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How Red Bull avoided USGP error that got Hamilton and Leclerc excluded

Original YouTube Video | WeAreTheRace Published on 2023-10-23 Level：89 Speed：76 maxwordlevel：27

#EnglishListening #Motorsports

Video vocabulary

alpine

US / ˈælpaɪn /

•

UK / ˈælˌpaɪn /

adjecitve
Concerning mountains or mountain ranges

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

ignorance

US / ˈɪgnərəns /

•

UK / ˈɪɡnərəns /

noun
Lack of information or knowledge about something

lap

US / læp /

•

UK / læp /

noun
A gentle repeated motion against something
Area between the waist and knees when seated
Single trip around a track or swimming pool
verb
(Of water) to move in a gentle repeated motion
To drink with the tongue like a cat
To go one more lap further than another racer

normal

US / 'nɔ:ml /

•

UK / ˈnɔrməl /

adjecitve
Standard or regular way of doing something
Having standard mental or physical ability, health

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

beat

US / bi:t /

•

UK / bit /

noun
Regular movement or rhythm (e.g. heart or music)
verb
To move in regular motions in order to push blood
To strike or hit repeatedly and with great force
To mix ingredients together with a fork or machine
To play a drum
To win against another person or team; defeat

countless

US / ˈkaʊntləs /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntlɪs /

adjecitve
Being too many to be numbered or imagined

crucially

US / ˈkru:ʃɪəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈkruʃəlɪ /

verb
To an extremely important or necessary degree

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

race

US / reɪs /

•

UK / res /

noun
Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
People who share physical features or culture
verb
To take part in a running or swimming competition
To move or go at a very fast pace
To take someone, something to a place very quickly

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

unless

US / ənˈles /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

conjunction
Negative of 'if'

component

US / kəmˈpəʊnənt /

•

UK / kəmˈponənt /

adjecitve
Being a part of something
noun
One of the parts that something is made up of

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

publish

US / 'pʌblɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪʃ /

verb
To prepare and make available a book magazine etc.
To release information to the general public

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

restriction

US / rɪˈstrɪkʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈstrɪkʃən /

noun
Law or rule that controls or limits something

sunday

US / ˈsʌndeɪ /

•

UK / ˈsʌndi, -ˌde /

noun
Seventh day of the week, the day after Saturday

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

alfa

US / ˈælfə /

•

UK / ˈælfə /

club

US / klʌb /

•

UK / klʌb /

noun
Group of people who share an interest, as in sport
Place where people go to listen to music and dance
Long stick used for hitting things, as in golf
verb
To be grouped with others
To hit hard with a thick and heavy stick, weapon

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

item

US / ˈaɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈaɪtəm /

noun
Single, brief piece of news or reporting
Distinct, individual thing, often part of a group

lock

US / lɒk /

•

UK / lɑ:k /

noun
Small portion of your hair that hangs together
Place on a door, etc. that you close with a key
verb
To become fixed in place and hard to move
To use a key, code so others can't open something

legality

US / li:ˈgæləti /

•

UK / liˈɡælɪti /

noun
Lawfulness through conformity to a legal statute

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

regulation

US / ˌregjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛɡjəˈleʃən /

noun
Act of controlling something with rules or orders
other

qatar

US / 'kʌtɑ:(r) /

•

UK / 'kɑ:tɑ:r /

other
A peninsula extending northward from the Arabian mainland into the Persian Gulf

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

compress

US / kəmˈpres /

•

UK / kəmˈprɛs /

verb
To press tightly together
To make smaller; reduce in time, size etc.

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

performance

US / pə'fɔ:məns /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrməns /

noun
Act of doing something
Activity done to entertain an audience

winner

US / 'wɪnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪnɚ /

noun
Person or thing that wins a contest or race
A hit; something successful

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

compliant

US / kəmˈplaɪənt /

•

UK / kəmˈplaɪənt /

adjecitve
Willing to obey, follow the wishes of others

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

fernando

US / /

•

UK / /

guess

US / ɡes /

•

UK / ɡɛs /

noun
Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
verb
To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

chase

US / tʃeɪs /

•

UK / tʃes /

noun
Act of going after someone to catch them
other
To try very hard to get something that you want
verb
To go after with the intention of catching

confer

US / kənˈfɜ:(r) /

•

UK / kənˈfɚ /

verb
To discuss something important together
To grant a title, degree, or award

ensure

US / ɪn'ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈʃʊr /

verb
To make something sure, certain, or safe

immediately

US / ɪˈmi:diətli /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪtli /

adverb
Without any delay; straight away

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

complicated

US / 'kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈkɑmplɪˌketɪd /

adjecitve
Difficult to do, understand or use
verb
To make more difficult to do, understand or use

setup

US / 'setʌp /

•

UK / ˈsɛtˌʌp /

noun
Way something is organized or arranged

unpredictable

US / ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl /

•

UK / ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbəl /

adjecitve
Difficult to guess about (the future)

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

awry

US / əˈraɪ /

•

UK / əˈraɪ /

adjecitve
Go awry to go wrong; not go as planned

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

challenge

US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

noun
An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
Act of formally inviting someone to compete
A question to determine correctness of something
verb
To formally invite someone to compete at something
To question the correctness of something

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

impractical

US / ɪmˈpræktɪkl /

•

UK / ɪmˈpræktɪkəl /

adjecitve
Not useful or realistically possible

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

occasion

US / ə'keɪʒn /

•

UK / əˈkeʒən /

noun
Significant or important event or function
Time when something happens or takes place
verb
To make or cause something to happen; to lead to

inspection

US / ɪnˈspekʃn /

•

UK / ɪnˈspɛkʃən /

noun
Official examination to make sure everything is ok

induce

US / ɪn'dju:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To make someone do something; create an outcome
To make a woman give birth by giving her medicine

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

rouge

US / ru:ʒ /

•

UK / ruʒ /

noun
Makeup that makes your cheeks pinker or red

bodywork

US / ˈbɒdiwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈbɑ:diwɜ:rk /

noun
Exterior body of a motor vehicle

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

instant

US / ˈɪnstənt /

•

UK / ˈɪnstənt /

adjecitve
(Food) requiring very little preparation
Occurring immediately
noun
A very short period of time

mark

US / mɑ:k /

•

UK / mɑrk /

noun
Person's name
A dirty spot or line on something
Grade or score given for homework
Line or symbol made when writing
Particular point on a scale of measurement
Grade, such as a student receives in school
Stain or spot on something
Sign or symbol of a quality of feeling
Written sign or symbol
verb
To put a dirty spot or line on something
To give a grade for homework
To indicate something with a sign or symbol
To make or leave a visible sign of (path, etc.)
(Animals) to go to the toilet to show your area
To write or draw a line on something

initiative

US / ɪ'nɪʃətɪv /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃətɪv /

noun
Ability to come up with solutions by yourself
New plan or idea that is meant to fix a problem

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

car

US / kɑ:(r) /

•

UK / kɑr /

noun
A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

choice

US / tʃɔɪs /

•

UK / tʃɔɪs /

adjecitve
Of good quality or taste; desirable
noun
Decision between two or more possibilities

leads

US / 'ledz /

•

UK / 'ledz /

other
Wires for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve crimes
Ropes used to tie some things to stop it escaping
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

negative

US / 'neɡətɪv /

•

UK / ˈnɛɡətɪv /

adjecitve
Being harmful, unwanted or unhelpful
In mathematics, being less than zero
Focusing on the bad aspects; pessimistic
noun
The opposite to a positive electrical charge
In grammar, containing words such as 'no' or 'not'
Reply to a question or statement that means 'no'
Image on camera film used to make a photo

nor

US / nɔ:(r) /

•

UK / nɔr /

conjunction
Not this or that; also not

optimistic

US / ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk /

•

UK / ˌɑːptɪˈmɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Tending to believe the future will be good

plank

US / plæŋk /

•

UK / plæŋk /

noun
Long, thick board used when building something

vicious

US / 'vɪʃəs /

•

UK / ˈvɪʃəs /

adjecitve
Very dangerous, e.g. an animal or dog
Being very mean or violent
Expressing very mean or angry feelings

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

coincidentally

US / kəʊˌɪnsɪ'dentəlɪ /

•

UK / koʊˌɪnsɪ'dentəlɪ /

adverb
In an unplanned manner; by chance

defeat

US / dɪ'fi:t /

•

UK / dɪˈfit /

noun
When you lose a fight, game or competition
verb
To beat an enemy, team, disease

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

schumacher

US / ˈsku:ltʃɪldrən /

•

UK / 'sku:ltʃɪldrən /

upgrade

US / ˌʌpˈgreɪd /

•

UK / ˈʌpˌɡred /

noun
Updated or better version of something
verb
To improve something in terms of quality

tyre

US / 'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / taɪr /

noun
Rubber rings around wheels on cars and trucks

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

belgian

US / 'beldʒən /

•

UK / ˈbɛldʒən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Belgium

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

discretion

US / dɪˈskreʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɛʃən /

noun
The right to exercise your own judgment
Being careful not to reveal confidential matters

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

verb
To take pleasure in something

delete

US / dɪ'li:t /

•

UK / diˈlit /

verb
To remove or erase something

hole

US / həʊl /

•

UK / hol /

noun
An empty space, as in the ground, in a sock etc.
Fault or weakness in a plan, idea or explanation
Opening into or through something
An awkward or difficult situation
Dirty or unpleasant place with poor facilities
verb
(Golf) to get the ball into the hole

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

lewis

US / 'lʊɪs /

•

UK / 'lʊɪs /

noun
A steel device for gripping heavy blocks of stone or concrete for lifting, consisting of three piece

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

pedal

US / ˈpedl /

•

UK / ˈpɛdl /

noun
Lever worked by the foot, e.g. the brakes of a car

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

suffer

US / 'sʌfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

verb
To experience pain, illness, or injury

wear

US / weə(r) /

•

UK / wer /

noun
Clothing designed for a purpose e.g. skiing
Damage from continual use over a long period
verb
To have clothes, glasses, shoes etc. on your body
To display an expression or emotion on the face
To become weaker or damaged from continued use

difficulty

US / ˈdɪfɪkəlti /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlti, -kəl- /

noun
Something that is hard to do

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

obvious

US / ˈɒbviəs /

•

UK / ˈɑbviəs /

adjecitve
Easily understood and clear; plain to see

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

win

US / wɪn /

•

UK / wɪn /

noun
Success in beating the other team or competitors
Success in a game or contest
verb
To get something as a prize because of a success
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

foul

US / faʊl /

•

UK / faʊl /

adjecitve
Terrible in smell, taste, appearance or morals
Being extremely rude or offensive
Very bad; evil

ferrari

US / fəˈrɒsəti /

•

UK / fəˈrɑsɪti /

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

lean

US / li:n /

•

UK / lin /

adjecitve
Having a low fat content
Efficient; well-designed with no waste
Thin; slim; skinny; with little fat on your body
verb
To balance against or on something for support
To have a tendency to do something; favor

optimism

US / ˈɒptɪmɪzəm /

•

UK / ˈɑptəˌmɪzəm /

noun
Condition of having a positive outlook or belief

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

kerb

US / kɜ:b /

•

UK / kə:b /

noun
Edge between a sidewalk and a roadway

periphery

US / pə'rɪfərɪ /

•

UK / pəˈrɪfəri /

noun
Far edge of something

severity

US / sɪ'verətɪ /

•

UK / səˈvɛrɪti /

noun
Degree of seriousness of an event or situation

unlucky

US / ʌn'lʌkɪ /

•

UK / ʌnˈlʌki /

adjecitve
Unfortunate; having bad things happen by chance

track

US / træk /

•

UK / træk /

noun
A circular course for running
Course or way someone takes, e.g. in education
Path in a field or a forest made by walkers
Often circular course laid out for car racing
One of multiple musical recordings on an album
Band surrounding the wheels of a tank
Metal lines that trains ride on
verb
To use marks to follow a wild animal
To move a certain way/follow a particular course
To record and examine the progress of something

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

disqualify

US / dɪs'kwɒlɪfaɪ /

•

UK / dɪsˈkwɑləˌfaɪ /

verb
To remove from a contest because a rule was broken

directive

US / dəˈrektɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktɪv, daɪ- /

noun
An order from an authority

lack

US / læk /

•

UK / læk /

noun
The state of not having or not having enough of
A shortage of something
verb
To not have, or not have enough, of something

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

seconds

US / 'sekəndz /

•

UK / 'sekəndz /

other
Units of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short periods of time you wait for someone
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

understanding

US / ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ /

adjecitve
Being sympathetic
noun
When you get the meaning correctly; comprehension
Knowledge about something or someone
verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

wolff

US / wʊlf /

•

UK / /

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

friday

US / ˈfraɪdeɪ /

•

UK / ˈfraɪdeɪ /

noun
Fifth day of the week; the day after Thursday

preserve

US / prɪˈzɜ:v /

•

UK / prɪˈzɜ:rv /

noun
Protected area of land with plants and animals
verb
To cook food so it can be kept for long periods
To protect something from harm, loss or damage
To keep or maintain unchanged or perfect

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

suspension

US / səˈspenʃn /

•

UK / səˈspɛnʃən /

noun
Liquid in which fine particles are suspended
Act of temporarily interrupting an activity
Exclusion from your job/a sport for breaking rules

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

catch

US / kætʃ /

•

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

noun
Amount of something that has been caught
Trick or something trying to deceive
verb
To stop something flying and hold it
To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
To get sick or get a disease from someone else
To find someone to do something, a task
To get stuck on or in something
To be trapped so you can’t escape
To be able to understand what someone is saying

degradation

US / ˌdegrəˈdeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdɛɡrəˈdeʃən /

noun
Reduction in quality or character
Act of treating someone without respect

ferraris

US / /

•

UK / /

hit

US / hɪt /

•

UK / hɪt /

noun
A planned killing, usually for money
Song, movie etc. that is successful
When someone strikes someone or something
Time when a player makes contact with the ball
Time when a website is accessed
verb
To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
To press something, such as a button or switch
To suddenly realize the importance of something
To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
To fight, attack or damage something or someone
To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

michael

US / ˈmaɪk(ə)l /

•

UK / ˈmaɪkəl /

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

russell

US / ˈrʌsəl /

•

UK / ˈrʌsəl /

noun
English film director (born in )

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

understandably

US / ˌʌndəˈstændəbli /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstændəblɪ /

adverb
In a way that makes sense; justifiably

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

eau

US / əʊ /

•

UK / oʊ /

noun
Water, as in eau de Cologne, eau Creole, eau de parfum and eau de toilette

exclusion

US / ɪkˈsklu:ʒn /

•

UK / ɪkˈskluʒən /

noun
Act of preventing someone from taking part

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

japan

US / dʒəˈpæn /

•

UK / dʒəˈpæn /

noun
A string of more than islands to the east of Asia
Lacquer with a durable glossy black finish, originally from the orient
Lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer
verb
Coat with a lacquer, as done in Japan

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

breach

US / bri:tʃ /

•

UK / britʃ /

verb
To break laws or barriers (e.g. walls)

compliance

US / kəmˈplaɪəns /

•

UK / kəmˈplaɪəns /

noun
Act of obeying a law, etc.

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

encouraging

US / ɪn'kʌrɪdʒɪŋ /

•

UK / ɛnˈkə:rədʒɪŋ, -ˈkʌr- /

adjecitve
Giving support to make more determined, confident
verb
To increase the chance of something happening
To make someone more determined or confident

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

ride

US / raɪd /

•

UK / raɪd /

noun
Machine at an amusement park for riding on for fun
Trip on a bicycle or a horse
verb
To travel in a particular vehicle as a passenger
To sit on and control a horse or vehicle

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

hill

US / hɪl /

•

UK / hɪl /

noun
High land not as high as a mountain
Where the road or land goes upward; slope
Person's name

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

pit

US / pɪt /

•

UK / pɪt /

noun
Hole in the ground
Garage area for racing cars on a circuit
Large, hard seed in the center of a fruit
verb
To use your strength, skill or wit to beat another
To make holes or marks on a surface
(Racing car) to come into a garage to change tires
To take the seed out of a fruit

park

US / pɑ:k /

•

UK / pɑ:rk /

noun
Person's name
Public green area in a town for exercise, relaxing
Field upon which a sport is played, e.g. baseball
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

radar

US / ˈreɪdɑ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈredɑr /

noun
Radio device used to find the location of objects

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

absurd

US / əb'sɜ:d /

•

UK / əbˈsɚd, -ˈzɚd /

adjecitve
So foolish as to be difficult to believe

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

bull

US / bʊl /

•

UK / bʊl /

noun
Large male animal such as a cow or elephant
Nonsense; untrue or foolish statements
verb
To push/force something into a certain direction

easily

US / ˈi:zəli /

•

UK / ˈizəli /

adverb
Clearly; without doubt; certainly
Without difficulty

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

singapore

US / ˌsɪŋgə'pɔ: /

•

UK / ˌsɪŋgə'pɔ: /

other
A country in southeastern Asia on the island of Singapore; achieved independence from Malaysia in
An island to the south of the Malay Peninsula

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

aerodynamic

US / ˌeərəʊdaɪ'næmɪk /

•

UK / ˌeəroʊdaɪ'næmɪk /

adjecitve
Efficiently designed to move through the air

aspect

US / 'æspekt /

•

UK / ˈæspɛkt /

noun
Way something looks or seems to be
An element, feature, or quality of something

body

US / ˈbɒd.i /

•

UK / ˈbɑdi /

noun
An object distinct from other objects
A group of people involved in an activity together
Main part of something
A person's physical self

contend

US / kən'tend /

•

UK / kənˈtɛnd /

verb
To struggle or compete for
To argue or state something in a strong way

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

ones

US / wʌnz /

•

UK / wʌnz /

number
Number 1, a single person or thing

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

baku

US / bʌˈkuː /

•

UK / bɑˈku /

proper noun
The capital of Azerbaijan, on the Caspian Sea; population 1,917,000 (est. 2008). It is an industrial

fine

US / faɪn /

•

UK / faɪn /

adjecitve
Good, acceptable or satisfactory
Of high quality; made with great skill
In a careful or exact manner; into small pieces
Being of high quality
Good; okay; no problem
(Of weather) good; not raining
noun
Money you have to pay because you broke a rule
verb
To pay money because you broke a law

infringement

US / ɪn'frɪndʒmənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt /

noun
Act that disregards an agreement or a right

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

technical

US / ˈteknɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɛknɪkəl /

adjecitve
Complex; difficult to understand
Of practical use of machine/science in industry

therefore

US / ˈðeəfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈðerfɔ:(r) /

adverb
And so; for that reason

thickness

US / ˈθɪknəs /

•

UK / ˈθɪknɪs /

noun
Distance between the opposite edges of a thing

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

compromise

US / 'kɒmprəmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz /

noun
When you lessen your demands to get agreement
verb
To weaken your position or views
To lessen your demands so as to reach agreement
To put something at risk or in danger

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

judge

US / dʒʌdʒ /

•

UK / dʒʌdʒ /

noun
Person who decides on the results of a contest
Person who has the power to make a decision
verb
To reach a decision about who won a contest
To form an opinion after careful consideration
To make a decision in court

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

senna

US / ˈsɛnə /

•

UK / ˈsɛnə /

other
Any of various plants of the genus Senna having pinnately compound leaves and showy usually yellow f

shortly

US / ˈʃɔ:tli /

•

UK / ˈʃɔrtli /

adverb
Quickly; soon; in a moment
In an unfriendly or rude way

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

weekend

US / ˌwi:kˈend /

•

UK / ˈwi:kend /

noun
Saturday and Sunday, after the normal working week

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

circuit

US / ˈsɜ:kɪt /

•

UK / ˈsɜ:rkɪt /

noun
An area where cars race in a circle
Route for journey all the way around a place
Series of events moving from place to place
other
Electronic equipment consisting of switches
verb
To complete a journey all the way round an area

carlos

US / kɑ:ˈlail /

•

UK / kɑrˈlaɪl, ˈkɑrˌlaɪl /

effective

US / ɪˈfektɪv /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Working efficiently to produce a desired result

grand

US / ɡrænd /

•

UK / ɡrænd /

adjecitve
A counter for 1000 of something
Great in amount, number or size
Being highest in status or rank; impressive

legal

US / 'li:ɡl /

•

UK / ˈliɡəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the law; allowed by law

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

physical

US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the body of a person
Concerning things that can be seen or touched
noun
Health check at the doctors' or hospital

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

suspect

US / sə'spekt /

•

UK / səˈspɛkt /

adjecitve
(Of a thing) causing doubt; suspicious
noun
Person thought to have committed a crime
verb
To consider someone is the one guilty of a crime
To doubt or lack trust

strip

US / strɪp /

•

UK / strɪp /

noun
Long narrow piece, such as ribbon or land
verb
To remove your clothes (often sexily for someone)
To remove something, e.g. paint from a wall
To take property, dignity away from (someone)

yuki

US / /

•

UK / /

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

adjust

US / əˈdʒʌst /

•

UK / əˈdʒʌst /

verb
To change; to attain a desired state or function
To change so as to fit in with new conditions

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

hamilton

US / 'hæmɪltən /

•

UK / 'hæmɪltən /

proper noun
A port and industrial city in southern Canada, at the western end of Lake Ontario, in Ontario; popul
A city on North Island in New Zealand; population 129,249 (2006).
A town in southern Scotland, near Glasgow; population 48,000 (est. 2009).
The capital of Bermuda; population 11,000 (est. 2009).
A township in west central New Jersey, southeast of Trenton; population 90,402 (est. 2008).
An industrial city in southwestern Ohio, north of Cincinnati; population 62,477 (est. 2008).

mclaren

US / ˈpʊʃpɪn /

•

UK / ˈpʊʃˌpɪn /

prix

US / pri: /

•

UK / pri: /

noun
(In titles) a competition in which a prize is won

raft

US / rɑ:ft /

•

UK / ræft /

noun
Pieces of wood tied together as a kind of boat
Flat rubber boat filled with air so it floats

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

aero

US / 'eərəʊ /

•

UK / 'eroʊ /

adjecitve
Of or relating to flying in aircraft

extract

US / 'ekstrækt /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrækt /

noun
Essential ingredient of a natural thing
Part taken from a longer written work
verb
To get a substance out of a plant, etc.
To get a person to share secret information
To remove something by pulling or cutting

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

perez

US / /

•

UK / /

quote

US / kwəʊt /

•

UK / kwot /

noun
Written statement of the cost of something
The (often wise or famous) words of another person
verb
To tell someone how much a task will cost
To repeat precisely what a person said or wrote

sister

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

noun
Female you share a parent with
Full-time female member of a (Christian) religion

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

acknowledge

US / ək'nɒlɪdʒ /

•

UK / ækˈnɑlɪdʒ /

verb
To say you have received a letter, gift, etc.
To say you accept the truth or value of something
to publicly express appreciation

accordingly

US / əˈkɔ:dɪŋli /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rdɪŋli /

adverb
Taking the situation into account; appropriately

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

disclose

US / dɪs'kləʊz /

•

UK / dɪˈskloz /

verb
To make once private information public

deliberately

US / dɪˈlɪbərətli /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪbərɪtlɪ /

adverb
In a careful, considered manner; on purpose
Purposely; on purpose

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

outcome

US / ˈaʊtkʌm /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌkʌm /

noun
Something that happens as a result, consequence

responsibility

US / rɪˌspɒnsə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / rɪˌspɑnsəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Job, task or thing you are expected to look after
A thing to be done because it is morally correct
State of being dependable or reliable

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

toto

US / ˈtəʊtəʊ /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtoʊ /

noun

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

bump

US / bʌmp /

•

UK / bʌmp /

noun
Act or sound of one solid object hitting another
Raised area on any smooth surface
verb
To bounce along over a rough surface
To knock against with force or violence
To move someone to a different group, time or area

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

fear

US / fɪə(r) /

•

UK / fɪr /

noun
Unpleasant feeling caused by being aware of danger
verb
To be afraid of or nervous about something

feedback

US / ˈfi:dbæk /

•

UK / ˈfidˌbæk /

noun
A response or opinion, about a service, etc.

neither

US / ˈnaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈniðɚ, ˈnaɪ- /

adjecitve
Not one or the other not either none of two things
adverb
Similarly not, also not
conjunction
Not in either case
determiner
Not one or the other
pronoun
Not either one

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

close

US / kləʊz /

•

UK / kloʊz /

adjecitve
Almost; near
(Of a friend) well-known; liked by others
Being near or related
Similar; nearly the same
verb
To come progressively nearer to something
To end; to bring to an end
To make something shut; stop from being open

extensive

US / ɪkˈstensɪv /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnsɪv /

adjecitve
Large; full or complete

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

aggressively

US / ə'ɡresɪvlɪ /

•

UK / əˈɡrɛsɪvlɪ /

adverb
Using energy and determination to achieve a goal
In a violent, angry or threatening manner

death

US / deθ /

•

UK / dɛθ /

noun
When someone dies; the end of life

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

verdict

US / ˈvɜ:dɪkt /

•

UK / ˈvɚdɪkt /

noun
Jury or judges finding or decision as to guilt

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

gain

US / ɡeɪn /

•

UK / ɡen /

noun
An increase in something, such as weight
verb
To increase in something, such as weight
To get something wanted, needed or valued

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

clearly

US / ˈklɪəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈklɪrlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is easy to understand; obviously

educate

US / ˈedʒukeɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛdʒəˌket /

verb
To teach someone in a school or college

insulate

US / 'ɪnsjʊleɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪnsəˌlet, ˈɪnsjə- /

verb
To prevent heat, electricity, sound from passing
To protect from a particular influence or danger

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

list

US / lɪst /

•

UK / lɪst /

noun
Lean of a boat to one side
Series of written names, words or numbers
verb
To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
To present for sale for a specific price
To write a series of names, words, or numbers

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

belgium

US / 'beldʒəm /

•

UK / 'beldʒəm /

noun
A monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Tr

attention

US / əˈtenʃn /

•

UK / əˈtɛnʃən /

noun
Taking notice of someone or something
(Soldiers) Standing with straight backs

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

submerge

US / səb'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / səbˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To sink or put below the surface

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

row

US / rəʊ /

•

UK / roʊ /

noun
Loud argument or quarrel between people
Straight line of things, e.g. seats in classroom
Loud, unpleasant, and undesirable noise
verb
To move a boat using oars
To argue or quarrel loudly about something

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

wiggle

US / 'wɪɡl /

•

UK / ˈwɪɡəl /

verb
To move from side to side with short fast movement

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

floor

US / flɔ:(r) /

•

UK / flɔr, flor /

noun
Large area used for a particular purpose
Part of a room on which you stand
Particular level in a building; storey
verb
To hit or push someone to the ground
To surprise or confuse someone who can't respond

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

german

US / ˈdʒɜːmən /

•

UK / ˈdʒɜːrmən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Germany
noun
Person from Germany

particular

US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

adjecitve
One specific (one)
Having firm ideas about what is desirable
Being special or more than is typical

plead

US / pli:d /

•

UK / plid /

verb
To ask or beg for something in an urgent way
To say if you are guilty of a crime, or not

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

unwittingly

US / ʌnˈwɪtɪŋli /

•

UK / ˌʌnˈwɪtɪŋlɪ /

adverb
Without knowledge or intention

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

verb
To cause a change in something else

dampener

US / 'dæmpənə /

•

UK / 'dæmpənə /

noun
Device on cars to make the car ride smoothly

efficiency

US / ɪˈfɪʃnsi /

•

UK / ɪˈfɪʃənsi /

noun
Working well; producing something without waste

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

height

US / haɪt /

•

UK / haɪt /

noun
Distance of something from the bottom to the top

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

session

US / ˈseʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛʃən /

noun
Period of time used for a specific activity
Series of meetings for e.g. a court, legislature

translate

US / trænsˈleɪt /

•

UK / trænsˈlet /

verb
To change something into a different state
To be equivalent to; equate to
To change a text, speech into a different language
To change words from one language into another

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

trigger

US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

noun
Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
Device that starts a process
verb
To start a process off e.g. a memory

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

external

US / eksˈtə:nl /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɚnəl /

adjecitve
Concerning foreign countries
Concerning the outside of something; outer
Coming from the outside

format

US / ˈfɔ:mæt /

•

UK / ˈfɔ:rmæt /

noun
Form, design, or arrangement of something
verb
To set the appearance of a text in a certain way
To set a computer back to its original state

frame

US / freɪm /

•

UK / frem /

noun
Structure that holds a picture or photo
A person's body shape determined by their skeleton
Main part of structures supporting the other parts
verb
To make a person that is not guilty appear guilty
To put say or write something in a careful way
To put a picture in a protective structure

illegal

US / ɪ'li:ɡl /

•

UK / ɪˈliɡəl /

adjecitve
Not allowed by the laws or rules

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

titanium

US / tɪˈteɪniəm /

•

UK / taɪˈteniəm, tɪ- /

noun
Light, extremely strong, whitish silver metal

exclude

US / ɪk'sklu:d /

•

UK / ɪk'sklu:d /

verb
To prevent someone from taking part in something

hurt

US / hɜ:t /

•

UK / hɚt /

noun
Mental, emotional, or physical pain
verb
To cause pain, damage or injury

inevitably

US / ɪnˈevɪtəbli /

•

UK / ɪnˈevɪtəbli /

adverb
(Happening) with complete certainty

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

lando

US / ˈlændfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈlændfɔ:rm /

insert

US / ɪnˈsɜ:t /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɜ:rt /

noun
Act of putting into a certain place or spot
verb
To put something into a certain place or spot

austin

US / ˈɔ:stin /

•

UK / ˈɔstən /

noun
State capital of Texas on the Colorado River; site of the University of Texas

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

flag

US / flæɡ /

•

UK / flæɡ /

noun
Piece of cloth representing a team, country etc.
verb
To indicate something should get special attention
To work, run etc. more slowly or with less power

inexact

US / ˌɪnɪɡˈzækt /

•

UK / ˌɪnɪɡˈzækt /

adjecitve
Not exact; not accurate or precise

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

scrutiny

US / 'skru:tənɪ /

•

UK / ˈskrutni /

noun
Careful examination, as to see rules are followed

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

downforce

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Pressure generated by a car moving over a surface

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

stack

US / stæk /

•

UK / stæk /

noun
A large number or amount of something
Large tube through which smoke exits a building
verb
To arrange cards in a certain order, to cheat
To put one thing on top of another, e.g. boxes

throughout

US / θru:ˈaʊt /

•

UK / θruˈaʊt /

adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

blunt

US / blʌnt /

•

UK / blʌnt /

adjecitve
Without a sharp edge or point
verb
To make dull or lessen the sharpness of something

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

minimum

US / ˈmɪnɪməm /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəməm /

noun
Smallest degree or level that is acceptable

onlooker

US / ˈɒnlʊkə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɑ:nlʊkə(r) /

noun
Someone who looks on or watches others

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

assembly

US / ə'semblɪ /

•

UK / əˈsɛmbli /

noun
Process of putting the parts of something together
Group of people gathered for a purpose
A group of machine parts forming a tool or machine

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

boss

US / bɒs /

•

UK / bɔs, bɑs /

noun
Person in charge of you at work
verb
To give orders to someone in an unpleasant way

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

feeling

US / ˈfi:lɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfilɪŋ /

noun
Sensation or emotion you experience
verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

final

US / ˈfaɪnl /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

adjecitve
That will not be changed; permanent
Being the last thing in a series
noun
Last game in a series in a competition

mexico

US / 'meksɪkəʊ /

•

UK / 'meksɪkoʊ /

proper noun
A country in southwestern North America, with extensive coastlines on the Gulf of Mexico and the Pac

slow

US / sləʊ /

•

UK / sloʊ /

adjecitve
Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
(Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
Having difficulty understanding simple things
Moving or happening without speed; not fast
verb
To move, with less speed than before
To move or go without much speed

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

transform

US / træns'fɔ:m /

•

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

verb
To change the shape completely in a good way

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

apply

US / ə'plaɪ /

•

UK / əˈplaɪ /

verb
To spread a substance or liquid over a surface
To commit your time and effort to doing something
To make something useful in a certain situation
To be relevant for a situation
To ask formally for (job, permission etc.)

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

plain

US / pleɪn /

•

UK / plen /

adjecitve
Obvious; clearly so, true
Very simple, ordinary; not decorated; not striped
noun
Wide open area of flat, dry land

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

cautiously

US / 'kɔ:ʃəslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɔʃəslɪ /

adverb
In a manner to avoid risk or danger

limitation

US / ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌlɪmɪˈteʃən /

noun
Act of controlling or reducing the size of

likelihood

US / ˈlaɪklihʊd /

•

UK / ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd /

noun
Chance that something might happen

march

US / mɑ:tʃ /

•

UK / mɑ:rtʃ /

noun
Walk by a group of soldiers who walk in time
3rd month of the year
Music played for soldiers to walk in time to
Progress towards a future time or place
Public walk by a group to demand change
verb
To force someone to walk somewhere
(Soldiers) to walk in time with others
To walk as a group to demand some kind of change
To walk somewhere quickly often in an angry manner

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

perceive

US / pə'si:v /

•

UK / pɚˈsiv /

verb
To notice or become aware of something
To think of someone or something in a certain way

substantial

US / səbˈstænʃl /

•

UK / səbˈstænʃəl /

adjecitve
(Of a meal) able to satisfy your hunger; filling
Being large in degree, quantity, or size
Being strongly and firmly made or built

champion

US / 'tʃæmpɪən /

•

UK / 'tʃæmpɪən /

noun
Person who fights for or supports strongly
verb
To support or fight for something you believe in

excessive

US / ɪkˈsesɪv /

•

UK / ɪkˈsɛsɪv /

adjecitve
Beyond what is usual or proper

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

reasonable

US / ˈri:znəbl /

•

UK / ˈrizənəbəl /

adjecitve
Being somewhat good, but not great
Fair and sensible; appropriate

roland

US / ˈrəulənd /

•

UK / ˈrolənd, rɔˈlɑŋ /

proper noun
The most famous of Charlemagne's paladins, hero of the Chanson de Roland (12th century). He is said

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

expect

US / ɪk'spekt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

verb
To believe something is probably going to happen

fuel

US / 'fju:əl /

•

UK / ˈfjuəl /

noun
Material used to produce heat or power when burned
verb
To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
To provide gas or petrol for something

george

US / dʒɔ:dʒ /

•

UK / dʒɔ:dʒ /

noun
Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in whic

presumably

US / prɪˈzju:məbli /

•

UK / prɪˈzu:məbli /

adverb
So as to be likely to be true or correct

spec

US / spek /

•

UK / spɛk /

noun
Detailed description of design criteria

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

weigh

US / weɪ /

•

UK / weɪ /

verb
To balance things against each other
To consider something carefully to form an opinion
To determine the weight of, using scales

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

member

US / ˈmembə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

noun
Part of the body of a human, animal
Person or thing belonging to a group or team

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

skid

US / skɪd /

•

UK / skɪd /

noun
An uncontrolled slide along a surface
verb
To slide along a surface in an uncontrolled way

circumstance

US / 'sɜ:kəmstəns /

•

UK / ˈsɚkəmˌstæns /

noun
Condition or fact that affects a situation

compound

US / 'kɒmpaʊnd /

•

UK / kɑmˈpaUnd /

adjecitve
(Of a term) created by combining two or more words
noun
Series of buildings that are walled or fenced off
Chemical made up of several others
Closed walled area, as in a prison
Something formed by combining elements/parts
Term created by using two or more words together
verb
To pay interest on a loan including the interest
To make something from various parts or components
To make a mistake or problem worse

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

nowadays

US / ˈnaʊədeɪz /

•

UK / ˈnaʊəˌdez /

adverb
At the present time; now

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

victory

US / 'vɪktərɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɪktəri /

noun
Defeating or beating someone or something

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

limited

US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

adjecitve
(Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
With restrictions; not broad in scope
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

subject

US / 'sʌbdʒɪkt /

•

UK / ˈsʌbdʒekt /

noun
Citizen of an area or country
The person or thing that does the action of a verb
People who take part in experiments or tests
An area of study at school, e.g. math, history
What a book, article etc. is about; theme
verb
To cause to suffer or experience something

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

bumpy

US / 'bʌmpɪ /

•

UK / ˈbʌmpi /

adjecitve
Being rough, or not smooth
(Of a time) having many difficulties

controversy

US / 'kɒntrəvɜ:sɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɑntrəˌvɚsi /

noun
Strong public disagreement about something

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

hour

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

noun
60 minutes
Particular time of the day
Fixed, regularly occurring time

mercedes

US / /

•

UK / /

max

US / mæks /

•

UK / mæks /

noun
Person's name
Short for 'maximum'

norris

US / 'nɔ:məlaɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / 'nɔ:məlaɪzɪŋ /

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

victim

US / ˈvɪktɪm /

•

UK / ˈvɪktɪm /

noun
Person/thing affected by an unpleasant event
Person/animal killed and offered as a sacrifice
Person feeling helpless in times of bad luck
Person who is tricked or made to suffer

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

constant

US / 'kɒnstənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

adjecitve
Happening frequently or without pause
noun
Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

prevail

US / prɪˈveɪl /

•

UK / prɪˈvel /

verb
To be successful against enemy/problem
To exist at a certain time; to be common

strong

US / strɒŋ /

•

UK / strɔŋ /

adjecitve
(Of tea or beer) dark or thick
Having big muscles; physically powerful

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

wing

US / wɪŋ /

•

UK / wɪŋ /

noun
Part of an animal's body that is used for flying
One of the two parts on the side of a plane, bird
verb
To fly to a place

coincidence

US / kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns /

•

UK / koʊˈɪnsɪdəns /

noun
Occurrence by chance, not design or planned
State in which two ideas or opinions are the same

disqualification

US / dɪsˌkwɒlɪfɪ'keɪʃn /

•

UK / dɪsˌkwɑləfɪˈkeʃən /

noun
Not meeting the criteria for a contest, etc.

everybody

US / ˈevribɒdi /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi /

pronoun
Every person; everyone

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

lower

US / 'ləʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊɚ, laʊr /

adjecitve
In a position more near the bottom
verb
To move something downward to the ground

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

specifically

US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

•

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

adverb
As regards a particular thing; closely related to
In particular

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

unique

US / jʊ'ni:k /

•

UK / juˈnik /

adjecitve
Unlike other things; being the only one like it

test

US / test /

•

UK / test /

noun
A medical examination
Action to establish the truth or nature of
Examination; questions to measure knowledge
verb
To be given a medical examination
To try to establish the truth or nature of
To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

convince

US / kən'vɪns /

•

UK / kənˈvɪns /

verb
To persuade someone, or make them feel sure

competitive

US / kəmˈpetətɪv /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Being strongly driven to win or be better than

generate

US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

verb
To create or be produced or bring into existence
To create electricity, heat, energy and power

martin

US / ˈmɑ:tn /

•

UK / ˈmɑrtn: /

other
Any of various swallows with squarish or slightly forked tail and long pointed wings; migrate around

pace

US / peɪs /

•

UK / pes /

noun
Rate of speed at which something moves or happens
Single step, often used to measure a distance
verb
To set and control your speed, as in a race
To walk with slow purposeful steps

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

rear

US / rɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪr /

noun
Part of the human body that you sit on; buttocks
verb
To care for a young animal, child into adulthood
(Of horse) to raise the body up on the back legs

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

anyway

US / ˈeniweɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwe /

adverb
A word used to change the topic of a conversation

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

brake

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Mechanism on car, train, bike to make it slow down
verb
To stop or slow down a car when driving

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

field

US / fi:ld /

•

UK / fild /

noun
Area of study, such as physics or biology
Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
Open area of land, especially without buildings
Grassed area where you play some sports
verb
To respond to something or answer a question
To catch or stop a ball during a game

fia

US / /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
FIA is an acronym

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

punish

US / 'pʌnɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌnɪʃ /

verb
To make someone suffer for doing something wrong
To treat something or someone roughly

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

steward

US / ˈstju:əd /

•

UK / ˈstu:ərd /

noun
Person who manages an event or activity
Male cabin attendant on an airplane

wooden

US / ˈwʊdn /

•

UK / ˈwʊdn /

adjecitve
(Of acting) without natural emotion; unconvincing
Made of wood

Introduction to Video Content

The United States Grand Prix in 2023 marked Mercedes and Lewis Hamilton's best weekend of the season, where they faced their strongest challenge against Red Bull and Max Verstappen. However, their impressive performance ended in disappointment as both Hamilton and Ferrari's Charles Leclerc were disqualified due to a breach of a near 30-year-old rule. In contrast, Red Bull had not made the same mistake and Verstappen's victory stood. The rule in question pertains to the thickness of the plank assembly under the cars, with a minimum requirement of 9mm after a competitive session due to wear. The existence of this rule for almost three decades, since the 1994 German Grand Prix, makes it difficult for either team to plead ignorance. The rule had previously caught out Michael Schumacher in the 1994 Belgian Grand Prix, where he lost his victory due to excessive plank wear on his Benetton. Despite the disappointment, Mercedes had shown significant improvement over the weekend, and we will delve into the factors that almost led to a rare defeat for the dominant world champion Verstappen. The plank is now checked at the peripheries of the holes in which titanium skidblocks are inserted.

Subtitles section

Mercedes and Lewis Hamilton's best weekend of 2023 ended in the worst possible outcome.

Their strongest challenge against Red Bull and Max Verstappen yet ended in a disqualification through a rare breach of a near 30-year-old rule, with Ferrari falling foul of this as well.

Red Bull was checked for the same offence, hadn't made the same mistake, and therefore Verstappen's victory stood.

Conversely, Hamilton was stripped of his second place at the United States Grand Prix just a few hours after chasing Verstappen closely in his upgraded Mercedes in easily his and his team's most competitive showing of the season, while Ferrari's Charles Leclerc got excluded from 6th place at the same time.

Their cars breached the same technical regulation that refers to the thickness of the plank assembly under the car, with a minimum thickness of 9mm accepted after a competitive session due to wear.

It put a dampener on a much-improved weekend for Mercedes, even if there were a few factors behind dominant world champion Verstappen almost suffering a rare defeat, but we'll come to that shortly.

The plank rule that caught out two of F1's best teams has existed for almost 30 years, since the 1994 German Grand Prix, part of a raft of safety-driven initiatives in the wake of the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at Imola that year.

so it's not exactly one that either team could plead ignorance over.

An instant high-profile victim of the new rule was Michael Schumacher, who lost victory in the 1994 Belgian Grand Prix because of excessive plank wear on his Benetton.

Nowadays, the plank is checked at the peripheries of the holes in which titanium skidblocks are inserted.

It's been the source of constant scrutiny and controversy since the new ground effect rules were introduced last year, as teams have kept playing games or been suspected of playing games with skid blocks that submerge into the floor or have insulating material between the plank and the floor body itself.

It's led to the regulations being adjusted a few times in the form of technical directives most recently after the summer break this year, and it all comes down to the same point.

Teams want to run their cars as low as possible, especially in this rule set.

But why were Mercedes and Ferrari specifically caught out at Austin?

An obvious factor is the sprint weekend format for this Grand Prix.

It's reasonable to contend that neither Mercedes nor Ferrari would have tripped up on a normal weekend with three free practice sessions.

But the single one-hour practice session before qualifying on Friday when car setups had to be locked in and park-firmo restrictions applied complicated things, especially on a track like this which is particularly bumpy.

Mercedes was convinced this was what had gone awry in its case and caused higher than expected wear levels, especially as it was running an upgrade in the US that had to be evaluated in Friday practice.

Coincidentally or not, this was a new flaw.

Basically, by not running a full race fuel load in Friday practice, having to make educated guesses about the severity of the bumps and then using the kerbs aggressively throughout the Grand Prix, judging the ride height is an inexact science.

But it's the same for everybody and as Mercedes team boss Toto Wolff admitted, others got it right, Mercedes got it wrong and there's no wiggle room in the rules.

The stewards pointed out in their verdict that it is the responsibility of the teams to ensure the car is legal.

And there have been occasions when teams have broken park ferme on sprint weekends because of fears about plank wear.

for example, Alpine in Baku this year.

But making those kinds of changes means having to start the race from the pits.

In hindsight, both Ferrari and Mercedes would have taken that compromise.

Without knowing what was coming though, they unwittingly locked themselves into this Sunday outcome with their setup choices on Friday.

The FIA conducts extensive legality checks in post-race scrutineering and publishes a full list of everything that is checked.

This stretched to four pages worth of items after the United States Grand Prix, but it's impractical to check absolutely every aspect of all the cars, so the FIA has to apply some discretion.

For example, every car is weighed for obvious reasons, but only the Red Bull of Sergio Perez, the McLaren of Lando Norris and the Alfa Tauri of Yuki Tsunoda were subjected to a battery of surface aerodynamic components or bodywork tests like the floor edges and front and rear wings.

As for a physical floor and plank wear inspection check at Austin, only four cars were assessed – Leclerc's, Hamilton's, Norris' and race winner Verstappen's.

You'll notice that this means one car from each of the top 4 teams was chosen.

That's not a coincidence.

Usually the choice of cars is random, but the FIA can pick specific ones too if it wants to check cars that have looked close to the legality limit in recent races, for example.

But also, the floor and plank aren't always on the to-do list, at least based on what the FIA discloses.

As far as we can tell, the last physical floor and plank wear inspection carried out post-race was in Singapore, on Verstappen's Red Bull and Fernando Alonso's Aston Martin.

No cars had this check in Japan or Qatar, presumably because the risk of plank wear was perceived to be a lot lower, and that is because circumstances also play a part in what the FIA looks at and when.

As the disqualified teams acknowledged at Austin, the nature of the circuit and the sprint weekend format clearly created the potential for some plank trouble, which makes it likely that the officials specifically wanted to check the leading cars for compliance.

But there are no provisions for sister cars to be checked once an infringement has been found.

So unless Hamilton and Leclerc were just plain unlucky, or their teammates' cars were running slightly higher ride heights and would have been found to be in compliance anyway, it's possible that Ferrari and Mercedes have also avoided what would have been disqualifications for Carlos Sainz and George Russell too.

And there could be other teams or cars further down the order who have got away with it because they simply were not checked.

Given there's often been a lot of attention on Red Bull's dominant RB19 and questions over whether various technical directives over the last 18 months or so could hurt its performance, you might wonder why two slower cars got caught out, but the dominant one is just fine.

First of all, this isn't a case of Red Bull getting away with something that others are being punished for.

It's got away with nothing.

As we've mentioned, Verstappen's car was checked and it was compliant.

With the RB19, Red Bull has often enjoyed the ability to run low without triggering the porpoising of other cars which is probably a function of its sophisticated floor design and more compliant rear suspension, but it has made plank wear a potential limitation at some tracks.

Other, less sophisticated cars were finding porpoising problems well before they got so low that the plank was an issue, so this has been on Red Bull's radar for longer than other teams.

Plank wear concern played its part in the team's Singapore difficulties for example, and in Belgium Verstappen and Sergio Perez were lifting every lap before Eau Rouge to avoid smashing the plank as the car compressed going up the hill.

So in unique cases, such as with the Austin track surface, the Red Bull can no longer run lower than the others, because everyone's limitation becomes plank wear and even Red Bull increases its ride heights accordingly.

That cost Red Bull some of its aero efficiency, forcing it to run a bigger rear wing just like the others and blunted some of its performance advantage, but crucially, it ensured legality.

On the subject of Red Bull, it's worth understanding that the ride height compromise was one of several reasons contributing to Verstappen winning by only 2.2 seconds at the chequered flag.

He had also only started on the third row after getting his best lap deleted for a track limits infringement in qualifying, had to make his way past other cars while looking after his tyres around a circuit with high tyre degradation

and had a braking problem which then compounded into some tyre temperature difficulties.

During his march to the front of the field, Verstappen had to take care to preserve his rear tyres, having hurt them to a degree passing the Ferraris, but of more concern was his feeling on the brake pedal, which from very early in the race, just felt quite wooden.

There was no feedback coming through it, so he couldn't feel if it was his fronts or rears on the point of locking, and as he braked conservatively because of that, he began losing front tyre temperature, causing a vicious circle as it increased the likelihood of locking the fronts.

Despite all of that, Verstappen prevailed, and he wasn't disqualified either.

Which all leads into one final thought.

Does the optimism around Mercedes' upgrade that followed such an encouraging result immediately after the race stack up in the cold light of day?

As Mark Reilly said in the Race Members Club, in order for Hamilton to almost beat a Red Bull, Verstappen had to start 6th and have brake issues, and Mercedes also ended up with an illegal car.

Framed like that, it does take the edge off what clearly looked like a very effective floor upgrade, which brought performance but also gave Hamilton in particular a lot more confidence.

Hamilton had felt this is where a bigger step in pace came from.

He was able to lean on the car and extract more of its potential than before.

We've heard countless times this season and last year too that Hamilton and Russell have been limited by an unpredictable car that they often don't feel that well connected to.

This was different in Austin, but understandably many onlookers, as with the common in our members club, are now wondering whether the upgraded floor played a part in the disqualification and how much the performance could have been influenced by running so low as to induce illegal amounts of wear.

Of course it's possible that the upgrade was a factor as it will have affected the way the ground effect floor works, but realistically, it's not a substantial enough change to have caused this outright.

The lack of setup time with the new spec could have led to problems, but given Ferrari, without any upgrades this weekend, also hit trouble, it's far more likely to be external conditions that led to the excess wear than a specific change on the Mercedes.

As for how much difference it made to performance, it's true that running lower can make the ground effect floor work harder and therefore generate more downforce, but there's nothing to suggest that the Mercedes or Ferrari were running in a ride height range that would have transformed their pace either way.

What's more, if you run the car too low and hit the ground, that can have a negative effect on performance.

Teams are also cautious about plank wear because it's almost inevitably an instant exclusion, so it would be absurd to deliberately take the risk just because it confers a performance gain.

Hamilton said in a quote issued after his disqualification that it doesn't take away from the progress made with the upgrade and the team described itself as cautiously optimistic that the step will still translate into future races.

Only in Mexico and other Grand Prix will we and Mercedes know for sure.