pik /

noun
Part of a cap that sticks out over your eyes
The very top of a mountain
State when something is at its best
Time or point when the highest level occurs
verb
To reach the highest or best point

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

shallow

US / 'ʃæləʊ /

•

UK / ˈʃælo /

adjecitve
Not deep; short from top to bottom
Lacking interest in serious things; superficial

width

US / wɪdθ /

•

UK / wɪdθ, wɪθ, wɪtθ /

noun
Distance from one side of something to the other
Piece of cloth that has been measured and cut

emphasis

US / ˈemfəsɪs /

•

UK / ˈɛmfəsɪs /

noun
Special attention, importance, or force
Stress placed on part of a word or phrase

architect

US / ˈɑ:kɪtekt /

•

UK / ˈɑrkɪˌtɛkt /

noun
Person who designs and advises on buildings

landscape

US / 'lændskeɪp /

•

UK / ˈlændˌskep /

noun
Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
Picture of natural scenery in a place
View of a (beautiful) country area or scene
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

opening

US / ˈəʊpnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈoʊpnɪŋ /

noun
Free job; job you can apply for
Action of starting something, e.g. a new business
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

venice

US / ˈvenɪs /

•

UK / ˈvɛnɪs /

other
The provincial capital of Veneto; built on islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals

business

US / ˈbɪznəs /

•

UK / ˈbɪznɪs /

noun
A company formed for making profit
Matter that has to be dealt with; task; situation
Activity of working to make a profit

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

credit

US / 'kredɪt /

•

UK / ˈkrɛdɪt /

adjecitve
Having a positive amount of money
noun
System to buy something and pay for it later
Points earned instead of money
Quality of having a good reputation for a reason
Points earned towards a university degree
verb
To add a certain amount of money to a total
To recognize someone's achievements or help

minimum

US / ˈmɪnɪməm /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəməm /

noun
Smallest degree or level that is acceptable

sense

US / sens /

•

UK / sɛns /

noun
Certain mental feeling or emotion
Normal or clear state of mind
Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
verb
To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
To recognize the presence of something

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

friend

US / frend /

•

UK / frɛnd /

noun
Person who you like and enjoy being with

apartment

US / əˈpɑ:tmənt /

•

UK / əˈpɑ:rtmənt /

noun
Set of rooms to live in on one floor of a building

courtyard

US / ˈkɔ:tjɑ:d /

•

UK / ˈkɔ:rtjɑ:rd /

noun
Area open to the sky, but closed in by buildings

experience

US / ɪk'spɪərɪəns /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɪriəns /

noun
Thing a person has done or that happened to them
An event at which you learned something
Knowledge gained by living life, doing new things
verb
To gain knowledge by doing things

host

US / həʊst /

•

UK / host /

noun
Mass; a great number
Person who entertains guests
Plant or animal on or in which parasites live
Presenter on a television or radio program
verb
To be the sponsor of an event, e.g. the Olympics
To lead or start a party, program, or other event
To lead a TV or radio show as the announcer

law

US / lɔ: /

•

UK / lɔ /

noun
Field of study that relates to the legal profession
A rule made and enforced by a government
System or rules made by the government

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

elevate

US / ˈelɪveɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛləˌvet /

verb
To make something higher
To raise something in status, importance, feeling

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

seven

US / ˈsevn /

•

UK / ˈsɛvən /

number
Number 7

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

boom

US / bu:m /

•

UK / bum /

noun
Very fast increase in growth or popularity
A very loud and deep sound
verb
To experience a rapid increase in growth
To make a very loud and deep sound

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

cut

US / kʌt /

•

UK / kʌt /

noun
Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
verb
To reduce the size or amount of something
To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

entrance

US / ˈentrəns /

•

UK / ˈentrəns /

noun
A place where you enter a house or other building
Act of joining a party in a showy manner
The right to enter a place

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

craft

US / krɑ:ft /

•

UK / kræft /

noun
Job requiring a worker to have specific skills
Vehicle that travels on water or through the air
verb
To make by hand and with much skill

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

stone

US / stəʊn /

•

UK / stoʊn /

noun
Hard, solid piece of rock
verb
To kill as a punishment, by throwing stones at

yard

US / jɑ:d /

•

UK / jɑ:rd /

noun
Unit of length equal to 3 feet or 91.44 cm
Outdoor area or garden next to a house

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

clay

US / kleɪ /

•

UK / kle /

noun
Heavy sticky earth used to make pottery
Person's name

excited

US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪd /

•

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪd /

adjecitve
Happy, interested or eager; enthusiastic
verb
To make something or someone become more active
To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

palm

US / pɑ:m /

•

UK / pɑ:m /

noun
Inner area of a person's hand
Tropical tree with large leaves only at its top
verb
To hide something in your hand
To push someone way with your hand

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

dream

US / dri:m /

•

UK / drim /

noun
A wish or hope for something to happen
Imagination or image of something you want
Images, thoughts, feelings experienced when asleep
verb
To wish for something to happen
To experience thoughts, images while asleep

opportunity

US / ˌɒpə'tju:nətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti, -ˈtju- /

noun
Time, situation when a thing might be done; chance

pack

US / pæk /

•

UK / pæk /

noun
Bag carried on the back of donkey, etc.
Group of people, animals, or objects
verb
To put things in a suitcase to go on a trip
To crowd a place with a large amount of things
To put something into a container to store it

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

somebody

US / 'sʌmbədɪ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi, -bədi /

noun
Important well-respected person
pronoun
Person who is not known or named

Subtitles section

I'm Valerie Gustin and I've been an architect in Los Angeles for over 20 years.

Today I'm going to break down architectural details of some of the most popular housing styles in Los Angeles from some of the earliest built structures in California.

It's a type of house that most people dream about when they think about living in Los Angeles that offers these amazing views to the Pacific Ocean.

First up, the dingbat.

Typically a six to 12 unit apartment building, the front of the building is elevated to allow cars to park.

Another thing that you'll notice about the dingbat is that it's a box.

It's all about efficiency and filling the lot to maximize the number of units that can fit on a piece of property.

Dingbat apartments really define neighborhoods all over Los Angeles.

They can be found pretty readily all over the San Fernando Valley, West Los Angeles, in neighborhoods like Culver City and Palms.

So why is it called a dingbat?

The term dingbat comes from typography.

It's a symbol that's not a letter or a number.

Many of your dingbat buildings featured a name or had a symbol on the front, a way to sort of decorate these flat, banal facades.

The construction of dingbat apartments really exploded in the post-war boom of the 50s and 60s in Los Angeles when many people were moving for jobs.

What better way to give some sort of character to a building that essentially had none than to provide some sort of symbols or some sort of fun, playful elements on the front of the building to make people feel a little bit more excited about their homes.

Here's how to spot a dingbat in the wild.

First off, it's essentially a big box.

The ground floor space is then cannibalized to allow parking for cars, which is known as a soft story.

The apartments are typically accessed by stairs along the side yard.

And you can see that they've got this dingbat symbol of a flamingo.

What you've also got is a full-width curb cut that runs the full face of the building.

And so the entire width of the lot is given over as essentially a driveway.

Now, as someone who's almost been hit by somebody backing out of their dingbat apartment, I can tell you dingbat apartments really don't make for great pedestrian-friendly streets.

Now, let's get a better look at how dingbat apartments really define neighborhoods all over Los Angeles.

So one of the first things we're gonna see when we look at this image is how closely spaced all of these buildings are to each other.

There's only street frontage, which is dominated by the parking spaces for the cars, and every building just has a tiny side yard, which you can see here or there.

Another thing you'll notice is that all of these lots are maximizing the buildable square footage.

The typical side yard setback in Los Angeles is five feet.

So you can see here that the developers went with the minimum and didn't offer any other space for common areas to make sure that they could get the maximum number of units.

But essentially, the tiny lot sizes meant you had no privacy.

So if you opened up your window, you were looking directly at your neighbor.

Now, this type of building wouldn't be allowed in Los Angeles currently.

Zoning wouldn't allow for this many units to be built on a standard 50 by 100 typical LA lot.

So these middle-density buildings are something that are a dying breed.

Dingbat apartments really are quintessentially LA. It's something that makes them home.

It's kind of like bad pizza.

It's bad pizza, but it's still pizza.

Next up is the Bungalow Court in LA Original.

Similar to the Dingbat, Bungalow Courts are trying to solve LA's affordable housing problem, but in a different way.

Whereas the Dingbat apartment stacked and maximized the property for a maximum number of units, Bungalow Court apartments offered a taste of single-family residential living for working-class people who couldn't afford a single-family house.

The Bungalow Court apartment really prioritizes outdoor space.

They really created a sense of community.

When coming out of your unit, you can see your neighbor across the way, and it offered opportunity for people to interact in a more meaningful way with their neighbors.

Architect Sylvanus Marston is often credited as being the inventor of the Bungalow Court apartment.

And a lot of his buildings are concentrated in Pasadena, although many of these buildings were going up around the same time all over South and East Los Angeles.

In this image here, we see a couple of things that characterize a Bungalow Court apartment.

So you can see here that there's a central walkway that went down the middle.

Every house had a sort of front porch that faces the courtyard for access, and people also had ample garden space that made it feel much more like a single-family house than an apartment building.

Most of the Bungalow Court apartments were built at the turn of the 20th century.

They're also an endangered species in Los Angeles, much like the Dingbat apartment, because current zoning laws wouldn't allow for this many units to be built on these size lots.

The houses were small, typically 500 to 600 square feet, but you could essentially fit sometimes four to six units on the same lot that would hold a single-family residence.

Now let's take a look at how the Bungalow Court apartments organized the lot.

So in this one block, we can see three different types of Bungalow Court apartments.

The first one has a nice, generous courtyard in the middle, and you'll see that each one of the buildings is separate.

The courtyard is lushly landscaped, and you'll see that there's a unit at the end, and parking happens at the rear of the building.

The second building provides smaller units, but then there was a slightly larger unit towards the rear of the apartment.

Each of the units is its own standalone, separate house.

There's a generous courtyard in the middle, and the houses get light on all four sides.

What a contrast to a dingbat apartment.

In this example here, it's a much more dense example of a Bungalow Court apartment, but many of the characteristics that we love about a Bungalow Court apartment are still available.

There are small courtyard spaces.

The courtyard is still landscaped, and abundant natural light goes into every unit.

The Bungalow Court apartments were a great first stop if you were coming to live to Los Angeles, because wherever you came from, you really got the LA experience of being able to enjoy the outdoors.

It was really communal, and it was the closest you could come to living in a single-family house if you couldn't afford one.

So many of the things that Bungalow apartments did at the turn of the 20th century and into the early 20s, the city of Los Angeles is revisiting now.

They realized that density really helps with affordability.

Many new ordinances are allowing your standard single-family lot to be built with more additional units.

Next up, Mission Revival.

Now, what makes Mission Revival so enduring to Southern California is because it's familiar and traditional.

It has a certain warmth that people like and can relate to.

It really speaks to the history of California before it became part of the United States.

Mission Revival is the style of some of the earliest built structures in California.

The Spanish built a total of 21 missions in California over a period of about 65 years.

You actually find it in many neighborhoods of Los Angeles.

San Fernando Valley, South and East Los Angeles, and also all over West Hollywood.

To learn more about Mission Revival, let's start by looking at an actual mission.

The first thing you'll notice is the thick walls that were built typically of adobe.

They had clay barrel tile roofs.

And then finally, the arched colonnade, which provided temperature control by blocking the direct sunlight from these interior spaces, one of the elements we typically would define as sustainable in today's time.

Now, a lot of ideas from mission architecture made its way into residential architecture in the early 1900s.

Architecturally, you see a lot of similarities between these two buildings.

First is the use of the colonnade.

And in the residential example, you'll see that it happens at both levels, up here and there.

These deep overhangs would protect the interior of the house from direct sunlight and keep it cool during the hot days and warm during the nights.

Both use the red clay barrel tile, and of course, the arch.

In addition to that, you'll see that the corbels that extend out from the roof is also evident in both of these examples.

You'll also notice, however, some significant differences between these two examples.

The arch at the front of the house has a more peaked apex, and the ones at the second story, one is more shallow and the other is more circular.

Another important difference to note is that much of these residential buildings were built out of wood framing, whereas the missions were built out of actual adobe or stone construction.

On a typical single-family house where you're building out of a wood frame wall, the wall doesn't have to be as thick.

So you still were able to get some of the shading value of these colonnades, but because these walls were built out of wood framing, you didn't get the same insulation value out of these walls that you did when you built out of adobe or stone.

Let's take a look at what mission revival architecture looks like in a more contemporary example.

Now, this house is much smaller, but once again, we still see a lot of the techniques that made mission revival architecture pleasing to the eye.

These houses were able to be air conditioned, but we still have this colonnaded protected entry with a deep overhang.

We also still have a large arch opening that goes into the primary public spaces of the house, typically the living room.

There are a few decorative elements on the facade, wall sconces, and then also a decorative roof vent, which allows all the heat to escape from the roof during the hot summer months.

Mission revival architecture is not only popular for residential architecture, it's also used all over Los Angeles in places like Union Station, Beverly Hills City Hall, and a host of other building types,

Including hospitals, churches, schools, and train stations.

People often talk about Los Angeles doesn't have much architectural history, but mission revival architecture is some of that history that's always visible.

Next up is a type of house that most people dream about when they think about living in Los Angeles, the boardwalk beach house.

LA is famous for its boardwalks, like Santa Monica, Venice Beach, or Manhattan Beach.

So what makes the boardwalk beach house different from a typical beach house?

Let's start with the back, which really reads as the front of the house.

There's a couple of important things to note when looking at the boardwalk beach house.

First is directly in front of the rear of the house where the best views are is also a public boardwalk.

Another important thing to note is that the rear of the house is typically very expansive and open, providing the views to the beach, which is why you live there.

Much like a dingbat, the space between the houses is relatively narrow, so there's not much emphasis placed on windows or natural light at those locations.

All of the energy is put towards this rear facade that offers these amazing views to the Pacific Ocean.

One of the things that sets boardwalk beach houses apart from its other counterparts is the fact that they're more likely to be a custom home.

Unlike a developer who might build six or seven dingbat apartments at the same time, a boardwalk beach house is more likely to be commissioned by someone who will hire an architect.

You end up with a much more varied and eclectic beach front than you would in a typical urban neighborhood in Los Angeles.

One of the main challenges with a boardwalk beach house is how do you deal with public access and protecting privacy and views?

One of the main ways is to either submerge or elevate the primary floors of the house.

Other examples mean that you kind of close more of that front part of the house down when you're at street level, and in other houses, they'll use landscaping.

I often like to think of the boardwalk beach house as a mullet, business in front, party in the back.

Now let's take a look at the business side of the boardwalk beach house.

Boardwalk beach houses are typically on narrow lots, and the front of the house is typically on an alley or a small street with limited views.

The business side of the beach house is pretty boring.

All you typically got is a two-car garage, much like their friends, the Dingbat, you typically also have a pedestrian entrance that happens along the side yard of the house.

So it's a typically dark and also canyon-like entrance into the main house, which is all about parking and the utilitarian needs.

The back of the house is really where all the action is.

The great views of the beach, the sand, the people, all of the things that make living in California great.

Boardwalk beach houses do provide a great opportunity for architects to experiment and create really unique houses.

Now let's take a look at a true classic, the California bungalow.

The California bungalow was one of the other housing styles that became popular at the turn of the 20th century as California's population continued to grow.

The great thing about the California bungalow is that these homes could be purchased from a magazine, the lumber arrived pre-cut much in the same way as if you might get a piece of flat pack furniture and could be assembled right there on site in a number of weeks.

Now, one of the most popular California bungalows is the craftsman-style bungalows.

You'll find them all over Los Angeles, but also in areas specifically like Silver Lake, Echo Park, and also parts of South Los Angeles.

So what are some of the characteristics that make a California bungalow quintessentially California and so popular in Los Angeles?

Craftsman-style architecture has some specific characteristics that we can clearly see here in this image.

Those include exposed rafters, a large, deep open porch, tapered columns, and gabled roofs.

A lot of this dates back to the relationship of craftsman architecture to the arts and crafts movement, which was really popular in the 19th century.

Craftsman is often what we associate with the California bungalow, but it's probably important to note that not all California bungalows were built in the craftsman architectural style.

There were a wide variety of California bungalow styles, including shotgun-style houses where all the rooms were laid one after another in a sequence.

You also had smaller two-room bungalows, similar to the dog trot house, which you might find in the American Southeast, so-called because it was basically two rooms on either side of an open breezeway and a dog could just trot on right through the middle.

The California bungalow epitomizes the Californian lifestyle.

One of the great things about living in California is the indoor-outdoor living experience.

The word bungalow comes from a Hindi word meaning a house in the Bengali style.

A house in the Bengali style typifies some of the same characteristics that we find in the California bungalow.

A wide veranda, a low-slope roof that allowed shade and protection from the environment.

The California bungalow epitomizes the California living experiences.

As a single-family house, it offered all of the great things people came to California for.

Abundant sunshine, great weather, and the ability to be outdoors for a large part of the year.

Those are just some of the architectural styles that define life in Los Angeles.

Let me know which is your favorite in the comments below.