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History Summarized: The Birth of Rome

Original YouTube Video | OverlySarcasticProductions Published on 2023-08-18 Level：100 Speed：65 maxwordlevel：24

Video vocabulary

alba

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A shrub rose of a variety with gray-green leaves and pinkish-white, sweet-scented flowers.
proper noun
Gaelic name for Scotland

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

heavily

US / ˈhevɪli /

•

UK / hɛvəli /

adverb
In a slow, loud manner
A lot or to a great degree
With great effort or force

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

wolf

US / wʊlf /

•

UK / wʊlf /

noun
A dog-like wild animal
Man who tries to seduce women
verb
To eat food very quickly

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

dispossess

US / ˌdɪspəˈzes /

•

UK / ˌdɪspəˈzɛs /

verb
To deprive of property/real estate

guess

US / ɡes /

•

UK / ɡɛs /

noun
Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
verb
To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

marriage

US / ˈmærɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmærɪdʒ /

noun
Relationship between a husband and a wife
A wedding ceremony
Close union between two things

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

capture

US / 'kæptʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkæptʃɚ /

verb
To attract and hold e.g. interest, attention
To record, tape, or film something
To catch and prevent from being free
To take control of a place or object by force

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

deed

US / di:d /

•

UK / did /

noun
Something that is done; act or action
Papers giving someone the right to some property

totally

US / ˈtəʊtəli /

•

UK / ˈtotl:ɪ /

adverb
In a complete way; completely; absolutely

absence

US / ˈæbsəns /

•

UK / ˈæbsəns /

noun
State of not being present, or not existing

emperor

US / 'empərə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛmpəɚ /

noun
Man who rules an empire

greece

US / ɡri:s /

•

UK / ɡri:s /

noun
A republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and

nurse

US / nɜ:s /

•

UK / nɜ:rs /

noun
Person trained to care for sick or injured people
verb
To care for and look after someone who is sick
To keep holding a bad feeling about someone
To drink/allow (baby) to drink milk from breast

oust

US / aʊst /

•

UK / aʊst /

verb
To eject from a position or place; force out

tyrant

US / ˈtaɪrənt /

•

UK / ˈtaɪrənt /

noun
Cruel unfair ruler who demands complete obedience

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

blood

US / blʌd /

•

UK / blʌd /

adjecitve
Related by birth; family
noun
Red liquid in the bodies of people and animals
verb
To be initiated into something, e.g. a secret club

thusly

US / 'θʌndəstɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈθʌndɚˌstɔrm /

young

US / jʌŋ /

•

UK / jʌŋ /

adjecitve
At an early stage of existence; not mature
Being recently created or started
noun
Babies in a group or family of animals

whom

US / hu:m /

•

UK / hum /

pronoun
Used in formal writing or speech

artifact

US / 'ɑ:təˌfækt /

•

UK / ˈɑrtəˌfækt /

noun
Object made by humans, e.g. ancient tool

founder

US / ˈfaʊndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfaʊndɚ /

noun
Person establishing an organization, school etc.
verb
(Of business, idea, etc.) to fail
(Of a ship) To be sinking after hitting rocks

curious

US / ˈkjʊəriəs /

•

UK / ˈkjʊriəs /

adjecitve
Wanting to know more about something
Attracting interest by being strange or unusual

combine

US / kəmˈbaɪn /

•

UK / kəmˈbaɪn /

verb
To mix several things together to form one thing

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

violence

US / ˈvaɪələns /

•

UK / ˈvaɪələns /

noun
Strong physical force of nature
Use of physical force to harm someone

undoubtedly

US / ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ /

•

UK / ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ /

adverb
With certainty; without question; for sure

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

loudly

US / laʊdlɪ /

•

UK / ˈlaʊdlɪ /

adverb
With a loud noise; not quietly

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

burn

US / bɜ:n /

•

UK / bɚn /

noun
Damage from fire or heat
verb
To destroy with fire
To feel pain and heat
To use as fuel for a fire to make light or heat
To overcook food with too much heat it goes black

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

tidy

US / 'taɪdɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪdi /

adjecitve
With things in their proper place; not messy
verb
To clean and organize so it's not dirty or messy

strategy

US / 'strætədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈstrætədʒi /

noun
Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
other
Branch of military dealing with command

sabine

US / səˈbin /

•

UK / /

noun
Member of a group of ancient people in Italy

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

latium

US / /

•

UK / /

other
An ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea

convenient

US / kənˈvi:niənt /

•

UK / kənˈvinjənt /

adjecitve
Allowing you to do something with less trouble

fratricidal

US / ˌfrætrɪˈsaɪdl /

•

UK / ˌfrætrɪˈsaɪdl /

adjecitve
Concerning murdering your brother or sister

antiquity

US / æn'tɪkwətɪ /

•

UK / ænˈtɪkwɪti /

noun
Very old object
An ancient period

fail

US / feɪl /

•

UK / fel /

noun
A mark on a test showing you did not pass
verb
To be unsuccessful in passing a class or exam
To not do or provide something that is needed
To stop working or functioning; to break down
To not achieve a goal, or to go wrong

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

age

US / eɪdʒ /

•

UK / edʒ /

verb
To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
To get older
noun
Period of time in history
Number of years a person or thing has lived

abundantly

US / əˈbʌndəntli /

•

UK / əˈbʌndəntli /

adverb
In an abundant manner

knob

US / nɒb /

•

UK / nɑ:b /

noun
Handle or protrusion on furniture or a door

ensure

US / ɪn'ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈʃʊr /

verb
To make something sure, certain, or safe

folk

US / fəʊk /

•

UK / fok /

adjecitve
(Of ordinary people) not sophisticated
noun
Ordinary common people

concoct

US / kənˈkɒkt /

•

UK / kənˈkɑ:kt /

verb
to make something, especially food or drink, by mixing different things
To mix together

bronze

US / brɒnz /

•

UK / brɑ:nz /

noun
Having a yellowish olive-brown color
Alloy of tin and copper with a dark tan color

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

military

US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning the army or navy
noun
Army or armed forces

identity

US / aɪ'dentətɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntɪti /

noun
Collection of qualities that makes a person

beside

US / bɪˈsaɪd /

•

UK / bɪˈsaɪd /

preposition
In comparison to; compared with
By the side of something; next to something

citizenship

US / ˈsɪtɪzənʃɪp /

•

UK / ˈsɪtɪzənˌʃɪp /

noun
Status of a citizen who has rights and duties

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

web

US / web /

•

UK / wɛb /

noun
Skin between ducks' toes that enables them to swim
Internet's collection of interrelated information
Net made from silk threads produced by spiders
Complicated set of relationships or connections

openness

US / ˈəʊpənnəs /

•

UK / ˈoʊpənnəs /

noun
Not being secretive

illuminate

US / ɪˈlu:mɪneɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈluməˌnet /

verb
To supply light to something
To make something easier to understand

journey

US / 'dʒɜ:nɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒɚni /

noun
Act of traveling from one place to another; trip
verb
To travel through a place

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

characterization

US / ˌkærəktəraɪˈzeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkærəktəraɪ'zeɪʃn /

noun
The way someone or something is described

comfortable

US / ˈkʌmftəbl /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfətəbəl, ˈkʌmftəbəl /

adjecitve
Having more than enough e.g. money for your needs
Being relaxed, warm or happy

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

reign

US / reɪn /

•

UK / ren /

noun
Time during which a person runs an organization
Period of time when (e.g. king) rules a country
verb
To be present and felt or sensed by everyone there
(King or Queen) to rule a country

rome

US / rəʊm /

•

UK / rom /

other
Leadership of the Roman Catholic Church

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

overtly

US / 'əʊvɜ:tlɪ /

•

UK / oˈvə:tlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is clear and obvious

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

plebeian

US / pləˈbi:ən /

•

UK / plɪˈbiən /

noun
One of the common people

daughter

US / ˈdɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɔtɚ /

adjecitve
(Of a company) being a subsidiary of another firm
noun
A female child of someone

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

regardless

US / rɪˈgɑ:dləs /

•

UK / rɪˈɡɑrdlɪs /

adverb
Without being affected or concerned by something

reflect

US / rɪ'flekt /

•

UK / rɪˈflɛkt /

verb
To indicate or be a sign of something
To bounce back light, heat, sound from a surface
To show an image in glass, water, a mirror etc.
To think of something seriously and carefully

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

incessant

US / ɪnˈsesnt /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɛsənt /

adjecitve
Happening or continuing without a pause or stop

implement

US / ˈɪmplɪment /

•

UK / ˈɪmpləmənt /

noun
A tool
verb
To start to do something you plan to do

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

decidedly

US / dɪˈsaɪdɪdli /

•

UK / dɪˈsaɪdɪdli /

adverb
Without question and beyond doubt

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

son

US / sʌn /

•

UK / sʌn /

noun
Male child; friendly way of addressing a boy

spectacular

US / spekˈtækjələ(r) /

•

UK / spɛkˈtækjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Impressive or out of the ordinary

society

US / sə'saɪətɪ /

•

UK / səˈsaɪɪti /

noun
A group who meet to share values or interests
Group of people living together
Upper class of a community

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

slam

US / slæm /

•

UK / slæm /

noun
Act or sound of closing a door, etc. violently
verb
To criticize sharply
To shut with a lot of force, making a loud noise

goeth

US / 'gəʊɪθ /

•

UK / 'goʊɪθ /

verb
archaic third person singular present of go

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

tarquin

US / tɑ:p /

•

UK / tɑrp /

string

US / strɪŋ /

•

UK / strɪŋ /

noun
A line of connected objects
Thick thread; thin rope
verb
To tie or connect things together with a thread

mythologize

US / mɪˈθɒləˌdʒaɪz /

•

UK / mɪˈθɑːləˌdʒaɪz /

verb
To construct a myth around, as to praise someone

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

divine

US / dɪ'vaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈvaɪn /

adjecitve
Concerning or coming from God or a god
Being very good or wonderful
verb
To predict through feeling and without reason

aeneid

US / /

•

UK / /

other
An epic in Latin by Virgil; tells the adventures of Aeneas after the Trojan War; provides an illustr

virgin

US / ˈvɜ:dʒɪn /

•

UK / ˈvɚdʒɪn /

adjecitve
Never having had sexual intercourse
noun
Someone who did not do a thing before; first timer
Person who has never had sexual intercourse

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

institution

US / ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən, -ˈtju- /

noun
Organization created for a particular aim/purpose
Tradition, custom or system accepted by a group

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

largely

US / ˈlɑ:dʒli /

•

UK / ˈlɑ:rdʒli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

crafty

US / 'krɑ:ftɪ /

•

UK / ˈkræfti /

adjecitve
Being cunning to get others to do what you want

dionysius

US / ˌdaɪəˈnɪsiəs /

•

UK / /

other
The tyrant of Syracuse who fought the Carthaginians (- BC)

chronicle

US / 'krɒnɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkrɑnɪkəl /

noun
Record of something in time order
verb
To make a historical record

background

US / ˈbækgraʊnd /

•

UK / ˈbækˌɡraʊnd /

noun
Images, color, or information behind the main one
Someone's personal work and educational history
A position not as important as the main event
Past events that influence things in the present

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

aspiration

US / ˌæspəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌæspəˈreʃən /

noun
Great desire to achieve something

underlie

US / ˌʌndəˈlaɪ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈlaɪ /

verb
To be the basis, foundation or cause of something
To lie or exist beneath

twin

US / twɪn /

•

UK / twɪn /

noun
Two children born from same mother at same time
One of two things that closely resemble each other

mythical

US / ˈmɪθɪkl /

•

UK / ˈmɪθɪkəl /

adjecitve
Based on beliefs unsupported by facts

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

doom

US / du:m /

•

UK / dum /

noun
Certain of the failure or destruction of
Very bad, unhappy future event or situation
verb
To make failure, defeat or death certain for

custom

US / ˈkʌstəm /

•

UK / ˈkʌstəm /

adjecitve
Specially made to order
noun
Tradition that most people in a community do

contradict

US / ˌkɒntrə'dɪkt /

•

UK / ˌkɑntrəˈdɪkt /

verb
To say the opposite is so; say something different

civic

US / ˈsɪvɪk /

•

UK / ˈsɪvɪk /

adjecitve
Of a town or city; of rights or duties of citizens

act

US / ækt /

•

UK / ækt /

noun
What someone did; action; behavior
A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
verb
To behave in a certain way
To perform on a stage or in a movie

record

US / 'rekɔ:d /

•

UK / ˈrekərd /

noun
Highest or most extreme level achieved
Round plastic disc on which music has been stored
History of a person's past actions or achievements
verb
To indicate a temperature, speed, etc.; register
To write down or say what happened
To put music, sounds onto a device to store it

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

segment

US / ˈsegmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛɡmənt /

noun
Part divided from the other parts of something
verb
To separate something into different parts

king

US / kɪŋ /

•

UK / kɪŋ /

noun
Person considered the best or top at something
Playing card with the image of a king on it
Key piece in the game of chess
Royal male ruler of a country
Person's name

ahistorical

US / ˌeɪhɪˈstɒrɪkl /

•

UK / ˌeɪhɪˈstɔːrɪkl /

adjecitve
Unconcerned with or unrelated to history

brother

US / ˈbrʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbrʌðɚ /

noun
A boy or man who shares a parent with you

undignified

US / ʌnˈdɪgnɪfaɪd /

•

UK / ʌnˈdɪɡnəˌfaɪd /

adjecitve
Without dignity, grace or respectability

sense

US / sens /

•

UK / sɛns /

noun
Certain mental feeling or emotion
Normal or clear state of mind
Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
verb
To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
To recognize the presence of something

establish

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

verb
To set or create something to last for a long time
To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

unbroken

US / ʌnˈbrəʊkən /

•

UK / ʌnˈbrokən /

adjecitve
Happening continuously and without stopping
Animal not trained for use, e.g. a horse
Not yet broken

seven

US / ˈsevn /

•

UK / ˈsɛvən /

number
Number 7

mercy

US / 'mɜ:sɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɚsi /

noun
Kind instead of harsh treatment of someone

anxiety

US / æŋ'zaɪətɪ /

•

UK / æŋˈzaɪɪti /

noun
Fear about what might happen; worry

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

law

US / lɔ: /

•

UK / lɔ /

noun
Field of study that relates to the legal profession
A rule made and enforced by a government
System or rules made by the government

alongside

US / əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd /

•

UK / əˌlɔ:ŋˈsaɪd /

preposition
Side by side with something

stone

US / stəʊn /

•

UK / stoʊn /

noun
Hard, solid piece of rock
verb
To kill as a punishment, by throwing stones at

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

retrofit

US / ˈretrəʊfɪt /

•

UK / ˈretroʊfɪt /

noun
Component added to after it has been manufactured

plain

US / pleɪn /

•

UK / plen /

adjecitve
Obvious; clearly so, true
Very simple, ordinary; not decorated; not striped
noun
Wide open area of flat, dry land

google

US / 'ɡu:ɡl /

•

UK / 'ɡu:ɡl /

noun
A widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important
other
Search the internet (for information) using the Google search engine

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

interruption

US / ˌɪntə'rʌpʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪntəˈrʌpʃən /

noun
Act of causing a break in something continuous

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

childhood

US / ˈtʃaɪldhʊd /

•

UK / ˈtʃaɪldˌhʊd /

noun
The time when you are a child

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

demonstrate

US / 'demənstreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛmənˌstret /

verb
To display a feeling or ability openly
To protest about something often as a group
To prove or make clear by reasoning or evidence
To show how something works (e.g. product)

aloud

US / əˈlaʊd /

•

UK / əˈlaʊd /

adverb
In a way that can be heard; not said to yourself

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

refugee

US / ˌrefjuˈdʒi: /

•

UK / ˌrɛfjʊˈdʒi /

noun
Person forced to leave their home e.g. due to war

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

powerful

US / ˈpauəful /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

adjecitve
Having control or influence over
Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

historical

US / /

•

UK / /

adjecitve
Connected with the past

italian

US / ɪ'tælɪən /

•

UK / ɪˈtæljən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Italy
noun
Person from Italy

fix

US / fɪks /

•

UK / fɪks /

noun
Answer to a problem
verb
To arrange or prepare something
To attach something so it will not move or change
To dishonestly arrange the result of a game
To make an animal unable to produce young
To make something whole or able to work again

storyteller

US / ˈstɔ:ritelə(r) /

•

UK / ˈstɔriˌtɛlɚ, ˈstor- /

noun
Someone who tells stories
Someone who tells lies or things they shouldn't

stunning

US / ˈstʌnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈstʌnɪŋ /

adjecitve
Causing amazement, e.g. because so very good
verb
To greatly shock or surprise; totally amaze
To incapacitate using a special gun

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

slow

US / sləʊ /

•

UK / sloʊ /

adjecitve
Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
(Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
Having difficulty understanding simple things
Moving or happening without speed; not fast
verb
To move, with less speed than before
To move or go without much speed

hero

US / ˈhɪərəʊ /

•

UK / ˈhɪroʊ /

noun
Person of great courage/strength who saves others
Main male character in a book, play or story

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

please

US / pli:z /

•

UK / pliz /

adverb
Used when you politely ask people for things
verb
To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
To make someone happy by doing something

hefty

US / ˈhefti /

•

UK / ˈhɛfti /

adjecitve
Being heavy or large
Being in large amount

establishment

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt /

noun
Act, process of starting an organization or system
Organization, institution or place to do business
Group of people holding great power and influence

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

civilization

US / ˌsɪvəlaɪ'zeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeʃən /

noun
A highly developed society

justification

US / ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdʒʌstəfɪˈkeʃən /

noun
Reason or fact that explains why something is true

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

suspiciously

US / səˈspɪʃəsli /

•

UK / səˈspɪʃəslɪ /

adverb
With feelings that something is wrong

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

classical

US / ˈklæsɪkl /

•

UK / ˈklæsɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture of ancient Greece or Rome
(Of music) serious and traditional in form
Concerning ideas considered to be traditional

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

western

US / ˈwestən /

•

UK / ˈwestərn /

adjecitve
Movies often about cowboys in the American West
Coming from, found in, or facing towards the west

troy

US / trɔɪ /

•

UK / trɔɪ /

other
A system of weights used for precious metals and gemstones; based on a -ounce pound and an ounce of

count

US / kaʊnt /

•

UK / kaʊnt /

noun
Number of things added together, e.g. votes
With the number of crimes, knockouts, as stated
verb
To add things together to find the total number
To matter or be important
To include someone or something in a final number

discovery

US / dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvəri /

noun
Learning something for the first time

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

quarrel

US / ˈkwɒrəl /

•

UK / ˈkwɔ:rəl /

other
Angry argument or disagreement
verb
To have an angry argument or disagreement

clan

US / klæn /

•

UK / klæn /

noun
Group of related families or people

believable

US / bɪˈli:vəbl /

•

UK / bɪˈlivəbəl /

adjecitve
Being likely true or possible

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

equality

US / iˈkwɒləti /

•

UK / iˈkwɑ:ləti /

noun
Idea that all people have the same rights

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

peninsula

US / pə'nɪnsjələ /

•

UK / pəˈnɪnsjələ, -sələ /

noun
Narrow strip of land projecting into a sea or lake

origin

US / ˈɒrɪdʒɪn /

•

UK / ˈɔrədʒɪn,ˈɑr- /

noun
Point at which something begins or is created
Country or social group that a person comes from

social

US / ˈsəuʃəl /

•

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

adjecitve
Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
Liking being with other people; friendly
Living together and depending on each other

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

archaeology

US / ˌɑ:kiˈɒlədʒi /

•

UK / ˌɑrkiˈɑlədʒi /

noun
The study of ancient societies

kink

US / kɪŋk /

•

UK / kɪŋk /

noun
Small dent or curl in something, e.g. your hair

onto

US / ˈɒntə /

•

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

preposition
Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

afoot

US / əˈfʊt /

•

UK / əˈfʊt /

adverb
Being planned, or starting to happen

awful

US / ˈɔ:fl /

•

UK / ˈɔfəl /

adjecitve
Very bad; horrible; terrible

draw

US / drɔ: /

•

UK / drɔ /

noun
Something that attracts people to visit a place
A lottery or prize
Result of a game, contest where the score is equal
verb
To attract attention to someone or something
To get closer to or approach something or someone
To influence a person's involvement in something
To move an object by pulling
To create an image using pen or pencil and paper
To take one thing out of a container, etc.
(Of 2 teams) to finish a game with the same score

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

pure

US / pjʊə(r) /

•

UK / pjʊr /

adjecitve
Not mixed with anything else
Being morally good

roman

US / rɔmə /

•

UK / roˈmɑŋ /

adjecitve
A resident of modern Rome
other
A typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions
An inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire
Characteristic of the modern type that most directly represents the type used in ancient Roman inscr
Of or relating to or supporting Romanism
Relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

romulus

US / ˈrɔmjuləs /

•

UK / ˈrɑmjələs /

proper noun
One of the traditional founders of Rome, with his brother Remus. The twin sons of Mars by the Vestal

theseus

US / ˈθi:siəs,ˈθisju:s /

•

UK / ˈθisiəs, -ˌsjus /

proper noun
The legendary hero of Athens, son of Poseidon (or, in another account, of Aegeus, king of Athens) an

weak

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

adjecitve
Not having a strong character
Less valuable compared to money of other countries
Ineffective; unconvincing; not strong
Having little power or ability
Not having the necessary or proper amount
Having little power; not strong; easy to break
(Of a drink) having lots of water and little taste

untangle

US / ˌʌn'tæŋɡl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtæŋɡəl /

verb
To sort out a troublesome situation
To untie knotted rope, string etc.

athens

US / 'æθənz /

•

UK / 'æθənz /

proper noun
The capital of Greece, in the southern part of the country; population 745,500 (est. 2009). A flouri
A city in northeastern Georgia, the seat of the University of Georgia; since a 1991 merger, is part
A city in southeastern Ohio, the seat of Ohio University; population 22,088 (est. 2008).

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

incident

US / ˈɪnsɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈɪnsɪdənt /

noun
Event, usually unusual or important; accident

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

sin

US / sɪn /

•

UK / sɪn /

noun
Act that breaks a religious law
verb
To do something that breaks a religious law

repeat

US / rɪˈpi:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpit /

noun
Action that is done again
Musical passage that is to be played again
Radio or television program that was shown before
verb
To do something over again
To say something you have learned and memorized
To relate something you have been told by another
To say something again

runtime

US / rʌn'taɪm /

•

UK / rʌn'taɪm /

noun
Length of time a machine operates

timeline

US / 'taɪmlaɪn /

•

UK / 'taɪmlaɪn /

noun
Sequence of related events arranged in time order

town

US / taʊn /

•

UK / taʊn /

noun
Small city
Part of city with shops and entertainments

willing

US / 'wɪlɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈwɪlɪŋ /

adjecitve
Act of making a choice
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

intentionally

US / ɪn'tenʃənəlɪ /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛnʃənl:ɪ /

adverb
With a plan to do or achieve something

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

welcome

US / 'welkəm /

•

UK / ˈwɛlkəm /

adjecitve
Being what was wanted or needed
noun
Friendly greeting to someone who has arrived
verb
To greet someone who has just arrived
To accept or receive something happily and gladly

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

core

US / kɔ:(r) /

•

UK / kɔr, kor /

noun
Important central part of something
verb
To take out the central section of a fruit

enshrine

US / ɪnˈʃraɪn /

•

UK / ɛnˈʃraɪn /

verb
To cherish or treasure as sacred

heir

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Person to receive power or money when someone dies

hill

US / hɪl /

•

UK / hɪl /

noun
High land not as high as a mountain
Where the road or land goes upward; slope
Person's name

map

US / mæp /

•

UK / mæp /

noun
Diagram showing the geography of an area
verb
To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
To find points of similarity between things

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

italy

US / 'ɪtəlɪ /

•

UK / 'ɪtəlɪ /

proper noun
A country in southern Europe; population 59,800,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Rome; official langua

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

parentage

US / ˈpeərəntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈperəntɪdʒ /

noun
Who you are descended from; your ancestors

slave

US / sleɪv /

•

UK / slev /

noun
Someone who is legally owned by another person

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

tradition

US / trəˈdɪʃn /

•

UK / trəˈdɪʃən /

noun
An event, custom or way common to a people or race
Way of thinking or behaving used for a long time

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

bank

US / bæŋk /

•

UK / bæŋk /

noun
A financial institution that keeps or lends money
The side of a river
A row of things in lines (e.g. computers)
verb
To put or keep your money in a bank
To turn a plane when flying; (of a plane) to turn

average

US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
noun
Total of numbers divided by the number of items
verb
To add numbers then divide by the number of items

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

embark

US / ɪmˈbɑ:k /

•

UK / ɪmˈbɑ:rk /

verb
To begin a journey; get on a ship or plane

image

US / 'ɪmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈɪmɪdʒ /

noun
Picture, sculpture or painting of something
General idea or opinion of something
verb
To obtain pictures by scanning them with a machine

mediterranean

US / ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən /

•

UK / ˌmɛdɪtəˈreniən, -ˈrenjən /

adjecitve
Describing the sea between Italy and Africa

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

steal

US / sti:l /

•

UK / stil /

noun
A bargain; something bought very cheaply
Act of taking the ball or a base from another
verb
To move quietly or secretly to or from a place
To secretly take something that belongs to another

refine

US / rɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / rɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To change slightly in order to improve it
To narrow down your search to a smaller number
To make a liquid cleaner by removing something

continent

US / ˈkɒntɪnənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑntənənt /

noun
Very large piece of land, e.g. Africa or Asia

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

lineage

US / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

noun
People in someone's family who lived in the past

slide

US / slaɪd /

•

UK / slaɪd /

noun
Part of machines that slides backward and forward
Reduction in amount, price, quality
Metal or plastic device, used to hold back hair
Piece of glass to view object on using microscope
Action of moving by means of sliding
Sudden unexpected fall of mud or rock down a hill
Small piece of film with a photo on it
A child's play apparatus in a park for sliding
A backless shoe with an open toe
A slip on something wet or slippery
verb
To pass or move smoothly and rapidly into or out
To grow increasingly worse over time
To move smoothly and rapidly over a surface
(Mud or rock) to fall down a hill
To secretly pass something into or out of
To slip on something wet or slippery

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

woman

US / ˈwʊmən /

•

UK / ˈwʊmən /

noun
Adult female human being

citizen

US / 'sɪtɪzn /

•

UK / ˈsɪtɪzən /

noun
Person who belongs to and has rights in a country

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

kingship

US / ˈkɪŋʃɪp /

•

UK / ˈkɪŋʃɪp /

noun
State of being a king

man

US / mæn /

•

UK / mæn /

noun
Humans in general, including male and female
An adult male human being
Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
verb
To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

parent

US / 'peərənt /

•

UK / ˈpɛrənt, ˈpær- /

noun
Person's, animal's mother or father
Something creating other things of the same kind

sharpen

US / 'ʃɑ:pən /

•

UK / ˈʃɑrpən /

verb
To make something more pointed, e.g. a pencil

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

aka

US / ˌeɪkeɪ'eɪ /

•

UK / ˌeɪkeɪ'eɪ /

abbreviation
AKA is an acronym for Also Known as

filler

US / ˈfɪlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɪlɚ /

noun
Material added to fill a hole

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

latin

US / ˈlætɪn /

•

UK / ˈlætn /

adjecitve
Of or typical of a Spanish-speaking culture
noun
Ancient Roman language affecting many languages

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

murder

US / 'mɜ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɚdɚ /

noun
Something that is difficult or painful to do
Crime of deliberately killing a person
verb
To intentionally kill a person
To spoil, ruin something by doing it poorly

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

wall

US / wɔ:l /

•

UK / wɔl /

noun
High, flat side of a room or building

agonizingly

US / ˈægənaɪzɪŋli /

•

UK / ˈæɡənaɪzɪŋli /

adverb
Expressing pain or suffering

depose

US / dɪ'pəʊz /

•

UK / dɪˈpoz /

verb
To remove something from power or prominence

dignified

US / ˈdɪgnɪfaɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɪɡnəˌfaɪd /

adjecitve
With a formal, serious, and calm manner

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

invent

US / ɪnˈvent /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛnt /

verb
To create something such as a story or excuse
To create something useful for the first time

mar

US / mɑ:(r) /

•

UK / mɑ:r /

noun
3rd month of the year
verb
To spoil the appearance/atmosphere of something

lucky

US / 'lʌkɪ /

•

UK / ˈlʌki /

adjecitve
Fortunate; having good things happen by chance

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

root

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, rʊt /

noun
Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
The origin or starting place of something
A number that is multiplied by itself
Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
verb
To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
(Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
To stop someone moving, as through fear

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

remarkably

US / rɪ'mɑ:kəblɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈmɑrkəblɪ /

adverb
In an interesting or unexpected manner

won

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn, won /

verb
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

boundary

US / 'baʊndrɪ /

•

UK / ˈbaʊndəri, -dri /

noun
A division or border to separate two areas

anyone

US / ˈeniwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Any person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

coup

US / ku: /

•

UK / ku /

noun
Successful taking over of a thing; sudden success
Attempt to take control from the government

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

propaganda

US / ˌprɒpə'ɡændə /

•

UK / ˌprɑ:pə'ɡændə /

noun
(Use of) message that you want people to accept

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

sustain

US / sə'steɪn /

•

UK / səˈsten /

verb
To lengthen or continue to do something
To support or maintain someone or something
To suffer something damaging or bad

tiber

US / ˈtaibə /

•

UK / ˈtaɪbɚ /

other
A river of central Italy; flows through Rome to the Tyrrhenian Sea

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

venus

US / ˈviːnəs /

•

UK / ˈviːnəs /

other
The second nearest planet to the sun; it is peculiar in that its rotation is slow and retrograde (in
Type genus of the family Veneridae: genus of edible clams with thick oval shells

accomplish

US / ə'kʌmplɪʃ /

•

UK / əˈkɑmplɪʃ /

verb
To succeed in doing; complete successfully

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

secure

US / sɪ'kjʊə(r) /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊr /

adjecitve
Being attached to something tightly and surely
(Place that is) locked, guarded and safe
verb
To get or achieve something with certainty
To firmly attach something to something else
To protect from danger or harm, keep things safe

mom

US / mɒm /

•

UK / mɑ:m /

noun
A slang term for mother

sack

US / sæk /

•

UK / sæk /

noun
Large strong bag made of fibers, plastic, etc.
Act of firing someone from their job
verb
To put something in a large bag
To dismiss a person from their job; fire

storey

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

amply

US / ˈæmpli /

•

UK / ˈæmpli /

adverb
More than adequately; plentifully

derive

US / dɪˈraɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈraɪv /

verb
To come from another thing

chronology

US / krəˈnɒlədʒi /

•

UK / krəˈnɑ:lədʒi /

noun
Order in which certain events occurred

fire

US / 'faɪə(r) /

•

UK / faɪr /

noun
Heat and the flame produced when burning
Intense energy for or about something
verb
To apply heat to something to make it hard
To make a person leave their job; dismiss
To shoot a gun or weapon
To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
To start working on something e.g. a project

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

folktale

US / 'fəʊkteɪl /

•

UK / 'foʊkˌteɪl /

other
A tale circulated by word of mouth among the common folk

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

vaguely

US / ˈveɪgli /

•

UK / ˈveɪɡli /

adverb
In a vague way; not fully

suppose

US / sə'pəʊz /

•

UK / səˈpoʊz /

conjunction
What if
verb
To imagine or guess what might happen

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

arc

US / ɑ:k /

•

UK / ɑrk /

noun
Smoothly curving line or movement
verb
To bend in a smooth curve

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

existence

US / ɪɡ'zɪstəns /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪstəns /

noun
State of being present, alive or real

olympian

US / əˈlɪmpiən /

•

UK / əˈlɪmpiən /

adjecitve
Of or pertaining to the greater gods of ancient Greece whose abode was Mount Olympus
noun
Person competing in the Olympics

outlaw

US / ˈaʊtlɔ: /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌlɔ /

noun
Person hiding from police after breaking the law
verb
To make a practice or thing illegal

lack

US / læk /

•

UK / læk /

noun
The state of not having or not having enough of
A shortage of something
verb
To not have, or not have enough, of something

primary

US / 'praɪmərɪ /

•

UK / ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri /

adjecitve
Most important, most basic or essential
Happening first; earliest
of or for the teaching of young children

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

ultimately

US / ˈʌltɪmətli /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪtli /

adverb
Done or considered as the final and most important

understanding

US / ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ /

adjecitve
Being sympathetic
noun
When you get the meaning correctly; comprehension
Knowledge about something or someone
verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

trojan

US / ˈtrəʊdʒən /

•

UK / ˈtrodʒən /

other
A native of ancient Troy
A program that appears desirable but actually contains something harmful

civil

US / ˈsɪvl /

•

UK / ˈsɪvəl /

adjecitve
Of citizens of a country; not military, criminal
Acting in a polite, but not truly friendly manner

attest

US / ə'test /

•

UK / əˈtɛst /

verb
To state or confirm that something is true or real

dynasty

US / ˈdɪnəsti /

•

UK / ˈdaɪnəsti /

noun
Family that controls a country for a long time
Period of time that a family has ruled

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

intentionality

US / ɪnˌtenʃə'nælɪtɪ /

•

UK / ɪnˌtenʃə'nælɪtɪ /

noun
Desire to make something happen; deliberate act

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

square

US / skweə(r) /

•

UK / skwɛr /

adjecitve
Being fair or honest
Multiply a number by itself e.g. 2x2 or 6x6
noun
Shape with 4 equal length sides and 4 equal angles
The result of multiplying Length by the width
Open public area in the middle of the town
verb
To make something balance or be equal
To multiply a number by itself, e.g. 2x2 or 6x8
To straighten the edge to form a four-sided shape

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

exciting

US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

adjecitve
Creating interest, happiness or pleasurable fear
verb
To cause a reaction; make active
To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

present

US / 'preznt /

•

UK / ˈprɛznt /

adjecitve
Being in attendance; being there; having turned up
noun
Gift
Verb tense indicating an action is happening now
Current time; now
verb
To introduce someone to others
To host a program on television or radio
To give a speech or presentation
To show something to someone who will examine it
To appear or happen
To give an award or prize to someone

obvious

US / ˈɒbviəs /

•

UK / ˈɑbviəs /

adjecitve
Easily understood and clear; plain to see

roughly

US / ˈrʌfli /

•

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

adverb
Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
In a manner that is violent or not careful
In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
In a basic, simple manner

verifiable

US / 'verɪfaɪəbl /

•

UK / ˌvɛrəˈfaɪəbəl /

adjecitve
Able to be proven

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

nasty

US / 'nɑ:stɪ /

•

UK / ˈnæsti /

adjecitve
Very bad, unpleasant, or offensive

senate

US / 'senət /

•

UK / ˈsɛnɪt /

noun
A board of governors at a college or university

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

thread

US / θred /

•

UK / θrɛd /

noun
Spiral cut at the end of a bolt
A long, very thin, material used to sew cloth
Idea/theme connecting different parts of a story
verb
To move yourself through a crowded or narrow space
To put wire, string, etc. through a hole or needle

dad

US / dæd /

•

UK / dæd /

noun
Another word for father

factual

US / ˈfæktʃuəl /

•

UK / ˈfæktʃuəl /

adjecitve
Involving or being based upon evidence

investigate

US / ɪn'vestɪɡeɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛstɪˌɡet /

verb
To try to find out facts; to carry out research

legend

US / 'ledʒənd /

•

UK / ˈlɛdʒənd /

noun
List of explanations of symbols on map, etc.
Person famous for doing something very well
Old story generally believed, although not proven

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

outsider

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪdə(r) /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪdɚ /

noun
Someone who is not part of or accepted in a group

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

shepherd

US / 'ʃepəd /

•

UK / ˈʃɛpəd /

noun
Person's name
Person who looks after sheep as their job
verb
To take care of animals, e.g. sheep
To show someone, e.g. tour group, the way; guide

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

bastard

US / 'bɑ:stəd /

•

UK / ˈbæstəd /

noun
Someone whose parents were not married
Person considered mean or deserving contempt

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

consciously

US / 'kɒnʃəslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɑnʃəslɪ /

adverb
In a manner that is aware, and on purpose

concept

US / 'kɒnsept /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌsɛpt /

noun
Abstract idea of something or how it works

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

escape

US / ɪ'skeɪp /

•

UK / ɪˈskep /

noun
Act to briefly ignoring boring or bad things
The 'esc key' on a keyboard
Act of getting away from where you are being kept
verb
To avoid something undesirable, dangerous or bad
To get away from a place where you are being kept
(Gas, water) to come out from a pipe, container
To not to be noticed or remembered by someone

ruinously

US / ˈruːɪnəsli /

•

UK / ˈruːɪnəsli /

adverb
So as to destroy (reputation, financial status)

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

ancient

US / 'eɪnʃənt /

•

UK / ˈenʃənt /

adjecitve
Very old; having lived a very long time ago

continuous

US / kənˈtɪnjuəs /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnjuəs /

adjecitve
Happening, existing, or performed without stops

arise

US / əˈraɪz /

•

UK / əˈraɪz /

verb
To stand up
To result or happen due to a particular event

olympics

US / əʊ'lɪmpɪks /

•

UK / oʊ'lɪmpɪks /

other
The Olympic Games

bandit

US / ˈbændɪt /

•

UK / ˈbændɪt /

noun
Robber or outlaw belonging to a gang

barbarian

US / bɑ:ˈbeəriən /

•

UK / bɑrˈbɛriən /

noun
Person considered wild and uncivilized

clean

US / kli:n /

•

UK / klin /

adjecitve
Not marked in any way; blank
Done according to the rules or standards; fair
Free from disease or sickness
Being free from dirt or marks; washed
Behaving well; not breaking any rules; legal
adverb
Completely; entirely
verb
To make free from dirt or marks; washed
To make neat and orderly e.g. a room
To remove the inner parts of an animal

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

exile

US / 'eksaɪl /

•

UK / ˈɛɡˌzaɪl, ˈɛkˌsaɪl /

noun
State of being forced to leave your country
One forced to leave their home and live elsewhere
verb
One forced to leave their home and live elsewhere

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

intent

US / ɪnˈtent /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛnt /

adjecitve
Having a fixed purpose or intention; not deviating
noun
Aim or purpose

spring

US / sprɪŋ /

•

UK / sprɪŋ /

noun
Coil of metal that lessens impact, e.g. on cars
Sudden jump from one place to another
The time when plants start growing after winter
Place where water flows from beneath the ground
verb
To lessen the impact of something under pressure
To jump into the air

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

certainly

US / ˈsə:tnli /

•

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

adverb
Sure; of course

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

destine

US / ˈdestɪn /

•

UK / ˈdestɪn /

verb
Decree or designate beforehand

culture

US / 'kʌltʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌltʃɚ /

noun
Beliefs and customs of a particular group

guy

US / ɡaɪ /

•

UK / ɡaɪ /

noun
Man; boy; any person

retold

US / ˌriːˈtəʊld /

•

UK / ˌriːˈtoʊld /

verb
To say or communicate information to someone again

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

voraciously

US / vəˈreɪʃəsli /

•

UK / vəˈreɪʃəsli /

adverb
In an extreme way, as though very hungry to do it

codification

US / ˌkəʊdɪfɪ'keɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkoʊdɪfɪ'keɪʃn /

noun
Arrangement in a systematic order

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

foreshadow

US / fɔ:ˈʃædəʊ /

•

UK / fɔ:rˈʃædoʊ /

verb
To be a sign of future events

enrage

US / ɪnˈreɪdʒ /

•

UK / ɛnˈredʒ /

verb
To cause to feel extreme anger

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

peculiar

US / pɪ'kju:lɪə(r) /

•

UK / pɪˈkjuljɚ /

adjecitve
Not usual or normal; strange

substantive

US / səbˈstæntɪv /

•

UK / ˈsʌbstəntɪv /

adjecitve
Essential; considerable

trait

US / treɪt /

•

UK / tret /

noun
A particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

ambition

US / æmˈbɪʃn /

•

UK / æmˈbɪʃən /

noun
Desire to win or be successful in life, work

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

distinctly

US / dɪ'stɪŋktlɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈstɪŋktlɪ /

adverb
Clearly; very

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

decide

US / dɪ'saɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈsaɪd /

verb
To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
To make a legal judgment in court
to affect the result of something

literally

US / ˈlɪtərəli /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

adverb
So as to express the exact meaning of something
Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

match

US / mætʃ /

•

UK / mætʃ /

noun
Something that is equal to or the same as another
Small stick you strike to light a fire candle etc.
A sports competition between two people or teams
Person or thing that goes well with another
verb
To equal or be as good as something else
To work well or look good with something else

ream

US / ri:m /

•

UK / rim /

noun
A specific quantity of paper sold together

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

relevant

US / ˈreləvənt /

•

UK / ˈrɛləvənt /

adjecitve
Having an effect on an issue; related or current

intrinsic

US / ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk /

•

UK / ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk, -sɪk /

adjecitve
Being naturally and always a part of something

kid

US / kɪd /

•

UK / kɪd /

adjecitve
Made from young goat skin
noun
Child or young person
Young goat
verb
To make fun of someone in a gentle way; to tease

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

patrician

US / pəˈtrɪʃn /

•

UK / pəˈtrɪʃən /

noun
Connected with/typical of the highest social class

ugh

US / ʌg, ʌk /

•

UK / ʌɡ, ʌk /

exclamation
Sound people make when hurt

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

organic

US / ɔ:ˈgænɪk /

•

UK / ɔrˈɡænɪk /

adjecitve
Developing naturally and without a set structure
Concerning food made with few or no chemicals
Concerning living things

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

compile

US / kəm'paɪl /

•

UK / kəmˈpaɪl /

verb
To put programming data into a computer
To gather (articles) for a book

frequently

US / ˈfri:kwəntli /

•

UK / ˈfrikwəntlɪ /

adverb
Often; regularly

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

grant

US / ɡrɑ:nt /

•

UK / ɡrænt /

noun
Money given for education or research
Person's name
verb
To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
To give or let someone do what they want

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

crime

US / kraɪm /

•

UK / kraɪm /

noun
Act that is believed to be a mistake or foolish
Act that is against the law; murder, theft etc.

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

narratively

US / /

•

UK / /

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

royal

US / 'rɔɪəl /

•

UK / ˈrɔɪəl /

adjecitve
Excellent or grand; suitable for a king or queen
Concerning a king or queen
Used in some titles of noble persons, places

vestal

US / 'vestl /

•

UK / 'vestəl /

adjecitve
Concerning Vesta

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

considerable

US / kənˈsɪdərəbl /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdərəbəl /

adjecitve
Large in size, amount, or effect

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

greek

US / gri:k /

•

UK / ɡrik /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Greece
noun
Person from Greece

promise

US / 'prɒmɪs /

•

UK / ˈprɑmɪs /

verb
To say you will certainly do something

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

scaffold

US / 'skæfəʊld /

•

UK / ˈskæfəld, -ˌold /

noun
Temporary supporting platform outside buildings
verb
To build on previous information or knowledge

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

tribe

US / traɪb /

•

UK / traɪb /

noun
Racial group united by language, religion, customs

hobby

US / ˈhɒbi /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:bi /

noun
Regular activity done in free time, for pleasure

messy

US / 'mesɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛsi /

adjecitve
Being complex or difficult to fix
Being untidy or dirty

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

foundation

US / faunˈdeiʃən /

•

UK / faʊnˈdeʃən /

noun
Base or important starting point
Underground base on which building is constructed
Institution supported by a private fund
First cosmetic used when putting on makeup
Action of establishing an organization

descendant

US / dɪˈsendənt /

•

UK / dɪˈsɛndənt /

noun
Family member from generations following you

meaningful

US / 'mi:nɪŋfl /

•

UK / ˈminɪŋfəl /

adjecitve
Having importance; showing someone's intention

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

struggle

US / 'strʌɡl /

•

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

noun
Strong efforts made to do something difficult
verb
To try very hard to do something difficult

sylvia

US / ˈsɪlvɪə /

•

UK / ˈsɪlviə /

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

amazing

US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

adjecitve
Surprising in a pleasing way
verb
To cause wonder; to surprise completely

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

kill

US / kɪl /

•

UK / kɪl /

noun
Animal killed by a person or other animal
verb
To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
To end the life of a person or other living thing
To be very funny
To prevent something from continuing or operating
To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

escalate

US / ˈeskəleɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛskəˌlet /

verb
To increase in size, intensity, or scope
To become much worse or more severe

populate

US / 'pɒpjʊleɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɑpjəˌlet /

verb
To live in a particular area, as a group

intend

US / ɪnˈtend /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛnd /

verb
To plan or want to do something

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

rip

US / rɪp /

•

UK / rɪp /

noun
A long tear in something, e.g. a piece of cloth
verb
To tear or split roughly or cause to tear or split
To become torn, opened, or split apart forcefully
To remove or take by pulling it forcefully

foundational

US / faʊn'deɪʃənəl /

•

UK / faʊn'deɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Being the base or important starting point

hella

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
Extremely (used for emphasis)
determiner
A large amount or number of.

fully

US / 'fʊlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʊli /

adverb
Completely or entirely

line

US / laɪn /

•

UK / laɪn /

noun
Border that divides two places or regions
Long crease in the skin, often from age
Mark that is long, straight and very thin
Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
Telephone connection
People waiting one behind the other; queue
Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
verb
To put material along the inside of something

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

setback

US / 'setbæk /

•

UK / ˈsɛtˌbæk /

noun
Unfortunate happening that hinders or frustrates

Subtitles section

Rome was not built in a day, but it was built, consciously and with intentionality.

Roman civilization as we understand it is the product of millions of people, men and women, young and old, weak and powerful, working over millennia to make their culture something spectacular.

We can see that they built and accomplished amazing things across three continents, but what's less obvious is what they built on.

Not literally, mind you, that's usually brick or stone, but what cultural foundation sustains so huge an idea as Rome?

That's the kind of question that takes us to the very beginnings of their history, as we try to figure out what inciting incident led to all of this.

However, any records from the earliest Roman chronicles are agonizingly absent, as the city was sacked and burned in 390 by a tribe of Gauls, so we are instead left at the mercy of Roman legend, completely ahistorical and hella propaganda.

But despite this rather considerable setback in understanding the earliest roots of Roman history, we can work with this, because later Romans also didn't know where exactly they came from and were voraciously curious to fix that.

So lacking a verifiable answer, they instead concocted one, consciously and intentionally compiling a narrative out of half-remembered myths and historical foreshadowing of the later Rome they knew.

This web of folktales retold and refined by centuries of storytellers until their codification around the turn of the millennium is our best source of cultural intent and ambition for the Rome that was to be.

So, to untangle this Roman creation myth and better understand the underlying roots of Rome, let's do some history.

If we take the Romans at their word, their origins goeth thusly.

1100-something-or-other BC, Troy's on fire, and one lucky prince, Aeneas, escaped.

He made his way to Italy, with interruptions, and won kingship of the plain of Laetium, but it's not Rome time quite yet.

His descendants ruled in Alba Longa, a short way south of the Tiber River for four centuries, until the Alban king Numitor got deposed by his brother Amulius, who made Numitor's daughter Reyes Silvia a vestal virgin to ensure the bloodline ends with her.

This was always a failing strategy when Olympians were afoot, and sure enough, the war god Mars slid in to give her twin sons Romulus and Remus.

Amulius demanded they be killed river-style, but they were saved at the banks of the Tiber by a she-wolf, who then nursed them through early childhood before they were taken in by shepherds, bringing the twins' parent count to one dad,

Two moms, one god, and a wolf.

They grew up and deposed that nasty, awful Amulius, and later set about founding a new settlement along the Tiber.

A brotherly quarrel escalated as they were plotting out the course of their new walls, and Romulus killed Remus in the first, but distinctly not last, Roman-on-Roman violence.

That, kids, is why it's called Rome and not Ream.

With his kingship secure and the city founded in the year 753, Romulus got to populating his new town, so he welcomed bandits, exiles, and other such ruffians, and then captured the Sabine women en masse to ensure Rome would have heirs.

Unlike Reyes Silvia, we can't all be slammed by the god of war, but the Romans sure learned from his example.

Romulus also implemented several core features of Roman society.

The tribes, patrician and plebeian classes, marriage laws, the patron-client system, even the senate arose as if springing fully formed from the head of Romulus.

After him, six more kings ruled over Rome, the last three of whom were from the Etruscan Tarquinii clan, and the very last was Tarquinius Superbus, aka Tarky Tark Superbus, who was a total knob.

His incessant assholery enraged the Romans into throwing their very first coup d'etat, very exciting, ousting Tarquin and establishing Rome as a republic in 509 BC. From there, the Italian peninsula was destined to one day fall under the stunning force of Rome's military and kick-ass civic institutions,

And the whole Mediterranean would undoubtedly be next.

This origin story is dignified, tidy, a little self-indulgent, but above all else, convenient.

So let's go through this and, you know, rip it apart.

First off, Rome's founding date of 753 is a guess, posited in the first century BC to roughly line up with the earliest Greek Olympics.

As far as the story itself goes, the Italy-bound journey of Aeneas, the perfect Roman OC, do not steal, is suspiciously Odyssean enough as is, but it's first attested by Greek sources during the Republic.

Aeneas is also way back in the Bronze Age compared to 753.

That hefty four-century gap between Aeneas and Romulus went largely unexplained until Dionysius of Halicarnassus seemingly invented the entire concept of the Alban Kings in his Roman Antiquities from the first century BC. The kings of Alba Longa have very little characterization,

And some can be mapped onto nearby Latium place names, so it's not a stretch to think Dionysius decided, that hill over there is totally derived from this ancient king, you guys!

I promise!

Don't Google it!

I promise!

Please, please don't investigate it.

It's only when we run into the twins' backstory that the Alban Kings Numitor and Amulius actually do anything.

The boy's story is overtly mythical, and even Livy questions Mars and the wolf, but what might be less believable than divine parentage is the idea that seven kings ruled Rome for a combined 244 years,

Which requires an unbroken string of seven 35-year reigns on average.

That is a royal runtime matched by only two emperors before the fall of Western Rome.

And yes, that of all things is where I draw the realism line.

Because each segment of the story feels abundantly retrofitted to clean up a messy set of chronologies between key events.

The well-known establishment of the Republic in 509, the vaguely understood foundation of the city in the mid-700s-ish, and the heavily mythologized Trojan origins of Aeneas back in the Bronze Age.

Everything else is just narrative scaffolding.

Republican-era Romans wondered aloud how exactly their history could fit two founders in the same folk tradition, and it took until the Augustan period to square all that by having Aeneas found the Roman dynasty and Romulus build the city itself.

Other classical states didn't struggle this much with contradicting narratives.

Athens certainly didn't mind having multiple founder heroes, and one of them was Theseus.

Ugh.

But in the first century BC, Rome took an organic storytelling tradition and forced all those disparate threads to play by history's rules.

One continuous narrative.

It didn't need to be what we would call factual, it just needed to fit.

Of course the Alban kings were retconned into existence to tidy up the timeline.

Aeneas and Romulus are the only two who narratively matter.

Rome's legendary origins only needed to make sense to the Romans, and in the absence of records from before Rome's first sack in 390 BC, that's the closest thing to a primary source we have.

As pure history, it's bound to leave us wanting anything more substantive, but as an artifact of their culture, this origin tells us everything the Romans needed to know about themselves and wanted anyone else to know.

Their heroes are divine descendants of Venus and Mars, their lineage runs back as far as anywhere in Greece, they come from disparate places and backgrounds, civil war is in their blood, they 100% have a wolf kink,

And they kill tyrants.

That's Rome.

Everything else is Livy's filler arcs.

Now, for a supposedly ancient story, two of Romulus' deeds point decidedly forwards in Roman history and reveal what later Romans thought must have been intrinsic to their identity.

His first act as king was to welcome Italy's dispossessed and outlaws as Rome's citizens, which may seem rather unheroic on the face of it, but this reflects Rome's most peculiar trait, its openness to cultures and people.

Rome, of course, thought that it was the best civilization ever and made that known loudly and frequently, but Rome took good ideas wherever they found them and was willing to let any barbarian become Roman so long as they took on Rome's customs and learned Latin.

Romans always started as outsiders, be they exiles from across Italy or refugees from far off Troy.

Supposedly.

Rome was also remarkably comfortable with granting citizenship to freed slaves.

Equality of the Greeks?

Absolutely did not share!

This seemingly undignified story actually enshrines the idea that regardless of social class or cultural boundaries, it was possible to become a Roman, and that idea is the stuff that Pan-Mediterranean civilizations are made of.

But alongside Rome's great aspirations, their deepest anxiety is also present in the Romulus story, as their ruinously blood-soaked hobby of civil wars finds its start in that fratricidal founder.

Rather than being intended as justification to go out murdering, as if they needed that, this looks like the closest thing to Rome's original sin, the foundational crime they will be doomed to repeat over and over and over and over and over for more than 2,000 years.

These stories take their most permanent form seven centuries after the supposed founding of the city, in the pages of Livy's History of Rome and Virgil's Aeneid.

And as we wait for potential discoveries in archaeology to illuminate the earliest settlements amid those hills beside the Tiber, that's all we've got to go on!

The image sharpens into historical focus as we depose King Tarquin, start the Republic, and embark on the slow process of building Rome's civic institutions and establishing a domain across central Italy,

But the further we progress along the timeline, the more meaningful and relevant their origin story becomes.

The roots of Rome ultimately tell us nothing about the earliest Romans.

If they even called themselves Romans, even came from Troy, even had kings, even did any of the things their myths take for granted.

But this narrative reveals so much about the civilization they would become and the kind of people the Romans would one day be.

Crafty bastards.

As the next 2,000 years will amply demonstrate, they were crafty bastards.