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History-Makers: Iceland's #1 Menace, Snorri Sturluson

Video vocabulary

outcome

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US / ˈaʊtkʌm /

UK / ˈaʊtˌkʌm /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that happens as a result, consequence

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

layup

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US / 'leɪʌp /

UK / 'leɪˌʌp /

A1
  • noun
  • A one-handed shot made from near the basket, especially one that rebounds off the backboard.

otherwise

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US / ˈʌðəwaiz /

UK / ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz /

A2
  • adverb
  • In an additional or different way
  • Unless; or

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

educate

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US / ˈedʒukeɪt /

UK / ˈɛdʒəˌket /

A2
  • verb
  • To teach someone in a school or college

bring

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US / brɪŋ /

UK / brɪŋ /

A1
  • verb
  • To take or go with someone to a place

guarantee

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US / ˌɡærən'ti: /

UK / ˌɡærənˈti /

A2
  • noun
  • A promise to repair a broken product
  • Promise that something will be done as expected
  • verb
  • To promise to repair a broken product
  • To promise that something will happen or be done
  • To promise to pay if another person fails to do so

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

prize

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US / praɪz /

UK / praɪz /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being an excellent or valuable example of a thing
  • noun
  • Something won in a contest or given as an award
  • Something valuable that many people would like
  • verb
  • To value greatly and consider it important

post

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US / pəʊst /

UK / post /

A1
  • noun
  • Message delivered or shared in an online group
  • Piece of wood, metal in the ground for support
  • Job or position within an organization or company
  • Place where a soldier, etc. is ordered to go
  • verb
  • To send a letter or package using stamps
  • To share a message on an internet discussion group
  • To send a soldier somewhere to do a job
  • To put a message in public for everyone to see

original

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US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
  • Being unique or thinking differently from others

huge

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US / hju:dʒ /

UK / hjudʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very very large

eighteen

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US / ˌeɪˈti:n /

UK / eˈtin /

A1
  • number
  • 18

bright

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US / braɪt /

UK / braɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Cheerful and happy (manner)
  • (Of color) light and easy to see; vivid
  • Producing a lot of light
  • Smart; intelligent; clever

fabulous

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US / ˈfæbjələs /

UK / ˈfæbjələs /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Almost impossible to believe, incredible

menace

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US / 'menəs /

UK / ˈmɛnɪs /

B2
  • noun
  • Something that threatens or is dangerous
  • verb
  • To threaten or alarm someone

untitled

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US / ʌnˈtaɪtld /

UK / ʌnˈtaɪtld /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Without a title

hold

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US / həʊld /

UK / hold /

A1
  • noun
  • Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
  • Influence or power held over someone
  • Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
  • verb
  • To agree to keep something for someone
  • To have the capacity to support/contain something
  • To control an area and protect it from attack
  • To not allow someone to leave a place
  • To cause an event to happen at a place or time
  • To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
  • To have a specific quality or property
  • To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
  • To have or own something
  • To wait before being able to talk on the phone
  • To limit the movement of someone in a sport

fourth

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US / fɔ:θ /

UK / fɔ:rθ /

A1
  • noun
  • 4th

poetic

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US / pəʊˈetɪk /

UK / poˈɛtɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Imaginative, descriptive and often emotional

chronicle

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US / 'krɒnɪkl /

UK / ˈkrɑnɪkəl /

B2
  • noun
  • Record of something in time order
  • verb
  • To make a historical record

figure

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US / ˈfiɡə /

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Your body shape
  • Numbers in a calculation
  • Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
  • Picture or diagram giving information in a text
  • Person who is very important or famous
  • Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
  • Amount that is expressed in numbers
  • verb
  • To appear in a game, play or event
  • To calculate how much something will cost
  • To understand after thinking; work out

general

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US / 'dʒenrəl /

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Widespread, normal or usual
  • noun
  • Top ranked officer in the army

pretty

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US / 'prɪtɪ /

UK / ˈprɪti /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • adverb
  • Very; to a great degree

personally

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US / ˈpɜ:sənəli /

UK / ˈpəsənəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • By a specific person, and not by anyone else
  • Knowing someone as a friend, or closely

power

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US / 'paʊə(r) /

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal or official right to perform certain actions
  • Ability to move forcefully and quickly
  • Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
  • Mathematical way to multiply a number
  • Condition of being in political control
  • Physical force, energy, and strength
  • verb
  • To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
  • To move something forcefully and quickly

dispute

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US / dɪ'spju:t /

UK / dɪˈspjut /

B1
  • noun
  • Argument with someone about something
  • A question or doubt about something
  • verb
  • To argue with someone about something
  • To disagree about who owns or controls something
  • To question the truth or reality of something

regard

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US / rɪ'ɡɑ:d /

UK / rɪˈɡɑrd /

A2
  • noun
  • Admiration or respect for a person or thing
  • verb
  • To think about a person, thing in a particular way
  • To look at a person or thing in a particular way

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

surprised

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US / səˈpraɪzd /

UK / sərˈpraɪzd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Feeling a shock when something unexpected happens
  • verb
  • To do something that another person didn't expect

instruction

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US / ɪn'strʌkʃn /

UK / ɪnˈstrʌkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • A command for someone formally to do something
  • Act of teaching or explaining to others
  • Information about how to do or use something

invent

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US / ɪnˈvent /

UK / ɪnˈvɛnt /

A2
  • verb
  • To create something such as a story or excuse
  • To create something useful for the first time

man

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US / mæn /

UK / mæn /

A1
  • noun
  • Humans in general, including male and female
  • An adult male human being
  • Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
  • verb
  • To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
  • To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

anticipate

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US / æn'tɪsɪpeɪt /

UK / ænˈtɪsəˌpet /

B1
  • verb
  • To expect or look ahead to something positively
  • To be aware of something that might happen

lid

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US / lɪd /

UK / lɪd /

B1
  • noun
  • Cover that can be lifted or removed, as on bottles

core

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US / kɔ:(r) /

UK / kɔr, kor /

A2
  • noun
  • Important central part of something
  • verb
  • To take out the central section of a fruit

egyptian

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US / ɪ'dʒɪpʃn /

UK / ɪˈdʒɪpʃən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Egypt
  • noun
  • Person from Egypt

avoidable

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US / əˈvɔɪdəbl /

UK / əˈvɔɪdəbl: /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Able to prevent happening

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

demand

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US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

UK / dɪˈmænd /

A2
  • noun
  • Desire customers have to buy product, service
  • A strong request for someone to do something
  • verb
  • To strongly request someone to do something

compromise

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US / 'kɒmprəmaɪz /

UK / ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz /

B1
  • noun
  • When you lessen your demands to get agreement
  • verb
  • To weaken your position or views
  • To lessen your demands so as to reach agreement
  • To put something at risk or in danger

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

handsome

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US / 'hænsəm /

UK / ˈhænsəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A large amount or quantity
  • Good looking and attractive (usually used of men)

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

manual

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US / ˈmænjuəl /

UK / ˈmænjuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Done by hand (not machine)
  • (Of a car) using individual gears ( not automatic)
  • noun
  • Book explaining how to use a machine

perfect

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US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • So good it cannot be improved
  • verb
  • To do something so well, it cannot be done better

platter

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US / ˈplætə(r) /

UK / ˈplætər /

C1
  • noun
  • Large plate that holds several types of food

originally

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US / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • At first; in the beginning
  • In a new and unique manner

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

eye

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US / aɪ /

UK / aɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • The part of the body that you see with
  • The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
  • Hole at the end of a needle
  • verb
  • To watch or study something closely

govern

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US / ˈgʌvn /

UK / ˈgʌvərn /

B1
  • verb
  • To officially control land and make policies

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

whereupon

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US / ˌweərəˈpɒn /

UK / ˌwerəˈpɑ:n /

C1
  • conjunction
  • As a result of which; after which

servant

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US / ˈsɜ:vənt /

UK / ˈsɚvənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person paid to clean, cook, etc. in another's home

second

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US / 'sekənd /

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 2nd; the one following first
  • noun
  • Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
  • Short period of time that you wait for someone
  • (Do) soon

permit

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US / pəˈmɪt /

UK / pərˈmɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Piece of paper giving you rights to do something
  • verb
  • To allow something to happen; to give permission

bank

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US / bæŋk /

UK / bæŋk /

A1
  • noun
  • A financial institution that keeps or lends money
  • The side of a river
  • A row of things in lines (e.g. computers)
  • verb
  • To put or keep your money in a bank
  • To turn a plane when flying; (of a plane) to turn

whose

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US / hu:z /

UK / huz /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Refers to the person who owns something

ready

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US / 'redɪ /

UK / ˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being likely or about to do something
  • Being willing to do a task
  • verb
  • To prepare something for use or action

run

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US / rʌn /

UK / rʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Journey between two places made by ship or car
  • Series of similar things or successes and failures
  • Act of running; exercise of running
  • verb
  • To depart or travel according to a schedule
  • To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
  • (Of an engine) to be operating
  • To start or use a computer program
  • To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
  • To manage or operate a business
  • To operate or drive something
  • (Of a road) to go from one place to another
  • To move your legs faster than walking

simply

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US / ˈsɪmpli /

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In an easy or clear manner

therefore

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US / ˈðeəfɔ:(r) /

UK / ˈðerfɔ:(r) /

A1
  • adverb
  • And so; for that reason

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

receive

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US / rɪ'si:v /

UK / rɪˈsiv /

A1
  • verb
  • To get something someone has given or sent to you
  • To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
  • To welcome someone as a guest into your home
  • To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

utterly

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US / 'ʌtəli: /

UK / ˈʌtəli /

B2
  • adverb
  • Completely

nonsense

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US / ˈnɒnsns /

UK / ˈnɑ:nsens /

A2
  • noun
  • Foolish or untrue statements or ideas

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

half

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US / hɑ:f /

UK / hæf, hɑf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not complete
  • adverb
  • Partly; somewhat
  • noun
  • One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
  • The part you get when one is divided into two;

bad

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US / bæd /

UK / bæd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not good; wrong
  • Lacking in good morals; evil
  • No longer fresh; spoiled

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

latin

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US / ˈlætɪn /

UK / ˈlætn /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or typical of a Spanish-speaking culture
  • noun
  • Ancient Roman language affecting many languages

harmless

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US / ˈhɑ:mləs /

UK / ˈhɑ:rmləs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being unable to cause damage or injury; safe
  • Not being intended/likely to upset or anger others

kill

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US / kɪl /

UK / kɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal killed by a person or other animal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
  • To end the life of a person or other living thing
  • To be very funny
  • To prevent something from continuing or operating
  • To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

scrap

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US / skræp /

UK / skræp /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Unneeded and thrown away
  • noun
  • A fight with someone
  • Small piece of something especially paper or cloth
  • other
  • Wasted things such as metal
  • verb
  • To fight with someone

memorize

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US / ˈmeməraɪz /

UK / ˈmɛməˌraɪz /

A2
  • verb
  • To study something so that you remember it

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

generation

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US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act or process of producing or causing something
  • People born and living at about the same time

elect

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US / ɪ'lekt /

UK / ɪˈlɛkt /

B1
  • verb
  • To select someone for a position by voting

sound

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US / saʊnd /

UK / saʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sensible, dependable and reliable
  • Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
  • Firm or solid in structure
  • Sane; not mentally ill
  • Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
  • noun
  • Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
  • Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
  • verb
  • To seem or appear to be, from what was said
  • To say in a clear deliberate manner
  • To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

spare

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US / speə(r) /

UK / spɛr /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being extra or in reserve
  • noun
  • Extra part; something in reserve for replacements
  • verb
  • To make (money or time) available for
  • To save from being hurt or punished
  • To allow someone not to do something unpleasant

hell

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US / hel /

UK / hɛl /

A2
  • noun
  • Any place of pain and suffering

greek

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US / gri:k /

UK / ɡrik /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Greece
  • noun
  • Person from Greece

career

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US / kə'rɪə(r) /

UK / kəˈrɪr /

A2
  • noun
  • Particular occupation in professional life
  • verb
  • To move forward very fast and without control

letter

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US / 'letə(r) /

UK / ˈlɛtɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • One of the 26 parts of the English alphabet
  • Message you put in an envelope and send by post

philander

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US / fɪ'lændə /

UK / fə'lændə /

C2
  • verb
  • (Of a man) to have amorous affairs; be unfaithful

rediscovery

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US / ˌri:dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

UK / ˌri:dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Learning or finding something that had been lost

resort

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US / rɪ'zɔ:t /

UK / rɪ'zɔ:rt /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of choosing something to help with a problem
  • Vacation hotel or complex; area for holidays

corpus

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US / ˈkɔ:pəs /

UK / ˈkɔ:rpəs /

B2
  • noun
  • Large collection of written and spoken language

stuff

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US / stʌf /

UK / stʌf /

A1
  • noun
  • Generic description for things, materials, objects
  • verb
  • To push material inside something, with force

possibly

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US / ˈpɒsəbli /

UK / ˈpɑ:səbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • May be true or likely, but is uncertain

grant

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US / ɡrɑ:nt /

UK / ɡrænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Money given for education or research
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
  • To give or let someone do what they want

scandinavia

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US / ˌskændɪˈneɪviə /

UK / ˌskændəˈnevɪə /

A1
  • other
  • The peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden

period

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US / ˈpɪəriəd /

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

A1
  • noun
  • Set amount of time during which events take place
  • A way to emphasize what you will say
  • A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
  • A menstrual cycle
  • A set time for a class to be held

home

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US / həʊm /

UK / hom /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A sports team's own field or place of play
  • adverb
  • Into the correct or intended position
  • noun
  • House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
  • Institution for sick or elderly people
  • Place where a person or a family lives
  • Country where a person lives or was born
  • Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
  • verb
  • To move towards a particular target location

title

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US / 'taɪtl /

UK / ˈtaɪtl /

A2
  • noun
  • Book produced by a publisher
  • Name given to something to identify or describe it
  • Name showing profession, marriage or social status
  • (Legal) the right to own something, e.g. property
  • Position of being the winner in a sport or contest
  • verb
  • To give a name to identify or describe something

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

set

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US / set /

UK / sɛt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Prepared for something; ready
  • noun
  • Complete group of something
  • Place where a television show or movie is filmed
  • Group of games in a tennis match
  • Device that receives radio or television signals
  • verb
  • To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
  • To decide upon or choose something
  • To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
  • To decide on a price for something
  • To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
  • To be located in a specific place or time
  • To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
  • To put someone in a certain condition or state
  • (Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

comparatively

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US / kəmˈpærətɪvli /

UK / kəmˈpærətɪvlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • When you compare it to something else

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

convince

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US / kən'vɪns /

UK / kənˈvɪns /

A2
  • verb
  • To persuade someone, or make them feel sure

compile

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US / kəm'paɪl /

UK / kəmˈpaɪl /

B1
  • verb
  • To put programming data into a computer
  • To gather (articles) for a book

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

buddy

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US / 'bʌdɪ /

UK / ˈbʌdi /

B2
  • noun
  • Friend, usually male

vast

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US / vɑ:st /

UK / væst /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very large in size or amount

broadly

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US / ˈbrɔ:dli /

UK / ˈbrɔdlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a general (not detailed) manner

light

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US / laɪt /

UK / laɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
  • Being pale and lacking darkness of color
  • Not heavy; weighing only a little
  • adverb
  • Carrying few bags when traveling
  • noun
  • A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
  • Way in which something or someone is understood
  • verb
  • To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
  • To provide a way to see ahead

cultivate

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US / 'kʌltɪveɪt /

UK / ˈkʌltəˌvet /

B1
  • verb
  • To grow plants, crops etc.
  • To cause to grow by education; to enlighten

eighty

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US / 'eɪtɪ /

UK / ˈeti /

A1
  • number
  • 80

send

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US / send /

UK / sɛnd /

A1
  • verb
  • To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
  • To cause mail or packages to go to another place
  • To move something quickly in a particular way
  • To give information or greetings to someone

personal

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US / ˈpɜ:sənl /

UK / ˈpɚsənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Done by or to a particular person; individual
  • Concerning a person's private life or feelings

traitor

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US / ˈtreɪtə(r) /

UK / ˈtretɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Person who betrays your country or someone's trust

text

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US / tekst /

UK / tɛkst /

A1
  • noun
  • Any form in which writing exists
  • Reading or audio passage, often a story or article
  • Written part of a book or other work
  • verb
  • To send a message by phone or other device

textual

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US / ˈtekstʃuəl /

UK / ˈtɛkstʃuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or based on a text

subject

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US / 'sʌbdʒɪkt /

UK / ˈsʌbdʒekt /

A1
  • noun
  • Citizen of an area or country
  • The person or thing that does the action of a verb
  • People who take part in experiments or tests
  • An area of study at school, e.g. math, history
  • What a book, article etc. is about; theme
  • verb
  • To cause to suffer or experience something

cool

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US / ku:l /

UK / kul /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Steady and calm when facing difficulties
  • Almost cold; not warm or hot
  • Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
  • Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
  • verb
  • To make something decrease in temperature
  • (Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

invisible

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US / ɪnˈvɪzəbl /

UK / ɪnˈvɪzəbəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being unable to be seen
  • Of money earned from services, instead of products

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

bestie

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US / ˈbesti /

UK / ˈbesti /

A1
  • noun
  • A person's best friend.

overall

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US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

royal

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US / 'rɔɪəl /

UK / ˈrɔɪəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Excellent or grand; suitable for a king or queen
  • Concerning a king or queen
  • Used in some titles of noble persons, places

circumstance

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US / 'sɜ:kəmstəns /

UK / ˈsɚkəmˌstæns /

A2
  • noun
  • Condition or fact that affects a situation

eight

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US / eɪt /

UK / et /

A1
  • number
  • 8

express

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US / ɪk'spres /

UK / ɪkˈsprɛs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sent by a fast mail service
  • Traveling at high speed
  • noun
  • Fast train or bus
  • verb
  • To send something by fast mail
  • To state or show what you think or how you feel

short

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US / ʃɔ:t /

UK / ʃɔrt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Less than what is needed
  • Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
  • verb
  • (Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
  • adjecitve
  • Measuring a small distance
  • Happening for a small amount of time
  • Unfriendly or rude

benefit

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US / 'benɪfɪt /

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Good result or effect, something advantageous
  • verb
  • To have a good effect or be helpful

standard

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US / 'stændəd /

UK / ˈstændəd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being the accepted normal level of quality
  • (Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
  • noun
  • Official unit of measuring something
  • Principle of behaving in a moral way

wildcard

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US / ˈwaɪldˌkɑrd /

UK / ˈwaɪldkɑrd /

A1
  • noun

question

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US / 'kwestʃən /

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Issue or problems you are dealing with
  • What you ask about; issue
  • verb
  • To ask for or try to get information
  • To have or express concerns or uncertainty

religion

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US / rɪˈlɪdʒən /

UK / rɪˈlɪdʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • Organized set of beliefs about a god or gods
  • Belief in God or gods that governs people's lives

illustrative

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US / ˈɪləstrətɪv /

UK / ɪˈlʌstrətɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Clarifying by use of examples; to demonstrate

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

consequence

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US / ˈkɔnsikwəns /

UK / ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Importance of a person or thing
  • Outcome of an event; result

prose

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US / prəʊz /

UK / proʊz /

B2
  • noun
  • Writing that is not a poem

responsible

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US / rɪ'spɒnsəbl /

UK / rɪˈspɑnsəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being the cause of something that has occurred
  • Having the duty of dealing with something
  • Able to be trusted to do what needs to be done

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

unique

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US / jʊ'ni:k /

UK / juˈnik /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unlike other things; being the only one like it

babylonian

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US / ˌbæbiˈləunjən /

UK / ˌbæbəˈloniən /

A1
  • other
  • An inhabitant of ancient Babylon
  • Ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written

thirteenth

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US / ˌθɜ:'ti:nθ /

UK / θə:ˈtinθ /

A1
  • noun
  • 13th

cold

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US / kəʊld /

UK / kold /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a very low temperature
  • Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
  • noun
  • Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

ask

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US / ɑ:sk /

UK / æsk /

A1
  • verb
  • To say to someone that you want something

heresy

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US / 'herəsɪ /

UK / ˈhɛrɪsi /

C1
  • noun
  • Act of rebelling against accepted religion

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

head

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US / hed /

UK / hɛd /

A1
  • noun
  • Counter for the number of cattle
  • Natural mental ability or intelligence
  • Leader or person with the greatest authority
  • Mind; mental ability; mental state
  • Side of a coin with a head on it
  • Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
  • Starting point of something, e.g. a river
  • verb
  • To hit a ball with your head in a game
  • To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
  • To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
  • To become the leader of something
  • To lead or be responsible for something

tone

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US / təʊn /

UK / toʊn /

A2
  • noun
  • Atmosphere or feeling in a message
  • Firmness and strength of the body's muscles
  • Difference in pitch between musical notes
  • Specific shade of color
  • Quality of sound created by a musical instrument
  • Sound of a voice that reveals emotion or meaning
  • verb
  • To increase the quality of muscles by exercise

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

conflict

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US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

A2
  • noun
  • Argument or struggle between two or more parties
  • verb
  • To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

accurate

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US / ˈækjərət /

UK / ˈækjərɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • With no mistake or error; Correct

certainly

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US / ˈsə:tnli /

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Sure; of course

thoroughly

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US / ˈθʌrəli /

UK / ˈθɜ:rəli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a complete way, without missing any part

battle

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US / 'bætl /

UK / ˈbætl /

A2
  • noun
  • Military fight between armies
  • Working hard to stop something; struggle
  • verb
  • To fight or struggle against someone or something
  • To work hard to stop something; struggle

church

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US / tʃɜ:tʃ /

UK / tʃɚtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Building where Christians gather and pray to God
  • An occasion of Christian religious prayer, worship

particular

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US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • One specific (one)
  • Having firm ideas about what is desirable
  • Being special or more than is typical

forty

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US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

UK / ˈfɔrti /

A1
  • number
  • 40

memorization

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US / ˌmemə'rɪzeɪʃən /

UK / ˌmemə'rɪzeɪʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Conscious learning of something e.g. words

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

ancestry

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US / ˈænsestri /

UK / ˈænˌsɛstri /

B2
  • noun
  • Family or race from which a person is descended

praise

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US / preɪz /

UK / preɪz /

B1
  • noun
  • Expression of approval of something/someone
  • Expression of thanks, respect, and love
  • verb
  • To express approval of something or someone
  • To express thanks, respect, and love

poor

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US / pʊə(r) /

UK / pʊr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Inferior; below the normal standard
  • Deserving of pity or sympathy
  • Without money; not rich

name

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US / neɪm /

UK / nem /

A1
  • noun
  • What something or someone is called
  • verb
  • To state what someone is called, e.g. John

entirely

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US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Wholly; completely

channel

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US / 'tʃænl /

UK / ˈtʃænəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
  • TV or radio station or its programs
  • Method or way of sending or receiving information
  • Narrow passage through which water travels
  • Method or route used for sending or getting things
  • verb
  • To dig a long hole for carrying water
  • To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
  • To direct water or liquid through a passage
  • To direct energy or feelings into something

permanently

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US / 'pɜ:mənəntlɪ /

UK / ˈpəmənəntlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • For a long time; always

pretend

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US / prɪ'tend /

UK / prɪˈtɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To act as if something is true when it is not

screen

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US / skri:n /

UK / skrin /

A2
  • noun
  • Wire net in a door or window to keep insects out
  • Displays in a theater on which movies are shown
  • Flat surface on a computer or TV showing images
  • verb
  • To hide or block something from being seen
  • To examine to find something, e.g. best candidate

fifteen

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US / ˌfɪfˈti:n /

UK / fɪfˈtin /

A1
  • number
  • 15

hope

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US / həʊp /

UK / hop /

A1
  • noun
  • When you wish something will happen; what you wish
  • verb
  • To expect and want something to happen

attentive

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US / əˈtentɪv /

UK / əˈtɛntɪv /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Thoughtful and considerate
  • Paying attention to; concentrating on

europe

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US / ˈjʊərəp /

UK / ˈjʊrəp /

A1
  • noun
  • A continent including Germany, France and Spain
  • other
  • The second smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use 'Europe' to re

bloody

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US / 'blʌdɪ /

UK / ˈblʌdi /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Covered or spotted with blood on the surface
  • A word used when swearing or cursing
  • Violent and causing death

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

base

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US / beɪs /

UK / bes /

A2
  • noun
  • Place military personnel live, train, and operate
  • Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
  • Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
  • Most important idea or ingredient to add others
  • Origin or start from which something came
  • Main place where an organization or a person works
  • verb
  • To use as the starting point or origin for
  • To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

culminate

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US / 'kʌlmɪneɪt /

UK / ˈkʌlməˌnet /

B2
  • verb
  • To finally end (in some event or result)

jar

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US / dʒɑ:(r) /

UK / dʒɑr /

B2
  • noun
  • Glass container for foods
  • verb
  • To have a harsh or unsettling effect on someone
  • To make a harsh sound to the ears

nine

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US / naɪn /

UK / naɪn /

A1
  • number
  • 9

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

frame

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US / freɪm /

UK / frem /

A2
  • noun
  • Structure that holds a picture or photo
  • A person's body shape determined by their skeleton
  • Main part of structures supporting the other parts
  • verb
  • To make a person that is not guilty appear guilty
  • To put say or write something in a careful way
  • To put a picture in a protective structure

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

detour

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US / ˈdi:tʊə(r) /

UK / ˈdi:tʊr /

B2
  • noun
  • Indirect route to avoid something, as an accident
  • verb
  • To (cause to) go around, as to avoid an accident

arise

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US / əˈraɪz /

UK / əˈraɪz /

A2
  • verb
  • To stand up
  • To result or happen due to a particular event

rest

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US / rest /

UK / rɛst /

A1
  • noun
  • Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
  • State in which there is a lack of motion
  • Part of something remaining after some was used
  • verb
  • To stop working or avoid activity to recover
  • (Of dead person) to lie in a grave
  • To lean, support or place something against
  • To not be tired because you had enough sleep

guy

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US / ɡaɪ /

UK / ɡaɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Man; boy; any person

mostly

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US / ˈməʊstli /

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In large part; mainly or chiefly

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

intent

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US / ɪnˈtent /

UK / ɪnˈtɛnt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having a fixed purpose or intention; not deviating
  • noun
  • Aim or purpose

format

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US / ˈfɔ:mæt /

UK / ˈfɔ:rmæt /

B1
  • noun
  • Form, design, or arrangement of something
  • verb
  • To set the appearance of a text in a certain way
  • To set a computer back to its original state

anything

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US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • A thing of any kind

leave

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US / li:v /

UK / liv /

A1
  • noun
  • Permission to do something
  • Vacation time; time off work
  • verb
  • To go away from; depart
  • To gift property to someone after you die
  • To allow something to continue happening
  • To let something remain unused or available
  • To let something or someone remain somewhere

couple

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US / 'kʌpl /

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Two people in a romantic relationship
  • Two of something; two people; a pair
  • verb
  • To join something to something else
  • (Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
  • To put two people or things together

disaster

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US / dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) /

UK / dɪˈzæstɚ, -ˈsæs- /

A2
  • noun
  • State of extreme ruin and misfortune

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

local

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US / ˈləʊkl /

UK / ˈloʊkl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Relating to a particular area, city, or town
  • noun
  • Bus or train, that stops at most stations
  • People who live in the area being discussed
  • The pub you most frequently go to

mythological

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US / ˌmɪθəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

UK / ˌmɪθəˈlɑ:dʒɪkl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Based on or described in mythology
  • Of myths (stories dealing with cultural origins)

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

height

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US / haɪt /

UK / haɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Distance of something from the bottom to the top

soldier

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US / 'səʊldʒə(r) /

UK / ˈsoldʒɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Person working in an army to fight

game

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US / ɡeɪm /

UK / ɡem /

A1
  • noun
  • Activity with rules that people play to have fun
  • Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
  • Match between two teams

codification

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US / ˌkəʊdɪfɪ'keɪʃn /

UK / ˌkoʊdɪfɪ'keɪʃn /

C1
  • noun
  • Arrangement in a systematic order

ancient

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US / 'eɪnʃənt /

UK / ˈenʃənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very old; having lived a very long time ago

behalf

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US / bɪˈhɑːf /

UK / bɪˈhæf /

B2

connection

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US / kəˈnekʃn /

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that joins things together; being joined
  • Person you know who can help you in some way
  • Changing vehicles when traveling

rather

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US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Somewhat; fairly; not that much

homeland

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US / ˈhəʊmlænd /

UK / ˈhoʊmlænd /

C1
  • noun
  • Country where you were born

inspiration

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US / ˌɪnspə'reɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnspəˈreʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Force making you feel you can do things, succeed

slash

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US / slæʃ /

UK / slæʃ /

B2
  • noun
  • Line ( / ) used in writing
  • Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
  • verb
  • To cut violently with a sharp object
  • To decrease something by a large amount

wave

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US / weɪv /

UK / wev /

A2
  • noun
  • Movement of sound, air or energy
  • Deep and strong emotion that is suddenly felt
  • Slightly curved shape in hair
  • Frequency of movement of objects together
  • Up and down movement of water in a lake or sea
  • Signal with your hand to say hello or goodbye
  • verb
  • To cause to move side to side or back and forth
  • To swing back and forth as a result of the wind
  • To move your hand or arm to say hello or goodbye

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

culture

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US / 'kʌltʃə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌltʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Beliefs and customs of a particular group

norse

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US / nɔ:s /

UK / nɔ:rs /

B2
  • noun
  • People from Norway in medieval times

wonky

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US / ˈwɒŋki /

UK / ˈwɑ:ŋki /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Turned or twisted toward one side

grudge

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US / ɡrʌdʒ /

UK / ɡrʌdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Ongoing anger toward someone who upset you

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

convenience

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US / kənˈvi:niəns /

UK / kənˈvinjəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Quality of being easy to do or saving time

dang

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US / dæŋ /

UK / dæŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • The least valuable bit; a jot

keep

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US / ki:p /

UK / kip /

A1
  • noun
  • Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
  • Money spent on you so you can live in a place
  • verb
  • To continue doing something; not to stop
  • To stop balls going in a goal in sports
  • To not give back or return something
  • (Of food) to not spoil or not rot
  • To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
  • To have and continue to hold something
  • To do something that you have promised or agreed
  • To stay in a certain place or condition
  • To maintain the rules

regional

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US / ˈri:dʒənl /

UK / ˈridʒənəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of a particular area, not the whole of a country

scheme

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US / ski:m /

UK / skim /

A2
  • noun
  • Plan (sometimes dishonest) to get or do something
  • Way something is organized, e.g. colors of a room
  • verb
  • To make secret plans to do something (often bad)

share

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US / ʃeə(r) /

UK / ʃɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Part-ownership in a property, business or company
  • Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
  • verb
  • To divide something between two or more people
  • To allow others to use your things equally
  • To give information, etc. to someone

recitation

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US / ˌresɪˈteɪʃn /

UK / ˌrɛsɪˈteʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Written text spoken aloud from memory in public

completely

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US / kəmˈpli:tli /

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In every way or as much as possible

regent

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US / 'ri:dʒənt /

UK / ˈridʒənt /

B2
  • noun
  • Person who governs instead of a (sick) ruler

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

fame

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US / feɪm /

UK / fem /

B1
  • noun
  • (Person, thing) being well-known by many people

major

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US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
  • Important, serious, or large in scope, size
  • noun
  • High-ranking officer in the army
  • Main subject you study at university
  • verb
  • To study a particular subject at university

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

huh

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US / hʌ /

UK / hʌ /

A1
  • exclamation
  • Sound people make when they are confused

national

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US / 'næʃnəl /

UK / ˈnæʃənəl, ˈnæʃnəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a nation as a whole
  • noun
  • A person of a particular country

comprehensive

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US / ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv /

UK / ˌkɑ:mprɪˈhensɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Including most or all things

mess

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US / mes /

UK / mɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is untidy, dirty or unclean
  • verb
  • To make something untidy or dirty

deity

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US / ˈdeɪəti /

UK / ˈdiɪti /

C1
  • noun
  • A god or goddess

ruinously

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US / ˈruːɪnəsli /

UK / ˈruːɪnəsli /

B2
  • adverb
  • So as to destroy (reputation, financial status)

hate

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US / heɪt /

UK / het /

A1
  • noun
  • Severe, deep sense of dislike or anger
  • An object that you hate
  • verb
  • To have a very strong feeling of dislike for

honestly

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US / ˈɒnɪstli /

UK / ˈɑnɪstli /

A2
  • adverb
  • With truth or sincerity; I'm being honest with you

old

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US / əʊld /

UK / old /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having existed for a long time, not young or new
  • Age of a person since birth

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

device

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US / dɪˈvaɪs /

UK / dɪˈvaɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • Object, machine, or equipment for a specific use
  • Method of doing something; a way

speaker

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US / 'spi:kə(r) /

UK / ˈspikɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Electronic device for making or broadcasting sound
  • Person who makes a speech before a group

top

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US / tɒp /

UK / tɑp /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good or great; excellent
  • Being the most in degree or quality
  • noun
  • Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
  • A cover or lid
  • Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
  • Highest or upper part or point of something
  • Best or highest status or position
  • Flat upper surface or edge of an object
  • Child's toy that spins on its point
  • Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
  • Winning in a sport or contest
  • verb
  • To be higher or larger than a specific value
  • To arrive at the highest point of something
  • To put a cover or layer or over something
  • To kill; murder
  • To hold the highest position on a list
  • To be more important, successful or better than
  • To beat someone or win at a game

notably

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US / ˈnəʊtəbli /

UK / ˈnoʊtəbli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a way that deserves notice; particularly

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

ancestor

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US / 'ænsestə(r) /

UK / ˈænˌsɛstɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • A person from your family that lived in the past

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

historian

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US / hɪˈstɔ:riən /

UK / hɪˈstɔriən /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone who studies the course of history

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

carve

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US / kɑ:v /

UK / kɑ:rv /

B1
  • verb
  • To cut a piece of cooked meat into thin slices
  • To make a cut in, e.g. to write your name on tree
  • To cut wood, etc., into a particular shape

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

death

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US / deθ /

UK / dɛθ /

A2
  • noun
  • When someone dies; the end of life

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

grammar

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US / ˈgræmə(r) /

UK / ˈɡræmɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Book describing the syntactic rules of a language
  • Rules explaining how words are used in a language

reference

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US / 'refrəns /

UK / ˈrɛfərəns, ˈrɛfrəns /

A2
  • noun
  • A letter of recommendation, e.g. for a job
  • Note in a book, etc. giving source of information
  • A location on a map
  • verb
  • To cite a piece of research in speech or writing

norwegian

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US / nɔ:'wi:dʒən /

UK / nɔrˈwidʒən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Norway
  • noun
  • Person from Norway

human

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US / 'hju:mən /

UK / ˈhjumən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or characteristic of people
  • noun
  • A person; a man, woman or child

teenage

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US / ˈti:neɪdʒ /

UK / ˈtinˌedʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being of the age 13 through 19

incapable

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US / ɪnˈkeɪpəbl /

UK / ɪnˈkepəbəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not capable or able to do something

distant

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US / 'dɪstənt /

UK / ˈdɪstənt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Unfriendly; cold
  • Existing or happening far away in place or time
  • (Of relationships) not being closely related

largely

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US / ˈlɑ:dʒli /

UK / ˈlɑ:rdʒli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In large part; mainly or chiefly

tornado

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US / tɔ:'neɪdəʊ /

UK / tɔrˈnedo /

B2
  • noun
  • Violent storm with strong winds

add

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US / æd /

UK / æd /

A1
  • verb
  • To include as well
  • To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

catalogue

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US / ˈkætəlɒg /

UK / ˈkætlˌɔɡ, -ˌɑɡ /

B1
  • noun
  • Book of items that are available for purchase

noble

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US / 'nəʊbl /

UK / 'noʊbl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being admirable and honorable in character
  • Concerning or being a member a high social class
  • Being large, beautiful or impressive in appearance
  • noun
  • Titled peer of the realm e.g. a lord, duke

main

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US / meɪn /

UK / men /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most important; most often used

red

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US / red /

UK / rɛd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the color of blood

vote

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US / vəʊt /

UK / vot /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of deciding who to choose in an election
  • verb
  • To make a choice for or against, as in an election

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

violently

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US / ˈvaɪələntli /

UK / ˈvaɪələntlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a forceful way that may cause physical damage

evidence

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US / 'evɪdəns /

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

change

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US / tʃeɪndʒ /

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Exchange of one set of clothes for another
  • Money in the form of coins instead of paper
  • Money returned after giving too much
  • Act of making or becoming something else
  • verb
  • To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • To exchange one kind of money for another
  • To replace something with another thing
  • To make or become something else
  • To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

oppose

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US / əˈpəʊz /

UK / əˈpoʊz /

A2
  • verb
  • To fight against someone in a contest or game

prove

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US / pru:v /

UK / pruv /

A2
  • verb
  • To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

christianization

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US / /

UK / ˌkrɪstjənɪˈzeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Conversion to Christianity

account

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US / ə'kaʊnt /

UK / əˈkaʊnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An advantage
  • Arrangement with a bank to keep your money for you
  • An invoice for things bought
  • Arrangement whereby you can use online services
  • A description, often written, of events; report

accusation

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US / ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn /

UK / ˌækjuˈzeʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • When you claim that someone has committed a crime

spurious

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US / ˈspjʊəriəs /

UK / ˈspjʊriəs /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • That seems possible, but is actually false

son

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US / sʌn /

UK / sʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Male child; friendly way of addressing a boy

court

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US / kɔ:t /

UK / kɔrt, kort /

A2
  • noun
  • Place king or queen meet people, makes laws etc.
  • Place where legal cases are decided
  • Large, flat area, to play tennis or basketball
  • verb
  • To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
  • To encourage dangerous behavior
  • To pay attention to someone to get their support

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

bit

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US / bɪt /

UK / bɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • Small piece of something
  • verb
  • (E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

terribly

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US / ˈterəbli /

UK / ˈtɛrəbli /

B1
  • adverb
  • To an extreme degree; badly; very

possible

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US / ˈpɒsəbl /

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
  • Having a chance of happening, or being true

stretch

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US / stretʃ /

UK / strɛtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
  • A consecutive row of things
  • A period of time
  • verb
  • To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
  • To make something bigger by pulling on it

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

turn

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US / tɜ:n /

UK / tɚn /

A1
  • noun
  • Place where changing of direction happens
  • Your time or chance to perform a duty
  • Your chance to play or do in say a game
  • Unexpected change, as in the weather
  • verb
  • To become (a particular age)
  • To become a different quality, color, etc.
  • To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
  • To move in an opposite direction or position
  • To shape metal with a spinning tool

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

average

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US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
  • noun
  • Total of numbers divided by the number of items
  • verb
  • To add numbers then divide by the number of items

teach

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US / ti:tʃ /

UK / titʃ /

A1
  • verb
  • To help someone learn or do something

term

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US / tɜ:m /

UK / tɚm /

A1
  • noun
  • Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
  • Length of time something is expected to happen
  • Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
  • The (precise) name given to something
  • verb
  • To call; give a name to

dispel

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US / dɪ'spel /

UK / dɪˈspɛl /

B2
  • verb
  • To make fear, an idea etc. go away

big

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US / bɪɡ /

UK / bɪɡ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Popular
  • Serious
  • Large

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

lead

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US / li:d /

UK / lid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the main part in movies or plays
  • noun
  • Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve a crime
  • Main part in a play or movie
  • Heavy, gray metal element
  • Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
  • Act of being at the front in a race or game
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game
  • To travel in front of; go in advance of others

crack

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US / kræk /

UK / kræk /

B1
  • noun
  • Attempt to achieve a goal or objective
  • Unexpected and hard hit to the body
  • Joke or impolite comment about something
  • Sound that is short, unexpected and loud
  • Small gap between two things or parts of things
  • verb
  • To attempt to achieve a goal or objective
  • To hit someone or something hard and unexpectedly
  • To tell (a joke)
  • To solve a challenging problem or mystery
  • To make a sound that is short, unexpected and loud
  • To lose control, e.g. under pressure; break down
  • To break so lines appear, but it is not in pieces

recite

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US / rɪˈsaɪt /

UK / rɪˈsaɪt /

B2
  • verb
  • To speak aloud a passage from memory
  • To relate facts or information from memory

love

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US / lʌv /

UK / lʌv /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • A very strong feeling of affection
  • The person you care very deeply about
  • Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
  • verb
  • To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
  • To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
  • To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

pull

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US / pʊl /

UK / pʊl /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
  • Force something has that draws other things to it
  • Using your hands to move something to you
  • verb
  • To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
  • To hold something and move it toward you
  • To remove something by force

authentic

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US / ɔ:ˈθentɪk /

UK / ɔˈθɛntɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • From a reliable source; accurate; true

parliament

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US / ˈpɑ:ləmənt /

UK / ˈpɑrləmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Elected officials who govern a country (in the UK)
  • Period when the Uk government is in session

hunk

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US / hʌŋk /

UK / hʌŋk /

C1
  • noun
  • An attractive man, e.g. with lots of muscles

courtroom

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US / ˈkɔ:tru:m /

UK / ˈkɔrtˌrum, -ˌrʊm, ˈkort- /

C2
  • noun
  • Room in which a law court sits

unfortunately

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US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

fair

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US / feə(r) /

UK / fɛr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Neither very good nor very bad; average
  • (Of skin) light colored; not dark
  • Quite good; quite a lot
  • Treating all people the same way
  • (Of hair) light colored; blonde
  • (Of weather) sunny; not raining
  • noun
  • Event for companies to show their products
  • Event to sell things to help a charity

famous

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US / 'feɪməs /

UK / ˈfeməs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Excellent
  • Widely known; recognized by many people

literary

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US / ˈlɪtərəri /

UK / ˈlɪtəreri /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning writers or the profession of writing

settle

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US / 'setl /

UK / ˈsɛtl /

A2
  • noun
  • Type of wooden seat
  • verb
  • To make (a child, etc.) feel calm/ready for sleep
  • To complete or finalize e.g. a contract or debt
  • To end some troubles by reaching an agreement
  • To become accustomed to a new environment
  • (Of liquids) to move to the bottom of a container

instructional

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US / ɪnˈstrʌkʃənl /

UK / ɪnˈstrʌkʃənl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or providing instruction

similar

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US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Nearly the same; alike

require

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US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

A2
  • verb
  • To demand that someone does something
  • To need to do something, to make it necessary

during

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US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

A1
  • preposition
  • At some point in the course of an event or thing

include

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US / ɪnˈklu:d /

UK / ɪnˈklud /

A1
  • verb
  • To make someone, something part of a group

priority

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US / praɪ'ɒrətɪ /

UK / praɪˈɔrɪti, -ˈɑr- /

B1
  • noun
  • Thing that is more important/urgent than others

ragnarok

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • proper noun
  • The final battle between the gods and the powers of evil, the Scandinavian equivalent of the Götterd

arrangement

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US / əˈreɪndʒmənt /

UK / əˈrendʒmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Particular design of a device
  • Piece of music written for a particular instrument
  • Group of things organized in a particular way
  • Organized plan, event for a time and place
  • Action done in order for something to happen

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

step

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US / step /

UK / stɛp /

A1
  • noun
  • Movement done as part of a particular dance
  • Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
  • One part or stage in a process
  • Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
  • Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
  • verb
  • To raise and moving the foot to put it down

week

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US / wi:k /

UK / wik /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

edition

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US / ɪˈdɪʃn /

UK / ɪˈdɪʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Form in which a book, magazine etc. is released

boat

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US / bəʊt /

UK / bot /

A1
  • noun
  • Small form of transport for traveling on water
  • verb
  • To travel on a lake or river

sustain

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US / sə'steɪn /

UK / səˈsten /

B2
  • verb
  • To lengthen or continue to do something
  • To support or maintain someone or something
  • To suffer something damaging or bad

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

storey

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US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

B1
  • noun
  • One of many floors or levels in a building

present

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US / 'preznt /

UK / ˈprɛznt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in attendance; being there; having turned up
  • noun
  • Gift
  • Verb tense indicating an action is happening now
  • Current time; now
  • verb
  • To introduce someone to others
  • To host a program on television or radio
  • To give a speech or presentation
  • To show something to someone who will examine it
  • To appear or happen
  • To give an award or prize to someone

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

trojan

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US / ˈtrəʊdʒən /

UK / ˈtrodʒən /

A1
  • other
  • A native of ancient Troy
  • A program that appears desirable but actually contains something harmful

obvious

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US / ˈɒbviəs /

UK / ˈɑbviəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Easily understood and clear; plain to see

anyone

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US / ˈeniwʌn /

UK / ˈɛniˌwʌn, -wən /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Any person

place

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US / pleɪs /

UK / ples /

A1
  • noun
  • Particular location, area or region
  • verb
  • To put someone in a particular type of situation
  • To put something in a certain location or position

kiss

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US / kɪs /

UK / kɪs /

A2
  • verb
  • To touch something in a light or gentle way
  • To put your lips against another's to show love

alphabet

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US / ˈælfəbet /

UK / ˈælfəˌbɛt, -bɪt /

B1
  • noun
  • Letters, symbols, characters of a written language

silver

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US / 'sɪlvə(r) /

UK / ˈsɪlvɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being the shiny gray color of mercury
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Shiny gray color
  • Near white color metal with high value
  • Objects made from silver, such as dishes, forks
  • verb
  • To coat something with a layer of silver
  • To polish silver objects to make them shine

bias

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US / 'baɪəs /

UK / ˈbaɪəs /

B1
  • noun
  • Preference to believe things even if incorrect
  • verb
  • To unfairly favor one view over another

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

claim

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US / kleɪm /

UK / klem /

A2
  • noun
  • Demand for something that is believed to be due
  • Something said to be true when others don't agree
  • verb
  • To demand something that is believed to be due
  • To cause someone's life to come to an end
  • To say something is true when others may not agree

threat

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US / θret /

UK / θrɛt /

A2
  • noun
  • Warning of probable trouble
  • A warning that you may be harmed

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

skip

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US / skɪp /

UK / skɪp /

B2
  • noun
  • Very large waste disposal bin
  • verb
  • To move forward by taking fast steps and jumps
  • To not do something expected or required
  • To move rapidly, from one topic to another

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

family

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US / 'fæməlɪ /

UK / ˈfæmli /

A1
  • noun
  • Close group of people or organizations
  • A group of people who are related through blood
  • Group of related plants or animals

absolute

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US / ˈæbsəlu:t /

UK / ˈæbsəˌlut /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Complete; total; pure; not limited in any way
  • noun
  • Something that is complete, total, pure, certain

slowly

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US / ˈsləʊli /

UK / ˈsloʊli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In an unhurried or not speedy manner

primary

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US / 'praɪmərɪ /

UK / ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Most important, most basic or essential
  • Happening first; earliest
  • of or for the teaching of young children

bunch

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US / bʌntʃ /

UK / bʌntʃ /

B1
  • noun
  • A group of things of the same kind
  • verb
  • To group people or things closely together
  • (Cloth) to gather/be gathered together in folds

winter

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US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
  • noun
  • Time or season of idleness or decay
  • Coldest season of the year
  • verb
  • To spend the cold months at a certain place

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

essentially

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US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

prologue

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US / ˈprəʊˌlɔ:g, -ˌlɔg /

UK / ˈproˌlɔɡ, -ˌlɑɡ /

B2
  • noun
  • Introduction to a written piece of work

faith

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US / feɪθ /

UK / feθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief in a god or gods; religion
  • Belief that that something is true without proof
  • Person's name

treatise

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US / ˈtri:tɪs /

UK / ˈtritɪs /

C1
  • noun
  • Piece of academic writing about a specific subject

portion

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US / 'pɔ:ʃn /

UK / ˈpɔrʃən, ˈpor- /

B1
  • noun
  • Serving of food that is intended for one person
  • Part of something shared that belongs to a whole
  • verb
  • To separate something to divide among people

political

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US / pəˈlɪtɪkl /

UK / pəˈlɪtɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being active or interested in government matters
  • Diplomatic
  • Of the system of elections and government
  • Concerning government or public affairs
  • Involved in getting of power/influence in a group

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

quest

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US / kwest /

UK / kwɛst /

B2
  • noun
  • Long and challenging journey to find something

exciting

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US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Creating interest, happiness or pleasurable fear
  • verb
  • To cause a reaction; make active
  • To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

evening

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US / ˈi:vnɪŋ /

UK / ˈivnɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Last part of the day and early part of night
  • A social event in the early part of the night
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

civil

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US / ˈsɪvl /

UK / ˈsɪvəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of citizens of a country; not military, criminal
  • Acting in a polite, but not truly friendly manner

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

gossip

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US / ˈgɒsɪp /

UK / ˈgɑ:sɪp /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone spreading talk about other's private lives
  • The sharing of stories about other people's private lives
  • verb
  • To talk about others' private lives

fiercely

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US / fɪəslɪ /

UK / ˈfɪrslɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In an emotionally violent manner

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

quiet

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US / 'kwaɪət /

UK / ˈkwaɪɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Hidden, or done in a private way
  • Not loud; making very little sound
  • verb
  • To cause to become calmer or less loud

language

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US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Words or signs used to communicate messages

number

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US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
  • Particular song or dance performed during a show
  • Total quantity or amount of things
  • verb
  • To put numbers on things
  • To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
  • To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

itch

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US / ɪtʃ /

UK / ɪtʃ /

B1
  • noun
  • Something you are desperate to do
  • Feeling on the skin that makes you want to scratch
  • verb
  • To have a skin irritation you want to scratch

example

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US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

spill

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US / spɪl /

UK / spɪl /

B1
  • noun
  • Accident when someone falls
  • Act of allowing a fluid to escape
  • verb
  • To come out of and spread beyond limits
  • To cause (blood) to flow from body, as by killing
  • To tell secrets or let information escape
  • To cause a liquid to fall out of its container
  • To come out of a holding container

watch

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US / wɒtʃ /

UK / wɑtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
  • Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
  • Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
  • verb
  • To keep in check, manage, or control something
  • To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
  • To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
  • To look at carefully to work out what is happening
  • To protect and care for someone or something

impose

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US / ɪmˈpəʊz /

UK / ɪmˈpoʊz /

A2
  • verb
  • To make someone to do or endure something

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

rival

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US / 'raɪvl /

UK / 'raɪvl /

A2
  • verb
  • To be nearly as good as others in quality, skill
  • To be in opposition often as competitors
  • adjecitve
  • Matching the quality, skill, et. of others
  • Opposing; being the team you compete against
  • noun
  • Someone you are competing against/trying to beat

preservation

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US / ˌprezəˈveɪʃn /

UK / ˈprɛzɚ'veʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Keeping something in a good, undamaged state

pagan

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US / ˈpeɪgən /

UK / ˈpeɡən /

B2
  • noun
  • People who do not have a formal religion

christian

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US / ˈkrɪstʃən /

UK / ˈkrɪstʃən /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Based on the teachings of Jesus
  • noun
  • Person believing in the teachings of Jesus Christ

itself

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US / ɪtˈself /

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Referring to it

sometime

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪm /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • At an unknown time in the future

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

consider

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US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

A1
  • verb
  • To think carefully about something

entertain

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US / ˌentəˈteɪn /

UK / ˌentərˈteɪn /

A2
  • other
  • To provide amusement by singing, telling jokes etc.
  • verb
  • To receive someone as a guest
  • To provide amusement (e.g. by singing, dancing)

illegitimate

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US / ˌɪləˈdʒɪtəmət /

UK / ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtəmɪt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Contrary to or forbidden by law

realm

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US / relm /

UK / rɛlm /

B2
  • noun
  • Area ruled by a king or queen
  • Field of knowledge or thought

market

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US / ˈmɑ:kɪt /

UK / ˈmɑ:rkɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Need or demand for a particular product or service
  • Area or region where a certain product is sold
  • Public event where people sell goods on tables
  • Institution where stocks are bought and sold
  • verb
  • To publicize products to get you to buy; advertise

trade

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US / treɪd /

UK / treid /

A2
  • noun
  • A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
  • Action of buying and selling things in business
  • The buying and selling of goods and services
  • Exchanging something for something else
  • Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
  • verb
  • To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
  • To give something in return for something else

union

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US / 'ju:nɪən /

UK / ˈjunjən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of joining two or more things into one
  • Marriage
  • Organization of workers to look after their needs

try

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US / traɪ /

UK / traɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
  • verb
  • To make an effort, to attempt to do something
  • To examine someone or something in a court of law
  • To test to see if it is good or you like it
  • To make a person go through hardship; test
  • To examine something to see if it works

compose

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US / kəmˈpəʊz /

UK / kəmˈpoʊz /

B1
  • verb
  • To calm yourself after being angry or upset
  • To write an essay, article, poem, music etc.
  • To form something from a series of parts
  • To come together to form or make e.g. music
  • To structure a picture or image to make an effect

weird

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US / wɪəd /

UK / wɪrd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Odd or unusual; surprising; strange

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

shenanigan

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US / ʃə'nænɪgən /

UK / ʃə'nænɪgən /

A1
  • other

memory

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US / 'memərɪ /

UK / ˈmɛməri /

A2
  • noun
  • Ability of the mind to call back past things
  • Space for the storage of information on a computer
  • Something that has been remembered

submit

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US / səbˈmɪt /

UK / səbˈmɪt /

A2
  • verb
  • To accept a superior force has power over you

story

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US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

A1
  • noun
  • One of many floors or levels in a building
  • Account or description of how something happened

skill

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US / skɪl /

UK / skɪl /

A2
  • noun
  • Ability to do something well

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

academically

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US / ˌækə'demɪklɪ /

UK / ˌækə'demɪklɪ /

B2
  • adverb
  • In regard to teaching or learning

thousand

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US / ˈθaʊznd /

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1,000

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

infuriate

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US / ɪnˈfjʊərieɪt /

UK / ɪnˈfjʊrieɪt /

C1
  • verb
  • To cause to get extremely angry or furious

someone

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US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person who is not known or named

icelandic

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US / aɪs'lændɪk /

UK / aɪsˈlændɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
  • other
  • Of or relating to Iceland or its people or culture and language

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

equivalent

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US / ɪˈkwɪvələnt /

UK / ɪˈkwɪvələnt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Equal to something in value, use or meaning
  • noun
  • Thing like another in quality, quantity or degree

performance

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US / pə'fɔ:məns /

UK / pɚˈfɔrməns /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of doing something
  • Activity done to entertain an audience

talent

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US / 'tælənt /

UK / ˈtælənt /

B1
  • noun
  • Natural ability of a person to do something well
  • Person with a strong natural ability in something

strike

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US / straɪk /

UK / straɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • A punch or hit
  • Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
  • Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
  • verb
  • To hit something
  • To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
  • To have an idea occur to you

shakespeare

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US / ˈʃeɪkspɪər /

UK / ˈʃeɪkspir /

A1

describe

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US / dɪ'skraɪb /

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

aristocrat

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US / ˈærɪstəkræt /

UK / əˈrɪstəˌkræt,ˈærɪs- /

B2
  • noun
  • Member of the highest, landowning social group

ever

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US / 'evə(r) /

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At any time; at all times in the future

violence

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US / ˈvaɪələns /

UK / ˈvaɪələns /

B1
  • noun
  • Strong physical force of nature
  • Use of physical force to harm someone

drama

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US / 'drɑ:mə /

UK / ˈdrɑmə, ˈdræmə /

A2
  • noun
  • Play that is performed on stage, theater, or TV
  • Study of acting

residual

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US / rɪˈzɪdjuəl /

UK / rɪˈzɪdʒuəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to the amount left over
  • noun
  • Amount left over

appear

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US / ə'pɪə(r) /

UK / əˈpɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be seen, become visible; come into sight
  • To seem to be
  • To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

genre

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US / 'ʒɒ̃rə /

UK / ˈʒɑnrə /

B2
  • noun
  • Category of art, music with its own qualities

among

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US / əˈmʌŋ /

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the center of several things

germanic

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US / dʒɜːˈmænɪk /

UK / dʒɜːrˈmænɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two m
  • other
  • Of or relating to the language of Germans

plus

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US / plʌs /

UK / plʌs /

A2
  • noun
  • A benefit or advantage
  • preposition
  • In addition; add
  • In addition to; Indicates a number above
  • Having a value greater than zero

sway

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US / sweɪ /

UK / swe /

B2
  • noun
  • Power or influence to control a person or group
  • Action of moving slowly from side to side
  • verb
  • To change your opinion or position often
  • To influence a person's thoughts/opinion; persuade
  • To move slowly from side to side

position

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US / pəˈzɪʃn /

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's opinion or attitude about something
  • Specific location where someone or something is
  • Where you play or your role on a sports team
  • Person's job or status level
  • Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
  • verb
  • To put in a particular location or direction

christianity

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US / ˌkrɪstiˈænəti /

UK / ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti, ˌkrɪsti- /

B1
  • noun
  • Beliefs, practices based on teachings of Jesus

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

knowledge

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US / ˈnɒlɪdʒ /

UK / ˈnɑlɪdʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Information, understanding, or skill

speak

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US / spi:k /

UK / spik /

A1
  • verb
  • To be able to use a certain language
  • To use words to tell information, express thoughts

politician

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US / ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn /

UK / ˌpɑlɪˈtɪʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone whose job is in politics

stupid

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US / ˈstju:pɪd /

UK / ˈstu:pɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not intelligent; lacking ability to learn easily

popular

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US / ˈpɒpjələ(r) /

UK / ˈpɑ:pjələ(r) /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Liked or enjoyed by many people

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

write

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • verb
  • To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
  • To invent or create a computer program
  • To create a song or piece of music

agent

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US / 'eɪdʒənt /

UK / ˈedʒənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Chemical with the power to make chemical reactions
  • Person who represents or decides for others
  • A spy; someone who spies on other countries

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

recount

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US / rɪ'kaʊnt /

UK / rɪˈkaʊnt /

B1
  • noun
  • A check on the number, as of votes
  • verb
  • To check the number of votes again
  • To recall; to remember previous experiences
  • To retell a story or series of events

population

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US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

reason

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US / 'ri:zn /

UK / ˈrizən /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
  • Explanation for why something occurred or was done
  • verb
  • To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

poet

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US / ˈpəʊɪt /

UK / ˈpoʊət /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who writes poems

discard

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US / dɪs'kɑ:d /

UK / dɪˈskɑrd /

B1
  • verb
  • To take a card out of your hand in a card game
  • To throw away something unwanted

continue

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US / kən'tɪnju: /

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

A1
  • verb
  • To do something without stopping, or after pausing
  • To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

age

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US / eɪdʒ /

UK / edʒ /

A1
  • verb
  • To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
  • To get older
  • noun
  • Period of time in history
  • Number of years a person or thing has lived

motivation

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US / ˌməʊtɪ'veɪʃn /

UK / ˌmotəˈveʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Reason behind why someone did something

matter

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US / 'mætə(r) /

UK / ˈmætɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Material all things are made of that fills space
  • Problem or reason for concern
  • verb
  • To be of great importance; to count

weaselly

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • adverb

army

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US / 'ɑ:mɪ /

UK / ˈɑrmi /

A2
  • noun
  • Large group of soldiers organized to fight in wars

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

collective

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US / kəˈlektɪv /

UK / kəˈlɛktɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Formed by working together as a group
  • noun
  • Business owned or controlled by its workers

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

clan

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US / klæn /

UK / klæn /

C2
  • noun
  • Group of related families or people

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

anti

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US / 'æntɪ /

UK / ˈæntaɪ, -ti /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • A prefix meaning 'against' or 'opposed'

notice

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US / 'nəʊtɪs /

UK / ˈnotɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
  • Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
  • verb
  • To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

history

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US / 'hɪstrɪ /

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

A2
  • noun
  • Established pattern or record
  • Study of past events as an academic subject

full

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US / fʊl /

UK / fʊl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Containing all the parts; complete
  • Containing or holding as much as possible
  • Having had enough food
  • adverb
  • In a direct manner; completely

century

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US / 'sentʃərɪ /

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of 100 years

repository

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US / rɪ'pɒzətrɪ /

UK / rɪˈpɑzɪˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

B2
  • noun
  • Place where something is kept and stored

hand

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US / hænd /

UK / hænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Cards given to a player in a card game
  • Piece of a clock that points to the time
  • Someone who performs physical tasks or work
  • Body part at the end of a person's arm
  • Help for someone performing a particular action
  • Condition of having power or influence
  • Member of the crew of a ship
  • verb
  • To give something to someone personally

divorce

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US / dɪ'vɔ:s /

UK / dɪˈvɔrs, -ˈvors /

A2
  • noun
  • Legal breakup of a marriage
  • verb
  • To legally end a marriage to (someone)

part

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US / pɑ:t /

UK / pɑ:rt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To some degree; half; not fully
  • noun
  • Division of a book
  • Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
  • A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
  • Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
  • Some, but not all of a specific thing
  • Role in causing something to happen
  • verb
  • To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
  • To move two things apart creating a space
  • To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

serve

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US / sɜ:v /

UK / sɚv /

A2
  • verb
  • To act in a particular position or office
  • To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
  • To be used for a particular purpose
  • To give someone food or drinks
  • To give a person or group a service that is needed
  • To spend a particular amount of time in prison
  • To help customers find products and making sales
  • To give an official paper to appear in court

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

public

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US / 'pʌblɪk /

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Owned by the government
  • Concerning society in general
  • Being available or accessible to people in general
  • Known or able to be known by all people

fashion

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US / 'fæʃn /

UK / ˈfæʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Style of dress or activity popular at some time
  • Industry that creates new styles of clothes
  • Way of behaving; manner
  • Trend that is popular at a given time
  • Way of doing something; manner
  • verb
  • To make things into a particular shape

conscious

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US / ˈkɒnʃəs /

UK / ˈkɑnʃəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Aware of what is going on around you

mirror

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US / 'mɪrə(r) /

UK / ˈmɪrɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Thing with glass surface used to look at yourself
  • An accurate impression or picture of something
  • verb
  • To reflect (an image)
  • To have similar qualities to something else

community

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US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Group of people who share a common idea or area

fall

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US / fɔ:l /

UK / fɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
  • A drop in amount; decrease
  • Dropping from a standing position to the ground
  • verb
  • To drop in amount; to decrease
  • To come down from a higher position suddenly
  • To go from standing to the ground, by accident

begone

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US / bɪˈɡɒn /

UK / bɪˈɡɔːn /

A1
  • other

commonwealth

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US / ˈkɒmənwelθ /

UK / ˈkɑmənˌwɛlθ /

B2
  • noun
  • Group of countries connected politically

paganism

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US / 'peɪɡənɪzəm /

UK / ˈpeɡənˌɪzəm /

B2
  • noun
  • Not having a formal religion

screw

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US / skru: /

UK / skru /

B1
  • noun
  • Long metal nail with a spiral thread
  • verb
  • To cheat someone, as out of money/property
  • To close something by turning it into place
  • To attach things together by twisting
  • To twist something out of shape, e.g. paper

grande

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US / ˈspu:ki /

UK / ˈspuki /

A1

chill

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US / tʃɪl /

UK / tʃɪl /

B1
  • noun
  • State of being a little cold
  • Feeling of fear or being frightened
  • Slight cold or illness that makes you shake
  • verb
  • To make something cold, e.g. a drink
  • To become less tense about something

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

weasel

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US / ˈwi:zl /

UK / ˈwizəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Small, thin animal that eats meat
  • Person who lies and tricks other people

island

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US / ˈaɪlənd /

UK / ˈaɪlənd /

A1
  • noun
  • Area of land that is surrounded by water

plan

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US / plæn /

UK / plæn /

A1
  • noun
  • Drawing of how something should be done or made

literature

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US / ˈlɪtrətʃə(r) /

UK / ˈlɪtərəˌtʃʊr, -tʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Writing valued as art, e.g. fiction, drama, poetry

young

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US / jʌŋ /

UK / jʌŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • At an early stage of existence; not mature
  • Being recently created or started
  • noun
  • Babies in a group or family of animals

hundred

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US / 'hʌndrəd /

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

A1
  • number
  • 100

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

confine

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US / kənˈfaɪn /

UK / kənˈfaɪn /

B1
  • verb
  • To hold or imprison someone in a place
  • Limit to your movements or behavior s

instance

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US / 'ɪnstəns /

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • An example of something; case
  • verb
  • To give as an example of something else

his

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US / hɪz /

UK / hɪz /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Something belonging to a male person

strictly

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US / ˈstrɪktli /

UK / ˈstrɪktli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In compliance with the rules

pure

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US / pjʊə(r) /

UK / pjʊr /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not mixed with anything else
  • Being morally good

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

sus

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US / sʌs /

UK / sʌs /

A1
  • other
  • Type genus of the Suidae

trust

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US / trʌst /

UK / trʌst /

A2
  • noun
  • Wealth or property held by one person for another
  • The belief that someone is honest
  • Care or responsibility of a person
  • verb
  • To expect confidently
  • To have confidence or faith
  • To be confident someone is honest and reliable
  • To believe someone to be honest and reliable

mind

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US / maɪnd /

UK / maɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • One's opinion or way of thinking about something
  • Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
  • verb
  • To be bothered or upset by something
  • To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

valhalla

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US / vælˈhælə /

UK / vælˈhælə, vɑlˈhɑlə /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A hall in which heroes killed in battle were believed to feast with Odin for eternity.

decade

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US / ˈdekeɪd /

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

B1
  • noun
  • Period of 10 years

boy

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US / bɔɪ /

UK / bɔɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • A young male person

interest

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US / 'ɪntrəst /

UK / ˈɪntrɪst, -tərɪst, -ˌtrɛst /

A1
  • noun
  • Best or most advantageous thing for someone
  • Activity or subject one enjoys doing or learning
  • Fee for borrowing money
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

month

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US / mʌnθ /

UK / mʌnθ /

A1
  • noun
  • One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

twelve

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US / twelv /

UK / twɛlv /

A1
  • number
  • 12

legit

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US / lɪˈdʒɪt /

UK / ləˈdʒɪt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • As recognized by the law

glean

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US / gli:n /

UK / ɡlin /

B2
  • verb
  • To gather something slowly or piece by piece
  • To gather grain remaining after main crop was cut

bear

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US / bɛː /

UK / bɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
  • Someone who expects stock market to fall
  • verb
  • To accept (responsibilities or duties)
  • To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
  • To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
  • To keep moving left or right while going forward
  • To show (sign of something)
  • To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

eleven

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US / ɪˈlevn /

UK / ɪˈlɛvən /

A1
  • number
  • 11

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

next

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US / nekst /

UK / nɛkst /

A1
  • adverb
  • The one that follows another in time or order
  • At a time or place directly after the present one
  • noun
  • The one that follows after
  • adjecitve
  • Immediately after the previous one
  • First occurrence after the present one

last

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US / lɑ:st /

UK / læst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most recent; the latest
  • The one before
  • adverb
  • Final; with nothing following; after all others
  • Most recent; the latest
  • determiner
  • The one at the end
  • verb
  • To remain or continue for a certain period of time

uniquely

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US / jʊ'ni:klɪ /

UK / jʊ'ni:klɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In an unusual manner

enjoy

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US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

A1
  • verb
  • To take pleasure in something

ninety

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US / 'naɪntɪ /

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

A1
  • number
  • 90

focus

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US / 'fəʊkəs /

UK / ˈfokəs /

A2
  • noun
  • Main purpose or center of interest or activity
  • verb
  • To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
  • To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

saga

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US / ˈsɑ:gə /

UK / ˈsɑɡə /

B2
  • noun
  • Description of events occurring over a long period

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

precise

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US / prɪ'saɪs /

UK / prɪˈsaɪs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of language details etc.) Very accurate and exact
  • (Of a time, place, quality) exact
  • Being very careful about how you do things

via

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US / ˈvaɪə /

UK / ˈvaɪə, ˈviə /

B1
  • preposition
  • By the means of using something
  • By going through, by way of

business

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US / ˈbɪznəs /

UK / ˈbɪznɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • A company formed for making profit
  • Matter that has to be dealt with; task; situation
  • Activity of working to make a profit

poem

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US / ˈpəʊɪm /

UK / ˈpoʊəm /

A2
  • noun
  • A written composition in verse, not prose

effect

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US / ɪ'fekt /

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

A1
  • noun
  • An advantage, benefit
  • Change brought about by a cause; result

child

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US / tʃaɪld /

UK / tʃaɪld /

A1
  • noun
  • A very young person, between about 2 and 15

blessing

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US / 'blesɪŋ /

UK / ˈblɛsɪŋ /

B1
  • noun
  • Act making something holy by special prayers
  • verb
  • To make something holy by saying a special prayer

sense

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US / sens /

UK / sɛns /

A1
  • noun
  • Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • Normal or clear state of mind
  • Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
  • verb
  • To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
  • To recognize the presence of something

patron

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US / 'peɪtrən /

UK / ˈpetrən /

B2
  • noun
  • Person buying products or services of a business
  • Someone who donates to an organization or activity

quite

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US / kwaɪt /

UK / kwaɪt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not very; fairly
  • Very; In a complete or total manner

powerful

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US / ˈpauəful /

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having control or influence over
  • Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

mainland

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US / 'meɪnlænd /

UK / ˈmenˌlænd, -lənd /

B2
  • noun
  • Main land mass of a country or continent

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

whether

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US / ˈweðə(r) /

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

A1
  • conjunction
  • If something will happen or not

madman

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US / ˈmædmən /

UK / ˈmædˌmæn, -mən /

C2
  • noun
  • Insane person; person you think is stupid or wrong

member

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US / ˈmembə(r) /

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Part of the body of a human, animal
  • Person or thing belonging to a group or team

mythology

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US / mɪˈθɒlədʒi /

UK / mɪˈθɑ:lədʒi /

B2
  • noun
  • Myths of a particular culture or group of people
  • Popular ideas or beliefs not unsupported by facts

war

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US / wɔ:(r) /

UK / wɔr /

A2
  • noun
  • Situation where armies fight each other

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

address

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US / ə'dres /

UK / əˈdrɛs /

A1
  • noun
  • Exact street location of a place
  • A formal speech to a group of people
  • verb
  • To write the place someone lives on a letter
  • To refer to someone or something formally
  • To make a formal speech to a group of people
  • To try to find a solution to; think about

norway

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US / ˈnɔːweɪ /

UK / ˈnɔrˌweɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • A constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achi

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

scatter

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US / 'skætə(r) /

UK / ˈskætɚ /

B2
  • other
  • To place or leave things in various places
  • verb
  • To throw or move into various different directions

interested

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US / ˈɪntrəstɪd /

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪd, -tərɪstɪd, -təˌrɛstɪd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having had your attention taken; curious
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

compare

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US / kəm'peə(r) /

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

A1
  • verb
  • To consider how similar and different things are

especially

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US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • More than usual; extremely

loki

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A mischievous and sometimes evil god who contrived the death of Balder and was punished by being bou

ish

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US / ɪʃ /

UK / ɪʃ /

A1
  • abbreviation
  • ISH is an acronym

factional

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US / ˈfækʃnəl /

UK / ˈfækʃnəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Working in groups (rather than co-operating)

copy

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US / ˈkɒpi /

UK / ˈkɑ:pi /

A1
  • noun
  • A counter for items that are the same
  • Fake product pretending to be an original
  • An imitation of an original
  • A duplicate of a paper printed in a photocopier
  • Written text for printing, use in ads, etc.
  • verb
  • To make something look the same as the original
  • To act in the exact same way as someone else
  • To read and then write down what you read

sixteen

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US / ˌsɪksˈti:n /

UK / sɪkˈstin /

A1
  • number
  • 16

pick

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US / pɪk /

UK / pɪk /

A1
  • noun
  • Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
  • Item selected from a group of choices
  • verb
  • To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
  • To decide on a thing from various choices; select
  • To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

convert

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US / kən'vɜ:t /

UK / kənˈvɚt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person switching from one belief system to another
  • verb
  • To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
  • To change form, character, or function to another

ally

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US / 'ælaɪ /

UK / 'ælaɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone who supports, helps, or defends you
  • verb
  • To join a group to offer or receive support

demonstrate

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US / 'demənstreɪt /

UK / ˈdɛmənˌstret /

A2
  • verb
  • To display a feeling or ability openly
  • To protest about something often as a group
  • To prove or make clear by reasoning or evidence
  • To show how something works (e.g. product)

fault

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US / fɔ:lt /

UK / fɔlt /

A2
  • noun
  • A failure or negative aspect of
  • Crack in the earth where earthquakes can happen
  • Responsibility for a bad result or problem
  • verb
  • To blame someone, something for a negative result

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

content

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US / 'kɒntent /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛnt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being happy or satisfied
  • noun
  • Information in something, e.g. book or computer

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

singularly

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US / ˈsɪŋgjələli /

UK / ˈsɪŋgjələrli /

B2
  • adverb
  • In a remarkable or special way

nephew

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US / ˈnefju: /

UK / ˈnɛfju /

B1
  • noun
  • Son of your brother or sister

book

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US / bʊk /

UK / bʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing made of pages with writing on that you read
  • verb
  • (Police) to officially record someone's crimes
  • To reserve (hotel room, etc.) in advance
  • To produce a red or yellow card to a soccer player

study

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US / 'stʌdɪ /

UK / ˈstʌdi /

A1
  • noun
  • Room that a person studies or reads in
  • Piece of research
  • Topic or subject you research or learn about
  • verb
  • To focus on learning something usually at school

king

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US / kɪŋ /

UK / kɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person considered the best or top at something
  • Playing card with the image of a king on it
  • Key piece in the game of chess
  • Royal male ruler of a country
  • Person's name

support

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US / səˈpɔ:t /

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Assistance or advice given to someone
  • Evidence that helps prove something is true
  • A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
  • verb
  • To give assistance or advice to someone
  • To help prove or show that something is true
  • To hold up or prevent from falling down

pointedly

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US / ˈpɔɪntɪdli /

UK / ˈpɔɪntɪdli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a manner as to make something clearly evident

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

heritage

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US / 'herɪtɪdʒ /

UK / ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ /

B1
  • noun
  • Traditional beliefs or customs of a culture

historical

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US / /

UK / /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Connected with the past

contest

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US / 'kɒntest /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛst /

B1
  • noun
  • Struggle or competition between rivals
  • verb
  • To struggle or compete against other people
  • To not accept an official or legal judgment

decision

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US / dɪ'sɪʒn /

UK / dɪˈsɪʒən /

A1
  • noun
  • Choice made after thinking; final judgment
  • Ability to make quick and confident choices

consolidate

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US / kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt /

UK / kənˈsɑ:lɪdeɪt /

B1
  • verb
  • To combine into one; make bigger or stronger

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

weirdo

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US / ˈwɪədəʊ /

UK / ˈwɪrdoʊ /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone unpleasantly strange or eccentric

storyteller

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US / ˈstɔ:ritelə(r) /

UK / ˈstɔriˌtɛlɚ, ˈstor- /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone who tells stories
  • Someone who tells lies or things they shouldn't

politic

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US / ˈpɒlətɪk /

UK / ˈpɑlɪtɪk /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Careful what you say; diplomatic

record

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US / 'rekɔ:d /

UK / ˈrekərd /

A1
  • noun
  • Highest or most extreme level achieved
  • Round plastic disc on which music has been stored
  • History of a person's past actions or achievements
  • verb
  • To indicate a temperature, speed, etc.; register
  • To write down or say what happened
  • To put music, sounds onto a device to store it

carry

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US / ˈkæri /

UK / ˈkæri /

A1
  • verb
  • To have a child, be pregnant
  • To have a disease you might give to others
  • (Of stores) to sell a particular product
  • To hold something and move it to another place
  • To travel a long distance (sound)
  • To support the weight or burden of something

translation

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US / trænsˈleɪʃn /

UK / trænsˈleʃən, trænz- /

A2
  • noun
  • changing text from one language to another; the process of changing something into a different form

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

good

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US / ɡʊd /

UK / ɡʊd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper, appropriate or right
  • (Of an amount) enough; plenty
  • Excellent; high quality
  • Acting well or properly; of moral character
  • In a positive or happy emotional state
  • noun
  • Advantage or benefit

understand

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US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

A1
  • verb
  • To know the meaning of language, what someone says

phrase

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US / freɪz /

UK / frez /

A2
  • noun
  • Common expression or saying
  • Section of musical notes in a piece of music
  • A set of words used together
  • verb
  • To choose words to say what you mean clearly

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

friend

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US / frend /

UK / frɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Person who you like and enjoy being with

law

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US / lɔ: /

UK / lɔ /

A1
  • noun
  • Field of study that relates to the legal profession
  • A rule made and enforced by a government
  • System or rules made by the government

single

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US / 'sɪŋɡl /

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being one only, without others
  • Only; merely
  • Not married or in a relationship
  • noun
  • One run in cricket or a hit baseball
  • An individual song from a CD or album
  • Person who is not married or in a relationship

ancestral

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US / ænˋsestrəl /

UK / ænˋsestrəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning dead relatives

hero

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US / ˈhɪərəʊ /

UK / ˈhɪroʊ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person of great courage/strength who saves others
  • Main male character in a book, play or story

lend

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US / lend /

UK / lɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To let someone borrow something for a while
  • To give help or support to someone in need
  • Subtitles section
  • The study of Norse mythology is, quite simply, a game of picking up scraps and trying our darndest to make sense of them.
  • The ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Friends wrote down stories on stories on stories because literature was their repository for culture, but your average Scandinavian at the height of the Viking Age wouldn't have any reason to write down their myths.
  • They knew their religion, their community knew it, and anyone who wanted to learn a story could just ask their local storyteller.
  • What's a hunk of parchment good for when you've got people?
  • This makes perfect sense and is also academically infuriating.
  • The most we can glean about Norse myth from the Viking Age itself comes from place names in reference to the gods and scattered runestones carved with blessings or short phrases of poetry.
  • But around the year one thousand, the Scandinavian kingdoms convert to Christianity and cool it with the paganism, then two centuries after that, we get our two and only two major written collections of Norse mythology.
  • The Poetic and Prose Eddas.
  • Appearing not in mainland Scandinavia, but all the way over in Iceland.
  • Now, compared with the rest of the Viking world, Iceland was by far the best position to create a textual record of the culture, but that doesn't guarantee it would be written by someone who wasn't an absolute madman.
  • And that brings us to one Snorri Sturluson.
  • poet, politician, biggest wildcard in Icelandic history, and, unfortunately, our best hope.
  • So, to learn how Iceland's number one menace lent us half the corpus of Norse mythology, let's do some history.
  • The mythology we call Norse arose from a shared Germanic culture reaching from Britain through Northern Europe and into Scandinavia, speaking similar Germanic based languages and worshiping similar deities.
  • But by the time the Vikings got going in the Eight Hundreds AD, they were the only ones still on the pagan party boat.
  • And of that bunch, Iceland was always the odd one out.
  • It was permanently settled in the late eight hundreds by, among other various travelers, Norwegian aristocrats who hated the idea of Norway having a king now and got the absolute hell out of there.
  • So in their new home, they created a pointedly anti royal Commonwealth governed by their parliament, the All Thing.
  • And this uniquely collective arrangement made them the only ones to vote to convert to Christianity in one thousand A.D.
  • The mainland kingdoms imposed it top down, and fiercely, but Iceland essentially struck a compromise.
  • Christianity was the public religion, but whomst anyone might have worshipped at home was nobody's business.
  • That earned them the benefits of trade with the rest of the Christian world, while Icelanders regarded stories about the gods as harmless rather than heresy.
  • And the Icelanders loved to tell stories.
  • It kept them entertained through the cold winters and long nights, and was their main connection to a shared Scandinavian ancestry reaching back to their homelands.
  • The skill set for storytelling also mirrored the skills required for Iceland's main public servants, the leading law speaker, or lógmáður, and the many regional góðar.
  • These officials essentially memorized Iceland's laws and could recite them from memory to settle disputes.
  • not terribly far off from the talents of a poet, and likely a large part of why Icelandic stories have so many dang courtroom dramas.
  • All of Iceland's unique circumstances add up to a culture which prized memorization and recitation, expressed their heritage through stories of their ancestors, had a lot of spare time in the evenings, and was comparatively much more chill with reminiscing about paganism.
  • Even before Christianization, Icelanders were regarded as the best poets in Scandinavia, having invented the saga as a genre of performance.
  • But especially after Christianization, they remained the repository of ancestral and mythological knowledge via their poetry.
  • Strictly speaking, the sagas are mostly prose, not poetry, but it's the same core idea, so, meh.
  • Then, around the eleven hundreds, they got their hands on the Latin alphabet and started writing stuff down.
  • First was bits of poetry, then a codification of the laws in eleven fifteen, and by the twelve hundreds, the sagas and full myths.
  • The earliest collection is an anonymous, untitled work from the turn of the thirteenth century ish, compiling mythological poems from different places and times, known to us today as the Poetic Edda.
  • Half of the work recounts stories of deities and half focuses on human heroes.
  • It isn't comprehensive, but it's a pretty dang good account of how Icelanders in general understood the myths they received from their ancestors through storytelling.
  • Then... there's the other book on Norse myths.
  • And that brings us to possibly the single most consequential figure in Icelandic history for two very different reasons.
  • Sometime after the anonymous poetic Edda, the poet Snorri Sturluson composed Iceland's second major work of Norse myth literature, the Prose Edda.
  • Originally titled as just Edda and retitled for convenience by later historians, Snorri's work is part catalogue of myths, part instruction manual for poetry, and part praise poem for the king of Norway.
  • This is the primary reason for Snorri's lasting fame, but at the time it was a distant second to his career in politics.
  • Mr. Sturluson is, quite simply,
  • biggest menace in Icelandic history and singularly responsible for the most ruinously bloody period of civil war the island ever had.
  • Permit me a detour into Icelandic politics to demonstrate how utterly Loki brained this man was.
  • Snorri was a member of a powerful clan known as the Stirlungar or Stirlungs.
  • He was educated in language, law, and culture in the eleven eighties and nineties and was elected as Iceland's law speaker in twelve fifteen.
  • He served his term and left in twelve eighteen to go buddy up with the teenage Hákon the fourth who just became king of Norway.
  • The Norwegian kings had their eyes on Iceland for centuries, and Haakon was itching to go to war and bring Iceland into his realm, but Snorri convinced the king that he could sway the all thing to vote for a union rather than resorting to violence.
  • This was a noble idea, and very stupid.
  • Snorri came back to Iceland and served as law speaker from to
  • during which time he hoped to consolidate power over the Gothad and present Iceland's to Haakon on a silver platter, whereupon Haakon would say thank you, call him handsome, and make him regent of Iceland on behalf of the king.
  • Instead, half the island and most of his own family hated this plan and violently opposed it, including nephews and some of his own sons.
  • Granted, Snorri's personal life is a saga of so much philandering, divorces, and illegitimate children that we wouldn't be stretching to change a letter and call him Hori Sturluson, but the political outcome of Lots of Sons was Lots of Rivals.
  • That all spilled out to over forty years of factional violence in Iceland known as the Age of the Sturlungs, which is one very small step short of calling it the War of Snorri's Screw Ups.
  • Of course, Iceland didn't have the population to sustain huge armies campaigning for months on end, but a battle with a couple thousand soldiers is pretty grande by the standards of an otherwise quiet island.
  • Snorri proved thoroughly incapable of keeping a lid on the conflict and went to Norway again in to make more bad decisions, allying with Hakon's duplicitous regent Skuli against the king, only for Skuli to get killed in and Hakon to hold enough of a grudge to send assassins after his bestie turned traitor Snorri.
  • Thus are the consequences of the Grima Wormtongue Grindset.
  • Poor Mr. Sturluson was killed at his home by agents of the king in the year of his death, in an outcome that can only be described as entirely his fault and completely avoidable.
  • The conflict continued in the decades after and culminated in the Althing voting to submit to Norway in the year of his death.
  • What a mess.
  • With this cursed knowledge, we also can't be surprised that the main chronicle of the conflict, the Sturlunga Saga, depicts Snorri as a scheming little weasel whose career had way too many consequences.
  • Not quite fair, but not that off base.
  • Considering that this national disaster of a man is also the island's single most famous poet, let's turn now to Snorri's literary career, bearing in mind that this man is essentially the equivalent of if William Shakespeare personally started the War of the Roses.
  • It's more
  • More than fair to ask why this guy, of all Icelanders, left us the prose Edda, but his literary motivations weren't far off from his political ones.
  • The mythological subject matter connects Iceland and Norway in a shared cultural heritage, and the instructional portions about how to understand and compose poetry address young poets in particular, as they'll be the ones in the royal courts of Norway entertaining their patrons.
  • Icelandic poets were already in high demand on the mainland, and Snorri likely anticipated a political union would only grow that market.
  • The myths, then, served as illustrative examples for poets to study.
  • But even if pure cultural preservation wasn't the priority, Snorri was certainly conscious of what he was doing.
  • The precise original format of the Prose Edda is contested, as are its possible inspirations from Latin grammar treatises, but later editions show Icelanders being more interested in the Edda's instruction manuals for poetry than its myths.
  • And that makes sense for the time period.
  • The myths were certainly engaging, but they were old, distant, and slowly falling out of fashion.
  • It was only in the sixteen hundreds, after the rediscovery of the Poetic Edda and the first Latin translation of the Prose Edda, that popular interest in Norse myths got going.
  • And it's looking at his mythological content that we notice some really weird stuff from Snorri, stuff that calls into question whether we can trust the guy.
  • Notably, a very Christian sounding ending to the Ragnarok story, plus claiming there's a realm of an even higher heavenliness above Asgard and Valhalla, and that the Aesir are actually... heroes from the Trojan War?
  • Huh?
  • It's weird, and it's really jarring to run into this stuff when you're just here to see Loki get up to shenanigans, but it's not as wonky as it first seems.
  • Essentially, these are the consequences of telling the stories in a post Christian context, but the actual effect on the narratives is pretty light.
  • The Trojan Isiod, for instance, is a framing device confined mostly to the prologue, done largely as a hand wave to dispel any accusations of residual paganism.
  • If the Aesir are Trojans, they aren't gods, and therefore aren't a threat to the church or the faith.
  • This idea is also not original to Snorri, as a historical text from a century earlier pulls the same Trojan Aesir business.
  • And the sus looking ending to Ragnarok can't possibly be Snorri's bright idea, because the original poem comes from the nine hundreds.
  • So, in context and with an attentive eye, these spurious Christianizing additions are pretty easy to just pretend we didn't see and carry on enjoying the stories.
  • Or, in the case of Ragnarok, actually seem legit.
  • Our best evidence is that the overall tone and content of the Poetic and Prose Eddas are very similar.
  • The Anonymous Poetic Edda just skipped the heresy begone framing device.
  • So the question we're left with as we get ready to crack into our copies of the Prose Edda is can we really trust this weaselly, duplicitous boy to tell us anything accurate about Norse mythology?
  • Essentially, we kinda have to, but honestly, we actually can.
  • Snorri's intent was to present a shared heritage between Iceland and Norway, and teach young poets through superlative examples from a vast bank of poetry Iceland was uniquely positioned to cultivate.
  • Aside from some additions we can discard as obvious nonsense, his work is broadly consistent with the poetic Edda, which, as far as we can tell, is the authentic, received poetry from generations of Icelandic storytellers.
  • So any invisible Christian bias in the stories isn't unique to Snorri.
  • This man was an absolute human tornado who subjected Icelanders to generations of conflict in his quest to kiss up to Norway, but Iceland's agony is our swaggony, because the man wrote a mean book of myths.
  • Thank you for watching.
  • This video is a layup to a myth Red will be telling next week, and if you're one of our fabulous patrons like these cool cats on screen, you already know which myth it is.
  • Woohoohoo.
  • Exciting.
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