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Brett Christophers: Reason for caution over BlackRock investment | Q+A 2023

Original YouTube Video | nzqanda Published on 2023-08-12 Level：64 Speed：45 maxwordlevel：27

Video vocabulary

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

arrangement

US / əˈreɪndʒmənt /

•

UK / əˈrendʒmənt /

noun
Particular design of a device
Piece of music written for a particular instrument
Group of things organized in a particular way
Organized plan, event for a time and place
Action done in order for something to happen

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

anymore

US / 'enɪmɔ: /

•

UK / ˌɛniˈmɔr, -ˈmor /

adverb
No longer; no more

extent

US / ɪkˈstent /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnt /

noun
Point, level or limit to which something reaches
Range or space included in something

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

manager

US / ˈmænɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒɚ /

noun
Person who controls and runs a business or group

student

US / ˈstju:dnt /

•

UK / ˈstudnt, ˈstjud- /

noun
Person studying at school

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

elaborate

US / ɪ'læbəreɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈlæbəret /

adjecitve
Made or done with great care or in a detailed way
verb
To explain something in detail
To be made or explained with great care/in detail

elsewhere

US / ˌelsˈweə(r) /

•

UK / ˌelsˈwer /

adverb
In, or to, another or different place

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

essentially

US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

adverb
Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

everywhere

US / ˈevriweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈevriwer /

adverb
Every place

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

accommodation

US / əˌkɒmə'deɪʃn /

•

UK / əˌkɑməˈdeʃən /

noun
Adapting to become better at handling situations
Consideration of the needs and opinions of others
Place to stay, often a hotel

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

firm

US / fɜ:m /

•

UK / fɚm /

adjecitve
Fairly hard or solid, not soft
Unchanging and strong
noun
Company that sells goods or services
verb
To make something become more solid or durable

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

prefer

US / prɪˈfɜ:(r) /

•

UK / prɪˈfɚ /

verb
To like something better than something else

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

secure

US / sɪ'kjʊə(r) /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊr /

adjecitve
Being attached to something tightly and surely
(Place that is) locked, guarded and safe
verb
To get or achieve something with certainty
To firmly attach something to something else
To protect from danger or harm, keep things safe

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

borrow

US / ˈbɒrəʊ /

•

UK / ˈbɑ:roʊ /

verb
To take and later return something from another
To carry one number to another column when adding

fund

US / fʌnd /

•

UK / fʌnd /

noun
Money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
A specific account into which you put money
verb
To supply money for something

mainly

US / ˈmeɪnli /

•

UK / ˈmenli /

adverb
Mostly; usually; being the largest part

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

profit

US / 'prɒfɪt /

•

UK / 'prɑ:fɪt /

noun
Benefit from doing something
Money earned from sales, after costs are deducted
verb
To be a benefit to someone
To earn money from something

rhetoric

US / ˈretərɪk /

•

UK / ˈrɛtərɪk /

noun
The study of public speaking or writing techniques

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

ultimately

US / ˈʌltɪmətli /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪtli /

adverb
Done or considered as the final and most important

understanding

US / ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ /

adjecitve
Being sympathetic
noun
When you get the meaning correctly; comprehension
Knowledge about something or someone
verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

actor

US / ˈæktə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæktɚ /

noun
Person who acts in the theater, movies, or TV

ethical

US / ˈeθɪkl /

•

UK / ˈɛθɪkəl /

adjecitve
Morally right; following principles of goodness
Involving the choice between right and wrong

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

annual

US / ˈænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈænjuəl /

adjecitve
Happening once a year, or every year
noun
Book (in a series) released each year

asia

US / ˈeɪʒə /

•

UK / ˈeɪʒə /

noun
Largest continent with Europe on the west to form Eurasia
other
Nations of the Asian continent collectively

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

bend

US / bend /

•

UK / bɛnd /

noun
When a road changes direction; turn
verb
To become curved or no longer straight
To move your body so that it is not straight up
To turn in a different direction, as a road
To use force to make an object not straight

attract

US / ə'trækt /

•

UK / əˈtrækt /

verb
To make something move closer using magnetic force
To make someone notice and become interested in

dividend

US / 'dɪvɪdend /

•

UK / ˈdɪvɪˌdɛnd /

noun
Money given to the owners of stock in a company

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

mix

US / mɪks /

•

UK / mɪks /

noun
A combination of more than two things
verb
To combine two or more things to make one
To meet and get along with others, e.g. at a party

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

tend

US / tend /

•

UK / tɛnd /

verb
To move or act in a certain manner
To take care of
To regularly behave in a certain way

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

notwithstanding

US / ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌnɑtwɪθˈstændɪŋ,-wɪð- /

adverb
In spite of that; nevertheless

available

US / əˈveɪləbl /

•

UK / əˈveləbəl /

adjecitve
Present and able to be used
Able to be used at a scheduled time

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

housing

US / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

noun
Homes; houses in general
Cover for a machine
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

position

US / pəˈzɪʃn /

•

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

noun
Person's opinion or attitude about something
Specific location where someone or something is
Where you play or your role on a sports team
Person's job or status level
Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
verb
To put in a particular location or direction

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

savvy

US / 'sævɪ /

•

UK / ˈsævi /

adjecitve
Wise; Not easily fooled; Street smart

precisely

US / prɪˈsaɪsli /

•

UK / prɪˈsaɪsli /

adverb
In an exact and accurate manner
(Emphasizes that a statement is totally correct)

charity

US / 'tʃærətɪ /

•

UK / ˈtʃærɪti /

noun
Kindness and willingness to forgive, help
Institution providing help to the needy, the sick
Person's name

gouge

US / ɡaʊdʒ /

•

UK / ɡaʊdʒ /

verb
To scoop out usually aggressively

ordinary

US / 'ɔ:dnrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɔ:rdneri /

adjecitve
Normal or usual

nurse

US / nɜ:s /

•

UK / nɜ:rs /

noun
Person trained to care for sick or injured people
verb
To care for and look after someone who is sick
To keep holding a bad feeling about someone
To drink/allow (baby) to drink milk from breast

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

basic

US / 'beɪsɪk /

•

UK / ˈbesɪk /

adjecitve
At the most important or easiest (beginner) level

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

healthy

US / ˈhelθi /

•

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

adjecitve
In good condition physically, or financially; well

misleading

US / ˌmɪsˈli:dɪŋ /

•

UK / mɪsˈlidɪŋ /

adjecitve
Having the wrong or mistaken idea
verb
To make someone have the wrong idea about a thing

totally

US / ˈtəʊtəli /

•

UK / ˈtotl:ɪ /

adverb
In a complete way; completely; absolutely

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

australia

US / ɒˈstreɪliə /

•

UK / ɔːˈstreɪliə /

noun
The smallest continent; between the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

series

US / ˈsɪəri:z /

•

UK / ˈsɪriz /

noun
Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
other
Number of things that happen one after another

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

unless

US / ənˈles /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

conjunction
Negative of 'if'

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

economy

US / ɪ'kɒnəmɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈkɑnəmi /

noun
Using money, resources in a careful, effective way
Total of all goods, services and wages in an area

global

US / ˈgləʊbl /

•

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

nationalize

US / ˈnæʃnəlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈnæʃnəlaɪz /

verb
To change private property to government ownership

obviously

US / ˈɒbviəsli /

•

UK / ˈɑːbviəsli /

adverb
In a way that is obvious/easy to see or understand

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

unquote

US / ˈʌnˈkwəut /

•

UK / ʌnˈkwot /

verb
To remove the quotation marks from

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

arabian

US / əˈreɪbiən /

•

UK / əˈrebiən /

adjecitve
Relating to or characteristic of Arabs
other
Of or relating to Arabian horses
Relating to or associated with Arabia or its people

chase

US / tʃeɪs /

•

UK / tʃes /

noun
Act of going after someone to catch them
other
To try very hard to get something that you want
verb
To go after with the intention of catching

speak

US / spi:k /

•

UK / spik /

verb
To be able to use a certain language
To use words to tell information, express thoughts

sell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

verb
To exchange something for money
To persuade people to do, like or agree

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

stick

US / stɪk /

•

UK / stɪk /

noun
Long thin piece of wood from a tree
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

forth

US / fɔ:θ /

•

UK / fɔrθ, forθ /

adverb
So as to be seen; out
Outward or forward in space, time

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

paraphrase

US / ˈpærəfreɪz /

•

UK / ˈpærəˌfrez /

noun
Summary of another person's words

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

regulate

US / ˈregjuleɪt /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəˌlet /

verb
To control something with rules or laws
To set/adjust (a clock, etc.); restrict motion in

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

distribute

US / dɪˈstrɪbju:t /

•

UK / dɪˈstrɪbjut /

verb
To hand out or give to people
To send products to stores to sell
To spread something over an area

fee

US / fi: /

•

UK / fi /

noun
Amount of money paid for a particular service

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

reproduce

US / ˌri:prə'dju:s /

•

UK / ˌriprəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To make a copy of something
To have children/young; grow roots/new plants

powerful

US / ˈpauəful /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

adjecitve
Having control or influence over
Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

deliver

US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

verb
To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
To save someone from a problem or crisis
To keep a promise; do what you say you would
To present something to a group, as a speech
To take something to a person or place

income

US / ˈɪnkʌm /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌkʌm /

noun
Earned money from work, investments or business

nick

US / nɪk /

•

UK / nɪk /

noun
Person's name
Scratches caused by accidentally knocking
verb
To make a scratch in
To steal

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

business

US / ˈbɪznəs /

•

UK / ˈbɪznɪs /

noun
A company formed for making profit
Matter that has to be dealt with; task; situation
Activity of working to make a profit

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

establish

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

verb
To set or create something to last for a long time
To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

lamentable

US / ˈlæməntəbl /

•

UK / ləˈmɛntəbəl, ˈlæmən- /

adjecitve
Bad; unfortunate

round

US / raʊnd /

•

UK / raʊnd /

adjecitve
Being in the shape of a circle or ball
Consisting of curved and not straight lines
Somewhat fat or curved in physical appearance
Being a whole number, not a fraction, decimal
adverb
From beginning to end (e.g. of the year)
noun
One of the three-minute periods in boxing
Drinks bought by one person for a group
Series regular visits, routes, or stops at places
Single shot or bullet fired from a gun
An object with a circular shape
One stage in a series of games, e.g. football
One's turn in a game such as cards
preposition
Going around
verb
To cause or make a circular or curved shape
To go or pass around the bend or corner
To change from a fraction to nearest whole number

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

fossil

US / 'fɒsl /

•

UK / ˈfɑsəl /

noun
Plant or animal that became rock after many years

historically

US / hɪ'stɒrɪklɪ /

•

UK / hɪsˈtɔrɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In history; in the past

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

articulate

US / ɑ:ˈtɪkjuleɪt /

•

UK / ɑ:rˈtɪkjuleɪt /

verb
To express something clearly using language

apartment

US / əˈpɑ:tmənt /

•

UK / əˈpɑ:rtmənt /

noun
Set of rooms to live in on one floor of a building

alongside

US / əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd /

•

UK / əˌlɔ:ŋˈsaɪd /

preposition
Side by side with something

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

firstly

US / ˈfɜ:stli /

•

UK / ˈfɚstli /

adverb
Before anything else

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

perform

US / pə'fɔ:m /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrm /

verb
To carry out an action well or successfully
To entertain an audience by dancing, singing etc.

portfolio

US / pɔ:t'fəʊlɪəʊ /

•

UK / pɔrtˈfoliˌo, port- /

noun
A list of the financial assets held by someone
List of work submitted to a teacher/for approval

operate

US / ˈɒpəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɑ:pəreɪt /

verb
To control or handle something, such as a machine
To control or manage something such as a business
To be working or being used
To perform surgery on someone

assurance

US / əˈʃʊərəns /

•

UK / əˈʃʊrəns /

noun
Freedom from doubt

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

entity

US / 'entətɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛntɪti /

noun
Something that exists by itself and is real

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

negotiator

US / nɪˈgəʊʃieɪtə(r) /

•

UK / nɪˈɡoʃɪˌetɚ /

noun
Person holding a discussion to reach agreement

nobody

US / ˈnəʊbədi /

•

UK / ˈnoʊbədi /

pronoun
No person; no one; not any person

telecommunication

US / ˌtelɪkəˌmju:nɪ'keɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈtɛlɪkəˌmjunɪˈkeʃən /

noun
Systems used in transmitting messages

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

adaptation

US / ˌædæpˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌædæpˈteʃən /

noun
Music, movie or play, changed to a new form
Changing to a new form; thing that is changed

announcement

US / əˈnaʊnsmənt /

•

UK / əˈnaʊnsmənt /

noun
Act of informing people about something publicly

book

US / bʊk /

•

UK / bʊk /

noun
Thing made of pages with writing on that you read
verb
(Police) to officially record someone's crimes
To reserve (hotel room, etc.) in advance
To produce a red or yellow card to a soccer player

expect

US / ɪk'spekt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

verb
To believe something is probably going to happen

fuel

US / 'fju:əl /

•

UK / ˈfjuəl /

noun
Material used to produce heat or power when burned
verb
To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
To provide gas or petrol for something

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

transportation

US / ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌtrænspɔ:rˈteɪʃn /

noun
Act of moving people or goods between places

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

stoke

US / stəʊk /

•

UK / stok /

verb
To add fuel or tend a fire to make it stronger

confuse

US / kənˈfju:z /

•

UK / kənˈfjuz /

verb
To make something unclear or hard to understand

economist

US / ɪˈkɒnəmɪst /

•

UK / ɪˈkɑ:nəmɪst /

noun
A person who studies economics

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

plaster

US / 'plɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / ˈplæstɚ /

noun
Substance used to cover walls to make them smooth
Piece of material for covering a cut; Band-Aid
verb
To cover something with plaster
To cover surfaces with papers, photos, posters etc.

mechanism

US / 'mekənɪzəm /

•

UK / ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm /

noun
Part of a machine that performs a certain function
System or process for achieving a certain result

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

boost

US / bu:st /

•

UK / bust /

noun
An increase in something
verb
To increase something; to make something better
To push someone or something up from beneath them

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

public

US / 'pʌblɪk /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

adjecitve
Owned by the government
Concerning society in general
Being available or accessible to people in general
Known or able to be known by all people

unbelievably

US / ˌʌnbɪˈli:vəblɪ /

•

UK / ˌʌnbɪˈlivəblɪ /

adverb
Very; exceptionally

brett

US / ˈbɑ:stet /

•

UK / ˈbɑstɛt /

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

everyday

US / ˈevrideɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˈde /

adjecitve
Used or seen daily; for daily use; ordinary

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

raise

US / reɪz /

•

UK / rez /

noun
Increase in a bet above another when playing cards
Pay increase
verb
To increase a bet above another when playing cards
To gather donations for a cause or charity
To bring up and educate a child to maturity
To bring a dead person to life
To increase a quantity, size, intensity or price
To lift (e.g. your hand) to a higher position
To mention a topic /issue for discussion; bring up
To increase (salary, etc.)
To grow or care for plants or animals

government

US / ˈgʌvənmənt /

•

UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /

noun
Group of people and system that rule a nation

honest

US / ˈɒnɪst /

•

UK / ˈɑnɪst /

adjecitve
Good, truthful, sincere, or faithful; trustworthy

unequally

US / ʌn'i:kwəlɪ /

•

UK / ʌn'i:kwəlɪ /

adverb
In a manner which is not equal

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

manage

US / ˈmænɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒ /

verb
To survive hardships and difficulties; to cope
To run or operate a business by directing others

mitigation

US / ˌmɪtɪˈgeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn /

noun
Act of making less severe or serious

prime

US / praɪm /

•

UK / praɪm /

adjecitve
Concerning the highest in quality or value
Concerning the highest level of achievement
Most important, chief importance in value
verb
To get a person ready for; prepare someone
To coat with paint to prepare it for the main coat

scene

US / si:n /

•

UK / sin /

noun
Incident where someone behaves angrily, badly
View that looks like a picture
Place where something particular happened
Part of an act in a play

relation

US / rɪˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈleɪʃn /

noun
Connection between two or more things
A member of your family
Way in which two or more things are connected

model

US / ˈmɒdl /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

adjecitve
Being an excellent example of
noun
Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
A small scale copy of a full original
verb
To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
To make a small scale copy of a full original

roadmap

US / /

•

UK / ˈroʊdmæp /

noun
A map of the roads

subsidize

US / ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz /

•

UK / 'sʌbsɪdaɪz /

verb
To aid, assist, or help pay a cost or price

sector

US / ˈsektə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛktɚ, -ˌtɔr /

noun
Part that a place is divided into
Area; type of industry or business

traditionally

US / trə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

•

UK / trə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

adverb
Something done in a customary, traditional manner

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

document

US / 'dɒkjʊmənt /

•

UK / ˈdɑkjəmənt /

noun
Official (printed) record that gives information
verb
To support an opinion with recorded evidence

choice

US / tʃɔɪs /

•

UK / tʃɔɪs /

adjecitve
Of good quality or taste; desirable
noun
Decision between two or more possibilities

renewable

US / rɪˈnju:əbl /

•

UK / rɪˈnu: /

adjecitve
Being able to be replaced naturally
noun
A resource that can be used again many times

timely

US / ˈtaɪmli /

•

UK / ˈtaɪmli /

adjecitve
At the right time; when required

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

transition

US / trænˈzɪʃn /

•

UK / trænˈzɪʃən, -ˈsɪʃ- /

noun
Change from one state, movement, place to another
verb
To change state, movement, place, or subject

relatively

US / ˈrelətɪvli /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a manner comparing something to something else

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

exxon

US / ˈɛksɑn /

•

UK / /

annum

US / ˈænjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈænjəlɚ /

blackrock

US / ˈblæˌkrɑk /

•

UK / /

extraction

US / ɪkˈstrækʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrækʃən /

noun
Process of taking something out of something else
Country, region from which a person or family came

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

industry

US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

noun
Hard work; being busy working
Factories or businesses that make certain products

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

macquarie

US / /

•

UK / /

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

saudi

US / 'saʊdɪ /

•

UK / 'saʊdɪ /

other
A native or inhabitant of Saudi Arabia

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

company

US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

•

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

noun
Good feeling from being with someone else
A business that sells things or provides services
Guests, especially in your home
Being with another person rather than alone

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

particular

US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

adjecitve
One specific (one)
Having firm ideas about what is desirable
Being special or more than is typical

risky

US / ˈrɪski /

•

UK / ˈrɪski /

adjecitve
With the chance it may be dangerous, unsuccessful

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

christopher

US / ˈkrɪstəfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkrɪstəfər /

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

increasingly

US / ɪnˈkri:sɪŋli /

•

UK / ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli /

adverb
More and more; in greater degree or amount

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

significantly

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfəkəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is important or noticeable
In a way that is meaningful

clean

US / kli:n /

•

UK / klin /

adjecitve
Not marked in any way; blank
Done according to the rules or standards; fair
Free from disease or sickness
Being free from dirt or marks; washed
Behaving well; not breaking any rules; legal
adverb
Completely; entirely
verb
To make free from dirt or marks; washed
To make neat and orderly e.g. a room
To remove the inner parts of an animal

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

pension

US / ˈpenʃn /

•

UK / ˈpɛnʃən /

noun
Regular payments you receive after you retire

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

spectrum

US / 'spektrəm /

•

UK / ˈspɛktrəm /

noun
The wavelengths of colors from red to violet
a range of different positions, opinions, etc. between two extreme points

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

release

US / rɪ'li:s /

•

UK / rɪ'li:s /

noun
Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
verb
To free someone from a responsibility or burden
To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
To let go of something you are holding

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

scheme

US / ski:m /

•

UK / skim /

noun
Plan (sometimes dishonest) to get or do something
Way something is organized, e.g. colors of a room
verb
To make secret plans to do something (often bad)

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

typically

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

adverb
In a normal or usual way

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

owner

US / ˈəʊnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈoʊnə(r) /

noun
Person who owns or has something

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

absorb

US / əb'sɔ:b /

•

UK / əbˈsɔrb, -ˈzɔrb /

verb
To take up all attention / energy of something
To take in a liquid; soak up

firefighter

US / ˈfaɪəfaɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfaɪərfaɪtə(r) /

noun
Person whose job is stopping and putting out fires

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

ongoing

US / ˈɒngəʊɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɑ:ngoʊɪŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing to exist or be in progress

pushback

US / 'pʊʃbæk /

•

UK / 'pʊʃbæk /

other
An effort to resist or reverse the effects of a previous action

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

minister

US / 'mɪnɪstə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɪnɪstɚ /

noun
An official who heads a government department
Person who performs Christian services

professor

US / prəˈfesə(r) /

•

UK / prəˈfɛsɚ /

noun
Teacher who teaches at a college or university

remove

US / rɪˈmu:v /

•

UK / rɪˈmuv /

verb
To get rid of something completely
To make someone leave his or her job or position
To move, erase or take away from a place
To take something off (e.g. clothing)

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

worker

US / ˈwɜ:kə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:rkə(r) /

noun
Person who works

wary

US / 'weərɪ /

•

UK / ˈwɛri /

adjecitve
Concerned about danger; cautious; circumspect

announce

US / əˈnaʊns /

•

UK / əˈnaʊns /

verb
To make a public statement about a plan, decision

aotearoa

US / aʊˌteɪəˈrəʊə /

•

UK / aʊˌteɪəˈroʊə /

background

US / ˈbækgraʊnd /

•

UK / ˈbækˌɡraʊnd /

noun
Images, color, or information behind the main one
Someone's personal work and educational history
A position not as important as the main event
Past events that influence things in the present

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

dollar

US / ˈdɒlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɑ:lə(r) /

noun
A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent

chris

US / dʒɒʃ /

•

UK / dʒɑ:ʃ /

institution

US / ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən, -ˈtju- /

noun
Organization created for a particular aim/purpose
Tradition, custom or system accepted by a group

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

yep

US / jep /

•

UK / jɛp /

noun
Another way of saying 'yes'

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

disincentivize

US / /

•

UK / /

transitive verb
Discourage (a person or course of action) by removing an incentive.

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

management

US / 'mænɪdʒmənt /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒmənt /

noun
People who are in control of a business or group
The process of running an organization

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

kia

US / ˈkiər /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
Killed in action.

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

society

US / sə'saɪətɪ /

•

UK / səˈsaɪɪti /

noun
A group who meet to share values or interests
Group of people living together
Upper class of a community

wealth

US / welθ /

•

UK / wɛlθ /

noun
Amount of money or possessions you own, e.g. large
Great quantity, amount, or number of something

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

larry

US / 'bɔɪstərəs /

•

UK / ˈbɔɪstərəs, -strəs /

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

nice

US / naɪs /

•

UK / naɪs /

adjecitve
Being attractive or of high quality or value
Good or enjoyable
Being kind or friendly

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

asset

US / 'æset /

•

UK / ˈæsˌɛt /

noun
Thing that has value to you

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

length

US / leŋθ /

•

UK / leŋθ /

noun
Distance from one end of a pool to the other
Measurement of distance or of time

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

zealand

US / ˈzi:lənd /

•

UK / ˈzilənd /

other
Largest island of Denmark and the site of Copenhagen

incentive

US / ɪnˈsentɪv /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɛntɪv /

noun
Something that encourages you to do something

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

capital

US / 'kæpɪtl /

•

UK / ˈkæpɪtl /

adjecitve
Main, or major
noun
Writing the first letter of a word in big letters
Official main city of a country, province or state
Collective name for money, shares, and assets
Money that is used for a business

extract

US / 'ekstrækt /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrækt /

noun
Essential ingredient of a natural thing
Part taken from a longer written work
verb
To get a substance out of a plant, etc.
To get a person to share secret information
To remove something by pulling or cutting

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

southeast

US / ˌsaʊθ'i:st /

•

UK / saʊθˈist, saʊˈist /

noun
Location in the southeastern part of an area

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

quote

US / kwəʊt /

•

UK / kwot /

noun
Written statement of the cost of something
The (often wise or famous) words of another person
verb
To tell someone how much a task will cost
To repeat precisely what a person said or wrote

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

uppsala

US / ˈʌpsɑ:lə,ˈupsɑ:lɑ: /

•

UK / ˈʌpsələ, -ˌsɑ-, ˌʊpˈsɑlɑ /

proper noun
A city in eastern Sweden; population 190,668 (2008).

relative

US / ˈrelətɪv /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪv /

adjecitve
Measured or considered in comparison to another
(Grammar) referring to words that appear earlier
noun
Members of the family
Humans or animals sharing the same family history

accuse

US / ə'kju:z /

•

UK / əˈkjuz /

verb
To claim that someone has done something wrong

client

US / 'klaɪənt /

•

UK / ˈklaɪənt /

noun
Person paying for professional services

alone

US / ə'ləʊn /

•

UK / əˈlon /

adjecitve
Apart from others
Without equal
adverb
Without anyone or anything else

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

democratization

US / dɪˌmɒkrətaɪ'zeɪʃn /

•

UK / dɪˌmɒkrətaɪ'zeɪʃn /

noun
Action to make an institution democratic

electricity

US / ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti /

•

UK / ɪlɛkˈtrɪsɪti,ˌilɛk- /

noun
Energy generated positive and negative charges

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

earner

US / ˈɜ:nə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rnə(r) /

noun
Someone who earn wages in return for their labor

investment

US / ɪnˈvestmənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛstmənt /

noun
Something purchased hoping its value will increase
Act of giving time, energy to see a future reward

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

giant

US / 'dʒaɪənt /

•

UK / ˈdʒaɪənt /

adjecitve
Very large, or much bigger than other things
noun
Tall, large, and powerful human-like creatures
Very successful, powerful person or organization

goal

US / ɡəʊl /

•

UK / ɡol /

noun
Something you try to do or achieve; an aim
(Sports) net into which you put a ball to score
(Sports) act of scoring by putting a ball in a net

favourite

US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

•

UK / 'fevərɪt /

adjecitve
Best liked or most enjoyed
noun
A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

sliver

US / 'slɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈslɪvɚ /

noun
Thin, often long piece of something, e.g. cheese

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

climate

US / ˈklaɪmət /

•

UK / ˈklaɪmɪt /

noun
Typical weather conditions in a particular place

consultation

US / ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑnsəlˈteʃən /

noun
Meeting with a doctor or specialist to get advice
A discussion between people to make a decision

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

alternative

US / ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv /

•

UK / ɔlˈtɚnətɪv, æl- /

adjecitve
A different choice
noun
Something different you can choose

critical

US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Making a negative judgment of something
Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
Most important part

identify

US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

verb
To indicate who or what someone or something is

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

rent

US / rent /

•

UK / rɛnt /

verb
To give the use of something in return for payment
To cut a piece of cloth by tearing it

therefore

US / ˈðeəfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈðerfɔ:(r) /

adverb
And so; for that reason

wastewater

US / 'weɪstwɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / 'weɪstwɔ:tər /

noun

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

chevron

US / 'ʃevrən /

•

UK / ˈʃɛvrən /

noun
V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

ones

US / wʌnz /

•

UK / wʌnz /

number
Number 1, a single person or thing

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

university

US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

noun
High-level educational institution; college

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

investor

US / ɪnˈvestə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛstɚ /

noun
Person who spends money to help businesses grow

physical

US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the body of a person
Concerning things that can be seen or touched
noun
Health check at the doctors' or hospital

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

verb
To say to someone that you want something

discussion

US / dɪˈskʌʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌʃən /

noun
Any long communication about a particular topic

exact

US / ɪɡ'zækt /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzækt /

adjecitve
Completely correct; accurate; specific
verb
To get something, sometimes using force

surplus

US / ˈsɜ:pləs /

•

UK / ˈsɚpləs, -ˌplʌs /

adjecitve
More than is needed or wanted
noun
Extra amount of something above what you need

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

whereby

US / weəˈbaɪ /

•

UK / hwɛrˈbaɪ, wɛr- /

adverb
By which; by that thing

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

specifically

US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

•

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

adverb
As regards a particular thing; closely related to
In particular

consumer

US / kənˈsju:mə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsumɚ /

noun
Person who buys goods or services

fortune

US / 'fɔ:tʃu:n /

•

UK / ˈfɔrtʃən /

noun
What might happen to you in the future
Chance or luck, particularly good luck
Very large amount of money

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

insurance

US / ɪnˈʃʊərəns /

•

UK / ɪnˈʃʊrəns /

noun
Protection against loss/injury/death you pay for

line

US / laɪn /

•

UK / laɪn /

noun
Border that divides two places or regions
Long crease in the skin, often from age
Mark that is long, straight and very thin
Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
Telephone connection
People waiting one behind the other; queue
Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
verb
To put material along the inside of something

report

US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

noun
Account of the necessary facts and information
The telling of news in the media
Official statement about something
verb
To submit a report or bill to the government
To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
To state something officially
To officially present yourself to an authority
To describe something by telling it to others

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

steward

US / ˈstju:əd /

•

UK / ˈstu:ərd /

noun
Person who manages an event or activity
Male cabin attendant on an airplane

charge

US / tʃɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / tʃɑrdʒ /

noun
An attack by running quickly toward someone
A price for a service or goods
When a battery has a certain amount of electricity
Amount of money you pay for a service
verb
To run quickly toward someone to attack them
To ask for money as a price for a service or goods
To put electricity in a battery
To give responsibility to take care of or manage
To state that someone has committed a crime

ora

US / ˈɔ:rə /

•

UK / ˈɔrə, ˈorə /

noun

limited

US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

adjecitve
(Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
With restrictions; not broad in scope
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

per

US / pə(r) /

•

UK / pɚ /

preposition
In the manner directed or suggested
For each; during each

sovereign

US / ˈsɒvrɪn /

•

UK / ˈsɑ:vrən /

noun
King, queen, emperor etc. of a country

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

attractive

US / əˈtræktɪv /

•

UK / əˈtræktɪv /

adjecitve
Making you like them, as by being good-looking

fluffy

US / 'flʌfɪ /

•

UK / ˈflʌfi /

adjecitve
Containing air and being light in weight
Covered with a light, soft material

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

infrastructure

US / 'ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃɚ /

noun
Basic necessary equipment for a country or region

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

undertake

US / ˌʌndə'teɪk /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈtek /

verb
To begin; attempt; take on responsibility for

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

broadly

US / ˈbrɔ:dli /

•

UK / ˈbrɔdlɪ /

adverb
In a general (not detailed) manner

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

individual

US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

•

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

adjecitve
Made for use by one single person
Having a distinct manner different from others
noun
Single person, looked at separately from others

lumber

US / 'lʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlʌmbɚ /

noun
Pieces of wood cut ready for use in building
verb
To move heavily, slowly, and awkwardly

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

carrot

US / ˈkærət /

•

UK / ˈkærət /

noun
Reward offered to make someone do something
Long hard orange vegetable that grows underground

emission

US / iˈmɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪˈmɪʃən /

noun
A substance (e.g. gas) released into the air

generation

US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

noun
Act or process of producing or causing something
People born and living at about the same time

occur

US / əˈkɜ:(r) /

•

UK / əˈkɚ /

verb
To come to pass or to happen

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

black

US / blæk /

•

UK / blæk /

adjecitve
Color of the sky on a dark night
noun
A person with dark skin, often of African origin
Person's name
verb
To fill in something to make it a very dark color

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

principally

US / ˈprɪnsəpli /

•

UK / ˈprɪnsəpli /

adverb
Mainly; chiefly; most of all

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

green

US / gri:n /

•

UK / ɡrin /

adjecitve
Color of young leaves
Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
Concerned about protecting the environment
The color of young leaves
Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
noun
Large grassy area
used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

generate

US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

verb
To create or be produced or bring into existence
To create electricity, heat, energy and power

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

Subtitles section

I am absolutely stoked.

This is a game changer, a no-brainer.

Today is a watershed moment in our transition to 100% renewable electricity generation.

That was Prime Minister Chris Hipkins announcing the new $2 billion renewable energy deal with US investment giant BlackRock.

But economist Brett Christophers is wary of the influence held by companies such as BlackRock.

He's a professor at Sweden's Uppsala University and the author of Our Lives in Their Portfolios, Why Asset Managers Own the World, which examines companies like BlackRock into our great fortune, but just happens to be in Aotearoa,

New Zealand this week.

Kia ora, good morning.

Good morning.

What do you make of the deal?

I read the deal as very much a sign of the times.

And what I mean by that is that governments around the world, not just in New Zealand, have identified a whole series of investment demands relating particularly to infrastructure.

And I know you were just talking about infrastructure just now.

Not least relating to climate infrastructure, infrastructure of climate mitigation and adaptation.

And as well as recognising a huge demand for investment, I think the second important part is that governments have increasingly

Accepted or taken the view that governments themselves shouldn't be undertaking that investment.

It shouldn't be principally or even at all public money.

So they're looking to the private sector to undertake most of that investment.

And then if you look at the private sector and you look at where is their surplus capital sitting available to be invested in that type of infrastructure?

Well, the answer these days is pretty much asset management companies like BlackRock.

So they have about $100 trillion of capital under management.

They manage capital for entities like pension schemes and insurance companies and sovereign wealth funds, as well as individuals like you and I.

And so if you're looking to the private sector to carry out investment these days, then you're looking principally to asset managers.

So this deal is absolutely a sign of wider times, I would say.

What does BlackRock get out of it?

I mean, money maybe, but what else?

BlackRock, like in all of its investments, is looking to do two things.

It's looking to make money, but it's also looking for good public relations and investment in green energy, notwithstanding some pushback in the States, where a lot of people have accused BlackRock in its head,

Larry Fink, of kind of being woke for investing in things like renewables.

But for the most part, people want to see them carrying out

Ethical investment of one form or another.

And so they get good PR, and obviously, they'll be looking to make money.

They're not going to come here.

They're not a charity.

They're not coming here and, you know, here's the money, do with it what you will.

And I think that's kind of my main view, I would say, of the deal, is that we don't have any detail.

But one would imagine that behind the scenes, there's been a lot of discussion where BlackRock would have said, well, you know, we'll do the fund, but we want to be pretty certain we're going to make money out of it.

And this is the thing I would say, is that renewables investment everywhere in the world is a risky business.

And BlackRock, like other leading private sector investors in renewables, does not invest in renewables unless it has seen that a significant amount of that risk has been absorbed by other actors.

And so they will not have said, we're going to give you this money without the government giving some sort form of assurance that there'll be a scheme in place whereby some of that risk will be removed.

Right.

See, that's very interesting.

The day after the announcement, the government released a consultation document with a roadmap for energy transition in New Zealand.

Is that enough of a carrot?

Is that enough of the assurance that BlackRock will be requiring, do you think?

Well, look, I mean, I think what will happen, I mean, the thing is, the money's not there yet.

That's the important thing to understand is, I mean, just for your viewers of the basic kind of background of how that industry works, an asset management firm like BlackRock will say, we're going to establish an investment fund.

In this case, it's to invest in clean energy infrastructure of one form or another, specifically in New Zealand.

But it could be transportation infrastructure in Southeast Asia or housing in America, whatever else.

And then they go along to their investors, the pension funds, the sovereign wealth funds, and say, look, we've got this investment fund we're setting up.

This is what we're going to do with it.

We think it's going to be able to generate, if you put money into it, we think it will help generate you returns of 10%, 12% per annum, whatever it might be.

These are the fees we're going to charge you for putting money into that fund.

We think it will be good for you to give us $100 million to put into that fund.

10 years time, we'll return that money to you with a healthy profit.

Now, they've said they'll establish the fund, but they have yet to go on the road, so to speak, to raise that capital.

And so while they're doing that, there'll be ongoing discussions going on with the New Zealand government about how renewable energy investment is regulated and managed in New Zealand.

And historically, I mean, I think this is one of the really interesting things about New Zealand.

Historically, there has been less, so to speak, government support for renewables in New Zealand than elsewhere in the world.

The main way in which it's, quote unquote, subsidised at the moment, as I understand it, is through the emissions trading scheme, which basically makes fossil fuel-fired power more expensive, and therefore,

In relative terms, makes renewables less expensive.

But my understanding is that the government has come to a view with the industry that other mechanisms of support are going to be required going forward.

Right, right.

If money makes the world go round, and companies like BlackRock have traditionally had massive, massive investments in fossil fuels, is it not a good thing that the money is chasing returns in renewables?

Yep.

I mean, yeah, I'd say three things in answer to that.

So the first is, absolutely, it's better that if BlackRock is going to invest in the energy sector, that that is in renewables than in fossil fuels, 100%.

But let's be honest, I mean, this is another really important thing to understand, is that the part of BlackRock that invests in specific infrastructure projects that will be doing this is an entirely different part of BlackRock than the part that holds shares in BP and Shell and Chevron and Exxon.

Totally different types of funds, different fund managers, different business operating on completely different incentive mix.

That's the one thing.

Second thing, if the choice is between BlackRock investing in renewables in New Zealand and nobody investing in renewables in New Zealand, it's far better that BlackRock does it.

Like, it's better that the investment occurs.

If someone was to ask me, would you prefer renewables investment occurs in New Zealand, BlackRock makes a filthy profit, then the investment doesn't occur at all.

I'll take the first choice every time.

Third thing to say, however, is that BlackRock is not the only potential investor in renewable energy in New Zealand.

And BlackRock, wherever it operates in the world, like other major asset management institutions, tends to come out on top when it does these types of arrangements because BlackRock is a savvy negotiator and governments are bending over backwards to attract that type of capital and giving them good deals.

And my position will be, well, is BlackRock the only alternative and wouldn't it potentially be better if, for example, the public sector borrowed the money and undertook that investment itself?

More broadly, what is your concern with these investment funds?

So my main concern with these funds, which I kind of elaborate at length in the book, is that my view based on the research that I've done is that they have a particular set of incentives that makes them inappropriate owners of assets,

Of physical assets on which ordinary people rely to a significant extent in their daily lives.

So the ones I talk about in the book are principally housing on the one hand, and that can include not just everyday apartment blocks or more single family housing, but student accommodation, care homes,

For example, they invest a lot in.

So housing on the one hand, and then critical infrastructures on the other hand that deliver services like water and wastewater treatment, transportation infrastructures that you were talking about earlier of being a big area investment,

Telecommunications infrastructure, and then energy infrastructures.

Now, when they invest in these infrastructures, they typically do so for a limited time period because their business model is not for the most part buying and holding for the long term, despite some kind of very nice fluffy rhetoric about being long-term stewards and so on.

For the most part, they buy and sell within a few years because that's how they make their money.

And actually, I noticed particularly in relation to this deal, that BlackRock has actually said it doesn't expect to own these infrastructures for the long term.

It expects to own them for a relatively short period of time, which begs the question of why they would own them in the first place.

And if your incentive is to own infrastructures and housing with a view to selling them and making a profit,

You have two or three specific incentives that I think make them inappropriate.

Firstly, your main goal is to increase the income you extract from those assets as quickly as possible to make them more attractive to other potential buyers, which means putting up rents, putting up water rates and so on.

But the other thing is, if you know that you're not going to be owning that infrastructure in 10 years' time, let alone in 20 or 30 years' time, you are by your very nature disincentivized to carry out long-term capital expenditure,

Long-term capital investment that will, for example, keep that infrastructure in good shape for 20 or 30 years' time.

You're much more likely to be inclined to carry out kind of like Band-Aid, sticking plaster type solutions, which keep those infrastructures in okay nick for the next few years, but then basically lumber the next owner with those problems.

And if you look at the, many viewers will have heard about the lamentable state of UK water and wastewater infrastructures, which have been significantly owned by asset management institutions in recent times,

Including Macquarie from Australia, owned Thames Water for a long period of time.

And that's just a case study in under-investment in the infrastructure, alongside massive extraction through dividends and so on and so forth of income.

But at the same time, over the period through which asset managers have increased their influence in the global economy, we as consumers have been able to access these funds in a way that we weren't previously able to do.

And I think of things like share trading apps, and there's been a democratisation of sorts when it comes to investments in these kinds of assets.

So if the alternative is to have nationalised assets when it comes to these infrastructure kind of things, don't we, the people, still own them?

Yes and no.

Yeah.

So, I mean, that's a great question.

So one of my favourite lines from the other blacks, so not BlackRock, Blackstone, which, again, people often get confused between their two.

They used to be part of the same company, but they're not anymore.

Be nice to see a bit of range in the spectrum there.

Exactly.

So one of my favourite lines that they reproduce in their annual report every year is they say, and like BlackRock, they're an asset management firm that establishes investment funds, for their clients.

And they say every year, to the extent that, and I'm paraphrasing here, it's not the exact same words, but to the extent that our investment funds perform well, we are securing a safe and secure future for ordinary workers like nurses and firefighters and teachers because it's their money,

Ultimately, that we're investing.

And therefore, if the funds perform very, very well, they're the people that's benefiting.

Now, that is a very misleading discourse, but it's a very powerful discourse because people think along precisely the lines that you were just articulating there.

And it's misleading for a couple of reasons.

So the first of the, well, for three reasons, I keep coming up to three.

The first of those is like, well, yes, but if those funds are making profits for ordinary retirement savers by investing money in a fund that is itself making money by ratcheting up rents on other workers or even potentially the same workers,

Then I'm not particularly sure that's a good thing.

And I'm not sure I would want my pension to be boosted by essentially kind of rent gouging other people.

So that's one thing.

Second thing is, increasingly the money that the funds like BlackRock and Blackstone establish, it is not the money of ordinary retirement savers.

Increasingly, it is the money of institutions like huge sovereign wealth funds from the Middle East.

So for example, Blackstone's biggest infrastructure fund, which has about, I think just over $20 billion US dollars invested in it.

Half of the capital in that fund is the fund of one sovereign wealth fund, which is the PIF, the public investment fund of Saudi Arabia, where there's all sorts of questions about human rights and so on.

So if that fund makes money, well, they're doing it, they're making the money mainly for Saudi Arabian government.

So that's the second thing.

Third thing is, yes, some of the rest of the money is retirement savings, but like all forms of wealth, retirement savings wealth, so pension wealth, is unbelievably unequally distributed in society.

I think if you look at the US, something like the 50% of all retirement savings are held by the top 2% of the highest income earners.

So yes, if Blackstone or BlackRock's funds perform well, some of the money, the profit that is generated by that fund goes to ordinary workers, but it's a tiny, tiny sliver.

Yeah.

Thank you so much for your time.

We really appreciate it.

It's great to have you in New Zealand this week.

It's very timely.