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How Ukraine's F-16 Completely Change the War With Russia

Original YouTube Video | TheInfographicsShow Published on 2023-08-30 Level：97 Speed：62 maxwordlevel：29

Video vocabulary

ultimately

US / ˈʌltɪmətli /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪtli /

adverb
Done or considered as the final and most important

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

lack

US / læk /

•

UK / læk /

noun
The state of not having or not having enough of
A shortage of something
verb
To not have, or not have enough, of something

fare

US / feə(r) /

•

UK / fer /

noun
Money people pay to travel on buses, taxis, boats
Kind of food
verb
To perform well or poorly

doctrine

US / ˈdɒktrɪn /

•

UK / ˈdɑktrɪn /

noun
Rules or principles taught in a system of beliefs

bygone

US / ˈbaɪgɒn /

•

UK / ˈbaɪˌɡɔn, -ˌɡɑn /

adjecitve
Of times gone by; past

ukraine

US / ju:'kreɪn /

•

UK / ju:'kreɪn /

other
A republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian st

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

constant

US / 'kɒnstənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

adjecitve
Happening frequently or without pause
noun
Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

wing

US / wɪŋ /

•

UK / wɪŋ /

noun
Part of an animal's body that is used for flying
One of the two parts on the side of a plane, bird
verb
To fly to a place

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

exploit

US / ɪk'splɔɪt /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplɔɪt /

noun
Personal journey or series of events
verb
To selfishly take advantage of or treat badly
To use something in a very effective manner

doubt

US / daʊt /

•

UK / daʊt /

noun
Not being sure of something; lack of certainty
verb
To question the truth or certainty of something

incredible

US / ɪnˈkredəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl /

adjecitve
Very good; amazing
Really good; amazing; great
Very hard to believe

kill

US / kɪl /

•

UK / kɪl /

noun
Animal killed by a person or other animal
verb
To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
To end the life of a person or other living thing
To be very funny
To prevent something from continuing or operating
To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

limited

US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

adjecitve
(Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
With restrictions; not broad in scope
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

overall

US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

adjecitve
Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

soon

US / su:n /

•

UK / sun /

adverb
At a time not long from now

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

smart

US / smɑ:t /

•

UK / smɑ:rt /

adjecitve
Fashionable; well-dressed; well-groomed
Looking clean, neat and stylish
(Of phones, weapons) with clever features
Associated with rich, popular and stylish people
Clever; with intelligence
adverb
Energetic or quick in motion or movement
In a clever way; with intelligence
noun
Feeling of being hurt and upset
Sharp, burning pain
verb
To feel hurt or upset
To hurt with an unexpected sharp or burning pain

dogfighter

US / /

•

UK / /

other
A fighter pilot who engages in an aerial dogfights

harm

US / hɑ:m /

•

UK / hɑrm /

noun
Damage or injury
verb
To damage, injure, or hurt someone or something

launch

US / lɔ:ntʃ /

•

UK / lɔntʃ, lɑntʃ /

noun
Starting a new project; introducing new product
Act of firing rockets into the air
verb
To start a new project; start selling a product
To put a rocket into the air
To put a ship into the water for the first time

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

relegate

US / ˈrelɪgeɪt /

•

UK / ˈrɛlɪˌɡet /

verb
To place in a less important place or position
To put a team in a lower league when they lose

skirmish

US / ˈskɜ:mɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈskɜ:rmɪʃ /

noun
Brief and usually unplanned fight
verb
To conduct a brief unplanned fight in a war

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

black

US / blæk /

•

UK / blæk /

adjecitve
Color of the sky on a dark night
noun
A person with dark skin, often of African origin
Person's name
verb
To fill in something to make it a very dark color

anyway

US / ˈeniweɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwe /

adverb
A word used to change the topic of a conversation

field

US / fi:ld /

•

UK / fild /

noun
Area of study, such as physics or biology
Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
Open area of land, especially without buildings
Grassed area where you play some sports
verb
To respond to something or answer a question
To catch or stop a ball during a game

flare

US / fleə(r) /

•

UK / flɛr /

noun
A brief bright light
Light/fire used to signal for help/warn of danger
Part of an object that spreads or becomes wider
verb
To become angry or excited suddenly
To burn or shine suddenly and briefly
To spread something or make something wider

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

outpace

US / ˌaʊtˈpeɪs /

•

UK / aʊtˈpes /

verb
To go faster than

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

equipment

US / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

•

UK / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

noun
Tools or materials used to perform a task

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

threat

US / θret /

•

UK / θrɛt /

noun
Warning of probable trouble
A warning that you may be harmed

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

rival

US / 'raɪvl /

•

UK / 'raɪvl /

verb
To be nearly as good as others in quality, skill
To be in opposition often as competitors
adjecitve
Matching the quality, skill, et. of others
Opposing; being the team you compete against
noun
Someone you are competing against/trying to beat

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

instrument

US / 'ɪnstrəmənt /

•

UK / ˈɪnstrəmənt /

noun
Gauge for measuring something, e.g. temperature
Legal document
Device that is used for creating music

fly

US / flaɪ /

•

UK / flai /

noun
Common flying insect, sometimes blue in color
Opening with fold of cloth hiding zipper on pants
verb
To move in the wind, e.g. a flag
To move at a high speed
To travel in a plane, helicopter, balloon etc.
To pilot people or items by plane
To travel through the air using wings

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

relatively

US / ˈrelətɪvli /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a manner comparing something to something else

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

onto

US / ˈɒntə /

•

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

preposition
Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

choice

US / tʃɔɪs /

•

UK / tʃɔɪs /

adjecitve
Of good quality or taste; desirable
noun
Decision between two or more possibilities

active

US / ˈæktɪv /

•

UK / ˈæktɪv /

adjecitve
Moving around a lot or doing many things

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

prime

US / praɪm /

•

UK / praɪm /

adjecitve
Concerning the highest in quality or value
Concerning the highest level of achievement
Most important, chief importance in value
verb
To get a person ready for; prepare someone
To coat with paint to prepare it for the main coat

goldmine

US / 'gəʊldmaɪn /

•

UK / 'goʊldmaɪn /

noun
Good source of something that is desired

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

engineer

US / ˌendʒɪ'nɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌɛndʒəˈnɪr /

noun
Someone whose job is designing machines, buildings
Someone whose job is to repair or maintain engines

upgrade

US / ˌʌpˈgreɪd /

•

UK / ˈʌpˌɡred /

noun
Updated or better version of something
verb
To improve something in terms of quality

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

era

US / 'ɪərə /

•

UK / 'ɪrə /

noun
Period characterized by particular events, people

estimate

US / 'estɪmət /

•

UK / ˈɛstəˌmet /

noun
Guess or calculation of cost, size or value
verb
To guess or calculate the cost, size or value of

transfer

US / træns'fɜ:(r) /

•

UK / trænsˈfɚ /

noun
Moving to a different place, job, or school
Act of giving the right to a property to another
Picture that is pressed to copy it onto something
Use of ideas or skills in a different situation
Ticket allowing you to get on another plane, bus
verb
To move to a different place, job or school
To give someone an illness through contact
To give someone your right to a property
To move something from one place to another
To use ideas or skills in a different situation
To get off a plane, bus etc. and get on another

shortcoming

US / ˈʃɔ:tkʌmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈʃɔ:rtkʌmɪŋ /

noun
Fault or imperfection of someone or something

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

revelation

US / ˌrevəˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛvəˈleʃən /

noun
Act of making something known or seen
Showing something astonishing or enlightening

manoeuvrability

US / məˌnu:vrəˈbɪlətɪ /

•

UK / məˌnuvərəˈbɪlətɪ /

noun
Ability to be moved freely and easily

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

hence

US / hens /

•

UK / hɛns /

adverb
A place far away from here
Therefore
From this time forward

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

unlikely

US / ʌnˈlaɪkli /

•

UK / ʌnˈlaɪkli /

adjecitve
Not seeming suitable for a particular purpose
adverb
Not likely to happen; not likely to be the truth

weak

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

adjecitve
Not having a strong character
Less valuable compared to money of other countries
Ineffective; unconvincing; not strong
Having little power or ability
Not having the necessary or proper amount
Having little power; not strong; easy to break
(Of a drink) having lots of water and little taste

outman

US / /

•

UK / /

transitive verb
Outnumber.

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

challenge

US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

noun
An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
Act of formally inviting someone to compete
A question to determine correctness of something
verb
To formally invite someone to compete at something
To question the correctness of something

competency

US / ˈkɒmpɪtənsi /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:mpɪtənsi /

noun
Ability to do in a fully satisfactory way

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

tech

US / tek /

•

UK / tɛk /

noun
Shortened form of 'technology' or 'technician'

regain

US / rɪ'ɡeɪn /

•

UK / riˈɡen /

verb
To get something back that had been lost

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

handful

US / 'hændfʊl /

•

UK / ˈhændˌfʊl /

noun
an amount of something that can be held in one hand; small quantity or amount of people or things
A thing requiring great effort to control, manage

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

excellent

US / ˈeksələnt /

•

UK / ˈɛksələnt /

adjecitve
Extremely good

datum

US / ˈdeɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

noun
Item of factual information

dangerous

US / ˈdeɪndʒərəs /

•

UK / ˈdendʒərəs /

adjecitve
Involving the chance of hurt or damage; risky

weakness

US / ˈwi:knəs /

•

UK / ˈwiknɪs /

noun
Fault or bad quality preventing success
Liking for something that you are a bit ashamed of

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

suffer

US / 'sʌfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

verb
To experience pain, illness, or injury

scared

US / skeəd /

•

UK / skerd /

adjecitve
Frightened, afraid
verb
To become frightened
To make someone feel frightened or worried

tank

US / tæŋk /

•

UK / tæŋk /

noun
Container for holding liquid or gas
Military vehicle that can go over rough areas
verb
To fail completely or badly
To deliberately lose a game or contest

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

fuck

US / fʌk /

•

UK / fʌk /

noun
Vulgar term used as an intensifier
verb
(Vulgar) To have sex with someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

verb
To take pleasure in something

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

tactical

US / ˈtæktɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtæktɪkəl /

adjecitve
Doing things to get the result you want; planned

superiority

US / su:ˌpɪəriˈɒrəti /

•

UK / suːˌpɪriˈɔːrəti /

noun
Quality of being more effective, skillful etc.
Belief that you are better than others; pride

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

polish

US / 'pɒlɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpɑlɪʃ /

noun
A cream used to make shoes etc. shiny
Quality or style showing great skill or refinement
A shine on a surface
other
To make something smooth and shiny by rubbing it
verb
To make something smooth and shiny by rubbing it
To improve by practicing or working on it

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

desert

US / 'dezət /

•

UK / ˈdɛzət /

noun
Bare area of land, often with few plants and water
verb
To leave a place for ever; abandon
To leave when one is needed or expected to stay

intercept

US / ˌɪntəˈsept /

•

UK / ˌɪntərˈsept /

verb
To stop or catch something while it is moving

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

wind

US / wɪnd /

•

UK / wɪnd /

adjecitve
(Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
noun
A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Something that has influence
verb
If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
To turn or cause something to turn
To twist around something

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

undertake

US / ˌʌndə'teɪk /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈtek /

verb
To begin; attempt; take on responsibility for

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

spend

US / spend /

•

UK / spɛnd /

verb
To use money to pay for something
To use time in order to do something
To use up something completely

immediate

US / ɪˈmi:diət /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪt /

adjecitve
Being the very next to or just after
Done without delay; straight away

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

door

US / dɔ:(r) /

•

UK / dɔr,dor /

noun
You walk through this when you go in a room

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

membership

US / ˈmembəʃɪp /

•

UK / ˈmembərʃɪp /

noun
Being a member of a group; joining a group

defence

US / dɪˈfens /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛns /

noun
The process of protecting something from attack

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

russian

US / ˈrʌʃn /

•

UK / ˈrʌʃn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Russia
noun
Person from Russia

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

reliant

US / rɪˈlaɪənt /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪənt /

adjecitve
Depending on another for support

philosophy

US / fə'lɒsəfɪ /

•

UK / fɪˈlɑsəfi /

noun
Study of ideas about the basic nature of life
Attitude to life that a person has
Particular ideas of an individual philosopher

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

contact

US / 'kɒntækt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtækt /

adjecitve
Touching or feeling something
noun
Touching or feeling something
Object that allows electricity to run through it
Communication with someone or something
People who can give you information, introductions
verb
To get in touch with someone

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

program

US / 'prəʊɡræm /

•

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

noun
Small book of events in a play, concert or movie
A plan or schedule of events
Series of classes at a college or university
A computer application
TV show
verb
To make someone act or think in a certain way
To write computer code for a piece of software

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

italy

US / 'ɪtəlɪ /

•

UK / 'ɪtəlɪ /

proper noun
A country in southern Europe; population 59,800,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Rome; official langua

interception

US / ˌɪntə'sepʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈsɛpʃən /

noun
Preventing something from proceeding or arriving

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

easily

US / ˈi:zəli /

•

UK / ˈizəli /

adverb
Clearly; without doubt; certainly
Without difficulty

hornet

US / 'hɔ:nɪt /

•

UK / ˈhɔrnɪt /

noun
Black and yellow flying insect that can sting you

interceptor

US / ˌɪntə'septə(r) /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈsɛptɚ /

noun
Fighter plane designed to intercept enemy aircraft

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

maximum

US / ˈmæksɪməm /

•

UK / ˈmæksəməm /

noun
Largest or highest number or amount of something

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

cheap

US / tʃi:p /

•

UK / tʃip /

adjecitve
Not costing a lot of money
Having a low quality or value
Not liking to spend money; mean; stingy

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

standardize

US / ˈstændədaɪz /

•

UK / ˈstændərdaɪz /

verb
To change to make everything the same level

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

fair

US / feə(r) /

•

UK / fɛr /

adjecitve
Neither very good nor very bad; average
(Of skin) light colored; not dark
Quite good; quite a lot
Treating all people the same way
(Of hair) light colored; blonde
(Of weather) sunny; not raining
noun
Event for companies to show their products
Event to sell things to help a charity

deadly

US / ˈdedli /

•

UK / ˈdɛdli /

adjecitve
Causing or capable of causing death
Being very accurate

radar

US / ˈreɪdɑ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈredɑr /

noun
Radio device used to find the location of objects

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

dump

US / dʌmp /

•

UK / dʌmp /

verb
To end a romantic relationship
To put something somewhere without care
To throw away as waste
To get rid of unwanted things in an illegal manner

favourite

US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

•

UK / 'fevərɪt /

adjecitve
Best liked or most enjoyed
noun
A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

click

US / klɪk /

•

UK / klɪk /

noun
The sound a computer mouse makes when you press it
A short, slight, and sharp sound
verb
To work well with someone or something
To press a computer mouse
To make a short, slight, and sharp sound

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

tail

US / teɪl /

•

UK / tel /

noun
Extended part at the back of an animal's body
Back or last part of something e.g. shirt
verb
To be end of (a march or parade, line)
To follow someone secretly and watch what they do

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

warn

US / wɔ:n /

•

UK / wɔrn /

verb
To tell someone about possible danger

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

lay

US / leɪ /

•

UK / le /

adjecitve
Amateur; not being a trained priest
verb
To place a bet on a game outcome
(Of a bird, etc.) to produce eggs from its body
To put or set something down in a flat position
To set out things on (table) to prepare for a meal

incoming

US / ˈɪnkʌmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌkʌmɪŋ /

adjecitve
Coming toward a place or position; arriving

deploy

US / dɪˈplɔɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈplɔɪ /

verb
To put into position (often a military operation)

airspeed

US / ˈeəspi:d /

•

UK / ˈerəspi:d /

noun
Speed an aircraft is flying

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

trade

US / treɪd /

•

UK / treid /

noun
A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
Action of buying and selling things in business
The buying and selling of goods and services
Exchanging something for something else
Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
verb
To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
To give something in return for something else

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

speak

US / spi:k /

•

UK / spik /

verb
To be able to use a certain language
To use words to tell information, express thoughts

realize

US / 'ri:əlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈriəˌlaɪz /

verb
To become aware of or understand mentally

immediately

US / ɪˈmi:diətli /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪtli /

adverb
Without any delay; straight away

comfort

US / 'kʌmfət /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfət /

noun
Acts or words that reduce pain or sadness
State of being relaxed, warm or happy
verb
To try to make distressed person feel better

attack

US / ə'tæk /

•

UK / əˈtæk /

noun
Act intended to hurt someone physically, mentally
verb
To try to destroy, beat, or injure

bomber

US / ˈbɒmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbɑmɚ /

noun
Military aircraft that drops bombs during flight

supply

US / sə'plaɪ /

•

UK / səˈplaɪ /

noun
Availability of products and services for use
Specific things needed to perform a certain task
verb
To give or sell goods to others for their use

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

soviet

US / ˈsəuviət,ˈsɔviət /

•

UK / ˈsoviˌɛt, -ɪt, ˈsɑvi-, ˌsoviˈɛt /

adjecitve
Of or relating to or characteristic of the former Soviet Union or its people
noun
Elected government council in a communist country

strategy

US / 'strætədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈstrætədʒi /

noun
Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
other
Branch of military dealing with command

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

munition

US / mju:'nɪʃn /

•

UK / mjuˈnɪʃən /

noun
Military weapons such as guns, bullets, and bombs

convenient

US / kənˈvi:niənt /

•

UK / kənˈvinjənt /

adjecitve
Allowing you to do something with less trouble

union

US / 'ju:nɪən /

•

UK / ˈjunjən /

noun
Act of joining two or more things into one
Marriage
Organization of workers to look after their needs

ukrainian

US / ju:'kreɪnɪən /

•

UK / ju:'kreɪnɪrn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Ukraine
noun
Person from Ukraine

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

retain

US / rɪ'teɪn /

•

UK / rɪˈten /

verb
To continue to have or use; keep the quality of
To keep one thing inside another for a time
To memorize information

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

strike

US / straɪk /

•

UK / straɪk /

noun
A punch or hit
Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
verb
To hit something
To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
To have an idea occur to you

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

integrate

US / ˈɪntɪgreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪntɪˌɡret /

verb
To combine together; make into one thing

lock

US / lɒk /

•

UK / lɑ:k /

noun
Small portion of your hair that hangs together
Place on a door, etc. that you close with a key
verb
To become fixed in place and hard to move
To use a key, code so others can't open something

locally

US / 'ləʊkəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈlokəlɪ /

adverb
In the area being referred to

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

electronic

US / ɪˌlek'trɒnɪk /

•

UK / ɪlɛkˈtrɑnɪk, ˌilɛk- /

adjecitve
Operating by use of electricity; digital

airframe

US / 'eəˌfreɪm /

•

UK / 'erˌfreɪm /

noun
Framework and covering of an airplane or rocket

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

receiver

US / rɪˈsi:və(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsivɚ /

noun
Earpiece of a telephone

optimum

US / 'ɒptɪməm /

•

UK / ˈɑptəməm /

adjecitve
Best or most desirable, effective
noun
Best or most desirable, effective amount

thrust

US / θrʌst /

•

UK / θrʌst /

noun
Movement of (e.g. a knife) towards someone
Primary purpose or meaning of something
Power or force that an engine produces
Strong or forceful push
verb
To move (e.g. a knife) forcefully towards someone
To push someone or something with great strength

utilize

US / ˈju:təlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈjutlˌaɪz /

verb
To use something for a particular purpose

unless

US / ənˈles /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

conjunction
Negative of 'if'

squadron

US / ˈskwɒdrən /

•

UK / ˈskwɑ:drən /

noun
Military unit, e.g. of planes or ships

fail

US / feɪl /

•

UK / fel /

noun
A mark on a test showing you did not pass
verb
To be unsuccessful in passing a class or exam
To not do or provide something that is needed
To stop working or functioning; to break down
To not achieve a goal, or to go wrong

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

falcon

US / ˈfɔ:lkən /

•

UK / ˈfælkən /

noun
Fast-flying hunting bird

twice

US / twaɪs /

•

UK / twaɪs /

adverb
Two times

track

US / træk /

•

UK / træk /

noun
A circular course for running
Course or way someone takes, e.g. in education
Path in a field or a forest made by walkers
Often circular course laid out for car racing
One of multiple musical recordings on an album
Band surrounding the wheels of a tank
Metal lines that trains ride on
verb
To use marks to follow a wild animal
To move a certain way/follow a particular course
To record and examine the progress of something

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

opponent

US / əˈpəʊnənt /

•

UK / əˈponənt /

noun
Person who opposes an idea or plan; enemy
Person that you are competing against in a game

mig

US / mɪg /

•

UK / mɪg /

noun

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

ghost

US / gəʊst /

•

UK / goʊst /

noun
Bad effects, memories, and feelings from the past
Spirit of a dead person, appearing to the living
verb
To write a book on behalf of another person

dogfight

US / ˈdɒgfaɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɔ:gfaɪt /

noun
A fiercely disputed contest

fight

US / faɪt /

•

UK / faɪt /

noun
An argument or quarrel
Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
A struggle to do a difficult task
verb
To argue or quarrel with someone about something
To try to hurt someone by hitting them
To struggle to do a difficult task

cockpit

US / ˈkɒkpɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:kpɪt /

noun
Area in (plane, boat) where the pilot, driver sits

bomblet

US / ˈbɒmlɪt /

•

UK / bɑːmbˈlet /

other
One of the smaller bombs that are released from a cluster bomb

bomb

US / bɒm /

•

UK / bɑm /

noun
An explosive device
verb
To attack with explosives
To fail or be completely unsuccessful

ascertain

US / ˌæsə'teɪn /

•

UK / ˌæsɚˈten /

verb
To try to work out or establish facts

terrible

US / ˈterəbl /

•

UK / ˈtɛrəbəl /

adjecitve
Very bad; horrible

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

suitable

US / ˈsu:təbl /

•

UK / ˈsutəbəl /

adjecitve
Right for a particular purpose or occasion
(Of clothes) appropriate for a given occasion

suddenly

US / ˈsʌdənli /

•

UK / ˈsʌdn:lɪ /

adverb
In an unexpected or very quick manner

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

endorsement

US / ɪnˈdɔ:smənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈdɔ:rsmənt /

noun
Support for a product for advertising purposes

aerospace

US / 'eərəʊspeɪs /

•

UK / ˈɛroˌspes /

noun
Industry of air and space travel

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

vision

US / 'vɪʒn /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒən /

noun
Ability to see; eyesight
Something you see in your imagination or dreams
Ability to plan for the future of something

sea

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Very large group of people, similar-looking things
Large body of salty water with land around it

situational

US / ˌsɪtjʊˈeɪʃən(ə)l /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
In a particular place or location

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

fire

US / 'faɪə(r) /

•

UK / faɪr /

noun
Heat and the flame produced when burning
Intense energy for or about something
verb
To apply heat to something to make it hard
To make a person leave their job; dismiss
To shoot a gun or weapon
To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
To start working on something e.g. a project

survivability

US / ˌsəvɚɪvə'bɪlɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˌsəvɚɪvə'bɪlɪtɪ /

noun
Degree to which something is survivable

win

US / wɪn /

•

UK / wɪn /

noun
Success in beating the other team or competitors
Success in a game or contest
verb
To get something as a prize because of a success
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

present

US / 'preznt /

•

UK / ˈprɛznt /

adjecitve
Being in attendance; being there; having turned up
noun
Gift
Verb tense indicating an action is happening now
Current time; now
verb
To introduce someone to others
To host a program on television or radio
To give a speech or presentation
To show something to someone who will examine it
To appear or happen
To give an award or prize to someone

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

directly

US / dəˈrektli /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktli, daɪ- /

adverb
In a frank and honest way
Right away; immediately

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

unavailable

US / ˌʌnəˈveɪləbl /

•

UK / ˌʌnəˈveləbəl /

adjecitve
Not available, accessible, or at hand
Not able to be used at a scheduled time

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

line

US / laɪn /

•

UK / laɪn /

noun
Border that divides two places or regions
Long crease in the skin, often from age
Mark that is long, straight and very thin
Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
Telephone connection
People waiting one behind the other; queue
Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
verb
To put material along the inside of something

nation

US / 'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈneʃən /

noun
Area or region controlled by a government and army

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

request

US / rɪ'kwest /

•

UK / rɪˈkwɛst /

noun
Thing that has been asked for
verb
To ask for, usually politely and formally

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

border

US / 'bɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈbɔrdɚ /

noun
Outer part or edge of something
Line separating one country, state from another
verb
To be right next to another country or state
To form the edge of something
To form the edge of (road, etc.)

bubble

US / ˈbʌbl /

•

UK / ˈbʌbəl /

noun
A small ball of air inside of a liquid
verb
(Of a liquid) to produce bubbles, as when boiling
To show intense emotion, e.g. excitement, anger

send

US / send /

•

UK / sɛnd /

verb
To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
To cause mail or packages to go to another place
To move something quickly in a particular way
To give information or greetings to someone

traditional

US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Involved in a custom or event common to a people

worrisome

US / ˈwʌrisəm /

•

UK / ˈwɚrisəm, ˈwʌr- /

adjecitve
Not reassuring; tending to cause anxiety

canopy

US / 'kænəpɪ /

•

UK / ˈkænəpi /

noun
Structure that hangs over something to shelter it
Tops of trees that shade the ground in forests

commander

US / kəˈmɑ:ndə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈmændə(r) /

noun
Person with authority who commands or controls

destroy

US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

verb
To damage so badly that something no longer exists
To defeat someone or something easily
To kill a sick or unwanted animal

counter

US / 'kaʊntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntɚ /

noun
A point in a discussion that puts an opposite view
A narrow table top for serving/preparing food
Person or device that adds the number of things
A token or flat piece used in games
prefix
Being opposite or against something
verb
To say or do something in opposition or resistance
To try to prevent, as by making a different point

harass

US / 'hærəs /

•

UK / ˈhærəs, həˈræs /

verb
To bother repeatedly with harmful words or actions

jettison

US / 'dʒetɪsn /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛtɪsən, -zən /

verb
To get rid of or throw out (from a plane, etc.)

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

supersonic

US / ˌsu:pə'sɒnɪk /

•

UK / ˌsupɚˈsɑnɪk /

adjecitve
Greater/faster than the speed of sound

unify

US / 'ju:nɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈjunəˌfaɪ /

verb
To bring or join together into one

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

cluster

US / 'klʌstə(r) /

•

UK / ˈklʌstɚ /

noun
A small group of things
verb
To come together in a group, flock etc.

capability

US / ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti /

•

UK / ˌkeɪpə'bɪləti /

noun
Means, ability, or potential to do something

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

depend

US / dɪˈpend /

•

UK / dɪˈpend /

verb
Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

correct

US / kə'rekt /

•

UK / kəˈrɛkt /

adjecitve
Being suitable and appropriate for an occasion
True or accurate
verb
To fix a problem
To write marks on a piece of work to show mistakes
To punish in order to improve

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

flight

US / flaɪt /

•

UK / flaɪt /

noun
Act of leaving a place, usually to escape danger
Trip by plane, helicopter etc.

gary

US / ˈgeəri:, ˈgæri: /

•

UK / ˈɡɛri, ˈɡæri /

proper noun
An industrial city in northwestern Indiana, on Lake Michigan southeast of Chicago; population 95,920

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

shoot

US / ʃu:t /

•

UK / ʃut /

noun
Emerging new part of a plant
verb
To kick or throw a ball at a goal
To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
To (cause to) fly away forcefully
To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

execute

US / ˈeksɪkju:t /

•

UK / ˈɛksɪˌkjut /

verb
To kill someone, usually as an official punishment
To perform a plan or action

goggle

US / ˈgɒgl /

•

UK / ˈgɑ:gl /

noun
Protective covering for the eyes

network

US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

noun
Group of computers connected to each other
System of connections
Group who work closely with each other
Group of radio or television stations, programs
verb
To join a group of computers together
To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

swap

US / swɒp /

•

UK / swɑp /

noun
A trade or exchange of goods without using money
verb
To exchange goods without spending money; trade

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

consensus

US / kənˈsensəs /

•

UK / kənˈsɛnsəs /

noun
A decision that is shared by most of a group

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

inferior

US / ɪnˈfɪəriə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈfɪriɚ /

adjecitve
Being of little importance or worth
Of lower status; not powerful or rich
Not as good as something else
noun
Person of lower status

initial

US / ɪ'nɪʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃəl /

adjecitve
Existing or occurring at the beginning
noun
First letter of your given name
verb
To authorize something by writing your initials

insurmountable

US / ˌɪnsəˈmaʊntəbl /

•

UK / ˌɪnsɚˈmaʊntəbəl /

adjecitve
(Of difficulties) impossible to deal with

military

US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning the army or navy
noun
Army or armed forces

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

agree

US / əˈgri: /

•

UK / əˈɡri /

verb
To have the same opinion as someone else

bet

US / bet /

•

UK / bet /

noun
Act of gambling money on the result of a race etc.
verb
To gamble money to win more money, e.g. on horses

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

evade

US / ɪˈveɪd /

•

UK / ɪˈved /

verb
To avoid being captured; avoid answering

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

direction

US / də'rekʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

noun
When someone tells people what to do
Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

lour

US / ˈlaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊər /

verb
To set lower

nose

US / nəʊz /

•

UK / noʊz /

noun
Part of the face used for breathing and smelling
Front, pointed end of e.g. airplane or rocket
verb
To push with your face so you can smell something

reunification

US / ˌri:ˌju:nɪfɪ'keɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrijunəfəˈkeʃən /

noun
State of putting separate things together again

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

ample

US / 'æmpl /

•

UK / ˈæmpəl /

adjecitve
(Of quantity, amount) more than enough

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

comfortable

US / ˈkʌmftəbl /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfətəbəl, ˈkʌmftəbəl /

adjecitve
Having more than enough e.g. money for your needs
Being relaxed, warm or happy

competent

US / ˈkɒmpɪtənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑmpɪtənt /

adjecitve
Fully qualified or capable of doing

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

mock

US / mɒk /

•

UK / mɑk /

adjecitve
Not genuine or real, but attempting to appear so
verb
To laugh at someone or something in an unkind way

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

outcome

US / ˈaʊtkʌm /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌkʌm /

noun
Something that happens as a result, consequence

remove

US / rɪˈmu:v /

•

UK / rɪˈmuv /

verb
To get rid of something completely
To make someone leave his or her job or position
To move, erase or take away from a place
To take something off (e.g. clothing)

officer

US / ˈɒfɪsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔ:fɪsə(r) /

noun
Person of high position in an organization
Person of high position in the military

russia

US / 'rʌʃə /

•

UK / 'rʌʃə /

proper noun
A country in northern Asia and eastern Europe; population 143,500,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Mos

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

combat

US / 'kɒmbæt /

•

UK / kəmˈbæt, ˈkɑmˌbæt /

verb
To fight someone or something physically

gain

US / ɡeɪn /

•

UK / ɡen /

noun
An increase in something, such as weight
verb
To increase in something, such as weight
To get something wanted, needed or valued

kiev

US / ˈki:ev /

•

UK / ˈkiɛf, -ɛv, ˈkjijɪf /

proper noun
The capital of Ukraine, an industrial city and port on the Dnieper River; population 2,765,500 (est.

nato

US / ˈneɪtəʊ /

•

UK / ˈneɪtoʊ /

abbreviation
NATO is an acronym

naturally

US / ˈnætʃrəli /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəli, ˈnætʃrə- /

adverb
In the expected or usual way
Without the aid of someone or something

personnel

US / ˌpɜ:səˈnel /

•

UK / ˌpɜ:rsəˈnel /

noun
Group of people who work for a company or group

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

prove

US / pru:v /

•

UK / pruv /

verb
To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

african

US / ˈæfrɪkən /

•

UK / ˈæfrɪkən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Africa
noun
Person from Africa

airspace

US / ˈeəspeɪs /

•

UK / ˈɛrˌspes /

noun
Area in the sky controlled by a country

avionic

US / ˌeɪviˈɒnɪk /

•

UK / ˌeɪviˈɑːnɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning avionics

cone

US / kəʊn /

•

UK / koʊn /

noun
A 3D shape with a circular base and pointed top
A part of the eye
Wafer shaped like a round pyramid for ice cream

display

US / dɪˈspleɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈsple /

noun
Arrangement of objects so people can see or buy
verb
(Animals) to indicate readiness for sex
To show, e.g. your feelings, thoughts; demonstrate
To put so they can be seen or be bought

country

US / ˈkʌntri /

•

UK / ˈkʌntri /

noun
An area of land that is controlled by a government
Open land that is away from towns and cities

literal

US / ˈlɪtərəl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəl /

adjecitve
Being the basic exact meaning of a word/expression
Being real and true and without exaggerating

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

close

US / kləʊz /

•

UK / kloʊz /

adjecitve
Almost; near
(Of a friend) well-known; liked by others
Being near or related
Similar; nearly the same
verb
To come progressively nearer to something
To end; to bring to an end
To make something shut; stop from being open

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

fleet

US / fli:t /

•

UK / flit /

noun
Group of ships under one commander

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

outlast

US / ˌaʊtˈlɑ:st /

•

UK / ˌaʊtˈlæst /

verb
To live, function or survive longer than

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

tie

US / taɪ /

•

UK / taɪ /

noun
Item, such as string or wire, used to join things
Strong connection between people, countries
When both sides in a game, vote get same score
One match or game that is part of a bigger contest
Something that lessens a person's freedom
Thin piece of cloth worn round neck of shirt
Piece of wood/metal used to stop something moving
verb
To attach things (together) with a string or rope
To end a game, contest or vote with the same score
To require someone to be in a specific place

list

US / lɪst /

•

UK / lɪst /

noun
Lean of a boat to one side
Series of written names, words or numbers
verb
To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
To present for sale for a specific price
To write a series of names, words, or numbers

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

ally

US / 'ælaɪ /

•

UK / 'ælaɪ /

noun
Someone who supports, helps, or defends you
verb
To join a group to offer or receive support

fighter

US / ˈfaɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfaɪtɚ /

noun
Something or someone that fights

fulcrum

US / ˈfʊlkrəm /

•

UK / ˈfʊlkrəm, ˈfʌl- /

noun
Pivot about which a lever turns

opportunity

US / ˌɒpə'tju:nətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti, -ˈtju- /

noun
Time, situation when a thing might be done; chance

platform

US / 'plætfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈplætˌfɔrm /

noun
Flat, raised structure that people stand on
Area from which you board a train at a station

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

transform

US / træns'fɔ:m /

•

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

verb
To change the shape completely in a good way

achieve

US / ə'tʃi:v /

•

UK / əˈtʃiv /

verb
To succeed in doing good, usually by working hard

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

deliver

US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

verb
To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
To save someone from a problem or crisis
To keep a promise; do what you say you would
To present something to a group, as a speech
To take something to a person or place

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

battlefield

US / ˈbætlfi:ld /

•

UK / ˈbætlˌfild /

noun
Region where a battle was, or is being fought

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

alongside

US / əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd /

•

UK / əˌlɔ:ŋˈsaɪd /

preposition
Side by side with something

effectiveness

US / ɪˌfek'tɪvnɪs /

•

UK / əˈfɛktɪvnɪs /

noun
Degree of how well something works or is done

experience

US / ɪk'spɪərɪəns /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɪriəns /

noun
Thing a person has done or that happened to them
An event at which you learned something
Knowledge gained by living life, doing new things
verb
To gain knowledge by doing things

legacy

US / 'leɡəsɪ /

•

UK / ˈlɛɡəsi /

noun
Literature, arts etc. from previous generations
Something left or given by a person who has died

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

perform

US / pə'fɔ:m /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrm /

verb
To carry out an action well or successfully
To entertain an audience by dancing, singing etc.

operate

US / ˈɒpəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɑ:pəreɪt /

verb
To control or handle something, such as a machine
To control or manage something such as a business
To be working or being used
To perform surgery on someone

sight

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Things or people that one can see
Range or distance that someone can see
Famous places often visited by tourists
Sense that allows you to see
Act of seeing someone or something
verb
To aim (a gun) at something to get your range
To see something rare or unusual

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

sensor

US / ˈsensə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛnsɚ, -ˌsɔr /

noun
Device that detects movement or physical stimuli

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

armed

US / ɑ:md /

•

UK / ɑːrmd /

adjecitve
Having weapons ready to use against others
verb
To activate a weapon or bomb for use
To give a gun or other weapon to a person or group

airplane

US / ˈeəpleɪn /

•

UK / ˈɛrˌplen /

noun
A machine that flies through the air

comparison

US / kəmˈpærɪsn /

•

UK / kəmˈpærɪsən /

noun
Act of comparing things

establish

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

verb
To set or create something to last for a long time
To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

knot

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑ:t /

noun
Secure form of tying a rope, string etc.
verb
To tie string, rope etc. firmly to stop it undoing

represent

US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

verb
To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
To show or describe something in a particular way
To act on behalf of others in government
To act or speak for another person or other people

sense

US / sens /

•

UK / sɛns /

noun
Certain mental feeling or emotion
Normal or clear state of mind
Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
verb
To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
To recognize the presence of something

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

col

US / kɒl /

•

UK / kɑ:l /

noun
Shortened form of 'column' in chart

fix

US / fɪks /

•

UK / fɪks /

noun
Answer to a problem
verb
To arrange or prepare something
To attach something so it will not move or change
To dishonestly arrange the result of a game
To make an animal unable to produce young
To make something whole or able to work again

instructor

US / ɪnˈstrʌktə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈstrʌktɚ /

noun
Person who teaches or explains usually as a job

logistic

US / lə'dʒɪstɪkl /

•

UK / loˈdʒɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning planning and organizing a large project

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

output

US / 'aʊtpʊt /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌpʊt /

noun
Amount of something that is produced
verb
To produce data or information, as a computer

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

gun

US / ɡʌn /

•

UK / ɡʌn /

noun
Weapon which fires bullets down a tube
verb
To suddenly make an engine run faster

jet

US / dʒet /

•

UK / dʒɛt /

noun
Stream of liquid/gas shooting out of small opening
(Of liquid, gas) to shoot out of a small opening
A pipe that water or gas goes through
Hard, black, usually shiny stone
verb
(Of liquid, gas) to shoot out of a small opening
To travel on a jet plane

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

visibility

US / ˌvɪzəˈbɪləti /

•

UK / ˌvɪzəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Quality of being able to be seen, as at a distance
Ability to be seen by others

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

cut

US / kʌt /

•

UK / kʌt /

noun
Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
verb
To reduce the size or amount of something
To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

security

US / sɪ'kjʊərətɪ /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊrɪtisə'kjurətɪ /

noun
Department in a company in charge of protection
Financial document, like stocks, bonds and notes
Person paid to protect property and people
Things done to protect people, buildings etc.
Condition of being safe from danger or harm

signal

US / 'sɪɡnəl /

•

UK / ˈsɪɡnəl /

adjecitve
Most important or most noticeable
noun
Movement of a hand or other means to send messages
Act/sound that tells people to do/start something
Road-side lights that direct traffic to go or stop
Sound and light waves carrying TV and radio data
verb
To be evidence/an indication something will happen
To make a noise or motion to tell someone to start

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

vastly

US / ˈvɑ:stli /

•

UK / ˈvæstli /

adverb
To an exceedingly great extent or degree

vector

US / 'vektə(r) /

•

UK / ˈvɛktɚ /

noun
Math a quantity that has both size and direction

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

fuel

US / 'fju:əl /

•

UK / ˈfjuəl /

noun
Material used to produce heat or power when burned
verb
To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
To provide gas or petrol for something

outmanoeuvre

US / ˌaʊtməˈnuːvə(r) /

•

UK / ˌaʊtməˈnuːvər /

verb
To defeat by skillful movements

putin

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
An act or the right of putting the ball into a scrum.

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

weight

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

noun
How heavy something is
Metal object to measure how heavy something is
Importance, power, and influence person, thing has
A source of worry, sadness, or emotional stress

unprecedented

US / ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd /

•

UK / ʌnˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd /

adjecitve
Not having happened before, or to such a degree

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

federation

US / ˌfedəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌfɛdəˈreʃən /

noun
Group of organizations joined together

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

plug

US / plʌg /

•

UK / plʌɡ /

noun
Wood, rubber or metal used to block a hole
Thing on a wire to connect to electricity supply
A promotion of a product
verb
To use an object to block a hole
To promote or advertise a product

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

interface

US / ˈɪntəfeɪs /

•

UK / ˈɪntərfeɪs /

noun
Place where things come together to communicate
verb
To make two different elements interact

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

meet

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Sporting competition e.g. swimming
verb
To provide something that is necessary
To come together at a certain time or place

unsurpassed

US / ˌʌnsəˈpɑ:st /

•

UK / ˌʌnsərˈpæst /

adjecitve
That has not been bettered or improved on

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

commitment

US / kə'mɪtmənt /

•

UK / kəˈmɪtmənt /

noun
Permanent love or concern for person, thing
Promise or decision to do something for a purpose

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

dozen

US / ˈdʌzn /

•

UK / ˈdʌzən /

noun
12 people or things

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

intelligence

US / ɪn'telɪdʒəns /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛlədʒəns /

adjecitve
Of the spying services; acting in secrecy
noun
Collection of secret information about something
Ability to learn things or to consider situations

negate

US / nɪ'ɡeɪt /

•

UK / nɪˈɡet /

verb
To cancel; cause to have no effect; nullify

significantly

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfəkəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is important or noticeable
In a way that is meaningful

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

german

US / ˈdʒɜːmən /

•

UK / ˈdʒɜːrmən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Germany
noun
Person from Germany

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

literally

US / ˈlɪtərəli /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

adverb
So as to express the exact meaning of something
Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

precision

US / prɪˈsɪʒn /

•

UK / prɪˈsɪʒən /

adjecitve
Performed in a very careful, detailed manner
noun
Quality of being very accurate and exact

suit

US / su:t /

•

UK / sut /

noun
Set of clothes including jacket and pants or skirt
Law case involving a claim of some kind
Set of playing cards such as hearts or diamonds
verb
To be appropriate for a given situation
(Of clothes) to look good on someone

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

battle

US / 'bætl /

•

UK / ˈbætl /

noun
Military fight between armies
Working hard to stop something; struggle
verb
To fight or struggle against someone or something
To work hard to stop something; struggle

backbone

US / 'bækbəʊn /

•

UK / ˈbækˌbon /

noun
Strength and determination

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

ease

US / i:z /

•

UK / iz /

noun
State of being comfortable or relaxed
verb
To make something less difficult, tight, stressed
To move slowly and purposely to get in small space

morale

US / məˈrɑ:l /

•

UK / məˈræl /

noun
the amount of confidence and enthusiasm, etc. that a person or a group has at a particular time

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

react

US / rɪ'ækt /

•

UK / riˈækt /

verb
To change when mixing with other chemicals
To behave or make a change in a particular way

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

visual

US / 'vɪʒʊəl /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒuəl /

adjecitve
Of or relating to vision
noun
Pictures/images used to help audience understand

blast

US / blɑ:st /

•

UK / blæst /

noun
Destructive wave of air from an explosion
Strong current of wind
verb
To attack someone with words
To destroy something with explosives
To make a loud noise on or with something

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

monitor

US / ˈmɒnɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:nɪtə(r) /

noun
A senior student at school
Electronic screen on which you can see images
verb
To observe and keep a record of something

groundwork

US / ˈgraʊndwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈɡraʊndˌwə:k /

noun
Preliminary preparation as a basis or foundation

maintain

US / meɪn'teɪn /

•

UK / menˈten /

verb
To keep saying something a certain way
To keep (machine) working by checking, repairing
To keep, exist or continue without changing

nimble

US / ˈnɪmbl /

•

UK / ˈnɪmbəl /

adjecitve
Being able to move quickly and easily

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

superior

US / su:'pɪərɪə(r) /

•

UK / sʊˈpɪriɚ /

adjecitve
Better; higher quality
noun
The senior person in a monastic community
Person of higher rank than you

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

brand

US / brænd /

•

UK / brænd /

noun
A mark burned on an animal to show who owns it
Product made or designed by a named company
verb
To burn a mark on an animal to show who owns it
To describe someone as a liar, coward, etc.
To give a famous name to a product or service

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

efficiency

US / ɪˈfɪʃnsi /

•

UK / ɪˈfɪʃənsi /

noun
Working well; producing something without waste

friendly

US / ˈfrendli /

•

UK / ˈfrɛndli /

adjecitve
Acting like a friend; kind and helpful
noun
Game played not in a competition

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

possibility

US / ˌpɒsə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / ˌpɑsəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Something with a chance of happening or being true

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

altogether

US / ˌɔ:ltəˈgeðə(r) /

•

UK / ˌɔltəˈɡɛðɚ /

adverb
All things considered
Completely and entirely, fully
With all included and counted

defensive

US / dɪˈfensɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛnsɪv /

adjecitve
Protecting something, yourself from attack

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

picture

US / 'pɪktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɪktʃɚ /

noun
General situation or state of being
Mental image of what something is or looks like
Movie; film
Painting, drawing or photograph on paper or screen
verb
To understand or imagine something
To imagine someone or something in an image

pilot

US / 'paɪlət /

•

UK / ˈpaɪlət /

noun
Person flying a plane; expert guide for a ship
verb
To conduct a small practice experiment
To fly a plane; to direct a ship
To try TV program out to see if it would succeed

tight

US / taɪt /

•

UK / taɪt /

adjecitve
Showing anxiety or anger; tense
Positioned physically close together
Managed or controlled in a strict and careful way
(Of road, bend) curving sharply
Drunk
Being equally matched in ability or score
Lacking extra space
Having limited time available
Being very limited in supply
Not generous; mean with money; stingy
(Rope or tie) pulled strongly
Being in a good solid relationship
adverb
Firmly; so it can't move

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

Subtitles section

F-16s are finally being sent to Ukraine, and the fighting Falcon will go toe-to-toe with its Cold War rival, the MiG-29.

The MiG-29 Fulcrum was developed in response to new American jets like the F-15 and F-16, and they would finally meet in the skies after German reunification.

The East German Air Force retained a number of the Soviet-built MiG-29s, and these proved to be an intelligence goldmine for the West who were very quickly realizing they over-engineered the crap out of the F-15.

But what about the F-16, the backbone of NATO forces?

Was it a significant cut above the MiG-29 as well?

NATO would get its answer in May of 1995 when the 510th Fighter Squadron of the 31st Fighter Wing based in Aviano, Italy, flew up against the Luftwaffe Jagdgeschwader 73 of the new unified German Air Force.

The Fulcrums had been deployed to Decimomanu Air Base and presented an opportunity for mock air combat between the two fighters for the first time.

The first thing to stand out to both sides was the Fulcrum's impressive low-speed maneuverability compared by one of the American pilots to fighting an F-18 Hornet.

However, the Fulcrum, he noted, has a thrust advantage over the Hornet.

The thrust advantage allowed the Fulcrums to regain energy faster and made it more difficult for the smaller F-16 to exploit strategies it might employ against an F-18 where it forced it to trade speed for maneuverability.

The helmet-mounted sight system of the MiG-29 proved a significant challenge to the F-16s though, who were forced to dump flares any time they got within the 45-degree nose cone of the MiG-29.

The helmet-mounted sight was a significant game-changer for fighter jets, and after Soviet MiG-21s and MiG-23s were downed by the South African Air Force using locally developed helmet-mounted sights in the 1970s,

The Soviet Union created a crash program to develop a counter to the South African tech.

This would result in the helmet-mounted display and a high-off-boresight missile, the R-73.

Fielded in 1985, the MiG-29 included both systems, allowing Soviet pilots to fire missiles in the direction they were physically turning their heads toward.

This 45-degree cone gave the MiG-29 an immediate advantage over traditional fighters, which needed to keep their opponent within a much smaller, forward-facing cone of their own, and it made the MiG-29 deadly in a dogfight.

Coupled with its great thrust output and maneuverability, the MiGs were proving to be a challenge for the F-16s.

As told by Lt. Col.

Gary West, commander of the 510th, the MiG-29's helmet-mounted sight was seen as an insurmountable challenge in close-quarters dogfighting, so the F-16s were better served avoiding it altogether.

However, the Americans quickly found ways of neutralizing the Soviet plane's advantage.

The F-16, a smaller, lighter plane, enjoys a significant advantage at higher speeds coupled with excellent maneuverability of its own.

Thus, the Americans found that as long as they kept their airspeed at around 325 knots, they could outmaneuver the MiG-29s and negate the advantage of its helmet-mounted sight.

Once the Americans and Germans swapped planes, the weaknesses of the MiG-29 further came to light.

The plane was not nearly as nimble as the F-16, and its visibility is also terrible.

An F-16 pilot sits high in the cockpit with a bubble canopy that gives them the ability to see 360 degrees around them.

The MiG-29, meanwhile, has much less visibility.

In the words of one of the Fulcrum pilots, Our visibility is not as good as an F-16 or even an F-15.

We can't see directly behind us.

We have to look out the side slightly to see behind us, which doesn't allow us to maintain a visual contact and an optimum lift vector at the same time.

This shortcoming can be a real problem, especially when flying against an aircraft as small as the F-16.

The aircraft was formidable, but not a good dogfighter.

As explained by the German operations officer of the MiG-29 squadron, the airplane was flown like a point-defense interceptor, similar to the MiG-21.

Even though it could perform in a close-in dogfight, it wasn't designed for it, hence the canopy visibility issue.

Instead, the Germans were trained by Soviet instructors to simply fly the plane as an interceptor, taking off, jettisoning the fuel tank, going supersonic, firing missiles, and then going home.

This naturally was a significant flaw in the Soviet air doctrine, which relegated its air forces to fighting long-range skirmishes supported by ground-based air defenses.

NATO forces meanwhile trained to achieve air superiority and then hold it.

From a logistical point of view, it made sense.

NATO had better aircraft with better avionics and sensors, and the Soviets knew that they would never win an air war if their air force went toe-to-toe with NATO's.

However, by tying in ground-based air defenses and keeping the Soviet air force within range, the Soviet Union hoped to keep airspace directly over the front lines relatively safe for ground forces.

Ultimately, this would prove a significant flaw with the revelation brought on by Desert Storm when American forces executed their deep strike doctrine, flying deep behind the front lines to attack support and logistical targets evading or destroying ground-based air defenses.

Then there's the recent revelations brought on by the war in Ukraine.

To date, Russia has downed nearly as many of its own aircraft as Ukraine has.

This is due to a lack of competency in operating ground-based air defenses alongside active air forces.

In Desert Storm, the US and its allies operated hundreds of air defenses with thousands of handfuls of friendly shoot-downs.

By comparison, Russia today is operating in a theater twice the size with about a quarter of the aircraft and has suffered dozens of friendly shoot-downs.

This includes the incredible shoot-down of four aircraft in one day inside of Russia's own borders.

The Soviet military was believed to be more competent than the modern Russian one, but there are significant doubts as to its true capabilities given the legacy it passed down to the Russian Federation.

Back to the fight though.

American pilots found that the MiG-29 could be very dangerous in the initial stages of a tight dogfight.

However, soon the F-16's superior maneuverability and light weight could be used to gain the energy advantage.

But that was in the mid-1990s.

How would the MiG-29 fare today?

A Polish pilot who has flown both the MiG-29 and F-16 recently spoke to the media, stating that he would not like to fly the MiG-29 in real combat if given the choice.

With five years' experience in both aircraft, the Polish pilot pointed out that even small advantages add up to significant outcomes.

The F-16's cockpit was designed with pilot comfort in mind, with instruments laid out in a convenient way that makes flying the aircraft much easier to the pilot.

In his own words, this type of design philosophy simply did not exist in the Soviet Union.

Aircraft were built to utilitarian standards, and no thought was given to how a pilot's comfort or even the ease of operating various instruments could result in an advantage in a fight.

Then again, the Soviets may have seen the MiG-29 as an interceptor meant to undertake 30-minute sorties, getting into the sky, shooting its missiles, and immediately going back home.

The F-16 is also a much smarter aircraft.

Its radar can track and engage multiple targets simultaneously, and its ability to link up to friendly tactical battle networks vastly improves the F-16's situational awareness.

Friendly aircraft can feed each other information, and friendly platforms like AWACS can give the F-16 pilot an unprecedented picture of the battlespace.

Superior radar lets the F-16 find targets on its own, and engage them at long ranges.

The MiG-29 by comparison was completely reliant on ground radar controllers to find targets, with its own radar only suitable for a short-range flight, and with the ability to lock onto and track only a single target at a time.

When the Polish pilot flew his MiG-29, he also never had the opportunity to utilize night vision goggles, while with the F-16s they are part of standard equipment.

When it comes to self-defense, the MiG-29's radar warning receiver provides very little information to the pilot on the potential threat, making it difficult to ascertain what the threat is and how to best react to it.

This significantly lowers pilot survivability.

The plane is also not a multi-role platform, with day-night all-weather capabilities.

Instead, the MiG-29 is mostly a fighter that can only engage in very limited air-to-ground support.

According to the Polish pilot, while the MiG-29 was a significant aircraft in its time, its now a ghost of a bygone era.

The F-16 meanwhile is entirely designed for efficiency, and with modern upgrades has outpaced its old Cold War rival.

It's hard to get a better endorsement than from a pilot who's spent five years flying each airframe, and the overall consensus is the same- the MiG-29 is well past its prime and was never really a particularly good dogfighter anyway.

The jet was much better suited for taking out bombers and other support aircraft before gunning it home as fast as possible.

Ultimately though, just how well Ukraine's F-16s perform against Russia's fleet of MiG-29s will depend on numbers, because even an inferior jet can win the day with enough support.

Despite the Russian Aerospace Forces making a very weak showing in the war so far, they have numbers on their side.

An intercepting flight of F-16s could easily be harassed at long range by superior numbers, forcing them to go on the defensive and allowing the MiG-29s to close in for the kill.

This is why how Ukraine uses its F-16s matters, at least until the West makes good on Ukraine's request for 100 of the combat aircraft.

With an estimated two dozen F-16s by early 2024, Ukraine is unlikely to use them for air interceptions, relying instead on ground-based air defenses for that job.

Simply put, until its numbers go way up, Ukraine can't risk being outmanned in the sky.

But the F-16 opens up a whole list of possibilities for Ukraine.

First, unless its ability to network with NATO data links is removed before being transferred, Ukrainian F-16s will be able to directly plug into NATO AWACS and other platforms.

This will give the aircraft incredible battlefield awareness, unsurpassed by the Russians.

With a constant flight of AWACS platforms along Ukraine's borders and in the Black Sea, NATO has been able to monitor nearly all the airspace inside the country and provide ample warning to Ukrainian pilots.

NATO personnel have even confirmed they've directly fed intelligence to Ukrainian aircraft, which led to air-to-air kills.

The big question, though, is if NATO will allow the incoming F-16s to keep their ability to network directly with NATO platforms.

On one hand, this will make NATO a direct participant in the war in a brand new, more worrisome capacity.

NATO platforms could literally guide NATO weapons fired by Ukrainian pilots in NATO planes to their targets.

This is a significant step that NATO might not be comfortable taking.

On the other hand, though, fuck Russia.

The F-16 also throws the door wide open on those types of weapons that Ukraine will be able to employ against the Russian forces.

To date, a significant inventory of long-range weapons has been unavailable to Ukraine because of a lack of launch platforms.

The F-16 is built to carry any weapon in the NATO inventory, and its electronic brains can make maximum use of it.

While American engineers pulled off a MacGyver-type fix to allow Ukrainian MiGs to fly with American HARM missiles, the Ukrainians were unable to make use of the HARM's capabilities due to a lack of interfacing between the weapon and the plane.

This is no longer a concern.

HARM's carried by F-16s will be able to provide their pilots with much greater data, and enjoy far greater effectiveness and precision.

The Ukrainians will also be able to fly a large number of party favorites, such as the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser, a precision bomb that disperses a large number of bomblets over a target area.

They'll also be able to employ JDAMs, which the US can supply on the cheap and in great numbers.

Basically, every weapon in the US inventory suddenly becomes fair game for Ukraine.

It's great.

The Russians are going to have a literal blast.

And ultimately, Ukraine's small F-16 fleet is probably best used to directly support ground forces rather than try to achieve air superiority.

Until a nation has a significant number of Falcons, the aircraft is best used to deliver a devil's cocktail of precision weapons directly onto Russian front lines.

If Russian morale is low now, wait until precision cluster munitions begin raining from the skies in large numbers.

The F-16 for Ukraine, though, is important for something else altogether.

They represent a long-term commitment to the security of Ukraine.

Combat aircraft require a significant logistics tail, which is being established right now for Ukraine's fighters.

And this is not something that can be set up overnight, or is cheap to establish.

Thus, America agreeing to the transfer of F-16s signals its commitment to support Ukraine for as long as it takes.

If Putin thought he'd be able to outlast the West, he bet wrong.

F-16s also will begin the process of standardizing Ukraine's military with NATO's, a significant step forward to actual NATO membership.

The US is looking to the future and is setting up the groundwork that will help transform the Ukrainian military into an armed force that can be easily integrated into NATO, both for continued support and for continued security once Putin accepts his war was over the moment his forces failed to take Kiev in three days.

Now go check out Why Russia Is Scared Of F-16s In Ukraine, or click this other video instead!