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How mRNA helped save lives: DNA Transcription: Crash Course Biology #34

Original YouTube Video | crashcourse Published on 2024-03-12 Level：91 Speed：52 maxwordlevel：21

Video vocabulary

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

translation

US / trænsˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / trænsˈleʃən, trænz- /

noun
changing text from one language to another; the process of changing something into a different form

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

deliver

US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

verb
To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
To save someone from a problem or crisis
To keep a promise; do what you say you would
To present something to a group, as a speech
To take something to a person or place

copy

US / ˈkɒpi /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:pi /

noun
A counter for items that are the same
Fake product pretending to be an original
An imitation of an original
A duplicate of a paper printed in a photocopier
Written text for printing, use in ads, etc.
verb
To make something look the same as the original
To act in the exact same way as someone else
To read and then write down what you read

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

dice

US / daɪs /

•

UK / daɪs /

noun
Game which is played using dice
other
Cubes with dots numbering 1-6 on used in games
verb
To cut food or other things into small pieces

emphasis

US / ˈemfəsɪs /

•

UK / ˈɛmfəsɪs /

noun
Special attention, importance, or force
Stress placed on part of a word or phrase

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

protein

US / ˈprəʊti:n /

•

UK / ˈprəʊˌtiːn /

noun
Group of molecules made from amino acids

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

yellow

US / ˈjeləʊ /

•

UK / ˈjeloʊ /

adjecitve
Color of lemons or the sun
Lacking in courage; cowardly (used as an INSULT)
verb
To turn yellow, often due to being old

airplane

US / ˈeəpleɪn /

•

UK / ˈɛrˌplen /

noun
A machine that flies through the air

diving

US / ˈdaɪvɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdaɪvɪŋ /

noun
Act of swimming underwater
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

conference

US / ˈkɒnfərəns /

•

UK / ˈkɑnfərəns, -frəns /

noun
Series of lectures held as an event
An association of US sports teams

yeasty

US / ˈjiːsti /

•

UK / ˈjiːsti /

adjecitve
Concerning or resembling or containing yeast

attach

US / ə'tætʃ /

•

UK / əˈtætʃ /

verb
To be associated or connected with

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

disease

US / dɪˈzi:z /

•

UK / dɪˈziz /

noun
Illness that affects a person, animal, or plant

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

final

US / ˈfaɪnl /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

adjecitve
That will not be changed; permanent
Being the last thing in a series
noun
Last game in a series in a competition

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

blue

US / blu: /

•

UK / blu /

adjecitve
Color of the clear sky
Feeling sad or down

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

beginner

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Someone new to a field or activity

book

US / bʊk /

•

UK / bʊk /

noun
Thing made of pages with writing on that you read
verb
(Police) to officially record someone's crimes
To reserve (hotel room, etc.) in advance
To produce a red or yellow card to a soccer player

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

test

US / test /

•

UK / test /

noun
A medical examination
Action to establish the truth or nature of
Examination; questions to measure knowledge
verb
To be given a medical examination
To try to establish the truth or nature of
To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

stream

US / stri:m /

•

UK / strim /

noun
Classes split into ability levels
A small river
verb
To send a constant flow of data over the internet
To split classes or students into ability levels

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

lecture

US / 'lektʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlɛktʃɚ /

noun
Telling someone off for doing something wrong
Talk or speech about a particular subject
verb
To speak to someone to show anger or warn them
To give a talk or speech about a subject

uracil

US / ˈjʊərəsɪl /

•

UK / ˈjʊrəsəl /

other
A base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs

biochemical

US / ˌbaɪəʊ'kemɪkl /

•

UK / ˌbaɪəʊ'kemɪkl /

adjecitve
Chemical change or process in living things

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

molecule

US / ˈmɒlɪkju:l /

•

UK / ˈmɑlɪˌkjul /

noun
Two or more atoms chemically combined

mouse

US / maʊs /

•

UK / maʊs /

noun
Small animal that has fur and a long tail
Computer device to control movement on a screen
Quiet, shy person

generation

US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

noun
Act or process of producing or causing something
People born and living at about the same time

dogma

US / 'dɒɡmə /

•

UK / ˈdɔɡmə, ˈdɑɡ- /

noun
Firm set of beliefs held by a group

stable

US / 'steɪbl /

•

UK / ˈstebəl /

adjecitve
In a position where something does not fall over
Having a chemical state that is not easily changed
Reacting in an even way; having good mental health
In good condition, and not likely to deteriorate
noun
Group of racing horses that belong to one owner
verb
To put horses in a stable

special

US / 'speʃl /

•

UK / ˈspɛʃəl /

adjecitve
Being additional or extra
Different, better or greater than normal
noun
Heavily discounted sales item

send

US / send /

•

UK / sɛnd /

verb
To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
To cause mail or packages to go to another place
To move something quickly in a particular way
To give information or greetings to someone

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

replace

US / rɪ'pleɪs /

•

UK / rɪˈples /

verb
To use instead of something else
To return an item to its original location

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

basis

US / ˈbeɪsɪs /

•

UK / ˈbesɪs /

noun
Main ingredient or part of something
Starting situation, fact, idea to develop from

transcription

US / trænˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / trænˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Something written from spoken material

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

thiamine

US / ˈθaɪəmɪn /

•

UK / ˈθaɪəmɪn /

noun

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

communicate

US / kə'mju:nɪkeɪt /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪˌket /

verb
To give and exchange information

indict

US / ɪnˈdaɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈdaɪt /

verb
To accuse someone of doing something wrong

vaccine

US / 'væksi:n /

•

UK / vækˈsin,ˈvækˌsin /

noun
Shot using weak disease cells to stop same disease

warm

US / wɔ:m /

•

UK / wɔrm /

adjecitve
Friendly, sincere and kind to others
Being friendly or sincere
Slightly hot; not very hot
verb
To become more friendly or to like something
To make something hotter

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

summarize

US / ˈsʌməraɪz /

•

UK / ˈsʌməˌraɪz /

verb
To state the main or most important ideas

overall

US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

adjecitve
Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

charge

US / tʃɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / tʃɑrdʒ /

noun
An attack by running quickly toward someone
A price for a service or goods
When a battery has a certain amount of electricity
Amount of money you pay for a service
verb
To run quickly toward someone to attack them
To ask for money as a price for a service or goods
To put electricity in a battery
To give responsibility to take care of or manage
To state that someone has committed a crime

amazing

US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

adjecitve
Surprising in a pleasing way
verb
To cause wonder; to surprise completely

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

terminate

US / 'tɜ:mɪneɪt /

•

UK / ˈtɚməˌnet /

verb
To bring something to and end or finish
To (cause to) finish in a particular way or place

music

US / 'mju:zɪk /

•

UK / ˈmjuzɪk /

noun
Sounds that are sung or played to give pleasure
Academic study of rhythms and sounds
Written symbols that represent musical sounds

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

board

US / bɔ:d /

•

UK / bɔrd, bord /

noun
Surface for posting or showing information
Group of persons who direct an organization
Long piece of material used for riding the waves
Long thin piece of wood, used for building; plank
verb
To enter a ship, plane, or other vehicle
To cover with long wooden strips of wood
To pay money to live in someone's house; lodge

buddy

US / 'bʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈbʌdi /

noun
Friend, usually male

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

hunch

US / hʌntʃ /

•

UK / hʌntʃ /

noun
Premonition or suspicion; guess
verb

indiana

US / ˈindiˈænə /

•

UK / ˌɪndiˈænə /

noun
A state in midwestern United States

cellular

US / 'seljələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛljəlɚ /

adjecitve
Concerning a cell of a living thing
(Of radio signals) functioning without wires

bop

US / bɒp /

•

UK / bɑ:p /

noun
A hard hit, as with the hand

animal

US / ˈænɪml /

•

UK / ˈænəməl /

noun
A living creature that is not a plant or person

shoot

US / ʃu:t /

•

UK / ʃut /

noun
Emerging new part of a plant
verb
To kick or throw a ball at a goal
To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
To (cause to) fly away forcefully
To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

news

US / nju:z /

•

UK / nu:z /

noun
Broadcast on radio or TV about recent events
Information about recent events

rna

US / ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ /

noun
Long linear polymer of nucleotides that transmit genetic information from DNto cytoplasm

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

blurry

US / ˈblɜ:ri /

•

UK / ˈblə:ɪ /

adjecitve
Being indistinguishable or unclear in shape

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

cut

US / kʌt /

•

UK / kʌt /

noun
Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
verb
To reduce the size or amount of something
To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

finish

US / ˈfɪnɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈfɪnɪʃ /

noun
End of something; completion
Final coat (of paint) applied to a surface
verb
To use or consume all of something
To reach the end; to complete something
To put a final surface (e.g. paint) on something

generally

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
Usually; as a rule; by, to or for most people

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

textbook

US / ˈtekstbʊk /

•

UK / ˈtɛkstˌbʊk /

noun
A book that is used to study

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

twist

US / twɪst /

•

UK / twɪst /

noun
Turn or spiral curve in a path or road
Bend or sudden change of direction
An unexpected change in the direction of a story
a change in the way in which something happens
verb
To turn something in a circular direction
To turn in a curving direction e.g. road or path
To bend something into a particular shape
To change the meaning in an unintended way
To turn in opposite directions at the same time
To wind something around something else
To turn direction or position, as of your body

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

xerox

US / ˈzɪərɔks /

•

UK / ˈzɪrɑks /

noun
Copy made by a xerographic printer
verb
To make a photocopy

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

guess

US / ɡes /

•

UK / ɡɛs /

noun
Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
verb
To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

episode

US / 'epɪsəʊd /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

noun
One separate event in a series of events
Show which is part of a larger story

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

tail

US / teɪl /

•

UK / tel /

noun
Extended part at the back of an animal's body
Back or last part of something e.g. shirt
verb
To be end of (a march or parade, line)
To follow someone secretly and watch what they do

chess

US / tʃes /

•

UK / tʃɛs /

noun
Game of mental strategy for two players

flow

US / fləʊ /

•

UK / flo /

noun
Amount of something that moves through an area
verb
To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

flu

US / flu: /

•

UK / flu /

noun
Illness causing headache, fever etc.

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

visit

US / ˈvɪzɪt /

•

UK / ˈvɪzɪt /

noun
Trip to a place for a time, usually for a reason
verb
To go to a place for a time, usually for a reason

weird

US / wɪəd /

•

UK / wɪrd /

adjecitve
Odd or unusual; surprising; strange

toss

US / tɒs /

•

UK / tɔ:s /

verb
To throw something into the air, e.g. casually

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

pile

US / paɪl /

•

UK / paɪl /

adjecitve
(Surface) consisting of usually short threads
noun
Large amount of something
Group of things one on top of another
Long post used to support something
Carpet, rug consisting of usually short threads
verb
(E.g. of problems) to increase; get more or worse

skill

US / skɪl /

•

UK / skɪl /

noun
Ability to do something well

code

US / kəʊd /

•

UK / kod /

noun
A password made of a set of letters or numbers
Set of rules for behavior
A secret language using secret symbols
Written part of a computer program
verb
To express information in a series of numbers
To write a secret message using secret symbols
To write programs using computer languages

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

knowledge

US / ˈnɒlɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈnɑlɪdʒ /

noun
Information, understanding, or skill

promoter

US / prəˈməʊtə(r) /

•

UK / prəˈmoʊtə(r) /

noun
A sponsor who arranges public entertainment

nickname

US / ˈnɪkneɪm /

•

UK / ˈnɪkˌnem /

noun
Name given by friends or family
verb
To give someone an informal name or title

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

exit

US / ˈeksɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛɡzɪt, ˈɛksɪt /

noun
A door that you go through to leave a place
Act of leaving a place
verb
To leave a certain place
To stop a computer program after using it

initiation

US / ɪˌnɪʃiˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪˌnɪʃiˈeʃən /

noun
Ritual ceremony to welcome newcomers

fold

US / fəʊld /

•

UK / fold /

noun
Pen where sheep are kept
Group of people who have a common belief
verb
To bend one part of something against another
(Of business) to fail or close down
To hold something together such as your two arms

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

series

US / ˈsɪəri:z /

•

UK / ˈsɪriz /

noun
Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
other
Number of things that happen one after another

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

complementary

US / ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri /

•

UK / ˌkɑ:mplɪˈmentri /

adjecitve
Working well together; completing something

rainbow

US / ˈreɪnbəʊ /

•

UK / ˈreɪnboʊ /

noun
Curved line of colors in the sky during rainfall

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

stick

US / stɪk /

•

UK / stɪk /

noun
Long thin piece of wood from a tree
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

write

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

verb
To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
To invent or create a computer program
To create a song or piece of music

contain

US / kənˈteɪn /

•

UK / kənˈten /

verb
To keep something from spreading
To hold something inside something else

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

elongation

US / ˌi:lɒŋ'ɡeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌi:lɒŋ'ɡeɪʃn /

noun
Act of lengthening something

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

complicate

US / ˈkɒmplɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:mplɪkeɪt /

verb
To make more difficult to do, understand or use

mimic

US / 'mɪmɪk /

•

UK / ˈmɪmɪk /

noun
Someone who tries to act like another person
verb
To copy a person's words/actions to amuse people
To look or act like something else

strategy

US / 'strætədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈstrætədʒi /

noun
Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
other
Branch of military dealing with command

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

splice

US / splaɪs /

•

UK / splaɪs /

noun
Making two or more pieces of rope/film into one
verb
To connect pieces of rope, wire, or film into one

yeast

US / ji:st /

•

UK / jist /

noun
A single-celled fungi used to make bread and beer

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

essential

US / ɪ'senʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely or most important and necessary

grand

US / ɡrænd /

•

UK / ɡrænd /

adjecitve
A counter for 1000 of something
Great in amount, number or size
Being highest in status or rank; impressive

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

fungus

US / ˈfʌŋgəs /

•

UK / ˈfʌŋɡəs /

other
Plant, e.g. mushroom/mold, growing in damp places

instruction

US / ɪn'strʌkʃn /

•

UK / ɪnˈstrʌkʃən /

noun
A command for someone formally to do something
Act of teaching or explaining to others
Information about how to do or use something

patty

US / ˈpæti /

•

UK / ˈpæti /

noun
Small pie or pasty
a piece of food made into a disc shape that is then cooked
A given name, which is a diminutive form of Patricia or, in some forms of English, a diminutive form

manual

US / ˈmænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈmænjuəl /

adjecitve
Done by hand (not machine)
(Of a car) using individual gears ( not automatic)
noun
Book explaining how to use a machine

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

teach

US / ti:tʃ /

•

UK / titʃ /

verb
To help someone learn or do something

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

lifeform

US / wəʊd /

•

UK / woʊd /

message

US / 'mesɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmɛsɪdʒ /

noun
Main idea or theme in a story, book, or film
Piece of information that is told/given to someone
verb
To communicate using text

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

patreon

US / 'peɪʃənts /

•

UK / 'peɪʃənts /

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

phone

US / fəʊn /

•

UK / foʊn /

noun
Machine used to talk to someone who is far away
verb
To talk to someone using a telephone

nucleotide

US / 'nju:klɪətaɪd /

•

UK / 'nju:klɪrˌtaɪd /

noun
Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

ribosome

US / 'raɪbəsəʊm /

•

UK / 'raɪbəsoʊm /

noun
Organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNand move down it one codon at a time

settle

US / 'setl /

•

UK / ˈsɛtl /

noun
Type of wooden seat
verb
To make (a child, etc.) feel calm/ready for sleep
To complete or finalize e.g. a contract or debt
To end some troubles by reaching an agreement
To become accustomed to a new environment
(Of liquids) to move to the bottom of a container

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

bolt

US / bəʊlt /

•

UK / boʊlt /

noun
Line of electricity in the sky from lightning
Piece of metal for joining two things together
verb
To lock by putting a piece of metal across a door
To run away suddenly; jump into action

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

alternative

US / ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv /

•

UK / ɔlˈtɚnətɪv, æl- /

adjecitve
A different choice
noun
Something different you can choose

depression

US / dɪ'preʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈprɛʃən /

noun
Medical condition of a lack of vitality
Period of unemployment and low economic activity

detach

US / dɪˈtætʃ /

•

UK / dɪˈtætʃ /

verb
To send away a military unit on a special mission
To separate something from something larger

classroom

US / ˈklɑ:sru:m /

•

UK / ˈklæsˌrum, -ˌrʊm /

noun
Room in a school where lessons take place

identify

US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

verb
To indicate who or what someone or something is

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

easily

US / ˈi:zəli /

•

UK / ˈizəli /

adverb
Clearly; without doubt; certainly
Without difficulty

gutter

US / 'ɡʌtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɡʌtɚ /

noun
Trough along the eaves of roof for collecting rain

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

researcher

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

noun
Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

theme

US / θi:m /

•

UK / θim /

noun
An main or dominant idea, motif
Main idea of a work of art, writing, or music
Main subject being discussed or described

differently

US / 'dɪfrəntlɪ /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəntlɪ /

adverb
In another and different manner

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

immune

US / ɪˈmju:n /

•

UK / ɪˈmjoon /

adjecitve
Having a special protection from, e.g. the law

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

body

US / ˈbɒd.i /

•

UK / ˈbɑdi /

noun
An object distinct from other objects
A group of people involved in an activity together
Main part of something
A person's physical self

efficient

US / ɪˈfɪʃnt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɪʃənt /

adjecitve
Able to produce results without waste

image

US / 'ɪmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈɪmɪdʒ /

noun
Picture, sculpture or painting of something
General idea or opinion of something
verb
To obtain pictures by scanning them with a machine

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

termination

US / ˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌtə:məˈneʃən /

noun
Act of aborting an unborn child
Final or end point
Action of ending something, e.g. a contract

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

school

US / sku:l /

•

UK / skul /

adjecitve
Being to do with schools and education
noun
Large group of fish that swim together
Education of a child
Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
A particular belief or idea about something
verb
To teach or train someone to know or do something

mobile

US / 'məʊbaɪl /

•

UK / ˈmoʊbl /

adjecitve
Able to be moved or able to move
noun
Personal phone you take with you wherever you go

ready

US / 'redɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɛdi /

adjecitve
Being likely or about to do something
Being willing to do a task
verb
To prepare something for use or action

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

evidence

US / 'evɪdəns /

•

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

noun
Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

educate

US / ˈedʒukeɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛdʒəˌket /

verb
To teach someone in a school or college

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

librarian

US / laɪ'breərɪən /

•

UK / laɪ'brerɪrn /

noun
Person who works in a library

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

medicine

US / ˈmedsn /

•

UK / ˈmɛdɪsɪn /

noun
Something used in treating illness or pain
Science of preventing, treating, or curing disease

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

virus

US / 'vaɪrəs /

•

UK / ˈvaɪrəs /

noun
File secretly put on computers to cause harm
Living organism that causes disease or sickness

travel

US / ˈtrævl /

•

UK / ˈtrævəl /

noun
Going to other places, esp. distant places
verb
To go to a place that is far away

direction

US / də'rekʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

noun
When someone tells people what to do
Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

section

US / 'sekʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛkʃən /

noun
A part of a whole
Specific area or region within a larger place
Specific group of people from a larger group
Part of a book, newspaper, etc.
verb
To divide something into smaller parts

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

useful

US / ˈju:sfl /

•

UK / ˈjusfəl /

adjecitve
That can help with a particular task

biology

US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

•

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

noun
The study of living things

alcoholic

US / ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk /

•

UK / ˌælkəˈhɔlɪk, -ˈhɑlɪk /

adjecitve
Containing alcohol; that can make you drunk
noun
Person who drinks too much alcohol

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

oddly

US / ˈɒdli /

•

UK / ˈɑ:dli /

adverb
In an unusual manner

remove

US / rɪˈmu:v /

•

UK / rɪˈmuv /

verb
To get rid of something completely
To make someone leave his or her job or position
To move, erase or take away from a place
To take something off (e.g. clothing)

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

platypus

US / ˈplætɪpəs /

•

UK / ˈplætɪpəs /

noun
Small Australian aquatic animal with a broad tail

rigorously

US / 'rɪɡərəslɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɪɡərəslɪ /

adverb
In a thorough manner

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

francis

US / ˈfrɑ:nsɪs /

•

UK / ˈfrænsɪs /

proper noun
(born 1936), Argentinian cleric, pope since 2013; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio. He is the first pope f

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

topic

US / 'tɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

noun
Subject or issue people talk or write about

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

yep

US / jep /

•

UK / jɛp /

noun
Another way of saying 'yes'

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

podium

US / ˈpəʊdiəm /

•

UK / ˈpoʊdiəm /

noun
Small raised area you stand on to give a speech

pre

US / ˈpriː /

•

UK / ˈpriː /

prefix
A prefix meaning 'before'
In preparation or in advance

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

regular

US / ˈregjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Having an equal amount of space or time in between
Occurring or being done frequently
Being normal, usual, or average
noun
Customers who frequently visit a place
Soldier who has a permanent job in the army

nice

US / naɪs /

•

UK / naɪs /

adjecitve
Being attractive or of high quality or value
Good or enjoyable
Being kind or friendly

template

US / 'templeɪt /

•

UK / ˈtɛmplɪt /

noun
Shape that is used as a pattern to make something
Something used as a model to produce many copies

crucial

US / 'kru:ʃl /

•

UK / ˈkruʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely important or necessary

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

tracy

US / ˈtreisi /

•

UK / ˈtresi /

proper noun
A commercial and industrial city in north central California, in the San Joaquin Valley; population

transcribe

US / træn'skraɪb /

•

UK / trænˈskraɪb /

verb
To make a written copy of something spoken

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

community

US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

noun
Group of people who share a common idea or area

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

entomologist

US / ˌentə'mɒlədʒɪst /

•

UK / ˌentə'mɒlədʒɪst /

noun
Zoologist who studies insects

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

strand

US / strænd /

•

UK / strænd /

noun
Long part of a rope, someone's hair, etc.
A theme or topic area
verb
To cause to be stuck or trapped somewhere

ninety

US / 'naɪntɪ /

•

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

number
90

collaborator

US / kəˈlæbəreɪtə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈlæbəˌretɚ /

noun
Someone who cooperates with an enemy
Someone you are working on a task together with

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

franklin

US / 'fræŋklɪn /

•

UK / 'fræŋklɪn /

noun
A landowner (th and th centuries) who was free but not of noble birth

instance

US / 'ɪnstəns /

•

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

noun
An example of something; case
verb
To give as an example of something else

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

store

US / stɔ:(r) /

•

UK / stɔr, stor /

noun
Place where things are kept for future use
Place where you can go to buy things
verb
To put things in a place for later use

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

educator

US / ˈedʒukeɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛdʒəˌketɚ /

noun
Someone who teaches

collaboration

US / kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn /

noun
Act of working with someone to complete a task

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

sammy

US / ˈsæmi /

•

UK / ˈsæmi /

noun
An American soldier fighting in the First World War (1914–18).

recycle

US / ˌri:'saɪkl /

•

UK / riˈsaɪkəl /

verb
To use old ideas or concepts again
To send used things to be turned into new things

unwind

US / ˌʌnˈwaɪnd /

•

UK / ˌʌnˈwaɪnd /

verb
To reverse something that has been twisted/turned

backpack

US / 'bækpæk /

•

UK / ˈbækˌpæk /

noun
Bag carried by a strap on your back or shoulder
verb
To travel very lightly carrying your things

crick

US / krɪk /

•

UK / krɪk /

noun
Painful muscle spasm especially in the neck or back ('rick' and 'wrick' are British)

film

US / fɪlm /

•

UK / fɪlm /

noun
Thin layer that covers something
Movie
verb
To record moving action with a camera

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

accidentally

US / ˌæksɪ'dentəlɪ /

•

UK / ˌæksɪ'dentəlɪ /

adverb
Unexpectedly; by mistake

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

wood

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

adjecitve
Living or existing in the woods
Made from the material from trees
noun
Person's name
Land covered with trees, smaller than a forest
Cut tree used for making fires or building things
verb
To plant an area of land with trees

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

chapter

US / ˈtʃæptə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtʃæptɚ /

noun
Small local group forming part of a larger one
One of the main sections of a book
Period or time in your life, e.g. your childhood

explore

US / ɪk'splɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplɔr /

verb
To examine something in detail to learn about it
To travel to a place to discover more about it

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

mark

US / mɑ:k /

•

UK / mɑrk /

noun
Person's name
A dirty spot or line on something
Grade or score given for homework
Line or symbol made when writing
Particular point on a scale of measurement
Grade, such as a student receives in school
Stain or spot on something
Sign or symbol of a quality of feeling
Written sign or symbol
verb
To put a dirty spot or line on something
To give a grade for homework
To indicate something with a sign or symbol
To make or leave a visible sign of (path, etc.)
(Animals) to go to the toilet to show your area
To write or draw a line on something

unfold

US / ʌn'fəʊld /

•

UK / ʌnˈfold /

other
To happen, be told or be revealed
verb
(Of a situation) to be told or revealed
To open something that was folded
To move apart two things such as your two arms

bite

US / baɪt /

•

UK / baɪt /

noun
Amount of food taken into your mouth at one time
Wound left from being bitten
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught
To close your teeth onto something, usually to eat

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

extra

US / 'ekstrə /

•

UK / 'ekstrə /

adjecitve
More than necessary; additional
noun
Items more than you need; additional items
Person who has a small part in a movie
Special version of a newspaper

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

identical

US / aɪˈdentɪkl /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntɪkəl /

adjecitve
The same in every way

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

machine

US / mə'ʃi:n /

•

UK / məˈʃin /

noun
Piece of equipment used to do work
Powerful group who control and organize things
verb
To shape, work on something, using a device

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

substance

US / 'sʌbstəns /

•

UK / ˈsʌbstəns /

noun
Essence of; most basic or central qualities
Particular type of material
Having material form; existing
Quality of truth, importance, or meaningfulness

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

catch

US / kætʃ /

•

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

noun
Amount of something that has been caught
Trick or something trying to deceive
verb
To stop something flying and hold it
To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
To get sick or get a disease from someone else
To find someone to do something, a task
To get stuck on or in something
To be trapped so you can’t escape
To be able to understand what someone is saying

nucleic

US / 'nju:klɪɪk /

•

UK / nju:'kli:ɪk /

adjecitve
Substance which is one of the fundamental constituents of the nucleus of the cell and which forms th

officially

US / əˈfɪʃəli /

•

UK / əˈfɪʃəlɪ /

adverb
According to what is stated by an authority figure

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

essentially

US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

adverb
Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

ladder

US / 'lædə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlædɚ /

noun
Series of levels to go up in society or business
Device with a series of steps used for climbing

purple

US / 'pɜ:pl /

•

UK / ˈpɚpəl /

adjecitve
Being a color that is a mixture of red and blue

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

devour

US / dɪˈvaʊə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈvaʊr /

verb
To eat quickly and hungrily

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

sequence

US / 'si:kwəns /

•

UK / ˈsikwəns, -ˌkwɛns /

noun
Part of a movie showing one part of the story
verb
To arrange things in an order they should happen

ultimately

US / ˈʌltɪmətli /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪtli /

adverb
Done or considered as the final and most important

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

swoop

US / swu:p /

•

UK / swup /

verb
To sweep through the air; to dive suddenly

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

health

US / helθ /

•

UK / hɛlθ /

noun
(Person, company) being in a good condition; well

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

reaction

US / rɪ'ækʃn /

•

UK / riˈækʃən /

noun
Bodily response to a drug or something eaten
Feeling or action in response to something

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

thrive

US / θraɪv /

•

UK / θraɪv /

verb
To be or become healthy or successful

weaken

US / 'wi:kən /

•

UK / ˈwikən /

verb
To make something or someone less powerful

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

runway

US / ˈrʌnweɪ /

•

UK / ˈrʌnˌwe /

noun
Long road where planes take off and land
Narrow raised stage extending into the audience

mix

US / mɪks /

•

UK / mɪks /

noun
A combination of more than two things
verb
To combine two or more things to make one
To meet and get along with others, e.g. at a party

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

cell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

noun
Smallest unit of living things in biology
Group of people - often from a secret organization
Prisoner's room in a jail
Shortened form of 'cellphone'

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

fight

US / faɪt /

•

UK / faɪt /

noun
An argument or quarrel
Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
A struggle to do a difficult task
verb
To argue or quarrel with someone about something
To try to hurt someone by hitting them
To struggle to do a difficult task

laundry

US / 'lɔ:ndrɪ /

•

UK / ˈlɔndri, ˈlɑn- /

noun
Business or room to wash bed sheets, clothes etc.
Clothes etc., that are to be washed, already washed

rile

US / raɪl /

•

UK / raɪl /

verb
To make agitated and angry; upset

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

dna

US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

noun
Chemical in living cells with genetic information

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

cutter

US / 'kʌtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌtɚ /

noun
A special tool used for cutting things

fancy

US / 'fænsɪ /

•

UK / ˈfænsi /

adjecitve
Unusual and attractive in design
verb
To want to have or do something; feel like
To imagine or suppose that something will happen
To believe or imagine something that is not true

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

nucleus

US / ˈnju:kliəs /

•

UK / ˈnu:kliəs /

noun
Center of an atom
Control center of a cell
Most important part of something larger

picture

US / 'pɪktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɪktʃɚ /

noun
General situation or state of being
Mental image of what something is or looks like
Movie; film
Painting, drawing or photograph on paper or screen
verb
To understand or imagine something
To imagine someone or something in an image

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

wonderful

US / ˈwʌndəfl /

•

UK / 'wʌndərfl /

adjecitve
Producing feelings of enjoyment or delight

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

enzyme

US / ˈenzaɪm /

•

UK / ˈɛnzaɪm /

noun
A protein made by cells

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

funky

US / fʌŋkɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʌŋki /

adjecitve
Offbeat; fashionable

invader

US / ɪnˈveɪdə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈvedɚ /

noun
Someone who enters to cause harm

firsthand

US / 'fɜ:st'hænd /

•

UK / 'fɜ:st'hænd /

adjecitve
Received directly from a source

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

poly

US / ˈpɒli /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:li /

prefix
Multiple; many

sugar

US / ˈʃʊgə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʃʊɡɚ /

noun
Substance which the body stores or uses for energy
Amount of sugar contained in a small spoon
Used to address someone you like or love
White sweet substance used to make foods sweeter
verb
To add, put on, or mix a food or drink with sugar

ninth

US / naɪnθ /

•

UK / naɪnθ /

noun
9th

dive

US / daɪv /

•

UK / daɪv /

noun
Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
Rapid fall through air
A jump into water head-first from a high place
Rapid fall in the value or price of something
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

inject

US / ɪn'dʒekt /

•

UK / ɪnˈdʒɛkt /

verb
To add or put in more (money, energy etc.)
To motivate or put energy into something
To put medicine into someone with a syringe

default

US / dɪ'fɔ:lt /

•

UK / dɪˈfɔlt /

noun
Automatic setting when no indicated preference
Failure to meet an agreement or make a payment
verb
To fail to meet as agreed; failure to pay
To return to a previously determined state

johnson

US / ˈdʒɔnsn /

•

UK / ˈdʒɑnsən /

noun
A man's penis.

studio

US / 'stju:dɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈstudio, ˈstju- /

noun
Place for painting, broadcasting, etc.

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

hot

US / hɒt /

•

UK / hɑ:t /

adjecitve
Angry or excited
Being very good at something
Having a high temperature
Popular and causing a great deal of excitement
Attractive in a sexually exciting way
(Of food) very spicy
Stolen; dangerous to buy or trade in

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

resource

US / riˈsɔ:s /

•

UK / ˈriˌsɔrs, -ˌsors, -ˌzɔrs, -ˌzors, rɪˈsɔrs, -ˈsors, /

noun
Something that can be used profitably; asset
An essential supply of something
Resourcefulness; ability to deal with problems
verb
To obtain (e.g. oil, gas) from its source

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

beer

US / bɪə(r) /

•

UK / bɪr /

noun
Alcoholic drink that is made from wheat or grains

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

mrna

US / /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
MRNA is an acronym

forever

US / fər'evə(r) /

•

UK / fɔrˈɛvɚ, fə- /

adverb
For all future time; in the future

paint

US / peɪnt /

•

UK / pent /

noun
Colored liquid you apply with a brush
verb
To make a picture with colored liquids
To describe as
To apply a color, oil or sealant with a brush

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

slash

US / slæʃ /

•

UK / slæʃ /

noun
Line ( / ) used in writing
Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
verb
To cut violently with a sharp object
To decrease something by a large amount

nineteen

US / ˌnaɪnˈti:n /

•

UK / naɪnˈtin /

number
19

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

version

US / ˈvə:ʃən /

•

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Different way that someone interprets something
New or different form of something
An updated form of some software

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

verb
To cause a change in something else

clean

US / kli:n /

•

UK / klin /

adjecitve
Not marked in any way; blank
Done according to the rules or standards; fair
Free from disease or sickness
Being free from dirt or marks; washed
Behaving well; not breaking any rules; legal
adverb
Completely; entirely
verb
To make free from dirt or marks; washed
To make neat and orderly e.g. a room
To remove the inner parts of an animal

friendly

US / ˈfrendli /

•

UK / ˈfrɛndli /

adjecitve
Acting like a friend; kind and helpful
noun
Game played not in a competition

join

US / dʒɔɪn /

•

UK / dʒɔɪn /

verb
To bring something close to another, to become one
To become a member of
To participate in an activity with others

professional

US / prə'feʃənl /

•

UK / prəˈfɛʃənəl /

adjecitve
Of jobs such as doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc.
Acting/done properly as a qualified person would
Getting paid for playing a sport/doing an activity
noun
Highly qualified person, e.g. lawyer or doctor
One who plays a sport or similar activity as a job

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

sentence

US / 'sentəns /

•

UK / ˈsɛntəns /

noun
Official punishment given by a court of law
Set of words that make a whole statement
verb
(Of a judge) to decide the punishment of

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

trigger

US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

noun
Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
Device that starts a process
verb
To start a process off e.g. a memory

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

befriend

US / bɪˈfrend /

•

UK / bɪˈfrɛnd /

verb
To make a friend of someone

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

hey

US / heɪ /

•

UK / he /

exclamation
What you say when you want someone's attention

complex

US / 'kɒmpleks /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

adjecitve
Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
noun
Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
Psychological issue regarding self-image

neighbourhood

US / ˈneɪbəhʊd /

•

UK / ˈneɪbərhʊd /

noun
Area of a town or city that people live in

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

Subtitles section

When the first COVID vaccine started rolling out in the year of the mouse, most of the world was introduced to a new kind of medicine, the mRNA vaccine.

With traditional vaccines, people are often injected with a weakened or inactive version of a virus.

The idea is to rile up the immune system so that the body learns how to fight that virus if it ever shows up again.

If you've ever gotten a flu shot, you've felt this firsthand.

But mRNA vaccines, like the one for COVID –work a little differently.

Instead of containing a virus, these vaccines contain what are basically instruction manuals for cells to make millions of copies of a protein that mimics part of the virus.

Your immune system gets trained by these proteins so that it's ready to protect you from the real thing.

But before we could even begin to make these vaccines, researchers had to learn how to write their own cellular instruction manuals called messenger RNA, or mRNA.

And in the case of COVID nineteen, these cellular translation skills have helped save tens of millions of lives.

Hi, I'm Dr. Sammy, your friendly neighborhood entomologist, and this is Crash Course Biology.

Uh, this just in!

Breaking news!

It seems like our theme music has been indicted on charges of being… too funky fresh?

Good news!

We're hearing that the theme music has been acquitted on all charges.

Wonderful!

A great day for theme music.

Now, back to biology.

We learned in episode thirty three that DNA is a huge collection of instructions that tell cells how to make all the proteins that they need to survive and thrive.

And for eukaryotes, lifeforms like plants, animals, and fungi,

DNA is kept in a special structure inside the cell called the nucleus.

Generally, this is great because it protects the DNA, which is crucial because if the instructions get damaged, every cell that's produced moving forward could potentially be affected.

But here's the catch.

The tiny cellular structures that build proteins are outside the nucleus.

It's like you're sitting outside with a pile of wood, all ready to build an amazing platypus playground.

But the how to guide is chained to a podium in the library, and your librarian isn't letting you bring bolt cutters in there, not after you returned their only copy of How to Befriend a Platypus three weeks late with bite marks.

What?

I, uh...

I devour a good book.

So how are you going to build that platypus playground of patty streams?

Well, you're probably going to make a copy of the pages that you need from the how to guides.

You could take a picture on your phone, or head to the Xerox machine if you're feeling old school.

Cells do a similar thing.

When they need to build proteins, they copy a few pages of DNA into a new molecule that can leave the nucleus.

That molecule is called messenger RNA, or mRNA.

Yep, just like the instructions that were included in the mRNA COVID vaccine.

Like DNA, mRNA uses its sequence of nucleotides to carry information.

But while DNA uses four bases, called A, T, C, and G for short, mRNA uses A, U, C, and G. It replaces the T, thiamine, with uracil, or U.

most likely because mRNA molecules don't stick around for long compared to DNA, and uracil breaks down more easily.

Also, while DNA looks like a ladder, mRNA is only half a ladder.

Great for sending messages, not great for cleaning the gutters.

It has one strand of material instead of two, with one nucleic acid base connected to every sugar in that strand.

That's because, unlike DNA, which needs the extra strand to protect itself, mRNA needs to be quickly and easily read.

It's sort of like how a book is bound with a nice hard cover, but the copies of pages six through ten you made for your class are just bopping around in your backpack for easy access.

So cells produce mRNA in a process called transcription.

And the first step in transcription is initiation.

Here, an enzyme, or a substance that helps trigger a biochemical reaction, called RNA polymerase, rolls up to a section of DNA.

It swoops in like an airplane approaching a runway.

To know where to land, or where to attach to the DNA, it looks for short stretches of bases, called promoters.

Step two, elongation.

Once RNA polymerase has settled in, it unwinds a short section of DNA and travels down one of the strands.

It forms a chain of nucleic acid bases as it goes, using one of the strands of DNA as a template, or in other words, making a copy.

I guess that makes RNA polymerase more like a tiny mobile copy machine rather than an airplane.

But stick with me, because there's one more step here, termination.

special proteins called termination factors, or sequences of nucleic acid bases called termination sequences, terminate or end the process.

Essentially, they tell RNA polymerase that its job is done.

It should detach from DNA and take off for its next one.

Safe travels, little buddy.

Meanwhile, the new strand of material that the polymerase just made also separates from the DNA and starts making its way out of the nucleus.

That new strand of material is called pre mRNA.

Now, if you compared this pre mRNA with the DNA that it just copied, you'd notice that they're not identical.

But it's not because something went wrong.

When it reads a strand of DNA, RNA polymerase is really making a complementary version of that strand.

But even once pre mRNA has been transcribed, it's not ready for its grand exit out of the nucleus quite yet.

Unlike the perfect, oddly warm pages that you just pulled out of the copy machine to build your platypus playground.

This molecule is a work in progress.

If you tossed it out of the nucleus, it would either get broken down too fast to do anything useful, or the instructions it passed to the rest of the cell would be impossible to understand.

Kind of like when you accidentally move the page that you're copying and the image gets all blurry.

So before it's ready to leave the nucleus, it goes through processing.

One end of the molecule gets a little cat, and the other end gets a tail of nucleotides called the poly A tail.

Both of these structures have various jobs, but ultimately they work to keep the final mRNA stable once it's ready to go.

But something is still off about this molecule.

It's like you copied a chapter about how to build a diving board for your platypus, but you also got pages about how to fold laundry and beginner beekeeping?

Y'all, I got that down already.

You see, during transcription, it's like RNA polymerase copies a whole chapter of DNA.

But not every page in that chapter is useful for making proteins.

That's why we need splicing.

Splicing is where all the parts of mRNA that don't tell the cell how to make proteins get removed.

It's like recycling all the pages that don't tell you how to build a platypus playground for Patty here.

Once processing and splicing are over, ta da!

we officially have a finished mRNA molecule.

From here, the molecule can leave the nucleus and travel to cellular structures called ribosomes.

These ribosomes read mRNA's code and use that information to build proteins.

We'll get more into how that works next time.

But overall, this process, information going from DNA to RNA to proteins, is essential for life.

In fact, it's so important that it's usually taught with a very fancy sounding nickname.

The Central Dogma.

Often, the central dogma is communicated as this.

DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes proteins.

And generally, this is true.

But it's actually a bit more complicated than that.

Let me explain.

In the year of the Great Depression, Francis Crick gave one of the biggest lectures in biology.

Crick was a researcher who helped discover that DNA looks like a twisted ladder.

An emphasis on health, given that Rosalind Franklin produced the DNA image that allowed him and his collaborator to figure it out.

His research led him to develop an idea, a hunch really, about how information moves inside a cell.

He believed that information in cells could only travel in certain directions, like chess pieces.

It could go from nucleic acids to nucleic acids.

So information stored in DNA could be used to make either DNA or RNA.

or information could go from nucleic acids to proteins, like when mRNA brings instructions to ribosomes.

But that was it.

Crick's very specific hunch was that information in proteins can't be used to make DNA, RNA, or more proteins.

And with no direct evidence, this was kind of a wild hypothesis at the time.

And what he said about how information flows, that's the central dogma.

He summarized it as, once information has gotten into a protein, it can't get out again.

Now, because science is a process driven by evidence, the central dogma didn't get into your textbook just because an educated guess was made at a conference.

Generations of scientists since have rigorously explored and tested this idea to confirm that this really is how life works.

And along the way, they've discovered new things about this process, like alternative splicing.

This is where the cell does more than just cut the fluff like in regular splicing.

It picks and chooses which parts of its message to keep in order to make multiple different proteins from the same original code.

For instance, imagine that the DNA codes for a message that says, mix together red, yellow, and blue paint.

Which would be weird for DNA, but hey.

By default, mRNA copies the whole sequence.

And none of it is fluff.

Every word is an important instruction.

But check out what happens next.

With alternative splicing, this one message can get spliced into three different messages.

Like if your cells needed orange proteins right now, they might cut out the last part of the sentence to say mixed together red and yellow paint.

Or if they needed purple proteins, they might cut out the middle part so that it reads mixed together red and blue paint.

They're cutting useful parts of the message to change its meaning in another useful way.

Alternative splicing means that one stretch of DNA can code for a whole rainbow of proteins.

So scientists think it may be a way that your DNA is extra efficient and saves space.

Instead of having three sets of instructions, the DNA carries one message that can get sliced and diced into three different versions.

Alternative splicing is so complex that it's still being studied, including by researchers like Dr. Tracy Johnson.

In her research on brewer's yeast, the stuff that makes beer alcoholic, she and her collaborators learned that temperature is one thing that affects how mRNA gets spliced.

Turns out, our buddy Yeasty the Ninety Ninth likes it hot.

So the way we understand the world isn't just thanks to one scientist, or even a few of them.

It's a team effort that's been unfolding for centuries.

And that brings us back to where we began.

That year, scientists were able to create mRNA vaccines for COVID because of generations of knowledge about how mRNA and transcription works.

They looked at the RNA in the COVID and found the instructions to make a protein that serves as an identifying feature for the virus.

Then, using RNA polymerase, they transcribed that information into a piece of mRNA.

Many, many tests later, the mRNA became part of a life saving vaccine that allows our bodies to recognize an invader that it's never seen before.

So without transcription, life on Earth wouldn't have gotten very far.

And without understanding transcription, a vaccine for COVID might have taken a lot longer to produce.

Now, teams of scientists are trying to learn just how many more diseases can be fought with this strategy.

Next week, we're going to dive a little deeper into what happens after mRNA delivers its message.

I'll see you then!

Peace!

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive.

If you're an educator, visit biointeractive.org slash Crash Course for classroom resources and professional development related to the topics covered in this course.

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Biology, which was filmed in our studio in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was made with the help of all of these nice people.

If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.