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Baseball's Self-Destructive Arms Race

Original YouTube Video | UrinatingTree Published on 2024-04-13 Level：95 Speed：68 maxwordlevel：12

Video vocabulary

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

knife

US / naɪf /

•

UK / naɪf /

noun
Long piece of metal you use for cutting things
verb
To attack someone with a sharp long blade
To move through something easily and quickly

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

dominance

US / 'dɒmɪnəns /

•

UK / ˈdɑmənəns /

noun
Having more power, success than others

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

assure

US / əˈʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / əˈʃʊr /

verb
To confirm; state with certainty something is so
To make sure that something happens

screen

US / skri:n /

•

UK / skrin /

noun
Wire net in a door or window to keep insects out
Displays in a theater on which movies are shown
Flat surface on a computer or TV showing images
verb
To hide or block something from being seen
To examine to find something, e.g. best candidate

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

buff

US / bʌf /

•

UK / bʌf /

noun
Person who knows a great deal about a topic
verb
To clean something so that it shines

kid

US / kɪd /

•

UK / kɪd /

adjecitve
Made from young goat skin
noun
Child or young person
Young goat
verb
To make fun of someone in a gentle way; to tease

hot

US / hɒt /

•

UK / hɑ:t /

adjecitve
Angry or excited
Being very good at something
Having a high temperature
Popular and causing a great deal of excitement
Attractive in a sexually exciting way
(Of food) very spicy
Stolen; dangerous to buy or trade in

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

titanium

US / tɪˈteɪniəm /

•

UK / taɪˈteniəm, tɪ- /

noun
Light, extremely strong, whitish silver metal

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

nine

US / naɪn /

•

UK / naɪn /

number
9

investigative

US / ɪnˈvestɪgətɪv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvestɪgeɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Searching for information or truth

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

particular

US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

adjecitve
One specific (one)
Having firm ideas about what is desirable
Being special or more than is typical

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

emphasize

US / 'emfəsaɪz /

•

UK / ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz /

verb
To stress the items that are important

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

reduce

US / rɪ'dju:s /

•

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
To make something smaller in size, amount, level

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

surgery

US / 'sɜ:dʒərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɚdʒəri /

noun
A doctor's office; health clinic
Medical operation involving cutting into body

college

US / 'kɒlɪdʒ /

•

UK / 'kɑːlɪdʒ /

noun
School or educational institution for adults

session

US / ˈseʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛʃən /

noun
Period of time used for a specific activity
Series of meetings for e.g. a court, legislature

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

spencer

US / 'spensə /

•

UK / 'spensə /

noun
A short, close-fitting jacket, worn by women and children in the early 19th century.
A boomless gaff sail on a square-rigged ship's foremast or mainmast (replaced in the mid 19th centur

beyond

US / bɪ'jɒnd /

•

UK / biˈɑnd, bɪˈjɑnd /

adverb
On or to the farther side
In addition to
preposition
Later in time than
Out of the limits of

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

finesse

US / fɪ'nes /

•

UK / fəˈnɛs /

noun
When something is done in a perfect skillful way

praise

US / preɪz /

•

UK / preɪz /

noun
Expression of approval of something/someone
Expression of thanks, respect, and love
verb
To express approval of something or someone
To express thanks, respect, and love

join

US / dʒɔɪn /

•

UK / dʒɔɪn /

verb
To bring something close to another, to become one
To become a member of
To participate in an activity with others

disaster

US / dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzæstɚ, -ˈsæs- /

noun
State of extreme ruin and misfortune

johnson

US / ˈdʒɔnsn /

•

UK / ˈdʒɑnsən /

noun
A man's penis.

teen

US / ti:n /

•

UK / tin /

noun
Teenager

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

guy

US / ɡaɪ /

•

UK / ɡaɪ /

noun
Man; boy; any person

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

zone

US / zəʊn /

•

UK / zoʊn /

noun
Area of space designated for a particular use
verb
To divide an area for a particular reason

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

decide

US / dɪ'saɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈsaɪd /

verb
To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
To make a legal judgment in court
to affect the result of something

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

fame

US / feɪm /

•

UK / fem /

noun
(Person, thing) being well-known by many people

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

tommy

US / 'tɒmɪ /

•

UK / 'tɑ:mɪ /

noun
A British private soldier.

precipitously

US / prɪ'sɪpɪtəslɪ /

•

UK / prɪˈsɪpɪtəslɪ /

adverb
Abruptly; suddenly; in a precipitous manner

eager

US / ˈi:gə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiɡɚ /

adjecitve
Very excited and interested

admission

US / ədˈmɪʃn /

•

UK / ædˈmɪʃən /

noun
Act of allowing someone to enter
Taking responsibility for an error or mistake

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

tough

US / tʌf /

•

UK / tʌf /

adjecitve
(Of food) difficult to chew or bite through
Very difficult to do or deal with
Having strict standards
Being firm and not easily bent or broken
Being strong physically or mentally
Being difficult to persuade
Capable of violence

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

fix

US / fɪks /

•

UK / fɪks /

noun
Answer to a problem
verb
To arrange or prepare something
To attach something so it will not move or change
To dishonestly arrange the result of a game
To make an animal unable to produce young
To make something whole or able to work again

jonathan

US / ˈdʒɔnəθən /

•

UK / ˈdʒɑnəθən /

noun
Red late-ripening apple; primarily eaten raw

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

diving

US / ˈdaɪvɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdaɪvɪŋ /

noun
Act of swimming underwater
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

sight

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Things or people that one can see
Range or distance that someone can see
Famous places often visited by tourists
Sense that allows you to see
Act of seeing someone or something
verb
To aim (a gun) at something to get your range
To see something rare or unusual

star

US / stɑ:(r) /

•

UK / stɑr /

noun
Very famous person, usually an entertainer
Someone who does something very well
Your horoscope
A bright planet of hot gas in the night sky
A 5-6 sided asterisk-shape
verb
To perform or play a main role in a movie, play
To do something very well
To mark with a 5-6 sided asterisk-shape

compete

US / kəmˈpi:t /

•

UK / kəmˈpit /

verb
To try to beat others at something, e.g. a race

bay

US / beɪ /

•

UK / be /

noun
Part of an ocean or lake partly surrounded by land

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

proliferation

US / prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn /

noun
Sudden and fast increase in something

span

US / spæn /

•

UK / spæn /

noun
Distance between two supports of a bridge
Period of time that something continues for
other
Periods of time that something continues for
verb
To go across a certain distance between things
To cover or extend over a time period

fifty

US / 'fɪftɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪfti /

number
50

ethic

US / ˈeθɪk /

•

UK / ˈɛθɪk /

noun
Set of moral principles; rules of behavior

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

namesake

US / ˈneɪmseɪk /

•

UK / ˈnemˌsek /

noun
Someone with the same name as someone else

limitation

US / ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌlɪmɪˈteʃən /

noun
Act of controlling or reducing the size of

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

paul

US / pɔ:l /

•

UK / pɔ:l /

other
Paul's name was Saul prior to his conversion to Christianity

october

US / ɒkˈtəʊbə(r) /

•

UK / ɑkˈtobɚ /

noun
10th month of the year

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

recovery

US / rɪˈkʌvəri /

•

UK / rɪˈkʌvəri /

noun
Process of returning to a former (good) state
Act of getting back something that was lost

commissioner

US / kəˈmɪʃənə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈmɪʃənɚ /

noun
Person heading a group in charge of something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

zero

US / ˈzɪərəʊ /

•

UK / ˈzɪroʊ /

noun
Temperature when water turns to ice
number
Number 0
verb
To set a scale or other device to show 0

bat

US / bæt /

•

UK / bæt /

noun
Small flying mouse-like animal with wings
Object used for hitting a ball in various games
verb
To use a wooden stick in baseball or cricket

proclaim

US / prə'kleɪm /

•

UK / proˈklem, prə- /

verb
To indicate or show something clearly

bone

US / bəʊn /

•

UK / bon /

noun
Hard piece of your body that holds your muscles
verb
To remove bones from meat or fish

excellence

US / ˈeksələns /

•

UK / ˈɛksələns /

noun
Extremely high quality

fault

US / fɔ:lt /

•

UK / fɔlt /

noun
A failure or negative aspect of
Crack in the earth where earthquakes can happen
Responsibility for a bad result or problem
verb
To blame someone, something for a negative result

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

besides

US / bɪˈsaɪdz /

•

UK / bɪˈsaɪdz /

adverb
Other than or in addition to

sport

US / spɔ:t /

•

UK / spɔː(r)t /

noun
Something that is done for fun, e.g. football
Game or physical exercise with rules
Someone with a good attitude when things go badly
verb
To do something for fun, e.g. playing with animals
To wear, or show something off by wearing it

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

craft

US / krɑ:ft /

•

UK / kræft /

noun
Job requiring a worker to have specific skills
Vehicle that travels on water or through the air
verb
To make by hand and with much skill

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

panic

US / 'pænɪk /

•

UK / ˈpænɪk /

noun
Overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety
verb
To feel sudden anxiety and fear and cannot think

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

injury

US / 'ɪndʒərɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪndʒəri /

noun
Physical or emotional harm or damage

model

US / ˈmɒdl /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

adjecitve
Being an excellent example of
noun
Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
A small scale copy of a full original
verb
To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
To make a small scale copy of a full original

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

wear

US / weə(r) /

•

UK / wer /

noun
Clothing designed for a purpose e.g. skiing
Damage from continual use over a long period
verb
To have clothes, glasses, shoes etc. on your body
To display an expression or emotion on the face
To become weaker or damaged from continued use

willing

US / 'wɪlɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈwɪlɪŋ /

adjecitve
Act of making a choice
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

baseball

US / 'beɪsbɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈbesˌbɔl /

noun
Small ball used in the game of baseball
Two teams of nine players hit a ball to score runs

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

unfold

US / ʌn'fəʊld /

•

UK / ʌnˈfold /

other
To happen, be told or be revealed
verb
(Of a situation) to be told or revealed
To open something that was folded
To move apart two things such as your two arms

count

US / kaʊnt /

•

UK / kaʊnt /

noun
Number of things added together, e.g. votes
With the number of crimes, knockouts, as stated
verb
To add things together to find the total number
To matter or be important
To include someone or something in a final number

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

manage

US / ˈmænɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒ /

verb
To survive hardships and difficulties; to cope
To run or operate a business by directing others

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

recommendation

US / ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛkəmɛnˈdeʃən /

noun
Act of suggesting something as a good choice

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

art

US / ɑ:t /

•

UK / ɑrt /

noun
Creative skill using the imagination e.g. painting
A skill or talent you have

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

upon

US / əˈpɔn, əpən /

•

UK / əˈpɑn, əˈpɔn /

preposition
More formal term for 'on'

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

suffer

US / 'sʌfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

verb
To experience pain, illness, or injury

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

tendon

US / ˈtendən /

•

UK / ˈtendən /

noun
Band of tough fibrous tissue connecting muscles

merely

US / ˈmiəli /

•

UK / ˈmɪrli /

adverb
Only, simply, or nothing more than

young

US / jʌŋ /

•

UK / jʌŋ /

adjecitve
At an early stage of existence; not mature
Being recently created or started
noun
Babies in a group or family of animals

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

handful

US / 'hændfʊl /

•

UK / ˈhændˌfʊl /

noun
an amount of something that can be held in one hand; small quantity or amount of people or things
A thing requiring great effort to control, manage

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

group

US / ɡru:p /

•

UK / ɡrup /

noun
Two or more musicians who play music together
Number of people or things gathered together
verb
To combine or collect objects or people together

organize

US / ˈɔ:gənaɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔ:rgənaɪz /

verb
To arrange and plan things, e.g. a party

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

honest

US / ˈɒnɪst /

•

UK / ˈɑnɪst /

adjecitve
Good, truthful, sincere, or faithful; trustworthy

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

ninety

US / 'naɪntɪ /

•

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

number
90

location

US / ləʊˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / loʊˈkeɪʃn /

noun
Particular position or area of place, event, etc.

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

insane

US / ɪnˈseɪn /

•

UK / ɪnˈsen /

adjecitve
Mentally ill; crazy
Being mentally disturbed
Being crazy or stupid

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

machine

US / mə'ʃi:n /

•

UK / məˈʃin /

noun
Piece of equipment used to do work
Powerful group who control and organize things
verb
To shape, work on something, using a device

greatness

US / ɡreɪtnəs /

•

UK / ˈɡretnɪs /

noun
Property of outstanding importance or eminence

pivot

US / 'pɪvət /

•

UK / ˈpɪvət /

noun
Point on which something turns or balances
verb
To turn or balance on a center point

fantastic

US / fænˈtæstɪk /

•

UK / fænˈtæstɪk /

adjecitve
Strange or unusual in design or appearance
Very large, fast or great
Hard to believe; amazing

beholder

US / bɪˈhəʊldə(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈhoʊldə(r) /

noun
Person who is looking

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

specialization

US / ˌspeʃəlaɪ'zeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌspɛʃəlɪˈzeʃən /

noun
Change in a plant or animal to fit its environment

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

boomer

US / 'bu:mə(r) /

•

UK / 'bu:mər /

noun
Member of the baby boom generation in the 1950s

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

drop

US / drɒp /

•

UK / drɑp /

noun
Distance between a higher and a lower level
Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
verb
To drive someone to a place and then drive away
To let something fall from your hand
To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

attrition

US / əˈtrɪʃn /

•

UK / əˈtrɪʃən /

noun
Reduction in size, numbers, or strength over time

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

topic

US / 'tɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

noun
Subject or issue people talk or write about

intricate

US / ˈɪntrɪkət /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪkɪt /

adjecitve
Very detailed or difficult to untangle

dazzle

US / 'dæzl /

•

UK / ˈdæzəl /

noun
Strong bright light that makes you unable to see
verb
To make one feel great excitement or admiration
(Of a bright light) to cause to not be able to see

spectacular

US / spekˈtækjələ(r) /

•

UK / spɛkˈtækjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Impressive or out of the ordinary

fear

US / fɪə(r) /

•

UK / fɪr /

noun
Unpleasant feeling caused by being aware of danger
verb
To be afraid of or nervous about something

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

drill

US / drɪl /

•

UK / drɪl /

noun
A machine that makes holes with a metal bit
Exercise done to learn military skills
Disciplined practice, as of soldiers marching
verb
To make a deep hole to find oil, gas etc.
To put a hole in something by using a boring tool
To train in something through repetition

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

triple

US / ˈtrɪpl /

•

UK / ˈtrɪpəl /

noun
Group or set of three

list

US / lɪst /

•

UK / lɪst /

noun
Lean of a boat to one side
Series of written names, words or numbers
verb
To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
To present for sale for a specific price
To write a series of names, words, or numbers

mid

US / mɪd /

•

UK / mɪd /

adjecitve
At (or near) the middle point

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

tunnel

US / 'tʌnl /

•

UK / ˈtʌnəl /

adjecitve
As if looking in a long hole
noun
Passage under the ground, often for cars or trains
verb
To dig a hole from one side to another

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

digit

US / ˈdɪdʒɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɪdʒɪt /

noun
Person's finger or toe
Written symbol of the numbers from 0 to 9

thirteen

US / ˌθɜ:'ti:n /

•

UK / θə:ˈtin /

number
13

strider

US / ˈstraɪdə /

•

UK / /

other
A person who walks rapidly with long steps

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

audience

US / ˈɔ:diəns /

•

UK / ˈɔdiəns /

noun
Group of people attending a play, movie etc.

pitcher

US / ˈpɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɪtʃɚ /

noun
Person who throws the ball during a baseball game
Jug to hold and pour liquids

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

leaguer

US / 'li:gə /

•

UK / 'li:gə /

noun
Little- Big- used of people playing in leagues

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

dread

US / dred /

•

UK / drɛd /

verb
To await with great fear

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

literal

US / ˈlɪtərəl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəl /

adjecitve
Being the basic exact meaning of a word/expression
Being real and true and without exaggerating

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

grave

US / ɡreɪv /

•

UK / ɡrev /

adjecitve
Having a serious, worried expression on your face
noun
Hole in the ground in which you place a dead body
Poetic death; being dead

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

henderson

US / ˈhendəsn /

•

UK / ˈhɛndəsən /

proper noun
A city in northwestern Kentucky, on the Ohio River; population 27,933 (est. 2008).
A city in southeastern Nevada, southeast of Las Vegas; population 252,064 (est. 2008).

manifest

US / 'mænɪfest /

•

UK / ˈmænəˌfɛst /

noun
List of cargo on a ship
verb
To express or show clearly

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

travel

US / ˈtrævl /

•

UK / ˈtrævəl /

noun
Going to other places, esp. distant places
verb
To go to a place that is far away

nowhere

US / 'nəʊweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnoˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

adverb
Not in or at any place; no place

bounce

US / baʊns /

•

UK / baʊns /

noun
A person's energy or confidence
Quality causing a person's hair to appear healthy
verb
To move around energetically, playfully
To forcibly remove a person from a bar, nightclub
(Of check) to be rejected due to inadequate funds
To strike a surface and rapidly change direction
To move energetically in an up and down motion

movement

US / ˈmu:vmənt /

•

UK / ˈmuvmənt /

noun
Part of a piece of classical music
Group with a shared interest or goal
Group sharing the same idea to change society, art
Action you do when exercising, e.g. in a gym
Part of a piece of music

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

shoulder

US / ˈʃəʊldə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʃoldɚ /

noun
Part of the body where an arm attaches or joins
Meat that comes from an animal's upper front leg
Part of a shirt or coat that covers the shoulders
verb
To carry something around your neck
To push something using the top part of your arm
To accept a job or responsibility

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

singular

US / ˈsɪŋgjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Seeming odd or unusual
One of
Having remarkable or special qualities
noun
Form of a word referring to only one person/thing

regardless

US / rɪˈgɑ:dləs /

•

UK / rɪˈɡɑrdlɪs /

adverb
Without being affected or concerned by something

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

destruction

US / dɪ'strʌkʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈstrʌkʃən /

noun
Act of destroying; damaging beyond repair

parcel

US / 'pɑ:sl /

•

UK / ˈpɑrsəl /

noun
A package or box wrapped in paper sent in the mail
One section of a large divided piece of land

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

verb
To say to someone that you want something

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

alike

US / əˈlaɪk /

•

UK / əˈlaɪk /

adjecitve
Similar in appearance, manner or form
adverb
Equally; applied equally to several people/things

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

hour

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

noun
60 minutes
Particular time of the day
Fixed, regularly occurring time

scout

US / skaʊt /

•

UK / skaʊt /

verb
To watch or search for something or someone

velocity

US / və'lɒsətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈlɑsɪti /

noun
Speed in a given direction

injure

US / ˈɪndʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɪndʒɚ /

verb
To do (usually physical) harm or damage to

chaos

US / 'keɪɒs /

•

UK / ˈkeˌɑs /

other
State of utter confusion or disorder

nowadays

US / ˈnaʊədeɪz /

•

UK / ˈnaʊəˌdez /

adverb
At the present time; now

pop

US / pɒp /

•

UK / pɑp /

adjecitve
Type of music or art popular with many people
noun
Sweet soda drink
verb
To cause something to open or burst suddenly
To go to or in a place for a brief period of time

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

line

US / laɪn /

•

UK / laɪn /

noun
Border that divides two places or regions
Long crease in the skin, often from age
Mark that is long, straight and very thin
Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
Telephone connection
People waiting one behind the other; queue
Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
verb
To put material along the inside of something

tension

US / 'tenʃn /

•

UK / ˈtɛnʃən /

noun
Feeling of anxiety and inability to relax
Degree to which something is stretched tight

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

specialize

US / ˈspeʃəlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz /

verb
To focus on one area of a field or profession
To change to fit your environment
To name something individually

joint

US / dʒɔɪnt /

•

UK / dʒɔɪnt /

adjecitve
Shared; involving working together; in common
noun
Body parts where bones meet and can move together
Point at which two things meet (e.g. a road)
A club or restaurant; place where you are

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

per

US / pə(r) /

•

UK / pɚ /

preposition
In the manner directed or suggested
For each; during each

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

leg

US / leɡ /

•

UK / lɛɡ /

noun
Part of the body from the hips down
The piece of furniture that touches the ground

extremely

US / ɪkˈstri:mli /

•

UK / ɪk'strimlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is much more than usual or expected

player

US / ˈpleɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpleɚ /

noun
Machine that plays recorded material
Person who plays a musical instrument
Person who plays games on devices
Person who plays sports

unique

US / jʊ'ni:k /

•

UK / juˈnik /

adjecitve
Unlike other things; being the only one like it

fan

US / fæn /

•

UK / fæn /

noun
Thing you wave in front of your face to stay cool
Someone who admires a famous person, sport etc.
verb
To blow air upon a fire to make it stronger
To use a device to cool yourself, something

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

mutually

US / ˈmju:tʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈmjuːtʃuəli /

adverb
So as to be shared by two or more people/things

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

grant

US / ɡrɑ:nt /

•

UK / ɡrænt /

noun
Money given for education or research
Person's name
verb
To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
To give or let someone do what they want

blame

US / bleɪm /

•

UK / blem /

noun
Act of saying someone did something bad
verb
To say someone is responsible for something bad

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

mass

US / mæs /

•

UK / mæs /

noun
Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
Large amount or number of something
Main or largest part of something
Large number of people considered as a whole
Amount of matter that an object has
verb
To gather people or things into a large group

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

controversy

US / 'kɒntrəvɜ:sɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɑntrəˌvɚsi /

noun
Strong public disagreement about something

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

fully

US / 'fʊlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʊli /

adverb
Completely or entirely

constant

US / 'kɒnstənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

adjecitve
Happening frequently or without pause
noun
Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

boon

US / bu:n /

•

UK / bun /

noun
Something very helpful which makes life easier

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

league

US / li:ɡ /

•

UK / liɡ /

noun
Group of people, countries with a common goal
Association of sports teams that organizes matches

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

luxury

US / ˈlʌkʃəri /

•

UK / ˈlʌɡʒəri, ˈlʌkʃə- /

noun
Something expensive bought for pleasure
Something that gives great comfort and pleasure
Something useful, helpful but not always available

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

soon

US / su:n /

•

UK / sun /

adverb
At a time not long from now

improvement

US / ɪmˈpru:vmənt /

•

UK / ɪmˈpruvmənt /

noun
Addition or change that makes something better

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

consequence

US / ˈkɔnsikwəns /

•

UK / ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns /

noun
Importance of a person or thing
Outcome of an event; result

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

eighty

US / 'eɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈeti /

number
80

efficiently

US / ɪ'fɪʃntlɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that does not create waste

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

career

US / kə'rɪə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈrɪr /

noun
Particular occupation in professional life
verb
To move forward very fast and without control

destroy

US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

verb
To damage so badly that something no longer exists
To defeat someone or something easily
To kill a sick or unwanted animal

pitch

US / pɪtʃ /

•

UK / pɪtʃ /

adjecitve
Very dark black color
noun
Act of throwing a baseball for someone to hit
Playing fields in sports, e.g. for soccer
Attempt to sell/persuade someone of the value of
Degree of slope on e.g. a plane's wing
Measure of how high or low a sound is
Black substance that is very stick when heated
verb
To suggest a product, idea to make someone buy
To throw a baseball to a batter
To plunge or fall forward or headlong
To set up a camp or tent for a length of time
To attempt to sell something to someone
To set a sound to a certain level

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

inevitable

US / ɪnˈevɪtəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈɛvɪtəbəl /

adjecitve
That must happen; certain to happen

alarm

US / əˈlɑ:m /

•

UK / əˈlɑ:rm /

noun
Sound or light used for a warning or alert
an alarm clock

bieber

US / ˈbibər /

•

UK / /

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

youth

US / ju:θ /

•

UK / juθ /

noun
Being young; time when you are young
Young person or teenager
Quality or state of being young
Boy or a young man

price

US / praɪs /

•

UK / praɪs /

noun
Person's name
Cost of something in money
verb
To determine or set the cost of something

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

integrity

US / ɪnˈtegrəti /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛɡrɪti /

noun
Quality of being honest, fair and honorable

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

physical

US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the body of a person
Concerning things that can be seen or touched
noun
Health check at the doctors' or hospital

ligament

US / ˈlɪgəmənt /

•

UK / ˈlɪɡəmənt /

noun
Band of tissue that connects body parts

intense

US / ɪn'tens /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛns /

adjecitve
Very strong, great or extreme in degree

john

US / dʒɔn /

•

UK / dʒɑn /

noun
A toilet.
A prostitute's client.
proper noun
(1165–1216), son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine; king of England 1199–1216; known as John Lack
The name of six kings of Portugal.

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

phenomenon

US / fə'nɒmɪnən /

•

UK / fɪˈnɑməˌnɑn, -nən /

noun
Unusual event, fact that can be studied
Interesting or unusual person, group
something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesti

dire

US / ˈdaɪə(r) /

•

UK / daɪr /

adjecitve
(E.g. of consequences) very serious

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

translator

US / træns'leɪtə(r) /

•

UK / trænsˈletɚ /

noun
One who puts words from one language into another

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

james

US / dʒeimz /

•

UK / dʒemz /

proper noun
The name of seven Stuart kings of Scotland.
The name of two kings of England, Ireland, and Scotland.

fastball

US / ˈfɑ:stbɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈfæstbɔ:l /

noun
(Baseball) pitch thrown with maximum velocity

man

US / mæn /

•

UK / mæn /

noun
Humans in general, including male and female
An adult male human being
Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
verb
To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

pony

US / 'pəʊnɪ /

•

UK / ˈponi /

noun
Small young horse

sake

US / seɪk /

•

UK / sek /

noun
Japanese rice wine
Interest or benefit of someone or something

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

average

US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
noun
Total of numbers divided by the number of items
verb
To add numbers then divide by the number of items

greg

US / 'gri:nweɪ /

•

UK / 'gri:nˌweɪ /

fourteen

US / ˌfɔ:ˈti:n /

•

UK / fɔrˈtin /

number
14

trend

US / trend /

•

UK / trɛnd /

noun
Current style or fashion
Direction things are moving in; current style
General direction that is taken
verb
To be current and popular
To move up or down

radar

US / ˈreɪdɑ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈredɑr /

noun
Radio device used to find the location of objects

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

arm

US / ɑ:m /

•

UK / ɑrm /

noun
Part of your body from your shoulder to your hand
A branch of another object e.g. company
The side part of a chair where your arms go
The influence or power an authority has
verb
To activate a weapon or bomb for use
To give a gun or other weapon to a person or group

parent

US / 'peərənt /

•

UK / ˈpɛrənt, ˈpær- /

noun
Person's, animal's mother or father
Something creating other things of the same kind

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

professionally

US / prəˈfeʃənəli /

•

UK / prəˈfɛʃənəlɪ /

adverb
Concerning your profession or job

contact

US / 'kɒntækt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtækt /

adjecitve
Touching or feeling something
noun
Touching or feeling something
Object that allows electricity to run through it
Communication with someone or something
People who can give you information, introductions
verb
To get in touch with someone

rpm

US / ˌɑ: pi: ˈem /

•

UK / ˌɑ:r /

abbreviation
Revolutions per minute

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

body

US / ˈbɒd.i /

•

UK / ˈbɑdi /

noun
An object distinct from other objects
A group of people involved in an activity together
Main part of something
A person's physical self

lucky

US / 'lʌkɪ /

•

UK / ˈlʌki /

adjecitve
Fortunate; having good things happen by chance

pro

US / prəʊ /

•

UK / proʊ /

noun
Reason given in support of something
Someone experienced and very good at something
Playing a golf, tennis etc. as a job

stint

US / stɪnt /

•

UK / stɪnt /

noun
Short period of time
verb
To try not to spend money, time, effort etc. on

perez

US / /

•

UK / /

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

finger

US / ˈfɪŋgə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɪŋɡɚ /

noun
One of the five long parts of the hand
verb
To touch something with the ends of the hands
To identify the person guilty of a crime

horse

US / hɔ:s /

•

UK / hɔ:rs /

noun
Large animal with 4 legs used for riding
Stand or frame used to support something
verb
To fool around stupidly

fireball

US / ˈfaɪəbɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈfaɪrˌbɔl /

noun
Ball of fire (such as the sun)

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

spin

US / spɪn /

•

UK / spɪn /

noun
A dizzy feeling your head is turning around
A slant or hidden purpose, as in politicians' talk
A movement in a rapid turning motion
verb
To make a ball rotate when throwing it
To feel dizzy/confused, as in my head is spinning
To convert material such as cotton into thread
To move something in a rapid turning motion

bitch

US / bɪtʃ /

•

UK / bɪtʃ /

noun
Female dog
Offensive term for a female
verb
To aggressively complain about something

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

fair

US / feə(r) /

•

UK / fɛr /

adjecitve
Neither very good nor very bad; average
(Of skin) light colored; not dark
Quite good; quite a lot
Treating all people the same way
(Of hair) light colored; blonde
(Of weather) sunny; not raining
noun
Event for companies to show their products
Event to sell things to help a charity

school

US / sku:l /

•

UK / skul /

adjecitve
Being to do with schools and education
noun
Large group of fish that swim together
Education of a child
Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
A particular belief or idea about something
verb
To teach or train someone to know or do something

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

graveyard

US / ˈgreɪvjɑ:d /

•

UK / ˈgreɪvjɑ:rd /

noun
Area used for burials; area with many graves

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

hitter

US / ˈhɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhɪtɚ /

noun
Someone who hits (usually a ball in sports)

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

forest

US / 'fɒrɪst /

•

UK / ˈfɔrɪst, ˈfɑr- /

noun
Large area with many trees

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

uri

US / ˌjuː ɑːr ˈaɪ /

•

UK / ˌjuː ɑːr ˈaɪ /

noun
A string of characters used to identify a resource on a computer network, of which the best known ty

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

ultimate

US / ˈʌltɪmət /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪt /

adjecitve
Basic; original; most significant
Being the greatest example of something
Happening or coming at the end of process; final

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

creep

US / kri:p /

•

UK / krip /

noun
Scary or disliked person
verb
To move quietly so as not to be seen

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

age

US / eɪdʒ /

•

UK / edʒ /

verb
To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
To get older
noun
Period of time in history
Number of years a person or thing has lived

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

fail

US / feɪl /

•

UK / fel /

noun
A mark on a test showing you did not pass
verb
To be unsuccessful in passing a class or exam
To not do or provide something that is needed
To stop working or functioning; to break down
To not achieve a goal, or to go wrong

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

race

US / reɪs /

•

UK / res /

noun
Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
People who share physical features or culture
verb
To take part in a running or swimming competition
To move or go at a very fast pace
To take someone, something to a place very quickly

innings

US / ˈɪnɪŋz /

•

UK / ˈɪnɪŋz /

other
In some sports, the period a player is batting

contract

US / 'kɒntrækt /

•

UK / 'kɑ:ntrækt /

noun
Legal agreement, e.g. for doing work for money
Agreement to pay someone to kill a person
verb
To become ill as a result of getting a disease
To make an agreement for doing work for money
To reduce in size, length due to heat loss
To reduce the amount of

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

minor

US / 'maɪnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmaɪnɚ /

adjecitve
Not so large in size; not important or valuable
An interval a half tone smaller than its major
noun
Subject studied in college, but not the main one
Someone too young to be legally responsible

pirate

US / 'paɪrət /

•

UK / ˈpaɪrɪt /

noun
Person who attacks ships in order to steal things
verb
To copy or sell a product illegally
To steal things from ships by force

thrust

US / θrʌst /

•

UK / θrʌst /

noun
Movement of (e.g. a knife) towards someone
Primary purpose or meaning of something
Power or force that an engine produces
Strong or forceful push
verb
To move (e.g. a knife) forcefully towards someone
To push someone or something with great strength

widely

US / ˈwaɪdli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdlɪ /

adverb
To a large degree; over a large range
By or among a large number of people

athlete

US / ˈæθli:t /

•

UK / ˈæθˌlit /

noun
Person trained to compete in sports

scapegoat

US / 'skeɪpɡəʊt /

•

UK / ˈskepˌɡot /

noun
Person or thing carrying the blame for others

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

crossroad

US / 'krɔ:srəʊd /

•

UK / 'krɔ:sˌroʊd /

noun
Junction where one street or road crosses another

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

heat

US / hi:t /

•

UK / hit /

noun
State of anger, excitement, or arguing
Particular temperature at which to cook something
High temperature
One of series of races to find the finalists
Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
verb
To make hot or hotter

meister

US / ˈmaɪstər /

•

UK / /

crossReference
Denoting a person skilled or prominent in a specified area of activity.

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

position

US / pəˈzɪʃn /

•

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

noun
Person's opinion or attitude about something
Specific location where someone or something is
Where you play or your role on a sports team
Person's job or status level
Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
verb
To put in a particular location or direction

database

US / 'deɪtəbeɪs /

•

UK / ˈdetəˌbes, ˈdætə- /

noun
Data stored in logical order to aid retrieval

impeccable

US / ɪmˈpekəbl /

•

UK / ɪmˈpɛkəbəl /

adjecitve
That cannot be faulted/criticized; without flaws

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

clock

US / klɒk /

•

UK / klɑ:k /

noun
A device that shows the time
verb
To measure the time something takes

gambling

US / 'ɡæmblɪŋ /

•

UK / 'ɡæmblɪŋ /

noun
Act of betting money on events
verb
To play games to win money

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

draft

US / drɑ:ft /

•

UK / dræft /

noun
Withdrawal of money from the bank
System for selecting people to join the military
Method of selecting players for sports teams
Cold wind coming through a door or window
First attempt at a piece of writing
verb
To order people to join the army in time of war
To select people for a task or team
To write something that will be edited later

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

union

US / 'ju:nɪən /

•

UK / ˈjunjən /

noun
Act of joining two or more things into one
Marriage
Organization of workers to look after their needs

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

guess

US / ɡes /

•

UK / ɡɛs /

noun
Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
verb
To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

arsenal

US / 'ɑ:sənl /

•

UK / ˈɑrsənəl /

noun
Place where weapons are stored

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

ladder

US / 'lædə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlædɚ /

noun
Series of levels to go up in society or business
Device with a series of steps used for climbing

coach

US / kəʊtʃ /

•

UK / kotʃ /

noun
Large, comfortable bus
Person who teaches others how to do (sport, job)
verb
To teach others how to do something (e.g. sport)

fascinating

US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

adjecitve
Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
Very interesting
verb
To attract or interest greatly

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

style

US / staɪl /

•

UK / staɪl /

noun
The (tasteful) way something is designed or done
verb
To shape or design something in a certain way

serious

US / ˈsɪəriəs /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəs /

adjecitve
Giving something great energy or sincerity
Needing thought or concentration; important; grave
Being sincere about something; not joking

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

win

US / wɪn /

•

UK / wɪn /

noun
Success in beating the other team or competitors
Success in a game or contest
verb
To get something as a prize because of a success
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

hit

US / hɪt /

•

UK / hɪt /

noun
A planned killing, usually for money
Song, movie etc. that is successful
When someone strikes someone or something
Time when a player makes contact with the ball
Time when a website is accessed
verb
To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
To press something, such as a button or switch
To suddenly realize the importance of something
To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
To fight, attack or damage something or someone
To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

starter

US / ˈstɑ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈstɑ:rtə(r) /

noun
Electric motor for starting an engine
First part of a big meal, e.g. soup or salad

wart

US / wɔ:t /

•

UK / wɔrt /

noun
Small, hard growth that can appear on the skin

cutthroat

US / ˈkʌtθrəʊt /

•

UK / ˈkʌtˌθroʊt /

adjecitve
Ruthless in competition

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

factory

US / ˈfæktri /

•

UK / ˈfæktəri /

noun
Building where things are made

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

quest

US / kwest /

•

UK / kwɛst /

noun
Long and challenging journey to find something

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

rival

US / 'raɪvl /

•

UK / 'raɪvl /

verb
To be nearly as good as others in quality, skill
To be in opposition often as competitors
adjecitve
Matching the quality, skill, et. of others
Opposing; being the team you compete against
noun
Someone you are competing against/trying to beat

regiment

US / 'redʒɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈrɛdʒəmənt /

noun
Large military unit of soldiers

fly

US / flaɪ /

•

UK / flai /

noun
Common flying insect, sometimes blue in color
Opening with fold of cloth hiding zipper on pants
verb
To move in the wind, e.g. a flag
To move at a high speed
To travel in a plane, helicopter, balloon etc.
To pilot people or items by plane
To travel through the air using wings

rotation

US / rəʊˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / roʊˈteɪʃn /

noun
Regular change of the crops grown in a field
Group who take turns performing a certain task
Regularly changing the time when people work
Movement in a circle around a central point

house

US / haʊs /

•

UK / haʊs /

noun
Place where a specific activity or business occurs
Building in which a family, person lives
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

perfection

US / pəˈfekʃn /

•

UK / pɚˈfɛkʃən /

noun
State of excellence that cannot be improved

ball

US / bɔ:l /

•

UK / bɔl /

noun
Large dance where people dress formally
Small round object often used in a game or sport

wringer

US / ˈrɪŋə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪŋɚ /

noun
Drying device with rollers to squeeze out water

warmup

US / ˈwɔːm.ʌp /

•

UK / ˈwɔːrm.ʌp /

noun

cesspit

US / ˈsespɪt /

•

UK / ˈsespɪt /

noun

chest

US / tʃest /

•

UK / tʃɛst /

noun
Strong, lidded container for storing things
Front of the body between neck and stomach

portion

US / 'pɔ:ʃn /

•

UK / ˈpɔrʃən, ˈpor- /

noun
Serving of food that is intended for one person
Part of something shared that belongs to a whole
verb
To separate something to divide among people

master

US / 'mɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmæstɚ /

adjecitve
Being very skilled at doing something
Being the main or most important thing or part
noun
Someone who is very skilled at doing something
Holding a higher degree from a university
Male teacher
Owner of an animal, e.g. a dog
verb
To gain control over something
To learn to do something very well

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

proper

US / 'prɒpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɑpɚ /

adjecitve
Correct according to social or moral rules

lesson

US / 'lesn /

•

UK / ˈlɛsən /

noun
Something done to learn or teach something; class
Wisdom or knowledge received from an experience

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

recipient

US / rɪ'sɪpɪənt /

•

UK / rɪˈsɪpiənt /

noun
Someone who gets or receives something

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

jump

US / dʒʌmp /

•

UK / dʒʌmp /

noun
Large sudden increase
An act of springing into the air
Bar or other thing that is jumped over
A sudden movement due to surprise
verb
To attack someone suddenly
To push your body into the air with your legs
To suddenly decide to do something
To make a sudden movement due to surprise

roughly

US / ˈrʌfli /

•

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

adverb
Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
In a manner that is violent or not careful
In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
In a basic, simple manner

endless

US / ˈendləs /

•

UK / ˈɛndlɪs /

adjecitve
Having or appearing to have no end

recruit

US / rɪ'kru:t /

•

UK / rɪˈkrut /

noun
Person who has just joined the military
Person who has just begun a new activity or job
verb
To convince and help people to join the military
To find new employees, volunteers or members
To find people to join an organization or business

randy

US / 'rændɪ /

•

UK / ˈrændi /

adjecitve
Wanting to have sex (often)

mainly

US / ˈmeɪnli /

•

UK / ˈmenli /

adverb
Mostly; usually; being the largest part

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

andrews

US / ˈændruːz /

•

UK / ˈænˌdruz /

shane

US / ʃeɪm /

•

UK / ʃem /

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

absolute

US / ˈæbsəlu:t /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlut /

adjecitve
Complete; total; pure; not limited in any way
noun
Something that is complete, total, pure, certain

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

supersede

US / ˌsu:pə'si:d /

•

UK / ˌsjupɚˈsid /

verb
To replace an existing version with a newer one

health

US / helθ /

•

UK / hɛlθ /

noun
(Person, company) being in a good condition; well

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

Subtitles section

Major League Baseball.

Currently two days without a major controversy or scandal.

Grants that, it's now back to zero.

So what chaos has baseball been thrust into today?

Is it the gambling scandal involving Shohei's translator that won't go away?

Could it be tension in the players' union that isn't at bay?

Or is it simply the outright disaster that's the ace?

No, this situation is one involving men on the mound.

Nearly all of them, in fact.

Pitchers at the Major League level are absolute masters of their craft.

Dazzling movement of thousands of RPMs featuring impeccable break on their pitch is a near perfect location without fail.

It's part of the reason why batting averages have dropped precipitously over the years.

Dominance and greatness at a level we have never seen in the history of the game.

A proliferation of arms rivaling that of the Cold War.

Weapons of mass destruction on the mound.

There's only one major downside.

The knife.

Tommy John is no longer a fear for teams, it's an expectation.

Just like the near perfect pitches that hitters can't contact, devastating injuries are something that can't be avoided.

Look at the past few weeks.

Miami's rising star Uri Perez needs the dreaded namesake.

Cleveland's Shane Bieber, their ace in a contract year, needs it too.

Spencer Strider, one of the best starters in baseball, will probably go under for surgery soon due to UCL damage.

Garakul's trying his hardest to avoid it, but with trends, it feels more and more inevitable.

He'd join Jonathan Loisiga on the shelf if that comes to pass.

What you're seeing on screen is a list of Major League pitchers who have suffered long term injuries since October of two thousand twenty two.

Yes, this is a massive graveyard that includes more than Tommy John recipients, but we're not even taking minor leaguers into consideration!

If you're going off those numbers, there have been over two hundred of them in this time!

For one surgery!

Not even considering shoulders or legs!

Even position players deal with it!

To be fair, it's a much easier road to recovery, but it leads to a dire crossroads.

The arms race is leading to mutually assured destruction.

All the commissioners, horses, and men, all the pitch count limits, specialization, training, and nutrition in the world can't stop it.

Like a trip to Meister, Yokum, or James Andrews in the past, it is inevitable.

We're in an age where a team can no longer rely on five or six starters.

They need about ten.

Roughly half of them will fall to injury.

And it's only getting worse.

One hundred and sixty six players were on the injured list for opening day.

Only thirty four of them were position players.

Eighty percent of IL stints were from men on the mound.

Panic has set in for baseball.

Yet what if I were to tell you that this isn't a new phenomenon, but one that's been building up for decades.

Consequence of the quest for perfecting the human body and building the ultimate pitching machines.

I can hear all the boomers in the audience buffing out their chest and proclaiming, oh, back in the day, bitchers usually threw nine innings in that time to build houses on the side.

Yeah, those guys were mostly throwing high eighties.

And their training was nowhere near as intense as the modern athlete.

Even when I was a kid in the nineties, the likes of Randy Johnson hurling insane high nineties heat were extremely rare.

A handful of bullpen arms reached triple digits, but they had the luxury of shorter stints.

The average fastball for a starter at the turn of the century was around ninety miles per hour.

Now it's jumped to about ninety five.

Seeing a hundred plus on the radar as a kid was unique.

Now it's far more common.

We have guys nowadays hitting a hundred five miles per hour.

It's a quest for speed and nothing will stand in its way.

Over the years we've learned that velocity can be trained.

Modern training can make a high schooler hurl fireballs.

The human body is a fascinating machine that can be developed in ways thought impossible.

Only things they can't do so?

Bones, joints, and ligaments.

Like most machines, parts break down over time in constant use.

Pitcher's case, they're throwing arms.

The popular issue I've been seeing a lot of argument about is the pitch clock.

Oh, the dreaded pitch clock.

It's been a boon for baseball, speeding up games by a significant portion, widely praised by the media and fans alike.

Now the warts are starting to pop up.

Mainly in forcing pitchers to throw with less rest in between pitches.

And it's the hot topic to blame right now.

But is it really at fault?

Not entirely.

First point, this has been a steadily increasing phenomenon for years.

This will be happening regardless of pitch clock or not.

While an argument can be made that the reduced rest time between pitches is a detriment, it's trying to see a singular tree in an entire forest.

placing a short term scapegoat on a long term problem.

The issue we're seeing now starts when the pitchers are kids.

Sports have become so specialized and intricate that players are put through the wringer at a very young age.

And it only gets worse over time.

You start out as an eight year old being introduced to throwing with proper form.

Then you get a little older and the throwing regimens get a bit more serious.

They start introducing breaking pitches, emphasizing spin rate.

Then you get to organize travel leagues, little league, and keep throwing.

No time for rest, there's Pony League in high school to train and pitch for.

If you're just lucky enough to move on to college or the minor leagues, guess what happens?

More throwing.

Don't just consider games, think warmups, practices, training, drills, private lessons, you name it.

And most of that time without a long term rest period.

We're talking about potentially tens of thousands of throws a year in high school and beyond.

Thirteen and fourteen year old kids being scouted professionally.

Throwing ninety plus miles per hour in their mid teens is almost an expectation.

If you aren't hitting high eighties with projectability in high school, you might not get drafted or even recruited.

It's creating a cesspool of chaos with younger players.

An increasing number of athletes getting Tommy John are no longer in the majors or minors.

They're in high school.

about a quarter of them in the known database.

Ninety five surgeries were done in a five year span on players younger than twenty one.

Some are going under the knife as young as fourteen, and it's alarming since the UCL doesn't fully develop until they're twenty five.

Even James Andrews has sounded the alarm about it.

It's not one particular issue, the problem is everything.

Kids eager to do whatever it takes with parents and coaches that push them past physical limit.

And it's an endless quest to throw harder, throw more efficiently, more spin, more degree of movement, more.

And there's little for the body to give in the quest for progress.

A mass grave of torn ligaments and tendons are merely the cost of improvement.

And that's how you get the situation unfolding at the Major League level.

Years upon years upon years of wear and tear on the arms of these athletes has led to a literal breaking point.

Another bitching session between baseball and the players union for roughly the ten thousandth time in the last half decade.

Pitchers dropping like flies and everyone pointing fingers towards what they think is to blame.

So the question being thrown about is how to fix this.

My honest answer?

I don't know.

Ideally, the model would be to pivot to a style like Greg Maddox or Ladder Zangrenki, where velocity is sacrificed for impeccable control and finesse.

But that's a very tough ask when most pro batters are trained to destroy anything in the zone that doesn't break.

Not to mention with how intense and regimented youth baseball has become, this problem might get worse before there's a light at the end of the tunnel.

You have to go upstream to fix this.

And considering how cutthroat youth sports can be, there's a better chance at world peace.

Besides, if one family decides to limit or control their kid's pitching for the sake of health, there will be hundreds willing to usurp him.

The quest to get to the majors supersedes ligament integrity.

There's money and fame on the line.

And until you break that, there may be no solution in sight, no matter what investigative groups or recommendations baseball may suggest.

It's no longer about which teams have the best rotations that compete for championships.

It's which ones can survive the longest.

In twenty twenty three, over a third of pitchers in the majors had Tommy John at some point in their career.

Just less than a decade ago, it was a quarter of them.

And this number will keep creeping up.

You have fourteen hundred and fifty innings to pitch in a season.

How do you manage it with all this attrition?

Baseball has been perfecting the art of pitching for years, emphasizing the powers of science and technology to create the best arms the sport has ever seen.

An arsenal of power assembled as if in a factory, and the only thing holding them back are the limitations of the human body.

Until there's a way where titanium can be infused into ligaments and tendons, this issue will continue to manifest in most players that reach even the minor leagues.

Take Paul Skanes.

He'll be a fantastic pitcher for the Pirates, but I'm merely waiting for the moment when he'll need Tommy John in the next few years.

I've already accepted it.

It's become part and parcel, and it's simply because of the way baseball is approached.

The age old ethics question comes to mind.

Health or perfection?

Sacrifices have to be made for excellence.

Is it worth the price of admission?

That's to the eye of the beholder.

The bouncing ball, headed up the middle, diving stop!

Henderson throws it away!

The game is over!

The Pirates are gonna win it!

They're gonna win it in a wild play at the end!

Can you believe it?

Henderson, a spectacular stop!

Got the one out, then throws it away!

Praise the Johnny Roger!