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How Flood Tunnels Work

Original YouTube Video | PracticalEngineeringChannel Published on 2023-06-06 Level：92 Speed：62 maxwordlevel：29

Video vocabulary

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

divert

US / daɪˈvɜ:t /

•

UK / daɪˈvɜ:rt /

verb
To attract someone's attention from something
To redirect something, such as a river or road
To redirect the use of (goods or money)

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

landscaping

US / ˈlændskeɪpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈlændskeɪpɪŋ /

noun
Improving land by gardening
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

slowly

US / ˈsləʊli /

•

UK / ˈsloʊli /

adverb
In an unhurried or not speedy manner

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

boat

US / bəʊt /

•

UK / bot /

noun
Small form of transport for traveling on water
verb
To travel on a lake or river

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

impact

US / 'ɪmpækt /

•

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

noun
A striking effect or result to hit with force
Very strong influence
Act or force of one thing hitting something else
verb
To hit or strike someone or something with force

kit

US / kɪt /

•

UK / kɪt /

noun
Set, collection of tools, supplies, for a purpose

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

san

US / /

•

UK / /

adjective
Relating to the San or their languages.
noun
A member of the aboriginal peoples of southern Africa commonly called Bushmen.
The group of Khoisan languages spoken by the San.

shut

US / ʃʌt /

•

UK / ʃʌt /

verb
To stop being open for business
To close something, e.g. a door

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

civil

US / ˈsɪvl /

•

UK / ˈsɪvəl /

adjecitve
Of citizens of a country; not military, criminal
Acting in a polite, but not truly friendly manner

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

district

US / 'dɪstrɪkt /

•

UK / ˈdɪstrɪkt /

noun
Area of a country, city, or town

bacteria

US / bæk'tɪərɪə /

•

UK / bækˈtɪriə /

noun
The very small creatures that can cause disease

dead

US / ded /

•

UK / dɛd /

adjecitve
Not alive
Being bored or not interested
Unable to operate because electricity etc. ran out
Being unable to feel, physically or emotionally
adverb
Completely; absolutely

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

pool

US / pu:l /

•

UK / pul /

noun
Amount collected, e.g. money, for some purpose
Small body of still water
Game of hitting balls on a table with long sticks
Small area of water for swimming bound by walls
verb
(Of a liquid) to collect into a small area
To make a collection of (resources, money etc.)

superfecta

US / /

•

UK / /

other
A bet that you can pick the first four finishers in a race in the right order

corridor

US / ˈkɒrɪdɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɔrɪdɚ, -ˌdɔr, ˈkɑr- /

noun
Passageway between rooms in a buildings

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

lack

US / læk /

•

UK / læk /

noun
The state of not having or not having enough of
A shortage of something
verb
To not have, or not have enough, of something

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

powder

US / 'paʊdə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊdɚ /

noun
Dry material made up of small powder-like pieces
Dry and light form of snow
verb
To apply a dust onto the body or face

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

seconds

US / 'sekəndz /

•

UK / 'sekəndz /

other
Units of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short periods of time you wait for someone
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

baby

US / ˈbeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

adjecitve
Small in size; smaller than usual
noun
A very young child, who cannot yet speak
verb
To treat someone as if they were newly born

downtown

US / ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn /

•

UK / ˈdaʊnˌtaʊn /

adjecitve
Located in the business part of a town

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

essentially

US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

adverb
Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

fascinating

US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

adjecitve
Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
Very interesting
verb
To attract or interest greatly

scarce

US / skeəs /

•

UK / skers /

adjecitve
Not many; Not plentiful or abundant

value

US / 'vælju: /

•

UK / ˈvælju /

noun
Importance you attach to something
Some information expressed as a number
Stated price of something; worth
verb
To place a high importance on something
To say how much money something is worth

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

touch

US / tʌtʃ /

•

UK / tʌtʃ /

noun
Certain way of doing that makes something special
A small amount of something
Feeling of a surface
verb
To affect feelings, especially by causing sympathy
To be next to each other with no space between
To get involved with (used in negative)
To feel an object with your fingers, etc.

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

perspective

US / pə'spektɪv /

•

UK / pɚˈspɛktɪv /

noun
Artistic method of creating a sense of distance
Ability to understand what is important in life

subsurface

US / 'sʌb'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / 'sʌbˌsəfəs /

noun
Layer beneath the top layer

typical

US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Normal; usual; expected

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

depth

US / depθ /

•

UK / dɛpθ /

noun
Distance below a surface

grocery

US / 'ɡrəʊsərɪ /

•

UK / 'ɡroʊsərɪ /

noun
Daily foods such as flour, sugar, and tinned foods

flood

US / flʌd /

•

UK / flʌd /

noun
Large number of people or things arriving at once
Destruction when a river breaks its banks
verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

oxygen

US / 'ɒksɪdʒən /

•

UK / ˈɑksɪdʒən /

noun
A gas in the air that we need to breathe

mix

US / mɪks /

•

UK / mɪks /

noun
A combination of more than two things
verb
To combine two or more things to make one
To meet and get along with others, e.g. at a party

sprout

US / spraʊt /

•

UK / spraʊt /

noun
New part of a plant that has just begun to grow
verb
To grow, produce, or develop e.g. ideas
(Of plants) to start to grow or produce leaves

thankful

US / ˈθæŋkfl /

•

UK / ˈθæŋkf(ə)l /

adjecitve
Feeling or showing you are grateful

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

disruptive

US / dɪsˈrʌptɪv /

•

UK / dɪsˈrʌptɪv /

adjecitve
Causing trouble; disturbing a class, etc.

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

expose

US / ɪk'spəʊz /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

noun
News article revealing secret information
verb
To make visible, without covering or protection
To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
To be talked about in the media
To make a secret known to the public
To experience something, often a harmful thing

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

shop

US / ʃɒp /

•

UK / ʃɑ:p /

noun
Place to learn how to fix or make things; class
Place where things are fixed or repaired, e.g. cars
Place which sells things
verb
To look for or buy goods or services

wash

US / wɒʃ /

•

UK / wɑ:ʃ /

noun
Clothes or other items that need cleaning
Movement of water with or against something else
verb
To clean someone or something with soap and water
To move somewhere by flowing

core

US / kɔ:(r) /

•

UK / kɔr, kor /

noun
Important central part of something
verb
To take out the central section of a fruit

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

favourite

US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

•

UK / 'fevərɪt /

adjecitve
Best liked or most enjoyed
noun
A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

goal

US / ɡəʊl /

•

UK / ɡol /

noun
Something you try to do or achieve; an aim
(Sports) net into which you put a ball to score
(Sports) act of scoring by putting a ball in a net

park

US / pɑ:k /

•

UK / pɑ:rk /

noun
Person's name
Public green area in a town for exercise, relaxing
Field upon which a sport is played, e.g. baseball
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

valuable

US / ˈvæljuəbl /

•

UK / ˈvæljuəbəl, ˈvæljə- /

adjecitve
Being useful or important
Being worth a lot of money

waterloo

US / ˌwɔ:təˈlu: /

•

UK / ˌwɔ:tərˈlu: /

other
A final crushing defeat

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

butter

US / ˈbʌt.ə /

•

UK / ˈbʌt̬.ɚ /

noun
Yellow substance made of cream, spread on bread
verb
To spread butter on bread

backing

US / ˈbækɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbækɪŋ /

noun
Supporting another person, often with money
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

truly

US / 'tru:lɪ /

•

UK / ˈtruli /

adverb
In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

creative

US / krɪ'eɪtɪv /

•

UK / kriˈetɪv /

adjecitve
Having the ability to make something new

downstream

US / ˌdaʊn'stri:m /

•

UK / ˈdaʊnˌstrim /

adverb
In the direction of a stream's current

alone

US / ə'ləʊn /

•

UK / əˈlon /

adjecitve
Apart from others
Without equal
adverb
Without anyone or anything else

formerly

US / ˈfɔ:məli: /

•

UK / ˈfɔrməli /

adverb
In a past time; at a time before now

margin

US / ˈmɑ:dʒɪn /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:rdʒən /

noun
Edge of an area
Edge or border of a page on above, below
Profit; money left over after all costs

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

alternative

US / ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv /

•

UK / ɔlˈtɚnətɪv, æl- /

adjecitve
A different choice
noun
Something different you can choose

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

wastewater

US / 'weɪstwɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / 'weɪstwɔ:tər /

noun

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

trash

US / træʃ /

•

UK / træʃ /

noun
Garbage or anything that is worthless
verb
To throw away in the garbage
To criticize; claim person/thing is inferior

complexity

US / kəm'pleksətɪ /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛksɪti /

noun
State of having many parts and not being simple

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

famous

US / 'feɪməs /

•

UK / ˈfeməs /

adjecitve
Excellent
Widely known; recognized by many people

maximize

US / ˈmæksɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmæksəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make as large or great as possible

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

rainfall

US / ˈreɪnfɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈrenˌfɔl /

noun
Water falling from the sky

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

versus

US / ˈvə:səs /

•

UK / ˈvɚsəs, -səz /

preposition
Used to show that two things are competing

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

bank

US / bæŋk /

•

UK / bæŋk /

noun
A financial institution that keeps or lends money
The side of a river
A row of things in lines (e.g. computers)
verb
To put or keep your money in a bank
To turn a plane when flying; (of a plane) to turn

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

bridge

US / brɪdʒ /

•

UK / brɪdʒ /

noun
Structure built over river, road so you can cross
verb
To make a link between; bring together

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

path

US / pɑ:θ /

•

UK / pæθ, pɑθ /

noun
Method of living leading to a particular result
Track made with stones, by walking over the ground

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

pump

US / pʌmp /

•

UK / pʌmp /

noun
A device more moving liquids
Light woman's shoe
verb
To make liquid or gas flow in a particular direction
To make water/other liquid move using a machine
To move in or out, or up and down quickly
asking for information in an indirect way

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

sediment

US / ˈsedɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛdəmənt /

noun
Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid

stagnant

US / ˈstægnənt /

•

UK / ˈstæɡnənt /

adjecitve
Unmoving; not growing, as of an economy

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

riverwalk

US / rɪts /

•

UK / rɪts /

weir

US / wɪə(r) /

•

UK / wɪr /

noun
Barrier built across a stream to catch/retain fish

treat

US / tri:t /

•

UK / trit /

noun
Something you buy for others as a surprise present
something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
verb
To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
To act in a certain way toward someone

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

bite

US / baɪt /

•

UK / baɪt /

noun
Amount of food taken into your mouth at one time
Wound left from being bitten
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught
To close your teeth onto something, usually to eat

construction

US / kən'strʌkʃn /

•

UK / kənˈstrʌkʃən /

noun
Act of building something; thing that is built
Something that is made using different parts
The way words are organized in a sentence
The way something is made or structured

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

feasible

US / ˈfi:zəbl /

•

UK / ˈfizəbəl /

adjecitve
Possible; that you can believe will work/succeed

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

plan

US / plæn /

•

UK / plæn /

noun
Drawing of how something should be done or made

outer

US / ˈaʊtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈaʊtɚ /

adjecitve
Far away
Being farther away from the center
On or around something; away from the center

stormwater

US / stɔ:m'wɔ:tə /

•

UK / stɔ:rm'wɒtə /

noun
Water accumulated because of storm rains

resourceful

US / rɪˈsɔ:sfl /

•

UK / rɪˈsɔrsfəl, -ˈsors-, -ˈzɔrs-, -ˈzors- /

adjecitve
Able to find ways to cope with difficult times

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

bear

US / bɛː /

•

UK / bɛr /

noun
Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
Someone who expects stock market to fall
verb
To accept (responsibilities or duties)
To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
To keep moving left or right while going forward
To show (sign of something)
To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

overtop

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
At a higher level; above.
preposition
Over the top of; over.
transitive verb
Exceed in height.

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

worldwide

US / ˈwɜ:ldwaɪd /

•

UK / ˈwɚldˈwaɪd /

adjecitve
Spanning or extending throughout the entire world
adverb

amphitheatre

US / ˈæmfɪθɪətə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæmfɪθiːətər /

noun
Open space surrounded by rising levels of seats

car

US / kɑ:(r) /

•

UK / kɑr /

noun
A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

diameter

US / daɪˈæmɪtə(r) /

•

UK / daɪˈæmɪtɚ /

noun
Distance across the center of an object

confine

US / kənˈfaɪn /

•

UK / kənˈfaɪn /

verb
To hold or imprison someone in a place
Limit to your movements or behavior s

loud

US / laʊd /

•

UK / laʊd /

adjecitve
Being very bright with colors, clothes etc.
Making a lot of noise

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

challenge

US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

noun
An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
Act of formally inviting someone to compete
A question to determine correctness of something
verb
To formally invite someone to compete at something
To question the correctness of something

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

dip

US / dɪp /

•

UK / dɪp /

noun
Food or sauce eaten with crackers/raw vegetables
Place on surface (e.g. a road) lower than the rest
verb
To decrease or lower temporarily
To put something in and out of a liquid quickly
To switch off or lower lights on a car

equip

US / ɪ'kwɪp /

•

UK / ɪˈkwɪp /

verb
To provide with necessary materials or skills

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

pollute

US / pə'lu:t /

•

UK / pəˈlut /

verb
To make dirty, impure or harmful to environment
To make something negative

beauty

US / 'bju:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈbjuti /

noun
Something attractive that produces great pleasure
Physically or visually attractive person

harvey

US / ˈhɑːvi /

•

UK / ˈhɑrvi /

mitigate

US / 'mɪtɪɡeɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɪtˌɪɡet /

verb
To make less severe or serious

sponsor

US / ˈspɒnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈspɑ:nsə(r) /

noun
Person that supports the passage of a new law
Person giving money for someone's education
verb
To support the passage of a new law
To help someone succeed by giving them money
To pay for an event, usually as an advertisement

store

US / stɔ:(r) /

•

UK / stɔr, stor /

noun
Place where things are kept for future use
Place where you can go to buy things
verb
To put things in a place for later use

tokyo

US / 'təʊkjəʊ /

•

UK / 'tokjo /

proper noun
The capital of Japan, located on the northwestern shores of Tokyo Bay, on the southeastern part of t

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

downpour

US / ˈdaʊnpɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈdaʊnˌpɔr, -ˌpor /

noun
A heavy rain shower

checkout

US / ˈtʃekaʊt /

•

UK / ˈtʃɛkˌaʊt /

noun
Counter in a supermarket where you pay for goods

complete

US / kəm'pli:t /

•

UK / kəmˈplit /

adjecitve
Being finished; done; achieved
Being as perfect and as total as could be
verb
To finish or reach the end of doing something

foam

US / fəʊm /

•

UK / foʊm /

noun
Mix of a liquid and air to form a mass of bubbles
verb
To mix air and liquid to form a mass of bubbles

foot

US / fʊt /

•

UK / fʊt /

noun
Base of something such as a mountain or vase
Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

urban

US / 'ɜ:bən /

•

UK / ˈɚbən /

adjecitve
Concerning a city; located in a city

tank

US / tæŋk /

•

UK / tæŋk /

noun
Container for holding liquid or gas
Military vehicle that can go over rough areas
verb
To fail completely or badly
To deliberately lose a game or contest

willing

US / 'wɪlɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈwɪlɪŋ /

adjecitve
Act of making a choice
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

town

US / taʊn /

•

UK / taʊn /

noun
Small city
Part of city with shops and entertainments

brussels

US / 'brʌslz /

•

UK / 'brʌsəlz /

plural noun
Brussels sprouts.
proper noun
The capital of Belgium, in the central part of the country; population 1,048,491 (2008). The headqua

bathtub

US / ˈbɑ:θtʌb /

•

UK / bæθtʌb /

noun
Thing you take a bath in

center

US / 'sentə /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To direct focus toward something

chicago

US / ʃɪ'kɑ:gəʊ, -'kɔ:- /

•

UK / ʃɪ'kɑ:ɡoʊˌ -'kɔ:- /

proper noun
A city in northeastern Illinois, on Lake Michigan; population 2,853,114 (est. 2008). Chicago develop

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

manage

US / ˈmænɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒ /

verb
To survive hardships and difficulties; to cope
To run or operate a business by directing others

shipping

US / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

noun
Business of transporting goods or orders to places
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

floodplain

US / 'flʌdpleɪn /

•

UK / ˈflʌdˌplen /

other
A low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding

inundate

US / ˈɪnʌndeɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪnʌnˌdet, ˈɪnən- /

verb
To fill up beyond the capacity of; flood
To cover a place with a flow of water

meter

US / ˈmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmitɚ /

noun
Unit of length equal to 100 cm or about 39 inches
Device for measuring things e.g. gas
Device to put money into to rent a parking place
Rhythm of a poem
verb
To measure water, etc. when it has to be paid for

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

model

US / ˈmɒdl /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

adjecitve
Being an excellent example of
noun
Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
A small scale copy of a full original
verb
To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
To make a small scale copy of a full original

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

gate

US / ɡeɪt /

•

UK / ɡet /

noun
Place in a fence which can be opened or closed

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

opening

US / ˈəʊpnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈoʊpnɪŋ /

noun
Free job; job you can apply for
Action of starting something, e.g. a new business
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

sewage

US / ˈsu:ɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈsuɪdʒ /

noun
Waste matter/excrement carried away in sewers

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

bypass

US / ˈbaɪpɑ:s /

•

UK / ˈbaɪˌpæs /

noun
A road that goes around a town or village
verb
To go around something; avoid

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

catastrophic

US / ˌkætə'strɒfɪk /

•

UK / ˌkætəˈstrɑfɪk /

adjecitve
Causing a lot of damage or suffering

repair

US / rɪˈpeə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈper /

noun
How well cared for a thing is; physical condition
Action to fix or restore something that is broken
verb
To fix or restore something that is broken
To fix or correct the damage that one has caused

scatter

US / 'skætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈskætɚ /

other
To place or leave things in various places
verb
To throw or move into various different directions

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

business

US / ˈbɪznəs /

•

UK / ˈbɪznɪs /

noun
A company formed for making profit
Matter that has to be dealt with; task; situation
Activity of working to make a profit

collect

US / kəˈlekt /

•

UK / kəˈlɛkt /

adverb
By asking the receiver of a call to pay for it
verb
To ask for money, e.g. for a charity
To gather things, people together in one place
To get and keep one type of things as a hobby
To take things and bring them together
To go and receive, e.g. a prize or an award
To take control of your own feelings or thoughts

entrance

US / ˈentrəns /

•

UK / ˈentrəns /

noun
A place where you enter a house or other building
Act of joining a party in a showy manner
The right to enter a place

meal

US / mi:l /

•

UK / mil /

noun
Food for eating at a particular time, e.g. dinner
Grain that has been ground into a powder

inlet

US / 'ɪnlet /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌlɛt /

noun
Water protruding into land, e.g. a bay

scale

US / skeɪl /

•

UK / skel /

noun
Size, level, or amount when compared
Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
Device that is used to weigh a person or thing
Range of numbers from the lowest to the highest
Dimensions or size of something
verb
To change the size of but keep the proportions
To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
To remove the scales of a fish

represent

US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

verb
To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
To show or describe something in a particular way
To act on behalf of others in government
To act or speak for another person or other people

visualize

US / ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz /

verb
To create a picture in your mind of something

creek

US / kri:k /

•

UK / krik, krɪk /

noun
Water channel that is smaller than a river

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

perform

US / pə'fɔ:m /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrm /

verb
To carry out an action well or successfully
To entertain an audience by dancing, singing etc.

schedule

US / ˈʃedju:l /

•

UK / ˈskedʒu:l /

noun
A list of events and their times
A plan to do something at a certain time
verb
To plan to do something at a certain time

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

deliver

US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

verb
To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
To save someone from a problem or crisis
To keep a promise; do what you say you would
To present something to a group, as a speech
To take something to a person or place

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

cut

US / kʌt /

•

UK / kʌt /

noun
Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
verb
To reduce the size or amount of something
To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

finish

US / ˈfɪnɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈfɪnɪʃ /

noun
End of something; completion
Final coat (of paint) applied to a surface
verb
To use or consume all of something
To reach the end; to complete something
To put a final surface (e.g. paint) on something

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

vulnerable

US / ˈvʌlnərəbl /

•

UK / ˈvʌlnərəbəl /

adjecitve
Being open to attack or damage
Being easily harmed, hurt, or wounded

zero

US / ˈzɪərəʊ /

•

UK / ˈzɪroʊ /

noun
Temperature when water turns to ice
number
Number 0
verb
To set a scale or other device to show 0

underground

US / ˈʌndəgraʊnd /

•

UK / ˈʌndərgraʊnd /

adjecitve
(Being or living) under the surface of the earth
noun
Secret group organized to overthrow a government
Subway system, e.g. in London

blue

US / blu: /

•

UK / blu /

adjecitve
Color of the clear sky
Feeling sad or down

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

habit

US / 'hæbɪt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪt /

noun
Loose clothing like a cloak, worn by monks, nuns
Usual way of behaving; something often repeated

member

US / ˈmembə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

noun
Part of the body of a human, animal
Person or thing belonging to a group or team

overflow

US / ˌəʊvə'fləʊ /

•

UK / ˌovɚˈflo /

noun
Place where liquids flow over or out
verb
(Liquid) to flow over the edge of something

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

dam

US / dæm /

•

UK / dæm /

noun
Wall built to stop the flow of water
verb
To build a wall to prevent a river from flowing

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

stream

US / stri:m /

•

UK / strim /

noun
Classes split into ability levels
A small river
verb
To send a constant flow of data over the internet
To split classes or students into ability levels

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

waller

US / ˈwɔːlə /

•

UK / ˈwɔlər /

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

yourself

US / jɔ:ˈself /

•

UK / jʊrˈsɛlf, jɔr-, jor-, jə- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'you', used for an emphasis

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

door

US / dɔ:(r) /

•

UK / dɔr,dor /

noun
You walk through this when you go in a room

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

infrastructure

US / 'ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃɚ /

noun
Basic necessary equipment for a country or region

metropolitan

US / ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən /

•

UK / ˌmetrəˈpɑ:lɪtən /

adjecitve
Concerning a very large city

spend

US / spend /

•

UK / spɛnd /

verb
To use money to pay for something
To use time in order to do something
To use up something completely

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

intermittent

US / ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈmɪtnt /

adjecitve
Occurring at irregular times; off and on

street

US / stri:t /

•

UK / strit /

noun
Road in a city with buildings and places to walk

responsible

US / rɪ'spɒnsəbl /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑnsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being the cause of something that has occurred
Having the duty of dealing with something
Able to be trusted to do what needs to be done

shoot

US / ʃu:t /

•

UK / ʃut /

noun
Emerging new part of a plant
verb
To kick or throw a ball at a goal
To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
To (cause to) fly away forcefully
To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

title

US / 'taɪtl /

•

UK / ˈtaɪtl /

noun
Book produced by a publisher
Name given to something to identify or describe it
Name showing profession, marriage or social status
(Legal) the right to own something, e.g. property
Position of being the winner in a sport or contest
verb
To give a name to identify or describe something

consequence

US / ˈkɔnsikwəns /

•

UK / ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns /

noun
Importance of a person or thing
Outcome of an event; result

definitely

US / ˈdefɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈdefɪnətli /

adverb
Without question; beyond doubt

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

populate

US / 'pɒpjʊleɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɑpjəˌlet /

verb
To live in a particular area, as a group

per

US / pə(r) /

•

UK / pɚ /

preposition
In the manner directed or suggested
For each; during each

soon

US / su:n /

•

UK / sun /

adverb
At a time not long from now

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

constant

US / 'kɒnstənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

adjecitve
Happening frequently or without pause
noun
Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

awesome

US / 'ɔ:səm /

•

UK / ˈɔsəm /

adjecitve
Great; wonderful; stupendous

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

inch

US / ɪntʃ /

•

UK / ɪntʃ /

noun
1/12th of a foot (2.54 centimeters)
Very small distance
verb
To move or cause to move a small bit at a time

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

recirculate

US / /

•

UK / /

transitive verb
Circulate again.

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

viability

US / ˌvaɪə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / ˌvaɪə'bɪlətɪ /

noun
Ability to live and grow normally

rot

US / rɒt /

•

UK / rɑ:t /

verb
To break down into pieces through dying; decay

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

purpose

US / 'pɜ:pəs /

•

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

noun
Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

tens

US / tɛnz /

•

UK / tɛnz /

number
10s

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

fan

US / fæn /

•

UK / fæn /

noun
Thing you wave in front of your face to stay cool
Someone who admires a famous person, sport etc.
verb
To blow air upon a fire to make it stronger
To use a device to cool yourself, something

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

trail

US / treɪl /

•

UK / trel /

noun
Series of marks or signs left by something moving
Rough path, as through a forest or field
Following behind someone to see what they're doing
verb
To follow behind someone
To be losing to a competitor
To pull something behind you along the ground
To follow behind someone to see what they're doing

unpleasant

US / ʌnˈpleznt /

•

UK / ʌnˈplɛzənt /

adjecitve
Causing a bad feeling in people
Being unfriendly; not nice

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

organic

US / ɔ:ˈgænɪk /

•

UK / ɔrˈɡænɪk /

adjecitve
Developing naturally and without a set structure
Concerning food made with few or no chemicals
Concerning living things

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

protection

US / prəˈtekʃn /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkʃən /

noun
Being kept from harm
Something that defends against harm or danger

send

US / send /

•

UK / sɛnd /

verb
To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
To cause mail or packages to go to another place
To move something quickly in a particular way
To give information or greetings to someone

quality

US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

•

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

noun
Feature associated with someone or something
High level of worth or excellence

traditional

US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Involved in a custom or event common to a people

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

neighbourhood

US / ˈneɪbəhʊd /

•

UK / ˈneɪbərhʊd /

noun
Area of a town or city that people live in

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

zone

US / zəʊn /

•

UK / zoʊn /

noun
Area of space designated for a particular use
verb
To divide an area for a particular reason

smelly

US / ˈsmeli /

•

UK / ˈsmɛli /

adverb
Having an unpleasant odor or smell

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

cathedral

US / kəˈθi:drəl /

•

UK / kəˈθidrəl /

noun
Large impressive main church in a particular area

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

gauge

US / ɡeɪdʒ /

•

UK / ɡedʒ /

noun
A tool used to measure things
verb
To measure or make a judgment about something

disaster

US / dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzæstɚ, -ˈsæs- /

noun
State of extreme ruin and misfortune

fish

US / fɪʃ /

•

UK / fɪʃ /

noun
Animal that swims and lives in water
verb
To go fishing with a net or hook

flooding

US / flʌdɪŋ /

•

UK / flʌdɪŋ /

verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

houston

US / ˈhju:stən /

•

UK / ˈhjustən /

proper noun
An inland port of Texas, linked to the Gulf of Mexico by the Houston Ship Canal; population 2,242,19

plug

US / plʌg /

•

UK / plʌɡ /

noun
Wood, rubber or metal used to block a hole
Thing on a wire to connect to electricity supply
A promotion of a product
verb
To use an object to block a hole
To promote or advertise a product

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

swell

US / swel /

•

UK / swɛl /

noun
Being overcome from feeling a strong emotion
Act of growing in size or increasing in number
The size of the waves (surfing)
verb
To feel overcome due to a strong emotion
To increase in size or number larger than normal
To become larger than normal, often due to injury

austin

US / ˈɔ:stin /

•

UK / ˈɔstən /

noun
State capital of Texas on the Colorado River; site of the University of Texas

double

US / 'dʌbl /

•

UK / ˈdʌbəl /

adjecitve
Concerning or intended for use by two people
Two times the amount or degree; twice
Made of two parts that are the same, similar
noun
Person that is exactly like someone else
verb
To be used for two functions at the same time
To make or become twice as much

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

lemon

US / 'lemən /

•

UK / ˈlɛmən /

noun
Badly made or poorly functioning product
Small yellow fruit with sour juice

peculiar

US / pɪ'kju:lɪə(r) /

•

UK / pɪˈkjuljɚ /

adjecitve
Not usual or normal; strange

owner

US / ˈəʊnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈoʊnə(r) /

noun
Person who owns or has something

reduce

US / rɪ'dju:s /

•

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
To make something smaller in size, amount, level

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

debris

US / dəˈbri:, deɪ-, ˈdeɪˌbri: /

•

UK / dəˈbri, de-, ˈdeˌbri /

noun
Remains of something broken or destroyed

channel

US / 'tʃænl /

•

UK / ˈtʃænəl /

noun
Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
TV or radio station or its programs
Method or way of sending or receiving information
Narrow passage through which water travels
Method or route used for sending or getting things
verb
To dig a long hole for carrying water
To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
To direct water or liquid through a passage
To direct energy or feelings into something

floodwater

US / ˈflʌdwɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈflʌdˌwɔtɚ, -ˌwɑtɚ /

noun
The water of a flood.

occurrence

US / əˈkʌrəns /

•

UK / əˈkɚrəns /

noun
Specific instance of something happening

local

US / ˈləʊkl /

•

UK / ˈloʊkl /

adjecitve
Relating to a particular area, city, or town
noun
Bus or train, that stops at most stations
People who live in the area being discussed
The pub you most frequently go to

proportion

US / prəˈpɔ:ʃn /

•

UK / prəˈpɔrʃən, -ˈpor- /

noun
A part of a whole thing
State of balance between two or more things
Size of one thing compared to the size of another
verb
To balance the size of something with another

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

valve

US / vælv /

•

UK / vælv /

noun
A device along a pipe or tube to regulate flow

shortcut

US / 'ʃɔ:tkʌt /

•

UK / ˈʃɔrtˌkʌt /

noun
A route that is shorter than the normal

waterway

US / ˈwɔ:təweɪ /

•

UK / ˈwɔ:tərweɪ /

noun
Navigable body of water

underneath

US / ˌʌndə'ni:θ /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈniθ /

adverb
Hidden beneath the surface of something
On the lower side or bottom of something
preposition
Lower than, as in status; beneath
Located under or below something

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

bike

US / baɪk /

•

UK / baɪk /

noun
2-wheeled vehicle ridden by pushing on foot pedals
verb
To ride a bicycle or motorbike

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

mica

US / ˈmaɪkə /

•

UK / 'maɪkə /

noun
Mineral that separates into very thin leaves

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

rut

US / rʌt /

•

UK / rʌt /

noun
Deep track, made by the wheels of vehicles

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

subterranean

US / ˌsʌbtəˈreɪniən /

•

UK / ˌsʌbtəˈreniən /

adjecitve
Living or situated below the surface of the earth

cooler

US / ˈku:lə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkulɚ /

adjecitve
More cool than
Being more smart or stylish than others
noun
A box to keep things such as food, drink cool

finding

US / ˈfaɪndɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfaɪndɪŋ /

noun
Something you discover or find out; a result
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

ephemeral

US / ɪˈfemərəl /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛmərəl /

adjecitve
Existing for only a short time

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

ingredient

US / ɪnˈgri:diənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈɡridiənt /

noun
Food item used when making a meal or drink
Quality necessary to be something to work well

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

kid

US / kɪd /

•

UK / kɪd /

adjecitve
Made from young goat skin
noun
Child or young person
Young goat
verb
To make fun of someone in a gentle way; to tease

recipe

US / 'resəpɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɛsəˌpi /

noun
Conditions likely to create a particular result
Directions for making a dish, with the ingredients

secret

US / 'si:krət /

•

UK / 'si:krət /

adjecitve
That you don't want others to know; private
noun
Information you do not want others to know

screen

US / skri:n /

•

UK / skrin /

noun
Wire net in a door or window to keep insects out
Displays in a theater on which movies are shown
Flat surface on a computer or TV showing images
verb
To hide or block something from being seen
To examine to find something, e.g. best candidate

edo

US / /

•

UK / ˈidoʊ /

noun
A member of a west African people living in the tropical forest region of southern Nigeria

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

release

US / rɪ'li:s /

•

UK / rɪ'li:s /

noun
Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
verb
To free someone from a responsibility or burden
To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
To let go of something you are holding

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

cable

US / ˈkeɪbl /

•

UK / ˈkebəl /

noun
Wire carrying electricity, TV signals, internet
verb
To transmit a message over a wire

blast

US / blɑ:st /

•

UK / blæst /

noun
Destructive wave of air from an explosion
Strong current of wind
verb
To attack someone with words
To destroy something with explosives
To make a loud noise on or with something

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

densely

US / denslɪ /

•

UK / ˈdɛnslɪ /

adverb
Thickly (filled or covered)

dissolve

US / dɪˈzɒlv /

•

UK / dɪˈzɑ:lv /

verb
To cause something to end
To dismiss, e.g. a law-making body
To melt into and become part of a liquid
To end a legal relationship or organization

completion

US / kəmˈpli:ʃn /

•

UK / kəmˈpliʃən /

noun
Point at which something is finished or achieved

environmental

US / ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl /

•

UK / ɛnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntl:, -ˌvaɪən /

adjecitve
Of the natural world of plants and animals

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

hazard

US / 'hæzəd /

•

UK / ˈhæzəd /

noun
Something that is dangerous and causes problems
verb
To try, with the risk of being wrong or losing

maintain

US / meɪn'teɪn /

•

UK / menˈten /

verb
To keep saying something a certain way
To keep (machine) working by checking, repairing
To keep, exist or continue without changing

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

among

US / əˈmʌŋ /

•

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

preposition
In the center of several things

available

US / əˈveɪləbl /

•

UK / əˈveləbəl /

adjecitve
Present and able to be used
Able to be used at a scheduled time

drainage

US / ˈdreɪnɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdrenɪdʒ /

noun
Process of removing water or liquid from something

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

strategy

US / 'strætədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈstrætədʒi /

noun
Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
other
Branch of military dealing with command

surround

US / səˈraʊnd /

•

UK / səˈraʊnd /

other
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
verb
To be all the way around something
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
To move closer on all sides of something

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

peak

US / pi:k /

•

UK / pik /

noun
Part of a cap that sticks out over your eyes
The very top of a mountain
State when something is at its best
Time or point when the highest level occurs
verb
To reach the highest or best point

utilize

US / ˈju:təlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈjutlˌaɪz /

verb
To use something for a particular purpose

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

worried

US / ˈwʌrid /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:rid /

adjecitve
Feeling troubled or concerned
verb
To cause concern or trouble over something
To feel concerned or troubled about something

unless

US / ənˈles /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

conjunction
Negative of 'if'

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

cook

US / kʊk /

•

UK / kʊk /

noun
A person who prepares food
Person's name
verb
To heat food until it is ready to eat

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

dimension

US / daɪˈmenʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈmɛnʃən, daɪ- /

noun
Number of planes (X, Y, Z axes) an object has
Measurement in space, e.g. length or diameter
Scope, extent or size of something abstract

episode

US / 'epɪsəʊd /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

noun
One separate event in a series of events
Show which is part of a larger story

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

regulate

US / ˈregjuleɪt /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəˌlet /

verb
To control something with rules or laws
To set/adjust (a clock, etc.); restrict motion in

texas

US / ˈtɛksəs /

•

UK / ˈtɛksəs /

other
The second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

slap

US / slæp /

•

UK / slæp /

verb
To hit with the open hand or with a flat object

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

code

US / kəʊd /

•

UK / kod /

noun
A password made of a set of letters or numbers
Set of rules for behavior
A secret language using secret symbols
Written part of a computer program
verb
To express information in a series of numbers
To write a secret message using secret symbols
To write programs using computer languages

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

flick

US / flɪk /

•

UK / flɪk /

noun
Hitting something with your finger to move it
verb
To hit something with your finger to move it
To move a button, switch from on, off positions

healthy

US / ˈhelθi /

•

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

adjecitve
In good condition physically, or financially; well

normal

US / 'nɔ:ml /

•

UK / ˈnɔrməl /

adjecitve
Standard or regular way of doing something
Having standard mental or physical ability, health

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

rid

US / rɪd /

•

UK / rɪd /

verb
To cause to no longer have (pest, problem)

bus

US / bʌs /

•

UK / bʌs /

noun
A large road vehicle used for carrying many people
verb
To move people by coach or bus

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

combine

US / kəmˈbaɪn /

•

UK / kəmˈbaɪn /

verb
To mix several things together to form one thing

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

homeowner

US / ˈhəʊməʊnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhomˌonɚ /

noun
Someone who owns a home

heavily

US / ˈhevɪli /

•

UK / hɛvəli /

adverb
In a slow, loud manner
A lot or to a great degree
With great effort or force

strike

US / straɪk /

•

UK / straɪk /

noun
A punch or hit
Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
verb
To hit something
To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
To have an idea occur to you

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

beneficial

US / ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl /

•

UK / ˌbɛnəˈfɪʃəl /

adjecitve
Giving an advantage, having a helpful effect

beautiful

US / 'bju:tɪfl /

•

UK / ˈbjutəfəl /

adjecitve
Having dome something well
Being very attractive or appealing physically

complicated

US / 'kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈkɑmplɪˌketɪd /

adjecitve
Difficult to do, understand or use
verb
To make more difficult to do, understand or use

flow

US / fləʊ /

•

UK / flo /

noun
Amount of something that moves through an area
verb
To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

immense

US / ɪˈmens /

•

UK / ɪˈmɛns /

adjecitve
Very great in size or amount

stagnate

US / stæɡ'neɪt /

•

UK / ˈstæɡˌnet /

verb
To stop moving, developing, or making progress

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

eat

US / i:t /

•

UK / it /

verb
To put food in your mouth

gravity

US / ˈgrævəti /

•

UK / ˈɡrævɪti /

noun
(Of a situation) extreme seriousness
Force making things fall towards the ground

disgusting

US / dɪsˈgʌstɪŋ /

•

UK / dɪsˈɡʌstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Having a very bad taste
verb
To cause a strong negative reaction or feeling

habitat

US / 'hæbɪtæt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪˌtæt /

noun
Natural place where a plant or animal lives

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

ideal

US / aɪˈdi:əl /

•

UK / aɪˈdiəl, aɪˈdil /

adjecitve
Exactly right; could not be better
Which is thought of as being perfect

runoff

US / 'rʌnˌɔ:f /

•

UK / ˈrʌnˌɔf, -ˌɑf /

noun
A second election to find a winner

storage

US / ˈstɔ:rɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈstɔrɪdʒ, ˈstor- /

noun
Act of storing something; a depository for goods

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

walk

US / wɔ:k /

•

UK / wɔk /

noun
Journey on foot done for pleasure or exercise
verb
To move with your legs at a slowish pace

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

dinner

US / ˈdɪnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɪnɚ /

noun
Main meal of the day, often eaten in the evening

ladybird

US / ˈleɪdibɜ:d /

•

UK / ˈleɪdibɜ:rd /

noun
British small round red/yellow spotted beetle

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

influx

US / ˈɪnflʌks /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌflʌks /

noun
Sudden arrival of many people or things

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

option

US / 'ɒpʃn /

•

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

noun
A choice
Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

tunnel

US / 'tʌnl /

•

UK / ˈtʌnəl /

adjecitve
As if looking in a long hole
noun
Passage under the ground, often for cars or trains
verb
To dig a hole from one side to another

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

worry

US / ˈwʌri /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:ri /

noun
Something that causes trouble or concern
verb
To cause concern or trouble over something

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

dollar

US / ˈdɒlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɑ:lə(r) /

noun
A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

reference

US / 'refrəns /

•

UK / ˈrɛfərəns, ˈrɛfrəns /

noun
A letter of recommendation, e.g. for a job
Note in a book, etc. giving source of information
A location on a map
verb
To cite a piece of research in speech or writing

promotion

US / prə'məʊʃn /

•

UK / prəˈmoʃən /

noun
Act of advertising a product to people
Movement to a higher position or rank in a company

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

topic

US / 'tɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

noun
Subject or issue people talk or write about

slug

US / slʌg /

•

UK / slʌɡ /

verb
To punch or hit with a closed fist

dense

US / dens /

•

UK / dɛns /

adjecitve
Very thick and difficult to see, get through
Hard to understand
Uncomprehending; foolish; inconsiderate

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

discharge

US / dɪsˈtʃɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / dɪsˈtʃɑ:rdʒ /

noun
A substance that has been released
The retirement of someone from service e.g. army
Act of firing a weapon
Substance that is released
verb
To complete a task that has been assigned
To produce or release a substance
To deliver an electric charge
To let someone leave the army or other service
To fire or shoot (a gun)
To release a person or thing from jail, hospital

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

breed

US / bri:d /

•

UK / brid /

noun
Kind of / sort of
Particular kind of animal, e.g. a Labrador dog
verb
To create situations for a (bad) thing to happen
To produce baby animals of specific kinds
To have (children); bring up or raise children

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

bagpipe

US / 'bæɡpaɪp /

•

UK / 'bæɡpaɪp /

noun
Scottish wind instrument with a bag and pipes

grady

US / ˈgreɪdi /

•

UK / /

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

remove

US / rɪˈmu:v /

•

UK / rɪˈmuv /

verb
To get rid of something completely
To make someone leave his or her job or position
To move, erase or take away from a place
To take something off (e.g. clothing)

strange

US / streɪndʒ /

•

UK / strendʒ /

adjecitve
Unusual or odd; surprising because unexpected

semicircular

US / ˌsemɪ'sɜ:kjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˌsemɪ'sɜ:kjələ(r) /

adjecitve
Curved into or shaped like a half circle

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

demolish

US / dɪ'mɒlɪʃ /

•

UK / dɪˈmɑlɪʃ /

verb
To destroy completely (e.g. an idea, a building)

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

lake

US / leɪk /

•

UK / lek /

noun
Large area of water surrounded by land

lour

US / ˈlaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊər /

verb
To set lower

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

management

US / 'mænɪdʒmənt /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒmənt /

noun
People who are in control of a business or group
The process of running an organization

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

inundation

US / ˌɪnʌn'deɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnʌn'deɪʃn /

noun
Flooding; floods

predate

US / 'pri:'deɪt /

•

UK / priˈdet /

verb
To come from an earlier time than something else

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

capitol

US / 'kæpɪtl /

•

UK / 'kæpɪtl /

other
A building occupied by a state legislature
Government building in Washington where the United States Senate and the House of Representatives me

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

singular

US / ˈsɪŋgjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Seeming odd or unusual
One of
Having remarkable or special qualities
noun
Form of a word referring to only one person/thing

antonio

US / 'æntlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæntlɚ /

dye

US / daɪ /

•

UK / daɪ /

noun
A liquid that colors hair, cloth etc.
verb
To make (hair, leather) colored by using chemicals

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

outlet

US / 'aʊtlet /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌlɛt, -lɪt /

noun
Place in a wall to supply electricity to a device
A pipe, hole or wire through which something flows
Market or store that sells a product

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

swimming

US / ˈswɪmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈswɪmɪŋ /

noun
The act of moving through water
verb
To move through water by moving parts of the body

Subtitles section

This is Waterloo Park in downtown Austin, Texas, just a couple of blocks away from the state capitol building.

It's got walking trails, an amphitheater, Waller Creek runs right through the center, and it has this strange semicircular structure right on the water.

And this is Ladybird Lake, formerly Town Lake, about a mile away.

Right where Waller Creek flows into the lake, there's another strange structure.

You saw the title of this video, so you know what I'm getting at here.

It turns out these two peculiar projects are linked, not just by the creek that runs through downtown Austin, but also by a tunnel, a big tunnel.

The Waller Creek Tunnel is about 26 feet or 8 meters in diameter and runs about 70 feet or 21 meters below downtown Austin.

It's not meant for cars or trains or bikes or buses or even high-voltage oil-filled cables.

And it's not even meant to carry fresh water or sewage.

Its singular goal is to quickly get water out of this narrow downtown area during a flood.

It's designed with a peak flow rate of 8,500 cubic feet per second.

That's 240 cubic meters per second, or enough to fill a cubic Olympic-sized swimming pool in about 10 seconds.

And the way it works is pretty fascinating.

Most major cities use underground pipes as drains to get rid of stormwater runoff so it doesn't flood streets and inundate populated areas.

But a storm drain only has so much capacity, and a lot of places across the world have taken the idea a few steps further in scale.

As I always say, the only thing cooler than a huge tunnel is a huge tunnel that carries lots of water and protects us from floods.

And I built a model flood tunnel from acrylic so you can see how these structures work and learn just a few of the engineering challenges that come with a project like this.

I'm Grady, and this is Practical Engineering.

In today's episode, we're talking about flood tunnels.

Floods are natural occurrences on Earth, and in fact in many places, they are beneficial to the environment by creating habitat and carrying nutrient-rich sediments into the floodplain, the area surrounding a creek or river that's most vulnerable to inundation.

But floods are not beneficial to cities.

They're among the most disruptive and expensive natural disasters worldwide.

If a flood swells a creek or river in a scattered residential neighborhood, it's not ideal for the few homeowners who are impacted.

But if a flood strikes the dense urban core of a major city, the consequences can be catastrophic, with millions of dollars of damage and entire systems shut down.

What that means in practice is that we're often willing to spend millions of dollars on flood infrastructure to protect densely populated areas, opening the door to more creative solutions.

And heavily developed downtown areas demand resourceful thinking because they lack the space for traditional protection projects, and they often predate modern urban drainage practices.

We can't change the amount of water that falls during a flood, so we're forced to develop ways to manage that water once it's on the ground.

The main way we mitigate flooding is just to avoid development within the floodplain.

Don't build in the areas of land most at risk of inundation during heavy storms.

Seems simple, but it's not an option for most downtown areas that have been developed since well before the advent of modern flood risk management.

Another way we manage flooding is storing the water in large reservoirs behind dams, allowing it to be released slowly over time.

Again, not an option in downtown areas where creating a reservoir could mean demolishing swaths of expensive property.

A third flood management strategy is bypassing, sending the water around developed areas where it will cause fewer impacts.

Once again, not an option in downtown areas where there is no alternative path for the water to go, unless you start thinking in the third dimension.

Tunnels allow us to break free from the confines of Earth's surface and utilize subterranean space to allow floodwaters past developed areas to be released further downstream.

Let me show you how this works.

This is my model downtown business district.

It's got buildings, landscaping, and a beautiful river running right through the center.

I have a flow meter and a valve to control how much water is moving through that beautiful river.

And here on the downstream side is a little dam to create some depth.

Take a look at many major cities that have rivers running through them and you'll often see a weir or dam just like this to maintain some control over the upstream level, keeping water deep enough for boats or in some cases,

Just for beauty like the Riverwalk in downtown San Antonio.

I put some blue dye and mica powder in the water to make it easier to visualize the flow.

I also have a big clear pipe with an inlet upstream of the developed area and an outlet just below the dam.

Looking at this model, it might seem like a flood bypass tunnel is as simple as slapping a big pipe to where you want the floodwaters to go.

But here's the thing about floods.

Most of the time, they're not happening.

In fact, almost all the time, there isn't a flood.

And if you're the owner of a flood bypass tunnel, that means almost all the time, you're responsible for a gigantic pipe full of water below your city that has no real job except to wait.

Watch what happens when I turn down the flow rate in my model to something you might see on a typical day.

If we just leave the city like it is, all the flow goes into the tunnel, draining the channel like a bathtub and leaving the water along the downtown corridor to stagnate.

Standing water creates an environmental hazard.

Without motion, the water doesn't mix, and so it loses dissolved oxygen that's needed for fish and bacteria that eat organic material.

Without dissolved oxygen, rivers become dead zones with little aquatic life and full of smelly, rotting organic material.

Stagnant water also creates a breeding ground for mosquitoes and is just unpleasant to be around.

It's not something you want in your urban core.

The answer to this issue is gates, a topic I have a whole other video about.

I can show you how this works in my model.

If you equip your gigantic flood bypass tunnel with gates on the inlet, you can control how much water goes into the tunnel versus what continues in the river.

I just use this piece of foam to close off most of the tunnel entrance.

I still have some water moving through there, but most continues in the river, keeping it from getting stagnant.

This is why on most flood bypass tunnels, you'll see interesting structures at the inlets.

Here's the one in Austin again.

And here's the one just down the road in San Antonio.

In addition to screening for trash and debris and keeping people out, the main purpose of these structures is to regulate how much water goes into the tunnel.

But some creeks and rivers don't just have low flows during the dry times, they have no flows.

Intermittent streams only flow at certain times of the year, and ephemeral streams only flow after it rains.

Take a look at the stream gauge for Waller Creek in Austin.

Except for the days with rain, the flow in the creek is essentially zero.

But if you're worried about stagnant water and the lack of habitat on the surface, you want more water running in the river.

You definitely don't want to divert any of the scarce flows available into the tunnel, but you can't just close the tunnel off completely because then the water inside the tunnel will stagnate instead.

You might think, so what, it's down there below the ground where we don't have to worry about it.

Well, as soon as the next big flood comes and you open the gates to your tunnel, you're going to push a massive slug of disgusting stagnant water out the other end, creating an environmental hazard downstream.

So in addition to gates on the upstream end, some flood tunnels, including the one in Austin, are equipped with pumps to recirculate water back upstream.

I put a little pump in the model to show how this works.

The pump pulls water from the river downstream and delivers it back upstream of the tunnel entrance.

This allows you to double dip on benefits during low flows.

You keep water moving in the tunnel so it doesn't stagnate, and you actually increase the flow in the river, improving its quality.

That's 99% of managing a flood bypass tunnel, maintaining the infrastructure during normal flows.

But of course, all that trouble is worth it the moment a big flood comes.

Let's turn the model all the way up and you can see how it performs.

You can see the tunnel collecting flows, moving them downstream, and delivering them below the dam away from the developed area.

The tunnel is adding capacity to the river, allowing a good proportion of the flood flows to completely bypass the downtown area.

Of course, the river still rose during the flood, but it hasn't overtopped the banks, so the city was protected.

Let's plug the tunnel and see what would happen without it.

Turning up the model to full blast causes the stream to go over the bridge and over the bank and flood downtown.

In this case, it's not a huge difference, but even a few inches of floodwaters backing up into buildings is enough to create enormous damages and huge costs for repairs.

Without any margin for increased flows, a big peak in rainfall can even wash buildings and cars away.

So comparing flood levels between the two alternatives flowing at the same rate, it's easy to see the benefits of a flood bypass tunnel.

It re-sculpts the floodplain, lowering peak levels and pulling property and buildings out of the most vulnerable areas, making it possible to develop more densely in urban areas.

Not to mention creating habitat, improving water quality, and maintaining a constant flow in the river during dry times.

Of course, a tunnel is an enormous project itself, and flood bypass tunnels are truly one of the most complicated and expensive ways to mitigate flood risks, but they're also one of the only ways to manage flood risks in heavily populated areas.

I've been referencing projects in central Texas because that's where I live, but despite their immense cost and complexity, flood bypass tunnels have been built across the world.

One of the most famous is the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel that features this enormous cathedral of a subsurface tank.

Unlike my model that works by gravity alone, the Tokyo Tunnel needs huge pumps to get the water back out and into the Edo River.

And some tunnels aren't just for stormwater.

Many older cities don't have separated sewers for stormwater and wastewater, so everything flows to the treatment plants.

That means when it rains, these plants see enormous influxes of water that must be treated before it can be released into rivers or the ocean.

One of the largest civil engineering projects on earth has been in design and construction in Chicago since the 1970s and isn't scheduled for completion until 2029.

The Tunnel and Reservoir Plan includes four separate tunnel systems that combine with a number of storage reservoirs to keep Chicago sewers from overflowing into and polluting local waterways.

And we keep finding value in tunnels where other projects wouldn't be feasible.

After record-breaking floods from Hurricane Harvey in 2017, Houston started looking into the viability of using tunnels to reduce the impacts from future downpours.

A $2.5 million engineering study was finished in 2022, suggesting that a system of tunnels might be a feasible solution to remove tens of thousands of structures from the floodplain.

If they do move forward with any of the eight tunnels evaluated, that will complete the superfecta of major metropolitan areas in Texas with large flood bypass tunnels, but represent just one more of the many cities across the world that have maximized the use of valuable land on Earth's surface by taking advantage of the space underneath.

A superfecta, by the way, is not a run of three, but four, which is also the number of members in my family.

But sometimes cooking dinner feels like two versus two.

The babies sometimes have their own ideas about how to use the ingredients.

One of the kids already got a whole bite out of our lemon.

That's why I'm thankful for HelloFresh, the sponsor of this video.

Healthy and delicious meal kits that use pre-portioned ingredients is exactly our speed right now.

We don't have to do the planning and grocery shopping that take up a lot of time, but we do get to do the fun part, our favorite part, the cooking.

This is butter and breadcrumbs?

That's what my life should be made of.

Just the job of choosing what to eat is hard enough, especially if you care about nutrition and what's in season, and having kids has given me a new perspective on recipe ruts.

HelloFresh makes it easy to expose them to all kinds of foods, not just the stuff that I'm in the habit of eating.

Do you want to admit out loud that you've never touched or cut up a Brussels sprout?

We've been doing this since before these two were born.

It started out as our favorite thing to do on a date night in, and it's still that sometimes, but mostly, HelloFresh is our secret shortcut to healthy and delicious meals for the whole family.

If you want to try it yourself, they have an awesome promotion going on right now for fans of the channel.

Go to HelloFresh.com and use code PRACTICAL16 at checkout for 16 free meals plus free shipping.

Just give it a shot and see if it doesn't make your life better.

That's HelloFresh.com and use code PRACTICAL16.

Thank you for watching, and let me know what you think.