Channel

Animation and Film

Autos and Vehicles

Music Videos

Pets and Animals

Sports

Travel & Events

Gaming

People and Blogs

Comedy

Entertainment

News and Politics

How to And Style

Education

Science And Technology

NonProfit & Activism

Others

Subtitles section

No translation

x 1.0

	Shortcuts	Functions
1	Space	Pause/Play video
2	Right arrow	Next subtitle
3	Left arrow	Previous subtitle
4	r	Repeat sentence

F1's new 2024 overtaking rules explained

Original YouTube Video | WeAreTheRace Published on 2024-04-24 Level：73 Speed：81 maxwordlevel：29

Video vocabulary

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

honest

US / ˈɒnɪst /

•

UK / ˈɑnɪst /

adjecitve
Good, truthful, sincere, or faithful; trustworthy

optimistic

US / ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk /

•

UK / ˌɑːptɪˈmɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Tending to believe the future will be good

sketchy

US / ˈsketʃi /

•

UK / ˈskɛtʃi /

adjecitve
Lacking detail or being incomplete
Seeming bad, risky or dangerous

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

confusion

US / kən'fju:ʒən /

•

UK / kənˈfjuʒən /

noun
Not knowing what to do; state of disorder

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

commission

US / kə'mɪʃn /

•

UK / kəˈmɪʃən /

noun
Money paid for a service, e.g. money exchanging
An official role or title in the military
Group officially put in charge of e.g. education
Order for a specific piece of work, usually of art
verb
To hire someone, order work to be done for payment

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

intention

US / ɪnˈtenʃn /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛnʃən /

noun
Aim or purpose

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

incident

US / ˈɪnsɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈɪnsɪdənt /

noun
Event, usually unusual or important; accident

accidental

US / ˌæksɪˈdentl /

•

UK / ˌæksɪˈdɛntl /

adjecitve
Unplanned; unexpected; happening by mistake

boy

US / bɔɪ /

•

UK / bɔɪ /

noun
A young male person

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

weak

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

adjecitve
Not having a strong character
Less valuable compared to money of other countries
Ineffective; unconvincing; not strong
Having little power or ability
Not having the necessary or proper amount
Having little power; not strong; easy to break
(Of a drink) having lots of water and little taste

lewis

US / 'lʊɪs /

•

UK / 'lʊɪs /

noun
A steel device for gripping heavy blocks of stone or concrete for lifting, consisting of three piece

overlook

US / ˌəʊvəˈlʊk /

•

UK / ˌoʊvərˈlʊk /

verb
To look down on; be able to see from
To miss noticing a mistake or problem

deem

US / di:m /

•

UK / dim /

verb
To judge something to be a certain thing, way

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

car

US / kɑ:(r) /

•

UK / kɑr /

noun
A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

confuse

US / kənˈfju:z /

•

UK / kənˈfjuz /

verb
To make something unclear or hard to understand

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

tyre

US / 'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / taɪr /

noun
Rubber rings around wheels on cars and trucks

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

discretion

US / dɪˈskreʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɛʃən /

noun
The right to exercise your own judgment
Being careful not to reveal confidential matters

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

handle

US / 'hændl /

•

UK / ˈhændl /

noun
The part of a door you hold to open it
Thing you hold to carry or open a bag, pan etc.
verb
To cope with or take responsibility for
To control a machine, car etc.
To control or be controlled /used in a certain way
To deal with a particular situation/person; manage
To buy, sell, or move materials or goods
To hold, control, or use something with the hands
To touch objects with the hands to look at them

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

caveat

US / ˈkæviæt /

•

UK / ˈkeviˌæt, ˈkævi-, ˈkɑviˌɑt /

noun
Warning or caution in a legal document

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

continuation

US / kənˌtɪnjuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / kənˌtɪnjuˈeɪʃən /

noun
Act of going on without stopping or pausing

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

initiative

US / ɪ'nɪʃətɪv /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃətɪv /

noun
Ability to come up with solutions by yourself
New plan or idea that is meant to fix a problem

mirror

US / 'mɪrə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɪrɚ /

noun
Thing with glass surface used to look at yourself
An accurate impression or picture of something
verb
To reflect (an image)
To have similar qualities to something else

review

US / rɪˈvju: /

•

UK / rɪˈvju /

noun
Examination of soldiers and supplies
Opinion, as in a paper, about movie, book, or play
Studying again to remind yourself about something
verb
To carefully look at the quality of something
To formally examine something in the military
To write an opinion about movie, book, or play
To study again to remind yourself about something

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

sword

US / sɔ:d /

•

UK / sɔrd /

noun
A long metal weapon with a sharp point and edge

pyramid

US / 'pɪrəmɪd /

•

UK / ˈpɪrəmɪd /

noun
Four-sided structure with sides meeting at the top
With a small management and huge workforce
Deceitful scheme to trick people out of money

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

complete

US / kəm'pli:t /

•

UK / kəmˈplit /

adjecitve
Being finished; done; achieved
Being as perfect and as total as could be
verb
To finish or reach the end of doing something

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

hole

US / həʊl /

•

UK / hol /

noun
An empty space, as in the ground, in a sock etc.
Fault or weakness in a plan, idea or explanation
Opening into or through something
An awkward or difficult situation
Dirty or unpleasant place with poor facilities
verb
(Golf) to get the ball into the hole

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

exercise

US / 'eksəsaɪz /

•

UK / ˈɛksɚˌsaɪz /

noun
Physical activity to increase health and strength
Set of questions in a text book
verb
To work out to become stronger and healthier
To retain your ability or practice your skills

document

US / 'dɒkjʊmənt /

•

UK / ˈdɑkjəmənt /

noun
Official (printed) record that gives information
verb
To support an opinion with recorded evidence

curve

US / kə:v /

•

UK / kɚv /

noun
Smooth rounded line that is not straight
verb
To make something bend into a rounded shape

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

specify

US / ˈspesɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈspɛsəˌfaɪ /

verb
To state, name or mention exactly and clearly

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

emphatic

US / ɪmˈfætɪk /

•

UK / ɛmˈfætɪk /

adjecitve
Said strongly to highlight thing's importance

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

department

US / dɪˈpɑ:tmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈpɑ:rtmənt /

noun
Division of a larger part or organization

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

committee

US / kəˈmɪti /

•

UK / kəˈmɪti /

noun
Group of people who do or decide something

deliberately

US / dɪˈlɪbərətli /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪbərɪtlɪ /

adverb
In a careful, considered manner; on purpose
Purposely; on purpose

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

reference

US / 'refrəns /

•

UK / ˈrɛfərəns, ˈrɛfrəns /

noun
A letter of recommendation, e.g. for a job
Note in a book, etc. giving source of information
A location on a map
verb
To cite a piece of research in speech or writing

lunge

US / lʌndʒ /

•

UK / lʌndʒ /

verb
To thrust or reach forward with a sudden motion

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

tackle

US / 'tækl /

•

UK / ˈtækəl /

noun
Equipment used in fishing
Arrangement of ropes and wheels used for lifting
Attempt to force a person to the ground
verb
To start working on a difficult problem
To grab and throw a person to the ground

crucial

US / 'kru:ʃl /

•

UK / ˈkruʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely important or necessary

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

acknowledge

US / ək'nɒlɪdʒ /

•

UK / ækˈnɑlɪdʒ /

verb
To say you have received a letter, gift, etc.
To say you accept the truth or value of something
to publicly express appreciation

agree

US / əˈgri: /

•

UK / əˈɡri /

verb
To have the same opinion as someone else

consistency

US / kən'sɪstənsɪ /

•

UK / kənˈsɪstənsi /

noun
Quality of behaving or meaning the same
Physical quality of being smooth, thick, lumpy

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

clearly

US / ˈklɪəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈklɪrlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is easy to understand; obviously

announce

US / əˈnaʊns /

•

UK / əˈnaʊns /

verb
To make a public statement about a plan, decision

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

reasonably

US / ˈri:znəbli /

•

UK / ˈrizn:əblɪ /

adverb
To a reasonable degree; not too much
In a fair and just manner

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

irritate

US / 'ɪrɪteɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪrɪˌtet /

verb
To disturb, anger, or upset someone
To make part of the body feel soreness and pain

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

police

US / pəˈli:s /

•

UK / pəˈlis /

adjecitve
Concerning the police and its business
noun
People, often in uniforms, who solve crimes
verb
To control an area, or group with a police force

general

US / 'dʒenrəl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

adjecitve
Widespread, normal or usual
noun
Top ranked officer in the army

multi

US / 'mʌlti /

•

UK / ˈmʌlti /

prefix
A prefix meaning 'many' or 'more than one'

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

aggressively

US / ə'ɡresɪvlɪ /

•

UK / əˈɡrɛsɪvlɪ /

adverb
Using energy and determination to achieve a goal
In a violent, angry or threatening manner

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

collision

US / kəˈlɪʒn /

•

UK / kəˈlɪʒən /

noun
Act of crashing into someone or something else

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

principle

US / ˈprɪnsəpl /

•

UK / ˈprɪnsəpəl /

noun
Moral rule or belief governing a person's behavior
Natural law that explains how things work

rabbit

US / ˈræbɪt /

•

UK / ˈræbɪt /

noun
Type of small animal with long ears and four legs

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

guarantee

US / ˌɡærən'ti: /

•

UK / ˌɡærənˈti /

noun
A promise to repair a broken product
Promise that something will be done as expected
verb
To promise to repair a broken product
To promise that something will happen or be done
To promise to pay if another person fails to do so

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

direction

US / də'rekʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

noun
When someone tells people what to do
Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

legitimately

US / lɪ'dʒɪtɪmətlɪ /

•

UK / lɪ'dʒɪtɪmətlɪ /

adverb
In a lawfully recognized manner

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

die

US / daɪ /

•

UK / daɪ /

noun
Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
verb
To cease to function or work
(Of a thing) to stop being used or done
(Of a person) to stop living

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

licence

US / ˈlaɪsns /

•

UK / ˈlaɪsəns /

noun
Official card or certification giving permission

fia

US / /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
FIA is an acronym

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

entitle

US / ɪnˈtaɪtl /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪtl /

verb
To make you eligible to hold a title
To give a right (of getting benefits) to someone

ruthless

US / ˈru:θləs /

•

UK / ˈruθlɪs /

adjecitve
Not considering the feelings or health of others

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

specifically

US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

•

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

adverb
As regards a particular thing; closely related to
In particular

line

US / laɪn /

•

UK / laɪn /

noun
Border that divides two places or regions
Long crease in the skin, often from age
Mark that is long, straight and very thin
Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
Telephone connection
People waiting one behind the other; queue
Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
verb
To put material along the inside of something

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

vague

US / veɪɡ /

•

UK / veɡ /

adjecitve
Not clearly stated or expressed; rough; unclear
Not clearly understood; not strongly experienced
Being not clearly visible

compound

US / 'kɒmpaʊnd /

•

UK / kɑmˈpaUnd /

adjecitve
(Of a term) created by combining two or more words
noun
Series of buildings that are walled or fenced off
Chemical made up of several others
Closed walled area, as in a prison
Something formed by combining elements/parts
Term created by using two or more words together
verb
To pay interest on a loan including the interest
To make something from various parts or components
To make a mistake or problem worse

punish

US / 'pʌnɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌnɪʃ /

verb
To make someone suffer for doing something wrong
To treat something or someone roughly

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

extension

US / ɪkˈstenʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnʃən /

adjecitve
Adding extra length
noun
Addition to something, e.g. a house
Suffix code of a computer file, e.g. .pdf, .jpg
Telephone for individual person, e.g. In an office
Something added to the end of something
Extra time allowed to complete something

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

verb
To say to someone that you want something

imply

US / ɪmˈplaɪ /

•

UK / ɪmˈplaɪ /

verb
To suggest something, without saying it directly

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

informal

US / inˈfɔ:məl /

•

UK / ɪnˈfɔrməl /

adjecitve
Casual; relaxed
Not official; not done by the rules

combination

US / ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑmbəˈneʃən /

noun
Series of letters or numbers needed to open a lock
Act or result of mixing things together

acceptable

US / əkˈseptəbl /

•

UK / ækˈsɛptəbəl /

adjecitve
Satisfactory; good enough

brake

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Mechanism on car, train, bike to make it slow down
verb
To stop or slow down a car when driving

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

fully

US / 'fʊlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʊli /

adverb
Completely or entirely

define

US / dɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To explain the meaning of words
To set or mark the limits of something

defend

US / dɪ'fend /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛnd /

verb
To protect and explain your position in court
To protect against an attack
To try to prevent another team from scoring

success

US / sək'ses /

•

UK / səkˈsɛs /

noun
Achievement of a desired purpose or goal
A successful person; one who achieved their aims

doubt

US / daʊt /

•

UK / daʊt /

noun
Not being sure of something; lack of certainty
verb
To question the truth or certainty of something

intend

US / ɪnˈtend /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛnd /

verb
To plan or want to do something

fan

US / fæn /

•

UK / fæn /

noun
Thing you wave in front of your face to stay cool
Someone who admires a famous person, sport etc.
verb
To blow air upon a fire to make it stronger
To use a device to cool yourself, something

chinese

US / /

•

UK / /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of China

max

US / mæks /

•

UK / mæks /

noun
Person's name
Short for 'maximum'

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

nudge

US / nʌdʒ /

•

UK / nʌdʒ /

verb
To touch or push something gently

clarification

US / ˌklærəfɪ'keɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌklærəfəˈkeʃən /

noun
Act or process of making a liquid clear
Act of explaining to make it easier to understand

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

driver

US / ˈdraɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdraɪvɚ /

noun
People who move cattle from one place to another
Someone who operates a vehicle
A club with a wooden head used when playing golf

disagree

US / ˌdɪsə'ɡri: /

•

UK / ˌdɪsəˈɡri /

verb
To have a different opinion; to fail to agree

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

chicane

US / ʃɪˈkeɪn /

•

UK / ʃɪˈkeɪn /

noun
A movable barrier used in motor racing; sometimes placed before a dangerous corner to reduce speed a

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

steward

US / ˈstju:əd /

•

UK / ˈstu:ərd /

noun
Person who manages an event or activity
Male cabin attendant on an airplane

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

penalty

US / 'penəltɪ /

•

UK / ˈpɛnəlti /

noun
Negative effect resulting from your actions
Punishment for committing a crime or offense
A punishment for breaking the rules of the game

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

lay

US / leɪ /

•

UK / le /

adjecitve
Amateur; not being a trained priest
verb
To place a bet on a game outcome
(Of a bird, etc.) to produce eggs from its body
To put or set something down in a flat position
To set out things on (table) to prepare for a meal

lock

US / lɒk /

•

UK / lɑ:k /

noun
Small portion of your hair that hangs together
Place on a door, etc. that you close with a key
verb
To become fixed in place and hard to move
To use a key, code so others can't open something

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

hardline

US / 'hɑrdˌlaɪn /

•

UK / 'hɑrdˌlaɪn /

adjecitve
Extreme and stubborn in your beliefs or opinions

distinction

US / dɪˈstɪŋkʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈstɪŋkʃən /

noun
Special quality that makes something different
A prize of award for a high level of achievement

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

corner

US / 'kɔ:nə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɔrnɚ /

noun
Place where two lines, sides, corners etc. meet
Edges of something, e.g. eyes, boxing ring
verb
To force into a position impossible to escape from
To go around a bend in the road (often by driving)

subjective

US / səbˈdʒektɪv /

•

UK / səbˈdʒɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Using personal feelings and opinions not facts

exit

US / ˈeksɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛɡzɪt, ˈɛksɪt /

noun
A door that you go through to leave a place
Act of leaving a place
verb
To leave a certain place
To stop a computer program after using it

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

slap

US / slæp /

•

UK / slæp /

verb
To hit with the open hand or with a flat object

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

sway

US / sweɪ /

•

UK / swe /

noun
Power or influence to control a person or group
Action of moving slowly from side to side
verb
To change your opinion or position often
To influence a person's thoughts/opinion; persuade
To move slowly from side to side

position

US / pəˈzɪʃn /

•

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

noun
Person's opinion or attitude about something
Specific location where someone or something is
Where you play or your role on a sports team
Person's job or status level
Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
verb
To put in a particular location or direction

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

himself

US / hɪmˈself /

•

UK / hɪmˈsɛlf /

pronoun
The same (male) person who did the action

entry

US / ˈentri /

•

UK / ˈɛntri /

noun
Act of entering a room, building, party
Act of starting a career
Person or thing included in a competition or race
Piece of information entered into a computer
Place where one enters a building, stadium etc.
Piece of information in a database, dictionary etc.

manoeuvre

US / məˈnu:və(r) /

•

UK / məˈnuvɚ, -ˈnju- /

noun
Military movement of troops
Movement that is done carefully, in a skillful way

basic

US / 'beɪsɪk /

•

UK / ˈbesɪk /

adjecitve
At the most important or easiest (beginner) level

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

debate

US / dɪ'beɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈbet /

noun
General public discussion of a topic
A formal event where two sides discuss a topic
verb
To consider options before making a decision
To take part in a formal discussion

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

draft

US / drɑ:ft /

•

UK / dræft /

noun
Withdrawal of money from the bank
System for selecting people to join the military
Method of selecting players for sports teams
Cold wind coming through a door or window
First attempt at a piece of writing
verb
To order people to join the army in time of war
To select people for a task or team
To write something that will be edited later

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

inconsistent

US / ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt /

•

UK / ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt /

adjecitve
Not tying together logically or with the facts

poster

US / 'pəʊstə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpostɚ /

noun
A large, printed notice or picture
Someone who writes and shares messages on online

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

guideline

US / ˈgaɪdlaɪn /

•

UK / ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪn /

noun
General rule or instruction how to do a thing

wheel

US / wi:l /

•

UK / wi:l /

noun
Round thing that rolls, used for moving things
verb
To move something which has wheels or is on wheels
To turn or cause to turn something in a circle

definitive

US / dɪˈfɪnətɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈfɪnɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Clear and leaving no further question

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

fernando

US / /

•

UK / /

inconsistency

US / ˌɪnkən'sɪstənsɪ /

•

UK / ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənsi /

noun
State of being inconsistent

reality

US / rɪ'ælətɪ /

•

UK / riˈælɪti /

noun
What is true, as opposed to what is imagined

regulation

US / ˌregjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛɡjəˈleʃən /

noun
Act of controlling something with rules or orders
other

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

profile

US / 'prəʊfaɪl /

•

UK / ˈproˌfaɪl /

noun
A short description of a person or group
Shape of someone's head when viewed from the side
verb
To write a short description of a person or group

lap

US / læp /

•

UK / læp /

noun
A gentle repeated motion against something
Area between the waist and knees when seated
Single trip around a track or swimming pool
verb
(Of water) to move in a gentle repeated motion
To drink with the tongue like a cat
To go one more lap further than another racer

warn

US / wɔ:n /

•

UK / wɔrn /

verb
To tell someone about possible danger

unless

US / ənˈles /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

conjunction
Negative of 'if'

code

US / kəʊd /

•

UK / kod /

noun
A password made of a set of letters or numbers
Set of rules for behavior
A secret language using secret symbols
Written part of a computer program
verb
To express information in a series of numbers
To write a secret message using secret symbols
To write programs using computer languages

satisfy

US / ˈsætɪsfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈsætɪsˌfaɪ /

verb
To make someone happy because they got their wish
To do what is required in order to finish

calendar

US / ˈkælɪndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkæləndɚ /

noun
A table showing the days, months and years

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

vagueness

US / veɪɡnəs /

•

UK / veɪɡnəs /

noun
State or quality of being unclear

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

absurdly

US / əb'sɜ:dlɪ /

•

UK / əb'sɜ:dlɪ /

adverb
To a foolish, difficult to believe degree

publish

US / 'pʌblɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪʃ /

verb
To prepare and make available a book magazine etc.
To release information to the general public

age

US / eɪdʒ /

•

UK / edʒ /

verb
To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
To get older
noun
Period of time in history
Number of years a person or thing has lived

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

widely

US / ˈwaɪdli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdlɪ /

adverb
To a large degree; over a large range
By or among a large number of people

race

US / reɪs /

•

UK / res /

noun
Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
People who share physical features or culture
verb
To take part in a running or swimming competition
To move or go at a very fast pace
To take someone, something to a place very quickly

width

US / wɪdθ /

•

UK / wɪdθ, wɪθ, wɪtθ /

noun
Distance from one side of something to the other
Piece of cloth that has been measured and cut

trajectory

US / trə'dʒektərɪ /

•

UK / trəˈdʒɛktəri /

noun
The path followed by a flying object

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

beyond

US / bɪ'jɒnd /

•

UK / biˈɑnd, bɪˈjɑnd /

adverb
On or to the farther side
In addition to
preposition
Later in time than
Out of the limits of

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

trigger

US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

noun
Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
Device that starts a process
verb
To start a process off e.g. a memory

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

typically

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

adverb
In a normal or usual way

aggressive

US / əˈgresɪv /

•

UK / əˈɡrɛsɪv /

adjecitve
Using energy and determination to achieve a goal
Behaving in a hostile and threatening way

cite

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

verb
To officially order someone to appear in court
To officially praise someone, e.g. for bravery
To reference the work of others in your writing

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

leery

US / ˈlɪəri /

•

UK / ˈlɪri /

adjecitve
Openly distrustful and unwilling to trust

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

throughout

US / θru:ˈaʊt /

•

UK / θruˈaʊt /

adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

office

US / ˈɒfɪs /

•

UK / ˈɔ:fɪs /

noun
Room or building used for business
Important job position, often in a government

relevant

US / ˈreləvənt /

•

UK / ˈrɛləvənt /

adjecitve
Having an effect on an issue; related or current

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

connection

US / kəˈnekʃn /

•

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

noun
Something that joins things together; being joined
Person you know who can help you in some way
Changing vehicles when traveling

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

cross

US / krɒs /

•

UK / krɔs, krɑs /

adjecitve
Angry and upset
From one side of something to the other
noun
(Of animals) mixture of breeds in one animal
Person's name
verb
To put one thing over another e.g. arms
To breed one type of animal or plant with another
To not to agree with someone; oppose
To go from one side of something to the other
To meet at one point

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

increasingly

US / ɪnˈkri:sɪŋli /

•

UK / ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli /

adverb
More and more; in greater degree or amount

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

complex

US / 'kɒmpleks /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

adjecitve
Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
noun
Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
Psychological issue regarding self-image

grip

US / ɡrɪp /

•

UK / ɡrɪp /

noun
Strong understanding of an idea
Control over something or someone
Part of an object to help you hold onto it
Act of holding something firmly
other
Control over something or someone
verb
To hold someone's interest
To hold something in your hand very firmly

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

wonderfully

US / ˈwʌndəfəli /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚfəlɪ /

adverb
In a very good or appreciated way; marvelously

february

US / ˈfebruəri /

•

UK / ˈfebrueri /

noun
2nd month of the year

regulatory

US / ˈregjələtəri /

•

UK / ˈreɡjələtɔːri /

adjecitve
Having the ability or authority to make rules

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

hang

US / hæŋ /

•

UK / hæŋ /

verb
To attach a picture, photograph etc. onto a wall
To float, move softly, or remain in the air
To kill by putting a rope around neck and dropping
To remain undecided, unsolved or unclear

battle

US / 'bætl /

•

UK / ˈbætl /

noun
Military fight between armies
Working hard to stop something; struggle
verb
To fight or struggle against someone or something
To work hard to stop something; struggle

certainly

US / ˈsə:tnli /

•

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

adverb
Sure; of course

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

nine

US / naɪn /

•

UK / naɪn /

number
9

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

alongside

US / əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd /

•

UK / əˌlɔ:ŋˈsaɪd /

preposition
Side by side with something

fault

US / fɔ:lt /

•

UK / fɔlt /

noun
A failure or negative aspect of
Crack in the earth where earthquakes can happen
Responsibility for a bad result or problem
verb
To blame someone, something for a negative result

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

guidance

US / ˈgaɪdns /

•

UK / ˈɡaɪdns /

noun
Advice on what to do in school, job, future
Process of controlling weapons to hit a target
Act of guiding a person or thing

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

safety

US / ˈseɪfti /

•

UK / ˈsefti /

noun
Device on a gun to prevent accidental shooting
State of being free from harm or danger

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

explanation

US / ˌekspləˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɛkspləˈneʃən /

noun
Details or reasons given to make something clear

alonso

US / əˈləʊhə /

•

UK / əˈloʊhə /

frustrating

US / frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / frʌˈstretɪŋ /

adjecitve
Annoying because things don't go the way you want
verb
To make annoyed because things don't go well

stoke

US / stəʊk /

•

UK / stok /

verb
To add fuel or tend a fire to make it stronger

address

US / ə'dres /

•

UK / əˈdrɛs /

noun
Exact street location of a place
A formal speech to a group of people
verb
To write the place someone lives on a letter
To refer to someone or something formally
To make a formal speech to a group of people
To try to find a solution to; think about

somebody

US / 'sʌmbədɪ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi, -bədi /

noun
Important well-respected person
pronoun
Person who is not known or named

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

baseline

US / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

noun
Imaginary standard by which things are compared

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

camber

US / ˈkæmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkæmbɚ /

noun
Slight convex surface of a road

appendix

US / ə'pendɪks /

•

UK / əˈpɛndɪks /

noun
Additional information at the end of a document
Part of the body attached to the stomach

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

apply

US / ə'plaɪ /

•

UK / əˈplaɪ /

verb
To spread a substance or liquid over a surface
To commit your time and effort to doing something
To make something useful in a certain situation
To be relevant for a situation
To ask formally for (job, permission etc.)

sweep

US / swi:p /

•

UK / swip /

noun
Man who cleans chimneys
Act of cleaning a surface with a brush
Long, smooth movement made with your arm or a tool
Movement or search that covers a large area
verb
To clean something from a surface with a brush
To move or pass quickly and steadily
To search a very wide area for something

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

law

US / lɔ: /

•

UK / lɔ /

noun
Field of study that relates to the legal profession
A rule made and enforced by a government
System or rules made by the government

technically

US / ˈteknɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɛknɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In an exact and particular manner

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

grass

US / grɑ:s /

•

UK / græs /

noun
Slang name for marijuana
Plants with narrow green leaves, grown on lawns
verb
To betray someone
To cover an area of ground to make a lawn or field

diving

US / ˈdaɪvɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdaɪvɪŋ /

noun
Act of swimming underwater
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

codify

US / ˈkəʊdɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:dɪfaɪ /

verb
To systematize or classify into a certain order

champion

US / 'tʃæmpɪən /

•

UK / 'tʃæmpɪən /

noun
Person who fights for or supports strongly
verb
To support or fight for something you believe in

slow

US / sləʊ /

•

UK / sloʊ /

adjecitve
Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
(Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
Having difficulty understanding simple things
Moving or happening without speed; not fast
verb
To move, with less speed than before
To move or go without much speed

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

favour

US / ˈfeɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfevɚ /

noun
What someone asks of you; helpful act; a kindness
verb
To prefer or promote over another

round

US / raʊnd /

•

UK / raʊnd /

adjecitve
Being in the shape of a circle or ball
Consisting of curved and not straight lines
Somewhat fat or curved in physical appearance
Being a whole number, not a fraction, decimal
adverb
From beginning to end (e.g. of the year)
noun
One of the three-minute periods in boxing
Drinks bought by one person for a group
Series regular visits, routes, or stops at places
Single shot or bullet fired from a gun
An object with a circular shape
One stage in a series of games, e.g. football
One's turn in a game such as cards
preposition
Going around
verb
To cause or make a circular or curved shape
To go or pass around the bend or corner
To change from a fraction to nearest whole number

sport

US / spɔ:t /

•

UK / spɔː(r)t /

noun
Something that is done for fun, e.g. football
Game or physical exercise with rules
Someone with a good attitude when things go badly
verb
To do something for fun, e.g. playing with animals
To wear, or show something off by wearing it

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

mercy

US / 'mɜ:sɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɚsi /

noun
Kind instead of harsh treatment of someone

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

radio

US / ˈreɪdiəʊ /

•

UK / ˈreɪdioʊ /

adjecitve
Concerning the broadcasting of sound
noun
System of sending/receiving signals through air
Device to listen to broadcast programs, messages
verb
To broadcast a message to be heard by radio

presumably

US / prɪˈzju:məbli /

•

UK / prɪˈzu:məbli /

adverb
So as to be likely to be true or correct

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

commonly

US / ˈkɒmənli /

•

UK / ˈkɑmənlɪ /

adverb
Typically, normally; not unusually

decision

US / dɪ'sɪʒn /

•

UK / dɪˈsɪʒən /

noun
Choice made after thinking; final judgment
Ability to make quick and confident choices

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

essential

US / ɪ'senʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely or most important and necessary

legal

US / 'li:ɡl /

•

UK / ˈliɡəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the law; allowed by law

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

message

US / 'mesɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmɛsɪdʒ /

noun
Main idea or theme in a story, book, or film
Piece of information that is told/given to someone
verb
To communicate using text

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

tweak

US / twi:k /

•

UK / twik /

noun
A small change or adjustment
verb
To make a small change or adjustment

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

carlos

US / kɑ:ˈlail /

•

UK / kɑrˈlaɪl, ˈkɑrˌlaɪl /

expose

US / ɪk'spəʊz /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

noun
News article revealing secret information
verb
To make visible, without covering or protection
To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
To be talked about in the media
To make a secret known to the public
To experience something, often a harmful thing

happy

US / ˈhæpi /

•

UK / ˈhæpi /

adjecitve
Feeling pleasure or joy; glad

grand

US / ɡrænd /

•

UK / ɡrænd /

adjecitve
A counter for 1000 of something
Great in amount, number or size
Being highest in status or rank; impressive

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

senna

US / ˈsɛnə /

•

UK / ˈsɛnə /

other
Any of various plants of the genus Senna having pinnately compound leaves and showy usually yellow f

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

root

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, rʊt /

noun
Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
The origin or starting place of something
A number that is multiplied by itself
Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
verb
To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
(Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
To stop someone moving, as through fear

bull

US / bʊl /

•

UK / bʊl /

noun
Large male animal such as a cow or elephant
Nonsense; untrue or foolish statements
verb
To push/force something into a certain direction

hamilton

US / 'hæmɪltən /

•

UK / 'hæmɪltən /

proper noun
A port and industrial city in southern Canada, at the western end of Lake Ontario, in Ontario; popul
A city on North Island in New Zealand; population 129,249 (2006).
A town in southern Scotland, near Glasgow; population 48,000 (est. 2009).
The capital of Bermuda; population 11,000 (est. 2009).
A township in west central New Jersey, southeast of Trenton; population 90,402 (est. 2008).
An industrial city in southwestern Ohio, north of Cincinnati; population 62,477 (est. 2008).

collide

US / kəˈlaɪd /

•

UK / kəˈlaɪd /

verb
To come together or crash with a lot of force
To disagree with or be very different from others

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

dish

US / dɪʃ /

•

UK / dɪʃ /

noun
Good-looking person of the opposite sex
Shallow container that you cook or serve food in
Food that has been prepared in a certain way

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

frustratingly

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
So as to annoy you because things don't go well

awkward

US / ˈɔ:kwəd /

•

UK / ˈɔkwəd /

adjecitve
Lacking smooth movement
Causing embarrassment or trouble
Difficult to deal with

manner

US / ˈmænə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmænɚ /

noun
The way a person acts, talks, or behaves
Polite and respectful behavior to others
The way that something happens or is done

fair

US / feə(r) /

•

UK / fɛr /

adjecitve
Neither very good nor very bad; average
(Of skin) light colored; not dark
Quite good; quite a lot
Treating all people the same way
(Of hair) light colored; blonde
(Of weather) sunny; not raining
noun
Event for companies to show their products
Event to sell things to help a charity

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

stress

US / stres /

•

UK / strɛs /

noun
Emphasis on part of a word or sentence
Pressure on something or someone
A state of mental tension, worry due to problems
verb
To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
To put pressure on something or someone
To say your opinion strongly
To be in a state of mental tension due to problems

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

dumb

US / dʌm /

•

UK / dʌm /

adjecitve
Senseless; stupid

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

anticipate

US / æn'tɪsɪpeɪt /

•

UK / ænˈtɪsəˌpet /

verb
To expect or look ahead to something positively
To be aware of something that might happen

relative

US / ˈrelətɪv /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪv /

adjecitve
Measured or considered in comparison to another
(Grammar) referring to words that appear earlier
noun
Members of the family
Humans or animals sharing the same family history

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

outline

US / ˈaʊtlaɪn /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌlaɪn /

noun
Line around the outer edge of something
A summary of the important points of a plan, etc.
verb
To draw around the outer edges of something
To summarize the important points of a plan, etc.

axle

US / ˈæksl /

•

UK / ˈæksəl /

noun
Pole around which wheels, usually two, can turn

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

enshrine

US / ɪnˈʃraɪn /

•

UK / ɛnˈʃraɪn /

verb
To cherish or treasure as sacred

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

workable

US / ˈwɜ:kəbl /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:rkəbl /

adjecitve
(Plan or system) that can be used; practical
Able to be done with current means and resources

sensible

US / ˈsensəbl /

•

UK / ˈsɛnsəbəl /

adjecitve
Able to judge something reasonably or fairly
Being useful/practical rather than fun/fashionable

apex

US / 'eɪpeks /

•

UK / ˈepɛks /

noun
Highest point (of something); peak

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

teach

US / ti:tʃ /

•

UK / titʃ /

verb
To help someone learn or do something

circuit

US / ˈsɜ:kɪt /

•

UK / ˈsɜ:rkɪt /

noun
An area where cars race in a circle
Route for journey all the way around a place
Series of events moving from place to place
other
Electronic equipment consisting of switches
verb
To complete a journey all the way round an area

weekend

US / ˌwi:kˈend /

•

UK / ˈwi:kend /

noun
Saturday and Sunday, after the normal working week

contact

US / 'kɒntækt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtækt /

adjecitve
Touching or feeling something
noun
Touching or feeling something
Object that allows electricity to run through it
Communication with someone or something
People who can give you information, introductions
verb
To get in touch with someone

prix

US / pri: /

•

UK / pri: /

noun
(In titles) a competition in which a prize is won

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

inherently

US / ɪn'herəntlɪ /

•

UK / ɪn'herəntlɪ /

adverb
As an essential part of

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

sequence

US / 'si:kwəns /

•

UK / ˈsikwəns, -ˌkwɛns /

noun
Part of a movie showing one part of the story
verb
To arrange things in an order they should happen

priority

US / praɪ'ɒrətɪ /

•

UK / praɪˈɔrɪti, -ˈɑr- /

noun
Thing that is more important/urgent than others

understeer

US / 'ʌndəstɪə /

•

UK / 'ʌndəstɪr /

noun
(Cornering cars) when the front wheels do not turn

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

physic

US / 'fɪzɪk /

•

UK / 'fɪzɪk /

noun
(Archaic) medicine causing evacuation of the bowels

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

unsurprisingly

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
In an expected manner; predictably

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

action

US / 'ækʃn /

•

UK / ˈækʃən /

noun
Something that a person or thing does
verb
To act to do something

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

dynamic

US / daɪˈnæmɪk /

•

UK / daiˈnæmik /

adjecitve
Always active or energetic; getting things done

track

US / træk /

•

UK / træk /

noun
A circular course for running
Course or way someone takes, e.g. in education
Path in a field or a forest made by walkers
Often circular course laid out for car racing
One of multiple musical recordings on an album
Band surrounding the wheels of a tank
Metal lines that trains ride on
verb
To use marks to follow a wild animal
To move a certain way/follow a particular course
To record and examine the progress of something

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

bend

US / bend /

•

UK / bɛnd /

noun
When a road changes direction; turn
verb
To become curved or no longer straight
To move your body so that it is not straight up
To turn in a different direction, as a road
To use force to make an object not straight

fight

US / faɪt /

•

UK / faɪt /

noun
An argument or quarrel
Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
A struggle to do a difficult task
verb
To argue or quarrel with someone about something
To try to hurt someone by hitting them
To struggle to do a difficult task

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

requirement

US / rɪ'kwaɪəmənt /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪrmənt /

noun
A demand that someone does something
Something that is a necessity

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

vaguely

US / ˈveɪgli /

•

UK / ˈveɪɡli /

adverb
In a vague way; not fully

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

emphatically

US / ɪm'fætɪklɪ /

•

UK / ɪmˈfætɪklɪ /

adverb
(Said) strongly to highlight thing's importance

straightforward

US / ˌstreɪtˈfɔ:wəd /

•

UK / stretˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Easy to do or understand; not complicated

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

mix

US / mɪks /

•

UK / mɪks /

noun
A combination of more than two things
verb
To combine two or more things to make one
To meet and get along with others, e.g. at a party

disappear

US / ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌdɪsəˈpɪr /

verb
To no longer see because it's not there any more

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

unrealistic

US / ˌʌnrɪəˈlɪstɪk /

•

UK / ˌʌnri:əˈlɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Not seeing or interpreting things as they are

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

rival

US / 'raɪvl /

•

UK / 'raɪvl /

verb
To be nearly as good as others in quality, skill
To be in opposition often as competitors
adjecitve
Matching the quality, skill, et. of others
Opposing; being the team you compete against
noun
Someone you are competing against/trying to beat

kerb

US / kɜ:b /

•

UK / kə:b /

noun
Edge between a sidewalk and a roadway

advocate

US / 'ædvəkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈædvəˌket /

noun
A lawyer who protects a clients interests
Person who supports a movement for changes
verb
To request change
To publicly support a belief

essentially

US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

adverb
Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

unfair

US / ˌʌnˈfeə(r) /

•

UK / ˌʌnˈfer /

adjecitve
not treating people in an equal way, or not morally right

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

hander

US / 'hændə /

•

UK / 'hændə /

noun
Property of using one hand more than the other

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

Subtitles section

Time and time again in recent years it's felt like frustrating inconsistencies have meant you the fans, us the media, them the drivers and even to be honest F One's officials don't actually know what's allowed or not in wheel to wheel racing.

There's little worse in F One than when you watch a great battle with two or more cars, things get a bit sketchy and you just have no idea if it's going to result in a penalty or not.

Whether it's overtaking on the inside or outside, lunging from far back, defending too aggressively, we've seen everything from hard but fair racing being punished to leery over the top moves getting overlooked.

Well, this year, something has changed to try to stop that.

There's a new initiative to codify the rules of racing and outline what's legal or not, more specifically than ever.

But you might not have noticed that because the specifics don't really seem to have been published anywhere.

They've just been vaguely referenced in Stewart's decisions at a couple of Grands Prix this season.

What's happening is essentially a continuation of something you might have heard for a long time about letting the drivers race.

And this is a much more formal attempt at doing something very difficult, turning that wonderfully free principle into definitive regulations.

Two years ago, a set of informal racing guidelines was introduced to outline when a driver was entitled to space when overtaking on the inside and outside of corners.

It had mixed success.

They didn't work for every single corner profile on the F One calendar or factor in how a battle between two cars can be so dynamic.

Unsurprisingly, trying to specify car X needs to be this far alongside car Y just dumbed things down to an absurdly unrealistic degree, especially with no emphatic requirement to leave space on the exit of the corner.

Those rules basically implied anything was fair game as long as you got your front wheels alongside the other driver's front wheels at the apex.

It didn't seem to matter how much entry speed you took in or whether you ran the other car off the road on the exit.

That vagueness was something Max Verstappen often used to good effect, and really, he was right to do so.

what's typically considered fair comes second to doing what the rules say you can, or don't say you can't.

It was widely agreed that something needed to be done to improve the situation.

And in February this year, it was announced that the FIA Drivers Committee, the Circuit Commission and the Safety Department had worked together to create the first official Driving Standards Guidelines.

This will apply to all categories of circuit racing, with the intention of being a consistent reference for drivers and officials, and by extension, all of us watching.

At the time, two time F One world champion Fernando Alonso said the guidelines will be crucial.

But despite the fact they are clearly in use in F One already, you haven't seen them yet because technically they still only exist in draft form and will become regulatory in the year when they are enshrined in an appendix to the FIA International Sporting Code.

Before we get into the specific examples the guidelines lay out, let's address some important caveats.

First, they aren't binding, they are just a guide to the decision making process of the stewards who will still exercise discretion.

There's also clear acknowledgement in them that racing is a dynamic process, which stresses that the specific relative positions cited in the guidelines are just one element.

That is so important, and a clear distinction on what existed before.

Factors the stewards will always look at when reviewing an incident include

How did the cars get to the incident, for example, late braking, diving in, moving under braking?

Was the manoeuvre late or optimistic?

What could the drivers reasonably see, know or anticipate?

Could the manoeuvre be completed on the track?

Was there understeer, oversteer or locking?

Did someone position or handle their car in a way that contributed to the incident?

Did the type of corner contribute to the incident, for example, camber, kerbs, curves or apexes?

And what were the relative tyre compounds, age and grip levels?

All of these were relevant factors before, but it is good to emphatically make clear that they don't just get overridden by basic, simplified guidance.

The new guidelines get quite specific for different overtaking moves and different situations.

For overtaking on the inside of a corner, a driver must be given room if they satisfy the following conditions.

One, have their front axle at least alongside of the mirror of the other car, no later than the apex of the corner.

Two, be driven in a safe and controlled manner throughout the manoeuvre, which includes the entry, apex and exit.

three, without deliberately forcing the other car off the track at the exit, which includes leaving a fair and acceptable width for the car being overtaken from the apex to the exit of the corner, and four, be able to make the corner within the track limits.

This seems pretty straightforward, but it still has its drawbacks.

For a case study in how these rules are applied, look to the recent Chinese Grand Prix weekend and an incident involving Alonso, who was one of the original poster boys of these guidelines.

A multi corner battle ended with Alonso attempting to re pass Carlos Sainz into the slow turn nine left hander that follows the sweeping S's in the middle of the lap, and the two cars made contact.

The stewards deemed Alonso caused the collision, but didn't say how.

Looking at the guidelines, Alonso actually tipped most, if not all, of the boxes.

He's far enough alongside at the apex, he's in control even though it's a late move, he doesn't deliberately force Sainz off as the contact is accidental, and Alonso himself made the corner within track limits.

Presumably, the stewards were swayed by the other aforementioned factors and felt something else nudged what Alonso did into being against the rules.

The problem is that as we said, frustratingly, the stewards' decision didn't state exactly what Alonso did wrong beyond causing a collision.

This exposes a problem within this system.

If there are going to be hardline rules with multiple conditions to police overtaking, then the officials need to actually tell us what somebody's done wrong.

You can't tackle inconsistent, vague decision making with vague explanations, especially when a move like Alonso's, while certainly aggressive, didn't feel like the type designed to be punished with a ten second time penalty and three licence penalty points.

As for overtaking on the outside of a corner, we like that the guidelines acknowledge that it's a more difficult move to pull off.

For a long, long time, drivers have been taught from karting all the way through the racing pyramid that if you try to hang it round the outside, you're at risk of running out of road.

It's often been left up to how hard certain drivers race.

fairer drivers will leave a bit of room for their rivals, harder drivers will be more ruthless and edge them out.

But in recent years, there has been a clear effort to define when it's essential for a driver to leave space, and that's the case in the new guidelines too.

So for a driver to be given room when overtaken on the outside, including at the exit of the corner,

The overtaking car must, one, have the front axle at least alongside the front axle of the other car at the apex of the corner and to the exit, two, be driven in a safe and controlled manner throughout the manoeuvre, entry, apex and exit, three, be able to make the corner within the track limits.

In a lot of cases, this is going to leave a driver at the mercy of their rivals or the law of physics.

A good example would be turn six at the Red Bull Ring, the site of many side by side moments even in modern F One.

Sometimes the car on the outside is legitimately entitled to more room and the driver on the inside cannot run their rival out of road if they've held it alongside all the way through the corner.

But if someone tries to pull alongside or past later in the corner, when the car on the inside has already committed to their speed and trajectory to the exit, they won't be entitled to room on the exit.

This isn't intended to stop that kind of optimistic pass, it just means drivers have to accept the risks involved.

We quite like this as it's pretty close to being a live by the sword, die by the sword kind of rule.

As was the case previously, the guidelines do try to tackle the awkward issue of how to approach chicanes and S bends.

In other words, what happens when a move into a sequence of turns starts with a car on the inside or outside, but that very quickly becomes the other side as the track changes direction.

Here, things are very simple.

There are two points to consider.

One, the guides for overtaking on the inside and outside may apply for each element of the combination.

Two, however, priority will be given to the first corner element, so if you didn't fully follow the guidelines at the first corner, then you don't get the benefit at the second.

Let's take the Senna S at Interlagos as an example.

We've seen drivers collide at the second part before, like Verstappen and Lewis Hamilton, as a move around the outside in the first part puts that car in the inside for the second.

Unless you're at least fully alongside from apex to exit through the left hand turn one there, you're not going to get the benefit of the doubt if you then try to hang on to the inside at turn two.

Then you're just relying on the car on the outside doing you a massive favour to avoid contact, but if there is contact, you being on the inside means you're likely to get a penalty.

A good case for this attempted clarification is that it becomes impossible to watch F One's increasingly rare moments of box office action if you don't have a good idea of what's crossing the line in a fight.

It just leads to confusion and arguments which isn't the right kind of debate F One should be stoking.

It's just as frustrating when you see drivers get away with crossing the line as it is when what seems like a hard but fair pass gets slapped with a penalty.

We'll need some time to see if the rules that have been created are widely, commonly understood, although it's not a great look for them that in the space of a couple of months, Alonso's gone from advocating the guidelines to being punished for breaking them even though he felt what he did was okay.

Of course, this kind of thing is always going to be subjective to a degree.

Which means it's not just Alonso or us disagreeing that his move did or didn't fulfil one of these new conditions, it guarantees that different officials will have their own views on different incidents as well.

You'll never get complete consistency, but as long as that's understood, it could be workable as a long term framework.

It's at least rooted in something sensible, as is a tweak in connection to this to turn the weak five second time penalty into a baseline ten second penalty for the year.

It's all designed to warn drivers off unfair driving and make it clear where the line is.

It's fair to ask, though, whether this has all gone too far.

Have we disappeared down a rabbit hole with complex rules for something inherently difficult, if not impossible, to define?

And are officials too trigger happy in F One to dish out penalties in general?

It would certainly be a lot easier if drivers and officials all understood that you just need a bit of give and take in battle, that sometimes there will be contact, and not every incident needs to be somebody's fault.

We'd have fewer penalties, fewer irritating radio messages where drivers and teams are grassing on each other, and fewer confusing situations where you're trying to break down a multi point document to work out why one driver was more at fault for a collision than another.

These new guidelines might work, but if F One's racing reality was a bit simpler, they wouldn't need to exist at all.