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How The "Net Zero" Investing Market Became Worthless Overnight

Original YouTube Video | HowMoneyWorks Published on 2023-09-24 Level：85 Speed：78 maxwordlevel：29

Video vocabulary

happy

US / ˈhæpi /

•

UK / ˈhæpi /

adjecitve
Feeling pleasure or joy; glad

incentive

US / ɪnˈsentɪv /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɛntɪv /

noun
Something that encourages you to do something

flip

US / flɪp /

•

UK / flɪp /

noun
Act of turning your body in the air; somersault
Movement of something from one position to another
verb
To turn your body in the air, as in gymnastics
To move into a different position quickly
To move a button or switch to turn on or off

pat

US / pæt /

•

UK / pæt /

noun
Person's name
verb
To hit or touch lightly

program

US / 'prəʊɡræm /

•

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

noun
Small book of events in a play, concert or movie
A plan or schedule of events
Series of classes at a college or university
A computer application
TV show
verb
To make someone act or think in a certain way
To write computer code for a piece of software

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

respondent

US / rɪˈspɒndənt /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑ:ndənt /

noun
Person who makes a reply to someone or something
Person who must answer questions in a court

school

US / sku:l /

•

UK / skul /

adjecitve
Being to do with schools and education
noun
Large group of fish that swim together
Education of a child
Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
A particular belief or idea about something
verb
To teach or train someone to know or do something

subscription

US / səbˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / səbˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Regular payment for a service, magazine etc.

shop

US / ʃɒp /

•

UK / ʃɑ:p /

noun
Place to learn how to fix or make things; class
Place where things are fixed or repaired, e.g. cars
Place which sells things
verb
To look for or buy goods or services

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

trend

US / trend /

•

UK / trɛnd /

noun
Current style or fashion
Direction things are moving in; current style
General direction that is taken
verb
To be current and popular
To move up or down

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

harvard

US / 'bɪlɪ /

•

UK / ˈbɪli /

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

vanguard

US / ˈvængɑ:d /

•

UK / ˈvængɑ:rd /

noun
Group who are the leaders in an action or movement

university

US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

noun
High-level educational institution; college

environmentally

US / ɪnˌvaɪrən'mentəlɪ /

•

UK / ɪnˌvaɪrən'mentəlɪ /

adverb
So as to affect the environment/the natural world

fund

US / fʌnd /

•

UK / fʌnd /

noun
Money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
A specific account into which you put money
verb
To supply money for something

profit

US / 'prɒfɪt /

•

UK / 'prɑ:fɪt /

noun
Benefit from doing something
Money earned from sales, after costs are deducted
verb
To be a benefit to someone
To earn money from something

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

regulator

US / ˈregjuleɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəˌletɚ /

noun
Device controlling the amount, speed, or level
Official who makes sure rules are followed

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

actor

US / ˈæktə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæktɚ /

noun
Person who acts in the theater, movies, or TV

criticize

US / ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪz /

verb
To assess the work of others
To say that someone or something is bad

diversity

US / daɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈvə:sɪti, daɪ- /

noun
Having a range of different races, ideas etc.

argue

US / ˈɑ:gju: /

•

UK / ˈɑ:rgju: /

verb
To fight or disagree over something
To state your reasons for or against an idea

ethical

US / ˈeθɪkl /

•

UK / ˈɛθɪkəl /

adjecitve
Morally right; following principles of goodness
Involving the choice between right and wrong

method

US / 'meθəd /

•

UK / ˈmɛθəd /

noun
(Organized and planned) way of doing something

language

US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

noun
Words or signs used to communicate messages

audit

US / ˈɔ:dɪt /

•

UK / ˈɔdɪt /

noun
Examining financial accounts to ensure accuracy
verb
To examine (finances) carefully for accuracy

addictive

US / əˈdɪktɪv /

•

UK / əˈdɪktɪv /

adjecitve
Being powerless to stop doing or using something

unfortunately

US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

•

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

adverb
In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

vary

US / ˈveəri /

•

UK / ˈveri /

verb
To change something and make it different
To be changeable, both up and down

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

researcher

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

noun
Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

offset

US / ˈɒfset /

•

UK / ˈɔ:fset /

adjecitve
(Of printing) using inked plates
noun
Compensation or counterbalance
verb
To compensate for or counterbalance the effect of

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

investment

US / ɪnˈvestmənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛstmənt /

noun
Something purchased hoping its value will increase
Act of giving time, energy to see a future reward

emit

US / ɪ'mɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈmɪt /

verb
To release or send out (a gas, etc.)

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

client

US / 'klaɪənt /

•

UK / ˈklaɪənt /

noun
Person paying for professional services

valuable

US / ˈvæljuəbl /

•

UK / ˈvæljuəbəl, ˈvæljə- /

adjecitve
Being useful or important
Being worth a lot of money

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

goal

US / ɡəʊl /

•

UK / ɡol /

noun
Something you try to do or achieve; an aim
(Sports) net into which you put a ball to score
(Sports) act of scoring by putting a ball in a net

hideous

US / ˈhɪdiəs /

•

UK / ˈhɪdiəs /

adjecitve
Very ugly; frightening-looking

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

trader

US / 'treɪdə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtredɚ /

noun
Someone who buys and sells stocks

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

price

US / praɪs /

•

UK / praɪs /

noun
Person's name
Cost of something in money
verb
To determine or set the cost of something

legal

US / 'li:ɡl /

•

UK / ˈliɡəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the law; allowed by law

investor

US / ɪnˈvestə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛstɚ /

noun
Person who spends money to help businesses grow

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

effective

US / ɪˈfektɪv /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Working efficiently to produce a desired result

candidate

US / ˈkændɪdət /

•

UK / ˈkændɪˌdet, -dɪt /

noun
Politician who is running for public office

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

clothing

US / ˈkləʊðɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈkloʊðɪŋ /

noun
Things you wear on your body, e.g. shirt or dress
verb
To put a certain type of clothing on someone; dress

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

love

US / lʌv /

•

UK / lʌv /

noun
Person's name
A very strong feeling of affection
The person you care very deeply about
Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
verb
To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

maximize

US / ˈmæksɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmæksəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make as large or great as possible

koch

US / kɔtʃ /

•

UK / /

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

capital

US / 'kæpɪtl /

•

UK / ˈkæpɪtl /

adjecitve
Main, or major
noun
Writing the first letter of a word in big letters
Official main city of a country, province or state
Collective name for money, shares, and assets
Money that is used for a business

youtube

US / 'ju:tju:b /

•

UK / 'ju:tu:b /

transitive verb
Upload a video of (someone or something) to the video-sharing website YouTube.

verify

US / 'verɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛrəˌfaɪ /

verb
To prove that something is right, accurate or true

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

musk

US / mʌsk /

•

UK / mʌsk /

noun
Strong sweet-smelling substance used in perfume

crack

US / kræk /

•

UK / kræk /

noun
Attempt to achieve a goal or objective
Unexpected and hard hit to the body
Joke or impolite comment about something
Sound that is short, unexpected and loud
Small gap between two things or parts of things
verb
To attempt to achieve a goal or objective
To hit someone or something hard and unexpectedly
To tell (a joke)
To solve a challenging problem or mystery
To make a sound that is short, unexpected and loud
To lose control, e.g. under pressure; break down
To break so lines appear, but it is not in pieces

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

switzerland

US / 'swɪtsələnd /

•

UK / 'swɪtsərlənd /

other
A landlocked federal republic in central Europe

surprisingly

US / sə'praɪzɪŋlɪ /

•

UK / səˈpraɪzɪŋlɪ /

adverb
In an unexpected manner; to an unexpected degree

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

therefore

US / ˈðeəfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈðerfɔ:(r) /

adverb
And so; for that reason

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

january

US / ˈdʒænjuəri /

•

UK / ˈdʒænjueri /

noun
1st month of the year

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

deforestation

US / diːˌfɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən /

•

UK / diːˌfɔːr.əˈsteɪ.ʃən /

noun
Process of removing the trees from an area

cheap

US / tʃi:p /

•

UK / tʃip /

adjecitve
Not costing a lot of money
Having a low quality or value
Not liking to spend money; mean; stingy

climate

US / ˈklaɪmət /

•

UK / ˈklaɪmɪt /

noun
Typical weather conditions in a particular place

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

scheme

US / ski:m /

•

UK / skim /

noun
Plan (sometimes dishonest) to get or do something
Way something is organized, e.g. colors of a room
verb
To make secret plans to do something (often bad)

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

forty

US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔrti /

number
40

nineteen

US / ˌnaɪnˈti:n /

•

UK / naɪnˈtin /

number
19

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

environmental

US / ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl /

•

UK / ɛnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntl:, -ˌvaɪən /

adjecitve
Of the natural world of plants and animals

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

ton

US / tʌn /

•

UK / tʌn /

noun
Unit of weight; 907 kilograms (US); 1016 (UK)

podcast

US / 'pɒdkɑ:st /

•

UK / 'pɑ:dkæst /

noun
A digital recording (e.g. radio show) for download

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

exxon

US / ˈɛksɑn /

•

UK / /

exclude

US / ɪk'sklu:d /

•

UK / ɪk'sklu:d /

verb
To prevent someone from taking part in something

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

risky

US / ˈrɪski /

•

UK / ˈrɪski /

adjecitve
With the chance it may be dangerous, unsuccessful

literally

US / ˈlɪtərəli /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

adverb
So as to express the exact meaning of something
Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

fifteen

US / ˌfɪfˈti:n /

•

UK / fɪfˈtin /

number
15

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

behalf

US / bɪˈhɑːf /

•

UK / bɪˈhæf /

company

US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

•

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

noun
Good feeling from being with someone else
A business that sells things or provides services
Guests, especially in your home
Being with another person rather than alone

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

press

US / pres /

•

UK / prɛs /

noun
Machine using pressure to shape, flatten, squeeze
General term for TV, radio, newspapers
A machine that prints books and newspapers
verb
To make clothes smooth using a heated iron; iron
To repeatedly ask someone to do something
To print something such as a book or newspaper
To push something against something else
To squeeze the liquid out of grapes, etc.

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

reduce

US / rɪ'dju:s /

•

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
To make something smaller in size, amount, level

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

bombshell

US / ˈbɒmʃel /

•

UK / ˈbɑ:mʃel /

noun
Unexpected, shocking piece of news

amazon

US / 'æməzən /

•

UK / 'æməzən /

noun
A large strong and aggressive woman
other
Mainly green tropical American parrots

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

industry

US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

noun
Hard work; being busy working
Factories or businesses that make certain products

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

blackrock

US / ˈblæˌkrɑk /

•

UK / /

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

scientifically

US / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

adverb
In an manner that follows the rules of science

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

release

US / rɪ'li:s /

•

UK / rɪ'li:s /

noun
Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
verb
To free someone from a responsibility or burden
To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
To let go of something you are holding

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

inclusion

US / ɪnˈklu:ʒn /

•

UK / ɪnˈkluʒən /

noun
Act of including; person, thing that is included

finance

US / ˈfaɪnæns /

•

UK / fəˈnæns, faɪ-, ˈfaɪˌnæns /

adjecitve
Concerned with money
noun
Control of money a person, business has access to
verb
To support someone or something financially

governance

US / ˈgʌvənəns /

•

UK / ˈɡʌvənəns /

noun
Way a government is run; function of a government

friendly

US / ˈfrendli /

•

UK / ˈfrɛndli /

adjecitve
Acting like a friend; kind and helpful
noun
Game played not in a competition

brand

US / brænd /

•

UK / brænd /

noun
A mark burned on an animal to show who owns it
Product made or designed by a named company
verb
To burn a mark on an animal to show who owns it
To describe someone as a liar, coward, etc.
To give a famous name to a product or service

height

US / haɪt /

•

UK / haɪt /

noun
Distance of something from the bottom to the top

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

status

US / 'steɪtəs /

•

UK / ˈstetəs, ˈstætəs /

noun
Position or rank relative to others in a society
Legal position of a person or thing
Current state or position of a thing

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

sequestration

US / ˌsi:kwə'streɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsikwɪˈstreʃən, ˌsɛkwɪ- /

noun
Act of sequestering or keeping separate

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

journal

US / ˈdʒə:nl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɚnəl /

noun
A diary; record of what you do every day
Magazine of academic papers

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

certainly

US / ˈsə:tnli /

•

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

adverb
Sure; of course

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

recommend

US / ˌrekə'mend /

•

UK / ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd /

verb
To advise or suggest that someone do something

suck

US / sʌk /

•

UK / sʌk /

noun
Drawing of liquid into a tube or hole
phrasal verb
To trick or deceive someone into doing something
verb
To be very bad, undesirable or unpleasant
To be very bad, undesirable, or unpleasant
To pull or remove something with great power
To attract someone; make someone interested
To draw into your mouth through a small hole

voluntary

US / ˈvɒləntri /

•

UK / ˈvɑ:lənteri /

adjecitve
Done or given by their own will and not forced
Done by people working willingly and without pay
Being controlled consciously

master

US / 'mɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmæstɚ /

adjecitve
Being very skilled at doing something
Being the main or most important thing or part
noun
Someone who is very skilled at doing something
Holding a higher degree from a university
Male teacher
Owner of an animal, e.g. a dog
verb
To gain control over something
To learn to do something very well

preservation

US / ˌprezəˈveɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈprɛzɚ'veʃən /

noun
Keeping something in a good, undamaged state

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

value

US / 'vælju: /

•

UK / ˈvælju /

noun
Importance you attach to something
Some information expressed as a number
Stated price of something; worth
verb
To place a high importance on something
To say how much money something is worth

claim

US / kleɪm /

•

UK / klem /

noun
Demand for something that is believed to be due
Something said to be true when others don't agree
verb
To demand something that is believed to be due
To cause someone's life to come to an end
To say something is true when others may not agree

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

mainstream

US / ˈmeɪnstri:m /

•

UK / ˈmenˌstrim /

adjecitve
considered normal, and having or using ideas, beliefs, etc. that are accepted by most people
noun
Prevailing current of thought

stakeholder

US / ˈsteɪkhəʊldə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsteɪkhoʊldə(r) /

noun
Someone who holds a financial share of a business

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

eventually

US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

•

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

adverb
After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

impact

US / 'ɪmpækt /

•

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

noun
A striking effect or result to hit with force
Very strong influence
Act or force of one thing hitting something else
verb
To hit or strike someone or something with force

index

US / ˈɪndeks /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌdɛks /

noun
Number showing how prices, wages changed over time
Written or printed (usually alphabetical) list
verb
To adjust a value/wages as other things change
To make a list of things in alphabetical order

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

secure

US / sɪ'kjʊə(r) /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊr /

adjecitve
Being attached to something tightly and surely
(Place that is) locked, guarded and safe
verb
To get or achieve something with certainty
To firmly attach something to something else
To protect from danger or harm, keep things safe

outperform

US / ˌaʊtpəˈfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˌaʊtpərˈfɔ:rm /

verb
To achieve more than other competitors

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

witness

US / 'wɪtnəs /

•

UK / ˈwɪtnɪs /

noun
Person who was present to see an event take place
Evidence or proof of something
verb
To see the signing of an official document
To see an event take place (usually a crime)
To serve as an example or evidence of something

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

advocate

US / 'ædvəkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈædvəˌket /

noun
A lawyer who protects a clients interests
Person who supports a movement for changes
verb
To request change
To publicly support a belief

enforce

US / ɪnˈfɔ:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈfɔ:rs /

verb
To force something to be done or accepted
To make (a rule) active or effective

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

logo

US / 'ləʊɡəʊ /

•

UK / ˈloˌɡo /

noun
Name, symbol or picture which represents a company

firm

US / fɜ:m /

•

UK / fɚm /

adjecitve
Fairly hard or solid, not soft
Unchanging and strong
noun
Company that sells goods or services
verb
To make something become more solid or durable

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

boardroom

US / 'bɔ:dru:m /

•

UK / ˈbɔrdˌrum, -ˌrʊm, ˈbord- /

noun
Room where top officials meet

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

manager

US / ˈmænɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒɚ /

noun
Person who controls and runs a business or group

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

suppose

US / sə'pəʊz /

•

UK / səˈpoʊz /

conjunction
What if
verb
To imagine or guess what might happen

vision

US / 'vɪʒn /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒən /

noun
Ability to see; eyesight
Something you see in your imagination or dreams
Ability to plan for the future of something

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

annual

US / ˈænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈænjuəl /

adjecitve
Happening once a year, or every year
noun
Book (in a series) released each year

attract

US / ə'trækt /

•

UK / əˈtrækt /

verb
To make something move closer using magnetic force
To make someone notice and become interested in

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

kick

US / kɪk /

•

UK / kɪk /

noun
Feeling of enjoyment or excitement
verb
To hit or move something with the foot

offer

US / 'ɒfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

noun
Price you say you are willing to pay for something
Act of making a thing available to be accepted
verb
To suggest a price you are willing to pay
To give the opportunity to accept something
To say you are willing to do something
To give or say something as an act of worship

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

registry

US / ˈredʒɪstri /

•

UK / ˈrɛdʒɪstri /

noun
Place where official records are kept

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

lesson

US / 'lesn /

•

UK / ˈlɛsən /

noun
Something done to learn or teach something; class
Wisdom or knowledge received from an experience

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

ceo

US / ˌsiː iː ˈəʊ /

•

UK / ˌsiː iː ˈoʊ /

abbreviation
CEO for Chief Operating Officer

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

ethic

US / ˈeθɪk /

•

UK / ˈɛθɪk /

noun
Set of moral principles; rules of behavior

law

US / lɔ: /

•

UK / lɔ /

noun
Field of study that relates to the legal profession
A rule made and enforced by a government
System or rules made by the government

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

september

US / sepˈtembə(r) /

•

UK / sɛpˈtɛmbɚ /

noun
9th month of the year

politic

US / ˈpɒlətɪk /

•

UK / ˈpɑlɪtɪk /

adjecitve
Careful what you say; diplomatic

script

US / skrɪpt /

•

UK / skrɪpt /

noun
Written text of a book, play, film, or speech
Set of letters or characters of a written language
verb
To write a text for a movie, play or speech

survey

US / 'sɜ:veɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɜː(r)veɪ /

noun
Broad view or general description of something
Act of measuring land or property to make a map
Set of questions used to ask people about a topic
verb
To offer a broad view or general description
To measure an area of land to make a map of it
To ask people a question about a particular topic

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

craft

US / krɑ:ft /

•

UK / kræft /

noun
Job requiring a worker to have specific skills
Vehicle that travels on water or through the air
verb
To make by hand and with much skill

apply

US / ə'plaɪ /

•

UK / əˈplaɪ /

verb
To spread a substance or liquid over a surface
To commit your time and effort to doing something
To make something useful in a certain situation
To be relevant for a situation
To ask formally for (job, permission etc.)

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

fifty

US / 'fɪftɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪfti /

number
50

security

US / sɪ'kjʊərətɪ /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊrɪtisə'kjurətɪ /

noun
Department in a company in charge of protection
Financial document, like stocks, bonds and notes
Person paid to protect property and people
Things done to protect people, buildings etc.
Condition of being safe from danger or harm

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

brother

US / ˈbrʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbrʌðɚ /

noun
A boy or man who shares a parent with you

achieve

US / ə'tʃi:v /

•

UK / əˈtʃiv /

verb
To succeed in doing good, usually by working hard

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

nestle

US / ˈnesl /

•

UK / ˈnɛsəl /

verb
To be sheltered or protected by e.g. trees, hills
To rest against something that is comfortable

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

diversify

US / daɪˈvɜ:sɪfaɪ /

•

UK / daɪˈvɜ:rsɪfaɪ /

verb
To make or become more varied
To change something and make it more varied
To add more, different businesses to your main one

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

fuel

US / 'fju:əl /

•

UK / ˈfjuəl /

noun
Material used to produce heat or power when burned
verb
To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
To provide gas or petrol for something

seven

US / ˈsevn /

•

UK / ˈsɛvən /

number
Number 7

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

cent

US / sent /

•

UK / sɛnt /

noun
100th of the basic unit of money e.g. a dollar

donation

US / dəʊˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / doʊˈneɪʃn /

noun
Gift or money given to help support a cause

fossil

US / 'fɒsl /

•

UK / ˈfɑsəl /

noun
Plant or animal that became rock after many years

neutral

US / ˈnju:trəl /

•

UK / ˈnu:trəl /

adjecitve
Something with pH value of 7
Having no positive or negative electrical charge
Not supporting either side in a war, etc.
Not taking either side in a debate; not involved
noun
Color that is dull and not bright, such as gray
The rest position for gears in a car or vehicle
Person/country not supporting a side in a war, etc.

prevent

US / prɪ'vent /

•

UK / prɪˈvɛnt /

verb
To stop something from happening or existing

register

US / 'redʒɪstə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛdʒɪstɚ /

noun
Till; machine used add up things you buy
Range of notes of a person's (singing) voice
verb
To record your name on an official list; sign up
To show an amount on a measurement device
(Of feelings) to show or make visible

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

US / səb'skraɪb /

•

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

verb
To regularly pay to receive a service

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

slow

US / sləʊ /

•

UK / sloʊ /

adjecitve
Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
(Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
Having difficulty understanding simple things
Moving or happening without speed; not fast
verb
To move, with less speed than before
To move or go without much speed

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

business

US / ˈbɪznəs /

•

UK / ˈbɪznɪs /

noun
A company formed for making profit
Matter that has to be dealt with; task; situation
Activity of working to make a profit

credit

US / 'kredɪt /

•

UK / ˈkrɛdɪt /

adjecitve
Having a positive amount of money
noun
System to buy something and pay for it later
Points earned instead of money
Quality of having a good reputation for a reason
Points earned towards a university degree
verb
To add a certain amount of money to a total
To recognize someone's achievements or help

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

sense

US / sens /

•

UK / sɛns /

noun
Certain mental feeling or emotion
Normal or clear state of mind
Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
verb
To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
To recognize the presence of something

represent

US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

verb
To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
To show or describe something in a particular way
To act on behalf of others in government
To act or speak for another person or other people

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

sticker

US / ˈstɪkə(r) /

•

UK / ˈstɪkɚ /

noun
A short pointed knife for piercing or stabbing
An adhesive label, e.g. to identify something
A particularly difficult or baffling question
Small sharp-pointed tip on a stem or leaf

email

US / 'i:meɪl /

•

UK / 'i:meɪl /

noun
A message like a letter sent by computer or phone
verb
To send an electronic letter via computer or phone

fee

US / fi: /

•

UK / fi /

noun
Amount of money paid for a particular service

mandatory

US / 'mændətərɪ /

•

UK / ˈmændəˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

adjecitve
Absolutely required; not optional

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

seventy

US / ˈsevnti /

•

UK / ˈsɛvənti /

number
70

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

award

US / ə'wɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈwɔrd /

noun
Prize given to you because you did something well
verb
To give a prize for doing something well

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

habit

US / 'hæbɪt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪt /

noun
Loose clothing like a cloak, worn by monks, nuns
Usual way of behaving; something often repeated

interested

US / ˈɪntrəstɪd /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪd, -tərɪstɪd, -təˌrɛstɪd /

adjecitve
Having had your attention taken; curious
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

favour

US / ˈfeɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfevɚ /

noun
What someone asks of you; helpful act; a kindness
verb
To prefer or promote over another

morningstar

US / ˈmɔrnɪŋˌstɑr /

•

UK / /

necessary

US / 'nesəsərɪ /

•

UK / ˈnɛsɪˌsɛri /

adjecitve
Needed or required; unavoidable

mutual

US / 'mju:tʃʊəl /

•

UK / ˈmjutʃuəl /

adjecitve
Shared between two or more people
noun

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

stock

US / stɒk /

•

UK / stɑk /

adjecitve
(E.g. of a response) standard; usual; not original
noun
Animals such as cattle kept for breeding
Tasty liquid added to stews, soups etc.
Merchandise; goods kept by a business for sale
Piece of a business, bought in the form of shares
verb
To keep some of, as items for sale

worthless

US / ˈwɜ:θləs /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:rθləs /

adjecitve
Being of no value; without positive aspects
Having no importance or value

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

calendar

US / ˈkælɪndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkæləndɚ /

noun
A table showing the days, months and years

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

mission

US / 'mɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɪʃən /

noun
A task or role someone is given to do
Special assignment given to a person or group
Group tasked with a specific duty
A task given to someone to gain or achieve
Religious group wishing to convert others
Housing for a religious group working overseas
Religious or charitable task in a foreign country

regulation

US / ˌregjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛɡjəˈleʃən /

noun
Act of controlling something with rules or orders
other

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

speculative

US / ˈspekjələtɪv /

•

UK / ˈspɛkjulətɪv, -ˌle- /

adjecitve
Not based on sure knowledge; based on intuition

revenue

US / 'revənju: /

•

UK / ˈrevənju /

noun
Money that is made by or paid to a business
Money a government collects from its people

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

corner

US / 'kɔ:nə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɔrnɚ /

noun
Place where two lines, sides, corners etc. meet
Edges of something, e.g. eyes, boxing ring
verb
To force into a position impossible to escape from
To go around a bend in the road (often by driving)

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

gambling

US / 'ɡæmblɪŋ /

•

UK / 'ɡæmblɪŋ /

noun
Act of betting money on events
verb
To play games to win money

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

US / ˈnju:zletə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnu:zletə(r) /

noun
Report or open letter giving news to a group

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

piano

US / piˈænəʊ /

•

UK / piˈæno, ˈpjæno /

adjecitve
In a soft and quiet manner (on the piano)
noun
Keyboard instrument used for playing music

restriction

US / rɪˈstrɪkʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈstrɪkʃən /

noun
Law or rule that controls or limits something

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

trade

US / treɪd /

•

UK / treid /

noun
A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
Action of buying and selling things in business
The buying and selling of goods and services
Exchanging something for something else
Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
verb
To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
To give something in return for something else

verification

US / ˌverɪfɪ'keɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌvɛrəfɪˈkeʃən /

noun
Confirmation of the truth or accuracy of something

delay

US / dɪˈleɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈle /

noun
Action of being late or happening later
verb
To wait some amount of time before doing something
To do something later than is planned or expected
To stop something from happening for a time

credential

US / krəˈdenʃl /

•

UK / krɪˈdɛnʃəl /

noun
Proof of identity or qualifications

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

skeptical

US / 'skeptɪkəl /

•

UK / 'skeptɪkəl /

adjecitve
Doubting that something is true/probable/useful

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

compliant

US / kəmˈplaɪənt /

•

UK / kəmˈplaɪənt /

adjecitve
Willing to obey, follow the wishes of others

cambridge

US / 'kæmbrɪdʒ /

•

UK / 'kæmbrɪdʒ /

proper noun
A city in eastern England; population 116,900 (est. 2009). Cambridge University is located here.
A city in eastern Massachusetts, across the Charles River from Boston; population 105,596 (est. 2008

expense

US / ɪk'spens /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛns /

noun
Money you have to pay to do part of your job
Paying money for something (big)
When resources e.g. time is used to do something

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

gucci

US / ˈgwɑ:və /

•

UK / ˈɡwɑvə /

intuitive

US / ɪnˈtju:ɪtɪv /

•

UK / ɪnˈtuɪtɪv, -ˈtju- /

adjecitve
Able to understand by feeling rather than fact

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

forestry

US / ˈfɒrɪstri /

•

UK / ˈfɔrɪstri /

noun
Science of caring for and managing forests

net

US / net /

•

UK / nɛt /

adjecitve
Remaining amount after something is taken away
noun
Internet
Crossed rope, fibers with partly open pattern
Crossed ropes that make up the back of a goal
verb
To catch or cover something in a mesh, often fish
To gain or earn a certain amount of money
To hit a ball into a goal during a sports event

regulate

US / ˈregjuleɪt /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəˌlet /

verb
To control something with rules or laws
To set/adjust (a clock, etc.); restrict motion in

shoe

US / ʃu: /

•

UK / ʃu /

noun
Outer covering for the foot, often made of leather
Piece of metal nailed under a horse's foot
verb
To put a metal ring on a horse's foot

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

certification

US / ˌsɜ:təfɪˈkeɪʃən /

•

UK / ˌsə:təfɪˈkeʃən /

noun
Official or legal permission to do something

bouncer

US / ˈbaʊnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbaʊnsɚ /

noun
Person who removes troublemakers out of a bar

speculate

US / ˈspekjuleɪt /

•

UK / ˈspɛkjəˌlet /

verb
To take risks that might lead to big profits
To predict or guess what is possible or likely

carbon

US / 'kɑ:bən /

•

UK / ˈkɑrbən /

noun
Chemical element with an atomic number of 6

importantly

US / ɪmˈpɔːtntli /

•

UK / ɪmˈpɔːrtntli /

adverb
In an important way;

market

US / ˈmɑ:kɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:rkɪt /

noun
Need or demand for a particular product or service
Area or region where a certain product is sold
Public event where people sell goods on tables
Institution where stocks are bought and sold
verb
To publicize products to get you to buy; advertise

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

union

US / 'ju:nɪən /

•

UK / ˈjunjən /

noun
Act of joining two or more things into one
Marriage
Organization of workers to look after their needs

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

discount

US / ˈdɪskaʊnt /

•

UK / ˈdɪsˌkaʊnt /

noun
A decrease in the price of something
verb
To consider to be not important or not true
To decrease the price of something
To refuse to accept an idea, suggestion as valid

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

markup

US / ˈmɑ:kʌp /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:rkʌp /

noun
Difference the cost of goods and the price
Detailed stylistic instructions for typesetting

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

performance

US / pə'fɔ:məns /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrməns /

noun
Act of doing something
Activity done to entertain an audience

soviet

US / ˈsəuviət,ˈsɔviət /

•

UK / ˈsoviˌɛt, -ɪt, ˈsɑvi-, ˌsoviˈɛt /

adjecitve
Of or relating to or characteristic of the former Soviet Union or its people
noun
Elected government council in a communist country

shareholder

US / ˈʃeəhəʊldə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʃerhoʊldə(r) /

noun
Someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation

tesla

US / 'teslə /

•

UK / 'teslə /

noun
Unit of magnetic flux density equal to one weber per square meter

tool

US / tu:l /

•

UK / tul /

noun
Device used to make things, e.g. a hammer
verb
To provide a workshop with the right equipment

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

bond

US / bɒnd /

•

UK / bɑnd /

noun
Rope, chain or other thing used to tie someone up
Closeness that is shared between people or groups
Loan that a government must buy back by a set date
Written agreement to pay back borrowed money
Joint or connection, often using glue
verb
To develop a close relationship with
To become joined or connected, e.g. using glue

bonus

US / ˈbəʊnəs /

•

UK / ˈboʊnəs /

noun
Extra money for achieving, exceeding targets

realize

US / 'ri:əlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈriəˌlaɪz /

verb
To become aware of or understand mentally

sell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

verb
To exchange something for money
To persuade people to do, like or agree

speak

US / spi:k /

•

UK / spik /

verb
To be able to use a certain language
To use words to tell information, express thoughts

sudden

US / ˈsʌdn /

•

UK / ˈsʌdn /

adjecitve
Happening or done quickly or unexpectedly

stick

US / stɪk /

•

UK / stɪk /

noun
Long thin piece of wood from a tree
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

write

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

verb
To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
To invent or create a computer program
To create a song or piece of music

tobacco

US / tə'bækəʊ /

•

UK / təˈbæko /

noun
Cigars and cigarettes
Plant used to make cigars and cigarettes

bubble

US / ˈbʌbl /

•

UK / ˈbʌbəl /

noun
A small ball of air inside of a liquid
verb
(Of a liquid) to produce bubbles, as when boiling
To show intense emotion, e.g. excitement, anger

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

fiduciary

US / fɪˈdjuːʃəri /

•

UK / fɪˈdjuːʃəri /

adjecitve
Involving trust, as when money is entrusted to you

financial

US / faɪˈnænʃl /

•

UK / faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l /

adjecitve
Involving money

individual

US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

•

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

adjecitve
Made for use by one single person
Having a distinct manner different from others
noun
Single person, looked at separately from others

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

oil

US / ɔɪl /

•

UK / ɔɪl /

noun
A liquid used for frying foods
Thick, black liquid in the ground used as fuel
verb
To add a liquid for frying foods
To put liquid in a machine so it will run smoothly

positive

US / ˈpɒzətɪv /

•

UK / ˈpɑzɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Showing agreement or support for something
Being sure about something; knowing the truth
Having the charge produced by electrons
Being good or useful
Showing that a chemical is present in a test

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

statement

US / ˈsteɪtmənt /

•

UK / ˈstetmənt /

noun
Record of activity in a bank account over time
Act or process of saying something formally

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

wealthy

US / ˈwelθi /

•

UK / ˈwɛlθi /

adjecitve
Having a great quantity of money or property

define

US / dɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To explain the meaning of words
To set or mark the limits of something

eighty

US / 'eɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈeti /

number
80

emission

US / iˈmɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪˈmɪʃən /

noun
A substance (e.g. gas) released into the air

fan

US / fæn /

•

UK / fæn /

noun
Thing you wave in front of your face to stay cool
Someone who admires a famous person, sport etc.
verb
To blow air upon a fire to make it stronger
To use a device to cool yourself, something

promise

US / 'prɒmɪs /

•

UK / ˈprɑmɪs /

verb
To say you will certainly do something

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

california

US / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:njə, -'fɔ:ni:ə /

•

UK / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:rnjəˌ -'fɔ:rni:ə /

noun
A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the rd largest state; known for earthquakes

implode

US / ɪm'pləʊd /

•

UK / ɪmˈplod /

verb
To burst or explode inward

geneva

US / dʒɪˈniːvə /

•

UK / dʒəˈnivə /

other
Gin made in the Netherlands

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

report

US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

noun
Account of the necessary facts and information
The telling of news in the media
Official statement about something
verb
To submit a report or bill to the government
To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
To state something officially
To officially present yourself to an authority
To describe something by telling it to others

purpose

US / 'pɜ:pəs /

•

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

noun
Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

sustainability

US / səsˌteɪnəˈbɪlɪti /

•

UK / səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Property of being able to be continued/repeated

unrelated

US / ˌʌnrɪˈleɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˌʌnrɪˈleɪtɪd /

adjecitve
Not related; not connected
Not sharing a family relationship

consume

US / kən'sju:m /

•

UK / kənˈsum /

verb
To eat, drink, buy or use up something
To take all your energy; focus the attention

depend

US / dɪˈpend /

•

UK / dɪˈpend /

verb
Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

highly

US / ˈhaɪli /

•

UK / 'haɪlɪ /

adverb
In a manner that shows approval
More than usual; to a great degree

green

US / gri:n /

•

UK / ɡrin /

adjecitve
Color of young leaves
Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
Concerned about protecting the environment
The color of young leaves
Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
noun
Large grassy area
used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

generate

US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

verb
To create or be produced or bring into existence
To create electricity, heat, energy and power

purchase

US / ˈpɜːtʃəs /

•

UK / ˈpɜːrtʃəs /

noun
Something that you bought
Strong hold on something; grip
verb
To buy something; to get by paying money for it

unregulated

US / ˌʌn'reɡjʊleɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˌʌn'reɡjʊleɪtɪd /

adjecitve
Not controlled by official government rules

compound

US / 'kɒmpaʊnd /

•

UK / kɑmˈpaUnd /

adjecitve
(Of a term) created by combining two or more words
noun
Series of buildings that are walled or fenced off
Chemical made up of several others
Closed walled area, as in a prison
Something formed by combining elements/parts
Term created by using two or more words together
verb
To pay interest on a loan including the interest
To make something from various parts or components
To make a mistake or problem worse

attractive

US / əˈtræktɪv /

•

UK / əˈtræktɪv /

adjecitve
Making you like them, as by being good-looking

individually

US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəli /

•

UK / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəli /

adverb
In a way involving only that person

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

player

US / ˈpleɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpleɚ /

noun
Machine that plays recorded material
Person who plays a musical instrument
Person who plays games on devices
Person who plays sports

spend

US / spend /

•

UK / spɛnd /

verb
To use money to pay for something
To use time in order to do something
To use up something completely

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

vera

US / ˈvɪərə /

•

UK / ˈvɪrə /

charge

US / tʃɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / tʃɑrdʒ /

noun
An attack by running quickly toward someone
A price for a service or goods
When a battery has a certain amount of electricity
Amount of money you pay for a service
verb
To run quickly toward someone to attack them
To ask for money as a price for a service or goods
To put electricity in a battery
To give responsibility to take care of or manage
To state that someone has committed a crime

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

pair

US / peə(r) /

•

UK / per /

noun
Two of the same thing, e.g. socks
Two people viewed together for some reason; couple
verb
To put two things or people together

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

coffee

US / ˈkɒfi /

•

UK / ˈkɔ:fi /

adjecitve
A brown chocolate color
noun
A brown drink made from roasted beans and water

harm

US / hɑ:m /

•

UK / hɑrm /

noun
Damage or injury
verb
To damage, injure, or hurt someone or something

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

mortgage

US / 'mɔ:ɡɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmɔrɡɪdʒ /

noun
Long-term loan from a bank for buying property

lunch

US / lʌntʃ /

•

UK / lʌntʃ /

noun
Light meal eaten in the middle of the day
verb
To eat a meal during the middle of the day

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

rigorous

US / ˈrɪgərəs /

•

UK / ˈrɪɡərəs /

adjecitve
Very strict and often difficult; thorough
Being exact, precise, and carefully done

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

royal

US / 'rɔɪəl /

•

UK / ˈrɔɪəl /

adjecitve
Excellent or grand; suitable for a king or queen
Concerning a king or queen
Used in some titles of noble persons, places

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

compensation

US / ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑmpənˈseʃən /

noun
(Money) given or received as payment for loss

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

crisis

US / 'kraɪsɪs /

•

UK / ˈkraɪsɪs /

noun
Unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty

anyway

US / ˈeniweɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwe /

adverb
A word used to change the topic of a conversation

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

field

US / fi:ld /

•

UK / fild /

noun
Area of study, such as physics or biology
Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
Open area of land, especially without buildings
Grassed area where you play some sports
verb
To respond to something or answer a question
To catch or stop a ball during a game

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

multi

US / 'mʌlti /

•

UK / ˈmʌlti /

prefix
A prefix meaning 'many' or 'more than one'

organization

US / ˌɔ:gənaɪˈzeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɔrɡənɪˈzeʃən /

noun
Group of people with a particular purpose

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

article

US / 'ɑ:tɪkl /

•

UK / ˈɑrtɪkəl /

noun
Word such as 'a', 'an', or 'the' used before nouns
Piece of writing about a particular subject
Piece of something, e.g. clothing
Section of a business contract or law

dioxide

US / daɪˈɒksaɪd /

•

UK / daɪˈɑksaɪd /

noun
An oxide containing two oxides per molecule

dutch

US / dʌtʃ /

•

UK / dʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Holland

headquarter

US / 'hed'kwɔ:tə /

•

UK / 'hed'kwɔ:tə /

noun
Main office of a company or organisation

questionable

US / ˈkwestʃənəbl /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃənəbəl /

adjecitve
Not likely to be right or true; doubtful

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

removal

US / rɪ'mu:vl /

•

UK / rɪˈmuvəl /

noun
Act of getting rid of something completely
Act of making someone leave their job or position
Act of moving to a different place or position

self

US / self /

•

UK / sɛlf /

noun
Person's own interests or desires
Person that someone really is
Particular aspect of someone's personality
Person, usually someone already been mentioned

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

asset

US / 'æset /

•

UK / ˈæsˌɛt /

noun
Thing that has value to you

interview

US / 'ɪntəvju: /

•

UK / ˈɪntɚˌvju /

noun
Meeting to ask questions to get information
verb
To formally ask questions about a given topic

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

list

US / lɪst /

•

UK / lɪst /

noun
Lean of a boat to one side
Series of written names, words or numbers
verb
To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
To present for sale for a specific price
To write a series of names, words, or numbers

log

US / lɒg /

•

UK / lɔ:g /

noun
Detailed account of events and progress on journey
Piece of a tree that has fallen or been cut
verb
To move a certain distance or speed, as recorded
To leave a website or computer account
To record something in an official account
To cut trees down and take the wood to use it

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

paper

US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

adjecitve
Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
Made from the material that we use to make books
noun
Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
Written test
Newspaper
Pages of a book are made from this

certify

US / ˈsɜ:tɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɜ:rtɪfaɪ /

verb
To approve someone as authorized, valid
To confirm the truth or reality of something

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

electric

US / ɪˈlektrɪk /

•

UK / ɪˈlɛktrɪk /

adjecitve
Creating a feeling of excitement
Using electricity

dollar

US / ˈdɒlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɑ:lə(r) /

noun
A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent

pursue

US / pə'sju: /

•

UK / pɚˈsu /

verb
To follow and try to catch, or to reach a goal
To try to achieve or get something over time

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

correctly

US / kə'rektlɪ /

•

UK / kəˈrɛktlɪ /

adverb
In an accurate or correct manner

court

US / kɔ:t /

•

UK / kɔrt, kort /

noun
Place king or queen meet people, makes laws etc.
Place where legal cases are decided
Large, flat area, to play tennis or basketball
verb
To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
To encourage dangerous behavior
To pay attention to someone to get their support

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

operational

US / ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl /

•

UK / ˌɑpəˈreʃənəl /

adjecitve
Being in working condition and ready to be used
Working; able to function

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

remove

US / rɪˈmu:v /

•

UK / rɪˈmuv /

verb
To get rid of something completely
To make someone leave his or her job or position
To move, erase or take away from a place
To take something off (e.g. clothing)

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

cap

US / kæp /

•

UK / kæp /

noun
Covering for the end or top of something
Small, soft hat often with a front visor or shade
An upper limit on the amount of (e.g. budget)
verb
To cover the top or end of an object
To limit the amount of usage of something

eighteen

US / ˌeɪˈti:n /

•

UK / eˈtin /

number
18

fourth

US / fɔ:θ /

•

UK / fɔ:rθ /

noun
4th

prove

US / pru:v /

•

UK / pruv /

verb
To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

act

US / ækt /

•

UK / ækt /

noun
What someone did; action; behavior
A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
verb
To behave in a certain way
To perform on a stage or in a movie

attention

US / əˈtenʃn /

•

UK / əˈtɛnʃən /

noun
Taking notice of someone or something
(Soldiers) Standing with straight backs

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

customer

US / ˈkʌstəmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌstəmɚ /

noun
Someone who buys goods or services from a business

approve

US / əˈpru:v /

•

UK / əˈpruv /

verb
To formally accept something or grant permission
To have a positive opinion of someone or something

lobby

US / ˈlɒbi /

•

UK / ˈlɑ:bi /

noun
Main entrance and waiting room of public building
Group employed to persuade people to change laws
verb
To try to persuade a government to change laws

pay

US / peɪ /

•

UK / pe /

noun
Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
verb
To give money for goods or work done
To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
To be punished or suffer for something you did
To make (a visit) to a person or place

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

collapse

US / kə'læps /

•

UK / kəˈlæps /

verb
To fold (e.g. a stroller) down to make it smaller
To suddenly fall down or break apart into pieces
To fall down suddenly due to being ill or tired

anytime

US / 'enɪˌtaɪm /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌtaɪm /

adverb
At a time you choose, it's not important when

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

metric

US / ˈmetrɪk /

•

UK / ˈmɛtrɪk /

adjecitve
Based on the meter as a standard of measurement

mitigate

US / 'mɪtɪɡeɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɪtˌɪɡet /

verb
To make less severe or serious

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

initiative

US / ɪ'nɪʃətɪv /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃətɪv /

noun
Ability to come up with solutions by yourself
New plan or idea that is meant to fix a problem

sponsor

US / ˈspɒnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈspɑ:nsə(r) /

noun
Person that supports the passage of a new law
Person giving money for someone's education
verb
To support the passage of a new law
To help someone succeed by giving them money
To pay for an event, usually as an advertisement

social

US / ˈsəuʃəl /

•

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

adjecitve
Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
Liking being with other people; friendly
Living together and depending on each other

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

count

US / kaʊnt /

•

UK / kaʊnt /

noun
Number of things added together, e.g. votes
With the number of crimes, knockouts, as stated
verb
To add things together to find the total number
To matter or be important
To include someone or something in a final number

chicago

US / ʃɪ'kɑ:gəʊ, -'kɔ:- /

•

UK / ʃɪ'kɑ:ɡoʊˌ -'kɔ:- /

proper noun
A city in northeastern Illinois, on Lake Michigan; population 2,853,114 (est. 2008). Chicago develop

departure

US / dɪˈpɑ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈpɑrtʃɚ /

noun
Act of leaving a place, to start a journey
Starting something new or doing it in a new way

agriculture

US / ˈægrɪkʌltʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæɡrɪˌkʌltʃɚ /

noun
The science of farming

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

loss

US / lɒs /

•

UK / lɔ:s /

noun
Friend, family, or other loved person's death
Decrease or decline in quantity or amount
Experience or state of failing to have or keep
A situation when you lose a game
Process of failing to have or keep something
Difficulty or trouble caused by someone's leaving
Situation when more money is spent than is earned

complete

US / kəm'pli:t /

•

UK / kəmˈplit /

adjecitve
Being finished; done; achieved
Being as perfect and as total as could be
verb
To finish or reach the end of doing something

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

verb
To take pleasure in something

boost

US / bu:st /

•

UK / bust /

noun
An increase in something
verb
To increase something; to make something better
To push someone or something up from beneath them

gold

US / gəʊld /

•

UK / goʊld /

noun
Soft yellow metal that is very valuable
Person's name
adjecitve
Dark yellow color often seen in sunsets

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

ninety

US / 'naɪntɪ /

•

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

number
90

public

US / 'pʌblɪk /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

adjecitve
Owned by the government
Concerning society in general
Being available or accessible to people in general
Known or able to be known by all people

overexpose

US / ˌəʊvərɪkˈspəʊz /

•

UK / ˌoʊvərɪkˈspoʊz /

other
Expose excessively
Expose to too much light

trust

US / trʌst /

•

UK / trʌst /

noun
Wealth or property held by one person for another
The belief that someone is honest
Care or responsibility of a person
verb
To expect confidently
To have confidence or faith
To be confident someone is honest and reliable
To believe someone to be honest and reliable

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

car

US / kɑ:(r) /

•

UK / kɑr /

noun
A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

choice

US / tʃɔɪs /

•

UK / tʃɔɪs /

adjecitve
Of good quality or taste; desirable
noun
Decision between two or more possibilities

duty

US / 'dju:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈduti, ˈdju- /

noun
Work required by your job or position
A tax (on imported goods)

expert

US / 'ekspɜ:t /

•

UK / ˈɛkˌspɚt /

adjecitve
Having special knowledge or skill
noun
Skillful person with special knowledge

flop

US / flɒp /

•

UK / flɑ:p /

noun
Book, movie etc. that is a total sales failure
Sound of something large hitting water
verb
To fall heavily, usually in a relaxed manner
To move loosely and without precision
(Of a show, program) to be a total failure

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

rainforest

US / ˈreɪnfɒrɪst /

•

UK / ˈreɪnfɔ:rɪst /

noun
Ancient forest growing in tropical regions

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

renewable

US / rɪˈnju:əbl /

•

UK / rɪˈnu: /

adjecitve
Being able to be replaced naturally
noun
A resource that can be used again many times

waste

US / weɪst /

•

UK / west /

noun
Materials left over after a process has finished
verb
To kill or severely harm someone
To use valuable things ineffectively

tract

US / trækt /

•

UK / trækt /

noun
A large stretch of land
System of internal body parts, e.g. the intestines
Piece of writing that communicates a certain view

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

senior

US / 'si:nɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsinjɚ /

adjecitve
Being older than another person
Concerning the needs or activities of older people
(Student) in the final year of school
noun
Person who has usually reached a specific old age
Person who is older than someone else
Person with higher status or authority than
Student who is in the final year of school

remote

US / rɪ'məʊt /

•

UK / rɪˈmot /

adjecitve
Being far away from people, towns, etc.
(Of a possibility) being small or not likely
(Of time) far off; long ago; far in the future
Not friendly; separating yourself from others
noun
Radio device designed to operate TV, etc.

review

US / rɪˈvju: /

•

UK / rɪˈvju /

noun
Examination of soldiers and supplies
Opinion, as in a paper, about movie, book, or play
Studying again to remind yourself about something
verb
To carefully look at the quality of something
To formally examine something in the military
To write an opinion about movie, book, or play
To study again to remind yourself about something

conversation

US / ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑnvɚˈseʃən /

noun
Talking with other people; discussion or chat

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

marketing

US / ˈmɑ:kɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:rkɪtɪŋ /

noun
The act of selling services or goods
verb
To publicize products to get you to buy; advertise

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

initially

US / ɪˈnɪʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃəli /

adverb
At first; originally

machine

US / mə'ʃi:n /

•

UK / məˈʃin /

noun
Piece of equipment used to do work
Powerful group who control and organize things
verb
To shape, work on something, using a device

plan

US / plæn /

•

UK / plæn /

noun
Drawing of how something should be done or made

legally

US / 'li:ɡəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈliɡl:ɪ /

adverb
In a way that is allowed by or related to laws

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

fundamental

US / ˌfʌndəˈmentl /

•

UK / ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl /

adjecitve
Forming a necessary part, base, or core
noun
A basic part of something
(Music) the lowest note in a harmony

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

group

US / ɡru:p /

•

UK / ɡrup /

noun
Two or more musicians who play music together
Number of people or things gathered together
verb
To combine or collect objects or people together

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

unit

US / ˈju:nɪt /

•

UK / ˈjunɪt /

noun
One apartment in a building
Group of people, e.g. soldiers, that work together
A chapter of a textbook
A standard of measurement of something
Single item made by a company

Subtitles section

Companies are under a lot of pressure from investors and customers to reduce their environmental footprint.

Carbon offsets were an easy solution that for a while kept stakeholders happy.

Unfortunately for the companies patting themselves on the back for their ESG efforts, people eventually realized that these offsets achieved nothing.

Major investors have lost hundreds of millions of dollars in just the last week.

And now a multi billion dollar speculative market that you weren't supposed to know about is imploding.

A Dutch court says Shell must reduce its CO₂ emissions by forty five percent by the year twenty thirty.

But environmental groups are really skeptical.

They argue that offsetting now can simply be a way for the wealthy to avoid or delay taking the necessary steps to reduce their use of fossil fuels.

We issued five point seven five billion dollars in sustainability bonds, the largest by any company in history.

Anytime you see a company promoting a product as carbon neutral, it got that status by buying a security off an unregulated financial market.

If a clothing brand like Gucci emits one ton of carbon to produce its hideous pair of flip flops, they can buy a one ton carbon credit to offset their emissions and market their shoes as carbon neutral.

There are two major non profit organizations that dominate the market for these credits.

Vera, headquartered in DC, and Gold Standard, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

These organizations do not remove any carbon themselves.

They audit other companies or projects like carbon sequestration, forestry, and agriculture.

If you own a company that can prove to Vera or Gold Standard that you have removed a ton of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or prevented it from being released in the first place, you can get given a verified carbon credit.

Vera and Gold Standard both have an application and verification process for companies that want to start receiving verified carbon units.

Vera charges an application fee and a verification fee and a fee of ten cents for every carbon unit awarded with a discount applied to companies that are issued with over one million carbon units in a calendar year.

If you owned a company that was reducing carbon emissions in a way that you could verify with these organizations, it's worth paying these fees because you can then take your carbon unit and sell it at a markup to a company like Gucci so they can sell their flip flops as carbon neutral.

This entire process is separate from the legally required cap and trade programs like ones enforced here in California and in the European Union.

But if this is entirely voluntary, why the f*** are companies paying millions of dollars every year to buy these credits?

Well, there are three reasons.

And none of them are because these companies really care about the environment, although that's what they would like you to think.

It's not even for marketing.

A survey conducted by the Harvard Business Review found that sixty five percent of respondents said that they would want to buy from purpose driven brands that advocate sustainability, but only twenty six percent actually did.

If you have ever seen a carbon neutral logo while doing your shopping and acted on it, well done.

But most people are not like you.

The three real reasons companies are spending billions of these voluntary credits are the same reasons that the whole system is now falling apart.

The first reason companies are actually doing this is because it lets them take advantage of new investment trends.

ESG stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance, and it has been a popular investing practice since the year of its creation when a lot of companies were criticized for immoral conduct.

Investors wanted to put their money into companies with good ethics for two reasons.

The first reason was because they thought they could generate better returns.

Companies in environmentally friendly fields looked like the future.

And if the companies that collapsed in the mortgage crisis had better governance, they might have survived in the first place.

The second reason was because people wanted to pat themselves on the back for doing a good thing by only supporting companies that were ethical.

Unfortunately, it is questionable at best if these well intentioned investors achieved either of these goals.

In the beginning, ESG investing required people to individually pick their stocks and research the company's financial and operational credentials as well as their ESG performance.

It was time consuming and individual stock picking is very risky.

The trend took off when asset managers like BlackRock and Vanguard introduced mutual funds and index funds with their own ESG certifications.

This led investors to buy one diversified group of shares out of the box that was already certified ESG compliant, although that really had no official meaning.

The role of senior company leadership is to maximize returns for their shareholders.

That is their legal and fiduciary duty, and more importantly, how they secure their annual performance bonuses.

Every boardroom in America saw this trend and they knew that if they got their company listed on an ESG index, it would boost their share price because more potential investors would buy their stock.

Getting into these ESG indices was surprisingly easy.

ESG funds were made using either the inclusion method or the emission method.

The inclusion method was much more rigorous.

Fund managers would go through companies one by one and only accept businesses doing outstanding work to benefit the environment.

The problem with this method is that it wasn't very well diversified.

If you bought into such a fund, you would be overexposed to electric cars and renewable energy companies which are highly speculative.

A more popular method was the emission method, which took an existing index like BlackRock's IVV S&P Five Hundred Index and kicked out the bad actors like Tobacco, Gambling, and Weapons Company.

These funds still wanted diversity in their asset base so they let these companies back in if they could prove that they were better than other companies in the same industry.

And the easiest way that companies found to get past the ESG bouncer was to offer carbon neutral products.

And that's how companies like Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon, and Nestle made it into the ESG funds, but Tesla was excluded from them.

You don't have to like Musk, but it's hard to argue that the company that made electric cars mainstream is a worse ESG candidate than the world's largest oil companies.

Suspicious, very suspicious.

The performance of ESG funds was initially promising, although that had a lot to do with the investors rushing into the space rather than business fundamentals.

In a recent Journal of Finance paper, University of Chicago researchers analyzed the Morningstar sustainability ratings of more than twenty thousand mutual funds representing over eight trillion dollars of investor savings.

Although the highest rated funds in terms of sustainability certainly attracted more capital than the lowest rated funds, none of the high sustainability funds outperformed any of the lowest rated funds.

The actual power that companies like BlackRock and Vanguard have over the companies they invest in on behalf of their clients is usually overstated, but even they have started pulling back on ESG initiatives.

If buying carbon credits to be carbon neutral isn't going to make a company any more attractive to these groups of investors, then they aren't going to waste the money on a voluntary expense that according to some studies actually does more harm than good.

So it's time to learn how money works to find out how a well intentioned plan turned into a multi billion dollar bubble.

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The companies that make carbon credits, the companies that use carbon credits, and the non profits that regulate this voluntary market are not the only players in this game.

The market for carbon credits became so large that hedge funds started trading carbon credits in unregulated private markets.

The price of carbon credits varies depending on how many projects are producing the credits by taking carbon out of the atmosphere and how many companies are buying the credits to make their products carbon neutral.

Trading firms like the Trofigura Group moved into this market and attempted to profit by speculating on these price fluctuations.

Unfortunately for them, they have now lost a significant amount of money because the value of voluntary carbon credits has fallen from a height of nineteen dollars in January of twenty twenty two to a dollar and seventy seven cents in September of twenty twenty three.

A loss of more than ninety percent in eighteen months.

And that's because of the second reason this market became so popular to begin with.

it slowed down regulation.

There are other markets for carbon credits that are not voluntary.

The largest of such is the European carbon credit market.

Companies in the European Union have a cap on the amount of carbon they are allowed to admit, and once they go over that cap, they need to buy carbon credits for every ton they are over.

The price of a metric ton of carbon in the EU is currently around USD, which is fifty times the price of a ton of carbon in the voluntary markets.

The price of carbon credits in the European markets has been increasing at the same time as the price of carbon in the voluntary markets has been crashing.

The reason that the voluntary markets were so popular to begin with was that companies liked the idea of self regulating.

If they could prove to the public that they could go carbon neutral with voluntary carbon offsets that cost nineteen dollars a ton, it is less likely that they would need to buy mandatory carbon credits for eighty dollars a ton.

Going carbon neutral by choice was cheaper, and it let companies run PR to investors and customers about their green initiatives.

Some of these claims sounded too good to be true.

And that's because they were.

The third reason this multi billion dollar market is collapsing is because the whole scheme never worked in the first place.

According to a study led by Cambridge University on forty Vera approved projects, as much as ninety four percent of the carbon credits sold never actually removed any carbon from the atmosphere.

But they still let companies claim their high emissions products were carbon neutral.

So how the f*** did they get away with this?

The organizations like Vera creating carbon credits are non profits, but they still need to make money to keep their operations going and further their mission.

These organizations do not take donations.

They make all of their money from the various fees projects have to pay to register carbon credits, so they have an incentive to allow as many to be created as possible.

According to ProPublica and the company's own filings, Vera generated forty point five million dollars in revenue in twenty twenty one and had assets worth a total of fifty point five million dollars.

They also paid their CEO a total compensation of three hundred and seventy thousand dollars.

When you hear carbon removal, you probably think of projects like this one, big machines that literally suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

That's what they would like you to think.

But most carbon credits had nothing to do with machines like this and were instead created in rainforests.

The cheapest and therefore most popular way to produce voluntary carbon credits was to buy tracts of land in the Amazon for preservation.

The trees not logged were accepted by Vera as carbon that won't be released into the atmosphere, so they qualified for carbon credits.

Preventing deforestation is a great cause, but the Cambridge report revealed that most of the land set aside for preservation was never going to be logged anyway because it was too remote and difficult to get to, which is why it was cheap to begin with.

Because this land was useless for any company, it was very cheap, so it became the most popular way to generate carbon credits.

Following this report, Vera's CEO that had run the carbon credit certifier for fifteen years resigned.

In a press statement, the non profit said his sudden departure was made for unrelated reasons.

The bombshell report has attracted the attention of regulators, which are now cracking down on the carbon neutral branding.

Investors and customers trusted these certifications and changed their investing and purchasing habits around them, believing they would do some good.

This put less pressure on businesses to pursue real solutions that actually would have a positive impact on net emissions.

I'm a fan of carbon offsets in the sense that they can help mitigate climate change.

They absolutely can.

But

You know, if we're not going to do it correctly in a way that actually does help mitigate climate change, then it's nothing but a distraction.

The trading firms that were holding on to these carbon credits with the long term vision that they would become more valuable in the future have had to write them off as completely worthless because companies are no longer interested in buying them.

In an interview with Bloomberg, the head of carbon trading at Trafigura, the largest carbon credit trader in the world, said that the complete loss in value in some corners of the voluntary carbon credit market is unlike anything she's witnessed.

Now that Vera and Gold Standard have put new restrictions in place to define what counts as an offset, a new registry opened in the Middle East to hand out offset certifications to companies that don't care and just want to put carbon neutral stickers on the stuff they sell.

The fourth reason that this market is collapsing is because companies have realized there are more effective ways to lobby against regulation, and they have learned from the masters of the trade, two brothers that have used their money and influence over politics to shape laws in their favor and build the largest private company in America.

Go and watch my video on the Koch brothers over on How History Works to find out how a business that got its start in the Soviet Union has kept regulations like carbon limits out of America for half a century.

If you want to watch these videos daily and get articles that will never be made into videos on YouTube then go and subscribe to my email newsletter Compounded Daily to keep on learning how money works.