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The Carnivorous Fungi That Devour Nematodes

Video vocabulary

digit

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US / ˈdɪdʒɪt /

UK / ˈdɪdʒɪt /

B2
  • noun
  • Person's finger or toe
  • Written symbol of the numbers from 0 to 9

flagellum

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US / flə'dʒeləm /

UK / flə'dʒeləm /

A1
  • noun
  • Whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor)a lash-like appendage used for locomo

human

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US / 'hju:mən /

UK / ˈhjumən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or characteristic of people
  • noun
  • A person; a man, woman or child

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

moon

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US / mu:n /

UK / mun /

A2
  • noun
  • Round object circling the Earth at night
  • verb
  • To expose your buttocks as a joke

act

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US / ækt /

UK / ækt /

A1
  • noun
  • What someone did; action; behavior
  • A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
  • One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
  • verb
  • To behave in a certain way
  • To perform on a stage or in a movie

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

web

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US / web /

UK / wɛb /

A1
  • noun
  • Skin between ducks' toes that enables them to swim
  • Internet's collection of interrelated information
  • Net made from silk threads produced by spiders
  • Complicated set of relationships or connections

strange

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US / streɪndʒ /

UK / strendʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Unusual or odd; surprising because unexpected

produce

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US / prə'dju:s /

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

A1
  • noun
  • Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
  • verb
  • To grow something naturally
  • To make something appear
  • To manufacture something using machines
  • To control the making a movie or television show

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

chance

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US / tʃɑ:ns /

UK / tʃæns /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening by luck; not planned
  • Taking a risk to try something
  • noun
  • The way something happens without planning
  • An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
  • The possibility that something will happen
  • verb
  • To occur just through luck; happen
  • To take a risk to try something

common

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US / 'kɒmən /

UK / ˈkɑmən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
  • Typical, normal; not unusual
  • noun
  • Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
  • Field near a village owned by the local community

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

topic

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US / 'tɒpɪk /

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Subject or issue people talk or write about

toxin

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US / ˈtɒksɪn /

UK / ˈtɑ:ksɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • Any poisonous substance

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

network

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US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

A2
  • noun
  • Group of computers connected to each other
  • System of connections
  • Group who work closely with each other
  • Group of radio or television stations, programs
  • verb
  • To join a group of computers together
  • To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

grower

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US / 'ɡrəʊə(r) /

UK / 'ɡroʊr /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone whose job it is to grow plants for food

damage

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US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Physical harm that is done to something
  • verb
  • To harm physically; to hurt or break something

device

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US / dɪˈvaɪs /

UK / dɪˈvaɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • Object, machine, or equipment for a specific use
  • Method of doing something; a way

background

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US / ˈbækgraʊnd /

UK / ˈbækˌɡraʊnd /

A2
  • noun
  • Images, color, or information behind the main one
  • Someone's personal work and educational history
  • A position not as important as the main event
  • Past events that influence things in the present

signal

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US / 'sɪɡnəl /

UK / ˈsɪɡnəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Most important or most noticeable
  • noun
  • Movement of a hand or other means to send messages
  • Act/sound that tells people to do/start something
  • Road-side lights that direct traffic to go or stop
  • Sound and light waves carrying TV and radio data
  • verb
  • To be evidence/an indication something will happen
  • To make a noise or motion to tell someone to start

minefield

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US / ˈmaɪnfi:ld /

UK / ˈmaɪnˌfild /

B2
  • noun
  • A dangerous situation or task
  • Area in which explosive mines have been placed

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

magnificent

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US / mæɡ'nɪfɪsnt /

UK / mæɡˈnɪfɪsənt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Splendid; brilliant; extremely good

hatch

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US / hætʃ /

UK / hætʃ /

B1
  • noun
  • Door or covering to an opening in boat's deck
  • other
  • To be born or come out from an egg
  • verb
  • To be born or come out from an egg
  • To produce or create an idea or plan secretly

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

yet

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US / jet /

UK / jɛt /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a later time (used after ‘not’)
  • (Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
  • Eventually; at a future time
  • Until now; up to the present
  • conjunction
  • Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

usually

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US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Normally; regularly

video

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US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of a moving film, with sound
  • noun
  • Recording capturing action with sound
  • verb
  • To make a moving film of, with sound

mushroom

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US / ˈmʌʃrʊm /

UK / ˈmʌʃˌrum, -ˌrʊm /

B1
  • noun
  • Short fungus shaped like an umbrella you can eat
  • verb
  • To increase in size or degree suddenly and quickly

structure

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US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
  • verb
  • To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

protein

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US / ˈprəʊti:n /

UK / ˈprəʊˌtiːn /

B1
  • noun
  • Group of molecules made from amino acids

planet

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US / 'plænɪt /

UK / ˈplænɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • One of the bodies that orbit the sun

organ

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US / 'ɔ:ɡən /

UK / ˈɔrɡən /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a person's body with a particular function
  • Large institution or body
  • Large wind instrument similar to a piano

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

host

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US / həʊst /

UK / host /

A2
  • noun
  • Mass; a great number
  • Person who entertains guests
  • Plant or animal on or in which parasites live
  • Presenter on a television or radio program
  • verb
  • To be the sponsor of an event, e.g. the Olympics
  • To lead or start a party, program, or other event
  • To lead a TV or radio show as the announcer

inflate

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US / ɪnˈfleɪt /

UK / ɪnˈflet /

B1
  • other
  • To make a thing seem bigger/greater than it is
  • verb
  • To fill/be filled with air and make/become bigger
  • To make a thing seem bigger/greater than it is
  • To increase (e.g. a price) more than it should be

murder

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US / 'mɜ:də(r) /

UK / ˈmɚdɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is difficult or painful to do
  • Crime of deliberately killing a person
  • verb
  • To intentionally kill a person
  • To spoil, ruin something by doing it poorly

researcher

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US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

stationary

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US / 'steɪʃənrɪ /

UK / ˈsteʃəˌnɛri /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being still or unmoving

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

wall

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US / wɔ:l /

UK / wɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • High, flat side of a room or building

adapt

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US / ə'dæpt /

UK / əˈdæpt /

B1
  • verb
  • To change something for a different function
  • To change something to fit or suit a new purpose

able

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US / 'eɪbl /

UK / ˈebəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Skilled; good at something
  • Having the ability to do something

flail

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US / fleɪl /

UK / flel /

A1
  • noun
  • Threshing tool with metal parts attached to handle

multiple

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US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having or involving more than one of something
  • noun
  • Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
  • Shop with many branches

three

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US / θri: /

UK / θri /

A1
  • number
  • Number 3

surface

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US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
  • noun
  • Top layer of the ground or of water
  • Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
  • Outside or upper layer of something
  • verb
  • To give (road) a top layer
  • To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
  • To come to the top of something; emerge
  • To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

vital

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US / 'vaɪtl /

UK / 'vaɪtl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Needed to support life; essential
  • Full of life; energetic

free

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US / fri: /

UK / fri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Living, happening without being controlled
  • Costing no money
  • Not working; not busy
  • verb
  • To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

may

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US / meɪ /

UK / me /

A1
  • noun
  • 5th month of the year
  • other
  • Used to express a desire
  • Expresses permission, possibility or probability
  • Used to show that a thing could be true

play

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US / pleɪ /

UK / pleɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Loose, free movement between two objects
  • Single action in a sports game
  • Performance in which people act in a theater
  • verb
  • To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
  • To perform music on an instrument
  • To use a device, e.g. a video game
  • To do something for enjoyment and fun
  • To do or perform a game or sport

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

deadly

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US / ˈdedli /

UK / ˈdɛdli /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Causing or capable of causing death
  • Being very accurate

feast

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US / fi:st /

UK / fist /

B1
  • noun
  • Religious celebration
  • Special meal with large amounts of food and drink
  • verb
  • To eat a large special meal often in celebration

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

root

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US / ru:t /

UK / rut, rʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
  • The origin or starting place of something
  • A number that is multiplied by itself
  • Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
  • Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
  • Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
  • verb
  • To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
  • (Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
  • To stop someone moving, as through fear

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

turn

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US / tɜ:n /

UK / tɚn /

A1
  • noun
  • Place where changing of direction happens
  • Your time or chance to perform a duty
  • Your chance to play or do in say a game
  • Unexpected change, as in the weather
  • verb
  • To become (a particular age)
  • To become a different quality, color, etc.
  • To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
  • To move in an opposite direction or position
  • To shape metal with a spinning tool

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

five

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US / faɪv /

UK / faɪv /

A1
  • number
  • 5

identify

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US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

B1
  • verb
  • To indicate who or what someone or something is

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

live

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US / lɪv /

UK / liv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
  • Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
  • Glowing because burning; hot
  • Not yet killed (for food)
  • adverb
  • (Music, drama) as it is performed
  • verb
  • To be alive
  • To experience a particular type of life
  • To make your home in a house or town

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

lineage

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US / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

UK / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • People in someone's family who lived in the past

nosh

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US / nɒʃ /

UK / nɑːʃ /

C2
  • noun
  • A snack or light meal

convert

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US / kən'vɜ:t /

UK / kənˈvɚt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person switching from one belief system to another
  • verb
  • To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
  • To change form, character, or function to another

towards

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US / tə'wɔ:dz /

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the direction of someone or something

nestle

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US / ˈnesl /

UK / ˈnɛsəl /

B2
  • verb
  • To be sheltered or protected by e.g. trees, hills
  • To rest against something that is comfortable

enter

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US / 'entə(r) /

UK / ˈɛntɚ /

A1
  • verb
  • To start a career or an education
  • To become a competitor in a contest
  • To add or type information in a computer
  • To go into a room, building etc.

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

content

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US / 'kɒntent /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛnt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being happy or satisfied
  • noun
  • Information in something, e.g. book or computer

yours

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US / jɔ:z /

UK / jʊrz, jɔrz, jorz /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Something the other person has

whole

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US / həul /

UK / hol /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; all of
  • Being in a good condition
  • noun
  • Complete amount or sum; total

size

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US / saɪz /

UK / saɪz /

A1
  • noun
  • How big or small a thing is
  • Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
  • verb
  • To make something to fit a particular measurement
  • To organize or group from small to large

reproduce

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US / ˌri:prə'dju:s /

UK / ˌriprəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

B1
  • verb
  • To make a copy of something
  • To have children/young; grow roots/new plants

quite

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US / kwaɪt /

UK / kwaɪt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not very; fairly
  • Very; In a complete or total manner

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

opening

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US / ˈəʊpnɪŋ /

UK / ˈoʊpnɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Free job; job you can apply for
  • Action of starting something, e.g. a new business
  • verb
  • To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
  • To start the activities or services of a business
  • To make a space or hole appear in something
  • To move or change so that it is no longer closed
  • To start something, e.g. a new business

fix

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US / fɪks /

UK / fɪks /

A2
  • noun
  • Answer to a problem
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something
  • To attach something so it will not move or change
  • To dishonestly arrange the result of a game
  • To make an animal unable to produce young
  • To make something whole or able to work again

food

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US / fu:d /

UK / fud /

A1
  • noun
  • What people and animals eat to live
  • Things taken in by plants to maintain life
  • A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

stab

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US / stæb /

UK / stæb /

B1
  • verb
  • To strike a blow with a knife, as to kill someone

projectile

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US / prəˈdʒektaɪl /

UK / prəˈdʒɛktəl, -ˌtaɪl /

C1
  • noun
  • Something thrown or fired at a target

nematode

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US / ˈnemətəʊd /

UK / ˈnemətoʊd /

A1
  • noun
  • Unsegmented worms with elongated rounded body pointed at both ends; mostly free-living but some are

gun

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US / ɡʌn /

UK / ɡʌn /

A2
  • noun
  • Weapon which fires bullets down a tube
  • verb
  • To suddenly make an engine run faster

habit

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US / 'hæbɪt /

UK / ˈhæbɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Loose clothing like a cloak, worn by monks, nuns
  • Usual way of behaving; something often repeated

surprising

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US / səˈpraɪzɪŋ /

UK / sərˈpraɪzɪŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Making you feel a bit shocked because unexpected
  • verb
  • To do something that another person didn't expect

support

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US / səˈpɔ:t /

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Assistance or advice given to someone
  • Evidence that helps prove something is true
  • A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
  • verb
  • To give assistance or advice to someone
  • To help prove or show that something is true
  • To hold up or prevent from falling down

sense

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US / sens /

UK / sɛns /

A1
  • noun
  • Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • Normal or clear state of mind
  • Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
  • verb
  • To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
  • To recognize the presence of something

infestation

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US / ˌɪnfe'steɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnfe'steɪʃn /

C2
  • noun
  • State of being invaded or overrun by parasites

hyphae

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US / ˈhaɪfiː /

UK / ˈhaɪˌfiː /

A1
  • noun
  • Any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus.

description

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US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Explanation of what something is like, looks like

tiny

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US / 'taɪnɪ /

UK / ˈtaɪni /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very, very small

overrun

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US / ˌəʊvəˈrʌn /

UK / ˌoʊvəˈrʌn /

B2
  • noun
  • Amount by which something is too great or too long
  • verb
  • To exceed or be too much; take too long
  • To go in and be present in large numbers

immobilize

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US / ɪˈməʊbəlaɪz /

UK / ɪˈmoʊbəlaɪz /

C1
  • verb
  • To stop someone or something from moving

final

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US / ˈfaɪnl /

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • That will not be changed; permanent
  • Being the last thing in a series
  • noun
  • Last game in a series in a competition

coat

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US / kəʊt /

UK / koʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Clothing worn outside over your normal clothes
  • verb
  • To cover something thinly with something

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

attach

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US / ə'tætʃ /

UK / əˈtætʃ /

A2
  • verb
  • To be associated or connected with

wait

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US / weɪt /

UK / wet /

A1
  • verb
  • To delay or not do something until later
  • To spend time until an expected thing happens
  • To remain in a place until a thing happens

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

probably

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US / ˈprɒbəbli /

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • That is likely to happen or be true

once

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US / wʌns /

UK / wʌns /

A1
  • adverb
  • One time; one instance
  • At a time in the past
  • conjunction
  • When; as soon as

million

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US / ˈmɪljən /

UK / ˈmɪljən /

A1
  • number
  • 1,000,000

matter

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US / 'mætə(r) /

UK / ˈmætɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Material all things are made of that fills space
  • Problem or reason for concern
  • verb
  • To be of great importance; to count

heat

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US / hi:t /

UK / hit /

A2
  • noun
  • State of anger, excitement, or arguing
  • Particular temperature at which to cook something
  • High temperature
  • One of series of races to find the finalists
  • Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
  • verb
  • To make hot or hotter

inside

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US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

eat

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US / i:t /

UK / it /

A1
  • verb
  • To put food in your mouth

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

tail

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US / teɪl /

UK / tel /

A2
  • noun
  • Extended part at the back of an animal's body
  • Back or last part of something e.g. shirt
  • verb
  • To be end of (a march or parade, line)
  • To follow someone secretly and watch what they do

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

sure

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US / ʃʊə(r) /

UK / ʃʊr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having no doubts about something
  • Have confidence in your own words or actions
  • Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
  • Being correct or true
  • adverb
  • What you say to agree willingly

grateful

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US / ˈgreɪtfl /

UK / ˈɡretfəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Feeling or showing thanks; thankful

fungal

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US / ˈfʌŋgl /

UK / ˈfʌŋɡəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning fungi

develop

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US / dɪ'veləp /

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

A1
  • verb
  • To explain something in steps and in detail
  • To create or think of something
  • To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
  • To make a photograph from film

day

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US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

calendar

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US / ˈkælɪndə(r) /

UK / ˈkæləndɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • A table showing the days, months and years

alien

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US / 'eɪlɪən /

UK / ˈeliən,ˈeljən /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being foreign, different or unfamiliar
  • noun
  • Foreigner; a person not from this place
  • Person or creature from a planet other than Earth

zoospore

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US / ˈzuːəspɔː; ˈzəʊə-; ˈzuːspɔː /

UK / ˈzoəˌspɔr /

A1
  • other
  • An asexual spore of some algae and fungi that moves by means of flagella

true

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US / tru: /

UK / tru: /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

story

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US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

A1
  • noun
  • One of many floors or levels in a building
  • Account or description of how something happened

straight

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US / streɪt /

UK / stret /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not having curves, bends, or angles
  • Not gay; heterosexual
  • honest and direct
  • adverb
  • in a line; immediately; honestly and directly

swim

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US / swɪm /

UK / swɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of swimming in a pool or ocean
  • verb
  • To move through water by moving parts of the body

stuck

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US / stʌk /

UK / stʌk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not able to move
  • verb
  • To push a sharp or pointed object into something
  • To join together using glue or paste
  • To remain in one place or position for a long time

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

mimic

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US / 'mɪmɪk /

UK / ˈmɪmɪk /

B2
  • noun
  • Someone who tries to act like another person
  • verb
  • To copy a person's words/actions to amuse people
  • To look or act like something else

lure

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US / lʊə(r) /

UK / lʊr /

B1
  • noun
  • Appealing quality that attracts people
  • Device used to attract animals to catch them
  • Device used to attract using something appealing
  • verb
  • To attract someone using something appealing

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

hijacking

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US / 'haɪdʒækɪŋ /

UK / 'haɪdʒækɪŋ /

B1
  • verb
  • To take control of a plane, etc. by force

either

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US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
  • adverb
  • (After negative statements) likewise, in addition
  • conjunction
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • determiner
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • pronoun
  • The one or the other

discount

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US / ˈdɪskaʊnt /

UK / ˈdɪsˌkaʊnt /

A2
  • noun
  • A decrease in the price of something
  • verb
  • To consider to be not important or not true
  • To decrease the price of something
  • To refuse to accept an idea, suggestion as valid

bark

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US / bɑ:k /

UK / bɑ:rk /

B1
  • noun
  • Sound made by a dog
  • Tough outer covering of a tree or other plant
  • verb
  • To make the loud sound of a dog (when angry)
  • To rub off the outer covering of something; scrape
  • To make a short and loud noise, e.g. giving orders

adhesive

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US / ədˈhi:sɪv /

UK / ædˈhisɪv, -zɪv /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Having the ability to be glued to something
  • noun
  • A substance used for gluing one thing to another

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

stalk

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US / stɔ:k /

UK / stɔk /

B1
  • noun
  • Thin part of a plant that allows it to stand
  • other
  • To follow a person or animal to catch them
  • verb
  • To secretly follow or watch a person/animal
  • To walk in an angry or proud way

stick

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US / stɪk /

UK / stɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Long thin piece of wood from a tree
  • verb
  • To push a sharp or pointed object into something
  • To join together using glue or paste
  • To remain in one place or position for a long time

knob

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US / nɒb /

UK / nɑ:b /

C2
  • noun
  • Handle or protrusion on furniture or a door

endoparasitic

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US / ˈendəʊˌpærəˈsɪtɪk /

UK / /

A1
  • other
  • Of or relating to parasites that live in the internal organs of animals

chase

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US / tʃeɪs /

UK / tʃes /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of going after someone to catch them
  • other
  • To try very hard to get something that you want
  • verb
  • To go after with the intention of catching

attack

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US / ə'tæk /

UK / əˈtæk /

A2
  • noun
  • Act intended to hurt someone physically, mentally
  • verb
  • To try to destroy, beat, or injure

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

feel

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US / fi:l /

UK / fil /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
  • To sense through direct contact; touch

unless

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US / ənˈles /

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

A2
  • conjunction
  • Negative of 'if'

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

science

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US / 'saɪəns /

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Study of the physical world, based on facts

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

trigger

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US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
  • Device that starts a process
  • verb
  • To start a process off e.g. a memory

normally

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US / ˈnɔ:məli /

UK / ˈnɔːrməli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In the manner that is usual or ordinary

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

detect

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US / dɪˈtekt /

UK / dɪˈtɛkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To discover or identify the presence of something

completely

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US / kəmˈpli:tli /

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In every way or as much as possible

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

tree

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US / tri: /

UK / tri /

A1
  • noun
  • Tall green plants in a forest

tube

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US / tju:b /

UK / tub,tjub /

B1
  • noun
  • Plastic or metal container for soft substances
  • Long hollow pipe used to hold or liquids or gases

spiky

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US / ˈspaɪki /

UK / ˈspaɪki /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Having a long sharp point

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

gift

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US / gɪft /

UK / ɡɪft /

A2
  • noun
  • Something given to another for a reason; present
  • Special skill or natural ability to do something

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

wriggle

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US / ˈrɪgl /

UK / ˈrɪɡəl /

B2
  • verb
  • To move somewhere by twisting, turning your body

until

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US / ənˈtɪl /

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Up to; to a time when something happens
  • preposition
  • Before (a specific time)

relief

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US / rɪˈli:f /

UK / rɪˈlif /

B1
  • noun
  • Aid given to people in need as after war/disaster
  • Artwork, e.g. part of wall, that partly sticks out
  • People who replace other workers and their duties
  • Release from worry, stress or tension

poor

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US / pʊə(r) /

UK / pʊr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Inferior; below the normal standard
  • Deserving of pity or sympathy
  • Without money; not rich

money

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US / 'mʌnɪ /

UK / ˈmʌni /

A1
  • noun
  • Coins or notes we use to pay for things

medieval

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US / ˌmediˈi:vl /

UK / ˌmidiˈivəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Old or out of date and not of much use
  • Concerning the middle ages

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

biological

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US / ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

UK / ˌbaɪəˈlɑdʒɪkəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being related to life and living things

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

throughout

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US / θru:ˈaʊt /

UK / θruˈaʊt /

A2
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

swallow

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US / 'swɒləʊ /

UK / ˈswɑː.loʊ /

A2
  • noun
  • Small northern bird with downward-pointing wings
  • Making food or drink go down to the stomach
  • verb
  • To believe (something that is not true)
  • To make food go from your mouth to your stomach
  • To cover or hide something

reproduction

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US / ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃn /

UK / ˌriprəˈdʌkʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Act or process of producing a copy of something
  • The process of making children

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

hang

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US / hæŋ /

UK / hæŋ /

A2
  • verb
  • To attach a picture, photograph etc. onto a wall
  • To float, move softly, or remain in the air
  • To kill by putting a rope around neck and dropping
  • To remain undecided, unsolved or unclear

skewer

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US / ˈskju:ə(r) /

UK / ˈskjuɚ /

C1
  • noun
  • Thin metal or wooden stick to hold pieces of food
  • verb
  • To push a wooden stick through food before cooking

photo

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US / ˈfəʊtəʊ /

UK / ˈfoʊtoʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Short for photograph; a picture taken by a camera

corpse

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US / kɔ:ps /

UK / kɔrps /

B2
  • noun
  • A dead body

battle

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US / 'bætl /

UK / ˈbætl /

A2
  • noun
  • Military fight between armies
  • Working hard to stop something; struggle
  • verb
  • To fight or struggle against someone or something
  • To work hard to stop something; struggle

version

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US / ˈvə:ʃən /

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Different way that someone interprets something
  • New or different form of something
  • An updated form of some software

something

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US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In some degree or measure
  • noun
  • a person or thing of some value or consequence
  • pronoun
  • Thing that is not yet known or named
  • Approximately

predatory

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US / 'predətrɪ /

UK / ˈprɛdəˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Preying on the weak to gain an advantage

mess

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US / mes /

UK / mɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is untidy, dirty or unclean
  • verb
  • To make something untidy or dirty

lie

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US / laɪ /

UK / lai /

A2
  • noun
  • An untrue statement, when you know it is not true
  • verb
  • To be in a horizontal or flat position
  • To say something that you know is not true

beyond

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US / bɪ'jɒnd /

UK / biˈɑnd, bɪˈjɑnd /

A2
  • adverb
  • On or to the farther side
  • In addition to
  • preposition
  • Later in time than
  • Out of the limits of

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

skin

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US / skɪn /

UK / skɪn /

A2
  • noun
  • Outer covering of an animal used for leather; hide
  • Outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
  • Outer layer of an animal or human
  • Outer part of an object, such as a plane
  • verb
  • To defeat someone easily and completely
  • To hurt yourself, accidentally cutting yourself
  • To remove the outer covering from an animal

particular

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US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • One specific (one)
  • Having firm ideas about what is desirable
  • Being special or more than is typical

proficiency

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US / prə'fɪʃnsɪ /

UK / prəˈfɪʃənsi /

B2
  • noun
  • High amount of skill or ability in something

observe

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US / əbˈzɜ:v /

UK / əbˈzɜ:rv /

A2
  • verb
  • To celebrate a particular holiday/religious event
  • To obey or follow laws, rules, or customs
  • To watch carefully; to make a comment

inject

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US / ɪn'dʒekt /

UK / ɪnˈdʒɛkt /

B1
  • verb
  • To add or put in more (money, energy etc.)
  • To motivate or put energy into something
  • To put medicine into someone with a syringe

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

wiggle

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US / 'wɪɡl /

UK / ˈwɪɡəl /

C1
  • verb
  • To move from side to side with short fast movement

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

infinite

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US / 'ɪnfɪnət /

UK / ˈɪnfənɪt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very large in amount
  • Without an end; limitless; endless

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

grip

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US / ɡrɪp /

UK / ɡrɪp /

A2
  • noun
  • Strong understanding of an idea
  • Control over something or someone
  • Part of an object to help you hold onto it
  • Act of holding something firmly
  • other
  • Control over something or someone
  • verb
  • To hold someone's interest
  • To hold something in your hand very firmly

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

jack

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US / dʒæk /

UK / dʒæk /

A1
  • noun
  • Increase the amount or intensity of something
  • Tool for exerting pressure or lifting
  • verb
  • To increase the amount or intensity of something
  • To exert pressure on by lifting

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

mathematical

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US / ˌmæθə'mætɪkl /

UK / ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning numbers and equations

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

spore

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US / spɔ:(r) /

UK / spɔr, spor /

C1
  • noun
  • Tiny cell like dust that can reproduce itself

process

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US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

often

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US / ˈɔfən /

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Many times; frequently; on many occasions

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

injury

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US / 'ɪndʒərɪ /

UK / ˈɪndʒəri /

A2
  • noun
  • Physical or emotional harm or damage

enjoy

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US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

A1
  • verb
  • To take pleasure in something

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

substance

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US / 'sʌbstəns /

UK / ˈsʌbstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Essence of; most basic or central qualities
  • Particular type of material
  • Having material form; existing
  • Quality of truth, importance, or meaningfulness

unsuspecting

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US / ˌʌnsəˈspektɪŋ /

UK / ˌʌnsəˈspɛktɪŋ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not feeling doubts or suspicions

outer

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US / ˈaʊtə(r) /

UK / ˈaʊtɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Far away
  • Being farther away from the center
  • On or around something; away from the center

presence

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US / ˈprezns /

UK / ˈprɛzəns /

A2
  • noun
  • The same place or area that a person is
  • Ability to reach a market, group of people etc.
  • Something not physically seen but felt to be there
  • Feeling a person gives by being noticeable

part

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US / pɑ:t /

UK / pɑ:rt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To some degree; half; not fully
  • noun
  • Division of a book
  • Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
  • A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
  • Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
  • Some, but not all of a specific thing
  • Role in causing something to happen
  • verb
  • To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
  • To move two things apart creating a space
  • To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

last

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US / lɑ:st /

UK / læst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most recent; the latest
  • The one before
  • adverb
  • Final; with nothing following; after all others
  • Most recent; the latest
  • determiner
  • The one at the end
  • verb
  • To remain or continue for a certain period of time

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

cover

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US / 'kʌvə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • A different version of another song
  • Bed sheets; blankets
  • (Police or military) protection from attack
  • Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
  • Thing you put over something to close or hide it
  • Front and back part of a book or magazine
  • Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
  • verb
  • To record a different version of another song
  • To include as part of its area
  • To put something over something to hide it
  • To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
  • To form a layer over something so it is hidden
  • To have sufficient funds to pay for something
  • To include something within an agreed limit
  • To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
  • (Police or military) to protect from attack
  • To travel a certain distance in a given time
  • To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

digest

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US / daɪˈdʒest /

UK / daɪˈdʒest /

B2
  • noun
  • A summary, as of the news
  • verb
  • To convert food into energy in your stomach
  • To think over facts, news etc.; take in information

away

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US / ə'weɪ /

UK / əˈwe /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not present
  • adverb
  • Disappear completely
  • Doing something with a lot of energy
  • Not here; far from here; in a different direction
  • To a different area, location

independently

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US / ˌɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ /

UK / ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner being free from the control of another

worm

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US / wɜ:m /

UK / wɚm /

B2
  • noun
  • Small thin tube-shaped animal without legs
  • verb
  • To remove worms from an animals stomach
  • To get information, etc. out of, by tricking them
  • To cause something to move slowly or weave through

spike

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US / spaɪk /

UK / spaɪk /

B2
  • noun
  • The top point in a graph
  • Long, thin metal rod that ends in a point
  • verb
  • To go up to a point on a graph

next

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US / nekst /

UK / nɛkst /

A1
  • adverb
  • The one that follows another in time or order
  • At a time or place directly after the present one
  • noun
  • The one that follows after
  • adjecitve
  • Immediately after the previous one
  • First occurrence after the present one

clear

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US / klɪə(r) /

UK / klɪr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Empty; without anything in it or on it
  • Being certain and without doubt
  • Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
  • Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
  • adverb
  • Completely; entirely; through the whole of
  • Away from; free from
  • verb
  • To recover from or remove a problem
  • To get rid of the entire contents of
  • To give permission for something to happen
  • To make a place or surface empty by removing
  • To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

sweet

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US / swi:t /

UK / swit /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a gentle, likable nature
  • Making one feel happy, pleased or content
  • Cute in appearance
  • Tasting like sugar; containing sugar
  • noun
  • Piece of candy, or other food containing sugar

spiny

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US / 'spaɪnɪ /

UK / ˈspaɪni /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having spines, like a hedgehog

nitrogen

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US / ˈnaɪtrədʒən /

UK / ˈnaɪtrədʒən /

B2
  • noun
  • A colorless chemical element without a smell

hunt

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US / hʌnt /

UK / hʌnt /

A2
  • noun
  • A search for animals to kill for food
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To search for wild animals to kill (for food)
  • To look for very carefully; search for

hour

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • noun
  • 60 minutes
  • Particular time of the day
  • Fixed, regularly occurring time

destroy

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US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

A2
  • verb
  • To damage so badly that something no longer exists
  • To defeat someone or something easily
  • To kill a sick or unwanted animal

bulbous

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US / ˈbʌlbəs /

UK / ˈbʌlbəs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Shaped like a bulb or onion; rounded

shoot

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US / ʃu:t /

UK / ʃut /

A2
  • noun
  • Emerging new part of a plant
  • verb
  • To kick or throw a ball at a goal
  • To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
  • To (cause to) fly away forcefully
  • To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

nutrient

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US / ˈnju:triənt /

UK / ˈnutriənt /

B1
  • noun
  • A chemical living things needs to be healthy

depend

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US / dɪˈpend /

UK / dɪˈpend /

B1
  • verb
  • Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

check

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US / tʃek /

UK / tʃɛk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Decorated with squares made up of lines
  • noun
  • Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
  • Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
  • A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
  • Mark used to show that something is correct
  • Procedure to prevent errors or control something
  • verb
  • To confirm the details of something are correct
  • To leave your things with staff who look after it
  • To examine something to see if something is wrong
  • To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

under

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US / ˈʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In the same place as another thing, but lower
  • adverb
  • In a lower quantity or price than expected
  • preposition
  • According to the terms of an agreement or law
  • Managed or controlled by the authority of
  • Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
  • Influenced or affected by something or someone
  • Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

intestine

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US / ɪnˈtestɪn /

UK / ɪnˈtɛstɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • Long tube in the body for digesting food

few

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US / fju: /

UK / fju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Not many, a small number

earth

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US / ɜ:θ /

UK / ɚθ /

A1
  • noun
  • Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
  • The planet we live on
  • Soil in which we grow plants

evolve

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US / ɪ'vɒlv /

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

B1
  • verb
  • To develop certain features
  • To develop or change slowly over time
  • To slowly change or develop into something better

combination

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US / ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn /

UK / ˌkɑmbəˈneʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Series of letters or numbers needed to open a lock
  • Act or result of mixing things together

capable

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US / 'keɪpəbl /

UK / ˈkepəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being able to do something very well; proficient

constant

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US / 'kɒnstənt /

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Happening frequently or without pause
  • noun
  • Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

cycle

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US / ˈsaɪkl /

UK / ˈsaɪkəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Series of regular and repeated actions
  • Bicycle, bike
  • verb
  • To go through a series of events repeatedly
  • To ride on a bicycle

complement

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US / ˈkɒmplɪment /

UK / ˈkɑ:mplɪment /

B1
  • noun
  • (Linguistics) set of words completing a sentence
  • Something needed to complete or make perfect
  • verb
  • To go with so as to make the whole complete

celestial

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US / səˈlestiəl /

UK / səˈlestʃl /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the sky or objects in the sky

animal

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US / ˈænɪml /

UK / ˈænəməl /

A1
  • noun
  • A living creature that is not a plant or person

yourself

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US / jɔ:ˈself /

UK / jʊrˈsɛlf, jɔr-, jor-, jə- /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Reflexive form of 'you', used for an emphasis

unique

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US / jʊ'ni:k /

UK / juˈnik /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unlike other things; being the only one like it

soil

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US / sɔɪl /

UK / sɔɪl /

B1
  • noun
  • Conditions in which something develops
  • Mix of natural material in which plants grow
  • Land of a certain country
  • verb
  • To get or become dirty

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

specifically

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US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

A2
  • adverb
  • As regards a particular thing; closely related to
  • In particular

source

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US / sɔ:s /

UK / sɔrs, sors /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
  • noun
  • Piece of information; a person giving information
  • Place from which something necessary comes
  • verb
  • To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

pierce

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US / pɪəs /

UK / pɪrs /

B2
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To force a way into
  • To make a hole with something sharp

land

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US / lænd /

UK / lænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Region or country
  • Earth; the ground
  • verb
  • To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
  • To obtain or get something that you wanted
  • To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
  • To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

invasive

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US / ɪnˈveɪsɪv /

UK / ɪnˈvesɪv /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Entering the body, etc. in a destructive way

hemisphere

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US / ˈhemɪsfɪə(r) /

UK / ˈhɛmɪˌsfɪr /

B2
  • noun
  • One half of a rounded, ball-like object
  • One of the two masses forming the brain

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

colonize

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US / 'kɒlənaɪz /

UK / ˈkɑləˌnaɪz /

B2
  • verb
  • To take control over place and live there

syringe

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US / sɪˈrɪndʒ /

UK / səˈrɪndʒ, ˈsɪrɪndʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Device with a needle to take blood/inject drugs

special

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US / 'speʃl /

UK / ˈspɛʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being additional or extra
  • Different, better or greater than normal
  • noun
  • Heavily discounted sales item

never

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US / 'nevə(r) /

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not ever; not at any time

organic

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US / ɔ:ˈgænɪk /

UK / ɔrˈɡænɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Developing naturally and without a set structure
  • Concerning food made with few or no chemicals
  • Concerning living things

trap

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US / træp /

UK / træp /

A2
  • noun
  • Device used for catching animals
  • Vehicle pulled by a single horse
  • Area or hazard on a golf course
  • Someone's mouth
  • Uncomfortable event that is hard to escape
  • verb
  • To use a device to catch animals or people
  • To hold, e.g. a nerve, so that it cannot move
  • To catch or prevent someone from escaping
  • To trick someone
  • To put into a situation you can't escape from

sorry

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US / ˈsɒri /

UK / ˈsɑ:ri /

A1
  • exclamation
  • What you say to admit you were wrong
  • adjecitve
  • Causing others to feel pity; poor
  • Feeling regret or sympathy about wrong thing

limited

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US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
  • With restrictions; not broad in scope
  • verb
  • To stop or prevent an increase past a point

kill

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US / kɪl /

UK / kɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal killed by a person or other animal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
  • To end the life of a person or other living thing
  • To be very funny
  • To prevent something from continuing or operating
  • To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

column

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US / ˈkɒləm /

UK / ˈkɑ:ləm /

B1
  • noun
  • Regular series of articles in a newspaper/magazine
  • Strong vertical stone pillar that holds up a roof
  • Vertical line in a table or chart

begin

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US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

branch

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US / brɑ:ntʃ /

UK / bræntʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of a family related to the same members
  • Part of organization with a specific function
  • Part of a tree growing outward from the trunk
  • One of several streams combining to create a river
  • Local office or store of a bank or large company
  • (Often secret) group or subgroup of a religion
  • Specific area of knowledge or study
  • verb
  • To separate away from the main part

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

short

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US / ʃɔ:t /

UK / ʃɔrt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Less than what is needed
  • Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
  • verb
  • (Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
  • adjecitve
  • Measuring a small distance
  • Happening for a small amount of time
  • Unfriendly or rude

sharp

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US / ʃɑ:p /

UK / ʃɑrp /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very clear and easy to see
  • (Of clothes) nicely or stylishly
  • Being able to think, see, or understand quickly
  • Having a thin edge or point that is able to cut
  • Requiring a quick or sudden change in direction
  • Having a flavor that is very strong and distinct
  • adverb
  • At precisely the time given
  • Suddenly; immediately (of directions)
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • A musical tone

penetrate

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US / ˈpenɪtreɪt /

UK / ˈpɛnɪˌtret /

B1
  • verb
  • To enter or pass through something
  • To gain a market in a new area or country
  • To spread through many parts of something
  • To gain an understanding of something

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

chute

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US / ʃu:t /

UK / ʃut /

C1
  • noun
  • Sloping channel or passage to throw things down

nature

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US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's character or particular way of behaving
  • Basic look, feel or function of something
  • Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

rings

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US / rɪŋz /

UK / rɪŋz /

A1
  • other
  • Roped areas in which people fight or box
  • Circular objects with a hole in it
  • Circular shapes or marks around some things
  • People doing illegal businesses or criminal activities
  • Round pieces of metal that goes on your finger
  • Acts of calling someone using a phone
  • verb
  • To draw a circular shape or mark around something
  • To make a loud, noisy constant sound
  • To produce a sound from a bell, alarm or telephone
  • To call someone using a phone

prey

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US / preɪ /

UK / pre /

B1
  • noun
  • The victim of another person's aggression
  • other
  • The victim of another person's aggression
  • verb
  • To hunt (other animals) in order to eat them
  • To cause another to be a victim

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

build

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US / bɪld /

UK / bɪld /

A1
  • noun
  • Your physical shape; physique
  • verb
  • To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
  • To construct a house, office, factory

cap

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US / kæp /

UK / kæp /

B1
  • noun
  • Covering for the end or top of something
  • Small, soft hat often with a front visor or shade
  • An upper limit on the amount of (e.g. budget)
  • verb
  • To cover the top or end of an object
  • To limit the amount of usage of something

dinner

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US / ˈdɪnə(r) /

UK / ˈdɪnɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Main meal of the day, often eaten in the evening

fiction

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US / ˈfɪkʃn /

UK / ˈfɪkʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Made-up stories; imagined events
  • False statement or account about something

mineral

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US / 'mɪnərəl /

UK / ˈmɪnərəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Substance naturally formed in the ground

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

space

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US / speɪs /

UK / spes /

A1
  • noun
  • Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
  • Empty area with nothing in it
  • Area in the sky where the stars are
  • Area between written words on a page
  • verb
  • To make a certain distance or time between

dirt

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US / dɜ:t /

UK / dɚt /

A2
  • noun
  • Loose earth or soil

figure

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US / ˈfiɡə /

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Your body shape
  • Numbers in a calculation
  • Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
  • Picture or diagram giving information in a text
  • Person who is very important or famous
  • Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
  • Amount that is expressed in numbers
  • verb
  • To appear in a game, play or event
  • To calculate how much something will cost
  • To understand after thinking; work out

move

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US / mu:v /

UK / muv /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
  • An action; doing something
  • Step taken to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to have certain emotions
  • To cause something to change to a different place
  • To change where people live or a business operates
  • To take action to do or achieve something

scishow

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US / ə'lɜ:tnəs /

UK / ə'lɜ:tnəs /

A1

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

decay

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US / dɪˈkeɪ /

UK / dɪˈke /

B1
  • noun
  • Slow loss of physical or mental health
  • verb
  • To be slowly destroyed by natural processes; rot
  • To lose health or strength

log

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US / lɒg /

UK / lɔ:g /

B1
  • noun
  • Detailed account of events and progress on journey
  • Piece of a tree that has fallen or been cut
  • verb
  • To move a certain distance or speed, as recorded
  • To leave a website or computer account
  • To record something in an official account
  • To cut trees down and take the wood to use it

movement

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US / ˈmu:vmənt /

UK / ˈmuvmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of a piece of classical music
  • Group with a shared interest or goal
  • Group sharing the same idea to change society, art
  • Action you do when exercising, e.g. in a gym
  • Part of a piece of music

pleasant

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US / 'pleznt /

UK / ˈplɛzənt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Causing a good feeling
  • Being polite or friendly

several

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US / ˈsevrəl /

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Many of
  • pronoun
  • More than two but not a large amount

bring

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US / brɪŋ /

UK / brɪŋ /

A1
  • verb
  • To take or go with someone to a place

burst

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US / bɜ:st /

UK / bɚst /

A2
  • noun
  • Brief time period when something happens and ends
  • verb
  • To move (arrive, exit, etc.) suddenly or hurriedly
  • To break apart/open in a sudden and violent way

discover

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US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

A2
  • verb
  • To find something new that was not known before

germinate

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US / ˈdʒɜ:mɪneɪt /

UK / ˈdʒɜ:rmɪneɪt /

C1
  • verb
  • To start to grow, develop, or come into existence

hookworm

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US / ˈhʊkwɜːm /

UK / ˈhʊkwɜːrm /

B2
  • noun
  • A parasite worm that live in the stomach

lasso

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US / læˈsuː /

UK / ˈlæsoʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Catch with a lasso

link

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US / lɪŋk /

UK / lɪŋk /

A2
  • noun
  • Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
  • Connection between two or more things or people
  • Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
  • verb
  • To join or connect together

although

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US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

UK / ɔlˈðo /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Despite the fact that; however

less

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US / les /

UK / lɛs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Smaller in amount or degree
  • adverb
  • To a smaller degree
  • noun
  • A smaller amount
  • preposition
  • With the subtraction of

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

chemical

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US / ˈkemɪkl /

UK / ˈkɛmɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made of various elements
  • noun
  • Basic substance produced by mixing elements

fungus

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US / ˈfʌŋgəs /

UK / ˈfʌŋɡəs /

B2
  • other
  • Plant, e.g. mushroom/mold, growing in damp places

plant

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US / plɑ:nt /

UK / plænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Factory or a place where things are made
  • Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
  • verb
  • To firmly position something (in the ground)
  • To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

stand

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US / stænd /

UK / stænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Effort to fight against something
  • Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
  • Place in a stadium where spectators watch
  • Table where things are sold at a fair or market
  • verb
  • To be a candidate in an election
  • To be able to accept someone, something; bear
  • To last for a long time
  • To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
  • To place something in a particular position; place
  • To be (as stated)
  • To still be valid
  • To have an opinion about something

truly

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US / 'tru:lɪ /

UK / ˈtruli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

below

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US / bɪ'ləʊ /

UK / bɪˈlo /

A1
  • preposition
  • In a lower position, place, or level

body

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US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

cuticle

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US / ˈkju:tɪkl /

UK / ˈkjutɪkəl /

C1
  • noun
  • Dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

ones

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US / wʌnz /

UK / wʌnz /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1, a single person or thing

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

eventually

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US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

indicator

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US / ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r) /

UK / ˈɪndɪˌketɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • An instrument that shows temperature, speed etc.

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

prefer

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US / prɪˈfɜ:(r) /

UK / prɪˈfɚ /

A1
  • verb
  • To like something better than something else

second

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US / 'sekənd /

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 2nd; the one following first
  • noun
  • Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
  • Short period of time that you wait for someone
  • (Do) soon

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

balloon

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US / bəˈlu:n /

UK / bəˈlun /

B1
  • noun
  • Thin bag of rubber filled with air, used as a toy
  • Large air-filled bag to carry people into the air
  • verb
  • To grow larger quickly; spring up suddenly
  • To travel in a large balloon

bacteria

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US / bæk'tɪərɪə /

UK / bækˈtɪriə /

B2
  • noun
  • The very small creatures that can cause disease

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

lacerate

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US / ˈlæsəreɪt /

UK / ˈlæsəreɪt /

C2
  • verb
  • To injure by tearing

sex

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US / seks /

UK / sɛks /

A2
  • noun
  • State of being male or female
  • Physical activity by which we produce babies

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

great

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US / ɡreɪt /

UK / ɡret /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very large in size
  • Very important
  • Very good; fantastic; wonderful
  • adverb
  • Very good; better than before
  • noun
  • Successful and well-admired person

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

parasite

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US / 'pærəsaɪt /

UK / ˈpærəˌsaɪt /

B2
  • noun
  • Small animal or plant living off a bigger one
  • One who depends on someone else, without working

snack

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US / snæk /

UK / snæk /

B2
  • noun
  • Small amount of food eaten between meals
  • verb
  • To eat a small amount outside of regular meal time

sticky

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US / ˈstɪki /

UK / ˈstɪki /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Easy to adhere or stick to other things
  • (Of weather/a day) uncomfortably hot and humid

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

abundant

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US / əˈbʌndənt /

UK / əˈbʌndənt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in very great supply; plentiful

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

during

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US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

A1
  • preposition
  • At some point in the course of an event or thing

fire

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US / 'faɪə(r) /

UK / faɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Heat and the flame produced when burning
  • Intense energy for or about something
  • verb
  • To apply heat to something to make it hard
  • To make a person leave their job; dismiss
  • To shoot a gun or weapon
  • To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
  • To start working on something e.g. a project

egg

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US / eg /

UK / ɛɡ /

A2
  • noun
  • Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

pheromone

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US / ˈferəməʊn /

UK / ˈferəmoʊn /

A1
  • noun
  • Substance in animals influencing related animals

mycelium

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US / maɪ'si:lɪəm /

UK / maɪ'si:lɪrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching thread-like hyphae

step

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US / step /

UK / stɛp /

A1
  • noun
  • Movement done as part of a particular dance
  • Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
  • One part or stage in a process
  • Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
  • Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
  • verb
  • To raise and moving the foot to put it down

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

elaborate

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US / ɪ'læbəreɪt /

UK / ɪˈlæbəret /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Made or done with great care or in a detailed way
  • verb
  • To explain something in detail
  • To be made or explained with great care/in detail

least

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US / li:st /

UK / list /

A1
  • adverb
  • In the smallest or lowest way
  • noun
  • Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

thread

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US / θred /

UK / θrɛd /

B1
  • noun
  • Spiral cut at the end of a bolt
  • A long, very thin, material used to sew cloth
  • Idea/theme connecting different parts of a story
  • verb
  • To move yourself through a crowded or narrow space
  • To put wire, string, etc. through a hole or needle

wine

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US / waɪn /

UK / waɪn /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Dark red color
  • noun
  • Alcoholic drink made from the juice of grapes

ball

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US / bɔ:l /

UK / bɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • Large dance where people dress formally
  • Small round object often used in a game or sport

devour

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US / dɪˈvaʊə(r) /

UK / dɪˈvaʊr /

B2
  • verb
  • To eat quickly and hungrily

genus

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US / ˈdʒi:nəs /

UK / ˈdʒinəs /

C1
  • noun
  • Category of particular animal or plant species

infect

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US / ɪn'fekt /

UK / ɪnˈfɛkt /

B1
  • verb
  • To introduce a computer virus to
  • To give a disease, bacteria or virus to
  • To make people feel the same emotion you are

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

seconds

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US / 'sekəndz /

UK / 'sekəndz /

A1
  • other
  • Units of time; one sixtieth of a minute
  • Short periods of time you wait for someone
  • verb
  • To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

style

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US / staɪl /

UK / staɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • The (tasteful) way something is designed or done
  • verb
  • To shape or design something in a certain way

starter

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US / ˈstɑ:tə(r) /

UK / ˈstɑ:rtə(r) /

A2
  • noun
  • Electric motor for starting an engine
  • First part of a big meal, e.g. soup or salad

carnivorous

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US / kɑ:'nɪvərəs /

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  • Introduction to Video Content
  • The Carnivorous Fungi That Devour NematodesThe most abundant animal on Earth is the roundworm, or nematode. There are over 30,000 identified species, but it is believed that there are probably millions more species that have yet to be identified. Nematodes make up four-fifths of all land animals, so it is not surprising that many insects, plants, and bacteria have adapted to prey on them for nutrients. However, none of these worm-eaters do it with quite as much style as carnivorous fungi.Carnivorous fungi have a unique way of obtaining essential vitamins and minerals, particularly nitrogen. Nematodes are an excellent source of nitrogen, which is often limited in soil and tree bark and needs to be converted into forms that living organisms can use. This is where nematode-eating fungi come in. They have independently developed the habit of hunting nematodes and have their own distinctive methods of consuming them.The most common method used by carnivorous fungi to kill nematodes is through the use of toxic substances. Researchers have identified at least 179 toxins that are lethal to nematodes. However, only a few fungi actually use these toxins for hunting and consuming nematodes. These fungi have evolved unique strategies to feed on nematodes in a more sophisticated manner.
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  • The most abundant animal on Earth is the roundworm, or nematode.
  • We've identified over 30,000 species so far, although there are probably more than a million species that we haven't identified yet.
  • They make up four-fifths of all land animals, so it's not surprising that a lot of insects, plants, and bacteria have adapted to prey on nematodes for nutrients.
  • But none of these worm-eaters do it with quite as much style as carnivorous fungi.
  • For starters, it turns out that slurping up nematodes is a key part of fungi getting all of their vitamins and minerals.
  • In particular, nematodes are a great source of nitrogen, which is usually limited in soil and tree bark and needs to be converted into forms that living things can use it, unless you're getting it from something like a nematode.
  • Which is why the habit has developed independently in several fungal lineages, and each has their own unique way to nosh on nematodes.
  • The most common murder weapon is a true predatory classic—toxic substances.
  • Researchers have identified at least 179 nematode-killing toxins.
  • That said, only a few of the fungi that make these toxins are actually using them to hunt and eat nematodes.
  • The fungi that do hunt for nematodes have figured out how to do it with a lot more style.
  • From sticky traps and invasive spores to a microscopic gun, here are three ways that fungi have adapted to destroy nematodes.
  • Now, before you feel too sorry for the nematodes in this story, a little background.
  • Many species of nematodes are endoparasites, meaning that they are a parasite that lives inside of its host.
  • Hookworms are one example.
  • They reproduce in the intestine of humans, dogs, cats, and other animals.
  • Their eggs are then passed from the feces of that first host into the soil, where they hatch and can infect a new host through the skin, none of which is pleasant for either host.
  • But what goes around comes around, and there are also many species of fungi that turn endoparasitism right back on the nematodes.
  • All fungi start as spores that eventually germinate into threads of branching filaments called hyphae.
  • And like the roots of a plant, hyphae are what the fungus uses to suck up nutrients.
  • The hyphae are all connected in a network called mycelium.
  • Normally, these spores will germinate where they end up, as long as the conditions are right for that species.
  • However, the spores of endoparasitic fungi can't germinate on their own, and they need to lie in wait until they find a host, specifically, a nematode host.
  • The stationary spores of Drachmyria coniuspora attach to the outer covering, or cuticle, of nematodes.
  • These sticky spores then use a long tube to stab through the cuticle.
  • Other fungi use spores that are swallowed by an unsuspecting worm.
  • After making their way inside, spores can germinate into hyphae, completely overrunning the inside of the nematode and feasting on its contents.
  • Most shockingly, this doesn't kill the nematode right away.
  • Researchers have observed infected nematodes living for up to 24 hours as their insides are colonized, or until the hyphae reach its vital organs.
  • Eventually, a network of spore-producing organs burst out from the nematode, which starts the cycle all over again.
  • Think facehuggers from Aliens, but with worms!
  • Most endoparasitic fungi use spores that aren't capable of moving on their own, which is probably a relief to those nematodes.
  • But some of these spores can produce a flagellum, or tiny tail, which means they can wriggle around and chase down their prey.
  • The zoospores of Pythium cadudum can sense and swim after nematodes, and when they catch up to one, they're able to stab their way inside the unsuspecting worm to germinate.
  • Who knew that for some fungi, life begins inside a tiny, microscopic worm corpse?
  • While the nematode-killing spores are using worm bodies as tiny incubators, there are other fungi that don't depend on worms for reproduction.
  • Some of them just like a snack every now and then.
  • They get most of their nutrients from decaying organic matter, but will prey on worms for a nitrogen fix.
  • And instead of hijacking their prey, these fungi build traps.
  • There are two types of traps that fungi can make, adhesive traps and mechanical traps.
  • Around 380 species of nematode-trapping fungi have been discovered.
  • These soil-dwelling fungi use special structures that are dispersed throughout the mycelium to trap their prey.
  • Fungi like Arthrobotrys oligospora produce their deadly adhesive traps when they detect the presence of nematodes.
  • To lure in their prey, the traps also produce chemical signals that mimic nematode sex pheromones and food.
  • A. oligospora is the most common nematode-trapping fungus in nature, so common that mushroom growers often refer to it as a biological indicator that they may have an infestation of nematodes in the soil.
  • And this fungus makes adhesive traps from an elaborate structure of loops of hyphae that are attached to each other to create a worm-catching web.
  • The web is coated in a sticky combination of proteins and carbohydrates, and once a nematode gets stuck, the web becomes even stickier to make sure its prey can't wiggle free.
  • The sticky traps that fungi build come in all shapes and sizes, like stalks with sticky bulbous ends and long columns.
  • And once the nematodes are caught up in these traps, the fungus gets to work eating its snack.
  • Its hyphae skewer and digest the worms, sucking up those sweet nutrients.
  • Some types of fungi have gone beyond sticky traps for its nematode-noshing and evolved a true mechanical trap.
  • Fungi like Arthrobotrys dactyloides form rings made from hyphae that can lasso nematodes.
  • When the fungus senses heat and movement from the worms, it triggers cells in its rings to inflate like balloons and close around them in a vice-like grip, all in just 0.1 seconds.
  • And some fungi are jacks-of-all-trades, making multiple types of traps.
  • Dactylelina haptotilla is a great example, as this fungus creates a minefield of both adhesive knobs and rings to grab its dinner.
  • Those poor worms never stood a chance.
  • There's one final way that fungi kill worms that's straight out of science fiction.
  • The fungi can attack the nematodes with weapons.
  • These fungi can grow spiky, piercing structures at the end of their hyphae that look truly medieval.
  • They grow towards the nematode, where they can damage and penetrate the cuticle, allowing the fungal hyphae to colonize and devour the corpse.
  • The shaggy-maned mushroom produces spiny balls that look kind of like playing jacks, specifically the metal ones that stab you if you step on them.
  • Shaggy-maned mushrooms make lots of these spikes, which lacerate the nematodes en masse.
  • All those injuries allow the mushroom's toxins to enter the worm, immobilizing and killing it from the inside.
  • And if that's not medieval enough, wine cap mushrooms kill worms with their homegrown version of a flail.
  • The spikes are sharp enough to damage the nematode cuticle, which can then be colonized by the hyphae.
  • Wine cap mushrooms seem to have an edge over shaggy-maned mushrooms when it comes to the weapon proficiency.
  • Their flails are five times the size of shaggy-maned mushroom spiny traps, and researchers have observed that the flails do more damage, too.
  • I know which one I'd prefer in battle!
  • But the strangest and most elaborate special attack device comes from the fungi in the genus Haptoglossa.
  • They can make a gun cell that fires projectiles at nematodes.
  • The gun cell shoots out finger-like tubes that pierce through the nematode cuticle, but instead of shooting toxins or hyphae into this opening, the tubes act as kind of a syringe to inject a small spore inside the nematode,
  • Where it will later germinate.
  • The whole process lasts less than a second.
  • It's clear that no matter the method they use, these fungi don't mess around when it comes to catching their dinner.
  • So next time you see a cute little mushroom cap sticking up from the dirt or nestled on a little log, know that just under the surface, that mushroom could be hunting down its prey with a gun.
  • All that makes me grateful I'm not a worm!
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