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Let Your Garden Grow Wild | Rebecca McMackin | TED

Original YouTube Video | TED Published on 2024-03-29 Level：94 Speed：23 maxwordlevel：24

Video vocabulary

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

charming

US / ˈtʃɑːmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈtʃɑːrmɪŋ /

adjecitve
Being very likable; attractive
verb
To cause others to like you or do what you want

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

healthy

US / ˈhelθi /

•

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

adjecitve
In good condition physically, or financially; well

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

rid

US / rɪd /

•

UK / rɪd /

verb
To cause to no longer have (pest, problem)

picnic

US / ˈpɪknɪk /

•

UK / ˈpɪknɪk /

noun
Meal that is eaten outdoors, sitting on the ground
verb
To eat a meal on the ground outdoors

shock

US / ʃɒk /

•

UK / ʃɑ:k /

noun
The passage of an electricity through the body
Sudden bad feeling caused by something unexpected
verb
To affect someone with an electrical current
To cause great surprise, horror, or anger

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

hoop

US / hu:p /

•

UK / hup /

noun
Round or circular shape or object

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

director

US / də'rektə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktɚ, daɪ- /

noun
Senior person who manages part of an organization
Person who controls the acting in a movie or play

indeed

US / ɪnˈdi:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈdid /

adverb
Actually; in fact; in reality

liquid

US / ˈlɪkwɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪkwɪd /

adjecitve
(Of wealth) being able to be spent as cash
In a state of being uncertain
Moving in a flowing manner, like water or oil
noun
Something that is similar to the state of water

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

lady

US / 'leɪdɪ /

•

UK / ˈledi /

noun
Another way of saying 'woman'
Official title of a woman with high social rank

pearly

US / ˈpɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈpɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Color of white pearls

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

sanctuary

US / 'sæŋktʃʊərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsæŋktʃuˌɛri /

noun
Place to find rest and relaxation
Area used for protecting wildlife

shelter

US / 'ʃeltə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʃɛltɚ /

noun
Place to protect people/animals from abuse
Structure that covers or protects things
State of being protected from danger, bad weather
verb
To give animals, people a place away from abuse
To find protection from danger/bad weather

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

balance

US / ˈbæləns /

•

UK / ˈbæləns /

noun
Instrument for weighing things
Being stable; having equal weight on both sides
Money remaining after paying costs
verb
To be steady by having equal weight on both sides
To make two or more things equal

ecological

US / ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / ˌi:kəˈlɑ:dʒɪkl /

adjecitve
Concerning the environment, plants, or animals

greet

US / gri:t /

•

UK / ɡrit /

verb
To meet with friendly words and actions; welcome

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

stoop

US / stu:p /

•

UK / stup /

verb
To be unable to stand up straight; bend forward

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

white

US / waɪt /

•

UK / hwaɪt, waɪt /

adjecitve
Belonging to a race of people with light skin
Of the color of fresh snow and milk
noun
Person's name
Lightest color; The color of fresh snow.

authoritarian

US / ɔ:ˌθɒrɪˈteəriən /

•

UK / əˌθɔ:rəˈteriən /

adjecitve
Expecting complete obedience to your rules
noun
Person expecting complete obedience

deserve

US / dɪ'zɜ:v /

•

UK / dɪˈzɚv /

verb
To be worthy of, e.g. getting praise or attention

immediately

US / ɪˈmi:diətli /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪtli /

adverb
Without any delay; straight away

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

walk

US / wɔ:k /

•

UK / wɔk /

noun
Journey on foot done for pleasure or exercise
verb
To move with your legs at a slowish pace

eat

US / i:t /

•

UK / it /

verb
To put food in your mouth

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

habitat

US / 'hæbɪtæt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪˌtæt /

noun
Natural place where a plant or animal lives

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

refuel

US / ˌri:'fju:əl /

•

UK / riˈfjuəl /

verb
To put more fuel into a vehicle, etc.

reside

US / rɪˈzaɪd /

•

UK / rɪˈzaɪd /

verb
To live in; dwell; to be present

stem

US / stem /

•

UK / stɛm /

noun
Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
verb
To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
To start from or be the origin of
To stop something bad from spreading or developing

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

traffic

US / 'træfɪk /

•

UK / ˈtræfɪk /

noun
The cars or vehicles on the road
Amount of activity over a communication system

among

US / əˈmʌŋ /

•

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

preposition
In the center of several things

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

gardener

US / 'ɡɑ:dnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɡɑrdnɚ, ˈɡɑrdnɚ /

noun
Someone who takes care of a garden

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

migratory

US / ˈmaɪgrətri /

•

UK / ˈmaɪgrətɔ:ri /

adjecitve
Involving moving to another place to live

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

tidy

US / 'taɪdɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪdi /

adjecitve
With things in their proper place; not messy
verb
To clean and organize so it's not dirty or messy

wildflower

US / 'waɪldˌflaʊə /

•

UK / ˈwaɪldˌflaʊɚ /

noun
Wild or uncultivated flowering plant

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

beneficial

US / ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl /

•

UK / ˌbɛnəˈfɪʃəl /

adjecitve
Giving an advantage, having a helpful effect

beautiful

US / 'bju:tɪfl /

•

UK / ˈbjutəfəl /

adjecitve
Having dome something well
Being very attractive or appealing physically

milkweed

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A plant with milky juice and yellow flower heads

reality

US / rɪ'ælətɪ /

•

UK / riˈælɪti /

noun
What is true, as opposed to what is imagined

population

US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

noun
Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

pot

US / pɒt /

•

UK / pɑt /

noun
Container designed to hold or store something
Deep, round container that is used for cooking
Large, significant quantity of something
Slang name for marijuana
Net pocket at the corners, etc. of a snooker table
Money that can be won in a card game or a bet
verb
To plant something in a container filled with soil
To hit a ball into a table pocket in snooker

straight

US / streɪt /

•

UK / stret /

adjecitve
Not having curves, bends, or angles
Not gay; heterosexual
honest and direct
adverb
in a line; immediately; honestly and directly

visit

US / ˈvɪzɪt /

•

UK / ˈvɪzɪt /

noun
Trip to a place for a time, usually for a reason
verb
To go to a place for a time, usually for a reason

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

existential

US / ˌegzɪˈstenʃəl /

•

UK / ˌɛɡzɪˈstɛnʃəl, ˌɛksɪ- /

adjecitve
Philosophy concerning existence

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

serious

US / ˈsɪəriəs /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəs /

adjecitve
Giving something great energy or sincerity
Needing thought or concentration; important; grave
Being sincere about something; not joking

evening

US / ˈi:vnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈivnɪŋ /

noun
Last part of the day and early part of night
A social event in the early part of the night
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

firefly

US / 'faɪəflaɪ /

•

UK / ˈfaɪrˌflaɪ /

noun
Flying beetles that give off a green light

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

powder

US / 'paʊdə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊdɚ /

noun
Dry material made up of small powder-like pieces
Dry and light form of snow
verb
To apply a dust onto the body or face

bunch

US / bʌntʃ /

•

UK / bʌntʃ /

noun
A group of things of the same kind
verb
To group people or things closely together
(Cloth) to gather/be gathered together in folds

extravagantly

US / ɪk'strævəɡəntlɪ /

•

UK / ɪk'strævəɡəntlɪ /

adverb
In a wasteful manner

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

skirt

US / skɜ:t /

•

UK / skɜ:rt /

noun
To go around the edge of an area
Loose piece of women's clothing for the lower body

solve

US / sɒlv /

•

UK / sɑ:lv /

verb
To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

york

US / jɔ:k /

•

UK / jɔrk /

proper noun
A city in northern England, on the Ouse River; population 136,900 (est. 2009).
A commercial and industrial city in southeastern Pennsylvania; population 40,097 (est. 2008).
The southwestern tip of Hayes Peninsula, on Baffin Bay in Greenland. It served as a base for US expl

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

eventually

US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

•

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

adverb
After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

fly

US / flaɪ /

•

UK / flai /

noun
Common flying insect, sometimes blue in color
Opening with fold of cloth hiding zipper on pants
verb
To move in the wind, e.g. a flag
To move at a high speed
To travel in a plane, helicopter, balloon etc.
To pilot people or items by plane
To travel through the air using wings

health

US / helθ /

•

UK / hɛlθ /

noun
(Person, company) being in a good condition; well

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

thrive

US / θraɪv /

•

UK / θraɪv /

verb
To be or become healthy or successful

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

materialize

US / mə'tɪərɪəlaɪz /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəˌlaɪz /

verb
To become real or actual

partner

US / 'pɑ:tnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɑrtnɚ /

noun
One you have a business/personal relationship with
Someone you have personal relationship with
verb
To join with others for work or other activity

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

shrink

US / ʃrɪŋk /

•

UK / ʃrɪŋk /

noun
A rude name for a psychiatrist
other
To make something smaller than it was before
verb
To become smaller
To make or become smaller than it was before

uncut

US / ˌʌnˈkʌt /

•

UK / ʌnˈkʌt /

adjecitve
Not cut

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

dependency

US / dɪˈpendənsi /

•

UK / dɪˈpendənsi /

noun
Relying on person/thing financially or emotionally

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

suck

US / sʌk /

•

UK / sʌk /

noun
Drawing of liquid into a tube or hole
phrasal verb
To trick or deceive someone into doing something
verb
To be very bad, undesirable or unpleasant
To be very bad, undesirable, or unpleasant
To pull or remove something with great power
To attract someone; make someone interested
To draw into your mouth through a small hole

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

egg

US / eg /

•

UK / ɛɡ /

noun
Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

fancy

US / 'fænsɪ /

•

UK / ˈfænsi /

adjecitve
Unusual and attractive in design
verb
To want to have or do something; feel like
To imagine or suppose that something will happen
To believe or imagine something that is not true

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

baby

US / ˈbeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

adjecitve
Small in size; smaller than usual
noun
A very young child, who cannot yet speak
verb
To treat someone as if they were newly born

everywhere

US / ˈevriweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈevriwer /

adverb
Every place

hibiscus

US / hɪˈbɪskəs /

•

UK / haɪˈbɪskəs /

noun
Garden plant with showy flowers

dynamic

US / daɪˈnæmɪk /

•

UK / daiˈnæmik /

adjecitve
Always active or energetic; getting things done

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

beauty

US / 'bju:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈbjuti /

noun
Something attractive that produces great pleasure
Physically or visually attractive person

datum

US / ˈdeɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

noun
Item of factual information

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

sparrow

US / 'spærəʊ /

•

UK / ˈspæro /

noun
Small, very common bird with gray brown feathers

store

US / stɔ:(r) /

•

UK / stɔr, stor /

noun
Place where things are kept for future use
Place where you can go to buy things
verb
To put things in a place for later use

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

community

US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

noun
Group of people who share a common idea or area

goodness

US / ˈgʊdnəs /

•

UK / ˈɡʊdnɪs /

exclamation
(Used to express slight surprise)
noun
Nourishment; good food value

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

desert

US / 'dezət /

•

UK / ˈdɛzət /

noun
Bare area of land, often with few plants and water
verb
To leave a place for ever; abandon
To leave when one is needed or expected to stay

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

sculptural

US / 'skʌlptʃərəl /

•

UK / 'skʌlptʃərəl /

adjecitve
Concerning or consisting of sculpture

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

digest

US / daɪˈdʒest /

•

UK / daɪˈdʒest /

noun
A summary, as of the news
verb
To convert food into energy in your stomach
To think over facts, news etc.; take in information

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

moth

US / mɒθ /

•

UK / mɔθ, mɑθ /

noun
Insect with large wings that flies around at night

manage

US / ˈmænɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒ /

verb
To survive hardships and difficulties; to cope
To run or operate a business by directing others

shipping

US / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

noun
Business of transporting goods or orders to places
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

bite

US / baɪt /

•

UK / baɪt /

noun
Amount of food taken into your mouth at one time
Wound left from being bitten
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught
To close your teeth onto something, usually to eat

construction

US / kən'strʌkʃn /

•

UK / kənˈstrʌkʃən /

noun
Act of building something; thing that is built
Something that is made using different parts
The way words are organized in a sentence
The way something is made or structured

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

alive

US / ə'laɪv /

•

UK / əˈlaɪv /

adjecitve
Living; not dead

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

extra

US / 'ekstrə /

•

UK / 'ekstrə /

adjecitve
More than necessary; additional
noun
Items more than you need; additional items
Person who has a small part in a movie
Special version of a newspaper

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

rug

US / rʌg /

•

UK / rʌɡ /

noun
Small carpet; material used to cover a floor

tuck

US / tʌk /

•

UK / tʌk /

noun
Fold sewn into a skirt, etc. to improve the fit
verb
To put something into a small or safe place
To put something gently into place, as to hide it
To put a fold in a piece of clothing

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

public

US / 'pʌblɪk /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

adjecitve
Owned by the government
Concerning society in general
Being available or accessible to people in general
Known or able to be known by all people

terrify

US / ˈterɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɛrəˌfaɪ /

verb
To scare or greatly frighten

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

wear

US / weə(r) /

•

UK / wer /

noun
Clothing designed for a purpose e.g. skiing
Damage from continual use over a long period
verb
To have clothes, glasses, shoes etc. on your body
To display an expression or emotion on the face
To become weaker or damaged from continued use

horticulture

US / ˈhɔ:tɪkʌltʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhɔ:rtɪkʌltʃə(r) /

noun
Science of growing plants

horticulturalist

US / ˌhɔːtɪˈkʌltʃərəlɪst /

•

UK / ˌhɔːrtɪˈkʌltʃərəlɪst /

noun
Specialist in growing plants

pollinate

US / ˈpɒləneɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:ləneɪt /

verb
(Of bees) to put pollen on plant so it makes seed

hummingbird

US / ˈhʌmɪŋˌbɜ:d /

•

UK / ˈhʌmɪŋˌbə:d /

noun
Tiny iridescent bird that hovers while feeding

incredible

US / ɪnˈkredəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl /

adjecitve
Very good; amazing
Really good; amazing; great
Very hard to believe

mow

US / məʊ /

•

UK / maʊ /

verb
To cut grass with a blade or mower

predator

US / 'predətə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛdətɚ, -ˌtɔr /

noun
An animal that hunts and kills other animals
Person preying on the weak to gain advantage

soon

US / su:n /

•

UK / sun /

adverb
At a time not long from now

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

pesticide

US / ˈpestɪsaɪd /

•

UK / ˈpɛstɪˌsaɪd /

noun
A chemical substance used to kill pests

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

evolve

US / ɪ'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

verb
To develop certain features
To develop or change slowly over time
To slowly change or develop into something better

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

incorporate

US / ɪn'kɔ:pəreɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈkɔrpəˌret /

verb
To form into a company or business corporation
To include or involve as part of something else

industrial

US / ɪnˈdʌstriəl /

•

UK / ɪnˈdʌstriəl /

adjecitve
Concerning making things in factories

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

positive

US / ˈpɒzətɪv /

•

UK / ˈpɑzɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Showing agreement or support for something
Being sure about something; knowing the truth
Having the charge produced by electrons
Being good or useful
Showing that a chemical is present in a test

sugary

US / ˈʃʊgəri /

•

UK / ˈʃʊɡəri /

adjecitve
Too sweet; insincere
Containing or having a taste like sugar

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

catalpas

US / /

•

UK / /

other

insecticide

US / ɪn'sektɪsaɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɛktɪˌsaɪd /

noun
Chemical substance used for killing insects

nerdy

US / ˈnɜːdi /

•

UK / ˈnɜːrdi /

adjecitve

ladybug

US / 'leɪdɪbʌɡ /

•

UK / ˈlediˌbʌɡ /

noun
US small round bright-colored and spotted beetle

throat

US / θrəʊt /

•

UK / θroʊt /

noun
Part of the neck that is below the chin

vast

US / vɑ:st /

•

UK / væst /

adjecitve
Being very large in size or amount

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

communicate

US / kə'mju:nɪkeɪt /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪˌket /

verb
To give and exchange information

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

crisis

US / 'kraɪsɪs /

•

UK / ˈkraɪsɪs /

noun
Unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

pest

US / pest /

•

UK / pɛst /

noun
Person, often a small child, who bothers people
Insect or small animal that ruins plants or food

traditional

US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Involved in a custom or event common to a people

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

designer

US / dɪˈzaɪnə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪnə /

adjecitve
Describing something that has been designed
noun
Someone who creates plans to make something

eighty

US / 'eɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈeti /

number
80

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

verb
To say to someone that you want something

caterpillar

US / 'kætəpɪlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ, ˈkætə- /

noun
Insect with many legs that becomes a butterfly

brink

US / brɪŋk /

•

UK / brɪŋk /

noun
Near to happening; on the verge of

cultivate

US / 'kʌltɪveɪt /

•

UK / ˈkʌltəˌvet /

verb
To grow plants, crops etc.
To cause to grow by education; to enlighten

exact

US / ɪɡ'zækt /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzækt /

adjecitve
Completely correct; accurate; specific
verb
To get something, sometimes using force

disclosure

US / dɪs'kləʊʒə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskloʒɚ /

noun
Making private information public

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

harm

US / hɑ:m /

•

UK / hɑrm /

noun
Damage or injury
verb
To damage, injure, or hurt someone or something

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

song

US / sɒŋ /

•

UK / sɔ:ŋ /

noun
Distinctive series of sounds made by a bird
Music with words that are sung to it
Art or tradition of singing

soil

US / sɔɪl /

•

UK / sɔɪl /

noun
Conditions in which something develops
Mix of natural material in which plants grow
Land of a certain country
verb
To get or become dirty

wig

US / wɪg /

•

UK / wɪɡ /

noun
Covering of artificial hair worn on the head

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

basketball

US / ˈbɑ:skɪtbɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈbæskɪtbɔːl /

noun
Team game played to throw the ball through a hoop

animal

US / ˈænɪml /

•

UK / ˈænəməl /

noun
A living creature that is not a plant or person

cycle

US / ˈsaɪkl /

•

UK / ˈsaɪkəl /

noun
Series of regular and repeated actions
Bicycle, bike
verb
To go through a series of events repeatedly
To ride on a bicycle

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

bloom

US / blu:m /

•

UK / blum /

noun
Period of beauty, strength or freshness
verb
To flower; to produce flowers
To achieve an ideal state of beauty and strength

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

literally

US / ˈlɪtərəli /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

adverb
So as to express the exact meaning of something
Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

overwinter

US / ˌəʊvəˈwɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˌoʊvərˈwɪntər /

verb
To spend the winter (doing something)

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

wave

US / weɪv /

•

UK / wev /

noun
Movement of sound, air or energy
Deep and strong emotion that is suddenly felt
Slightly curved shape in hair
Frequency of movement of objects together
Up and down movement of water in a lake or sea
Signal with your hand to say hello or goodbye
verb
To cause to move side to side or back and forth
To swing back and forth as a result of the wind
To move your hand or arm to say hello or goodbye

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

certainly

US / ˈsə:tnli /

•

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

adverb
Sure; of course

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

manhattan

US / mæn'hætn /

•

UK / mæn'hætn: /

noun
A cocktail made with whiskey and sweet vermouth with a dash of bitters
other
One of the five boroughs of New York City

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

seed

US / si:d /

•

UK / sid /

noun
A person's children; offspring
Part of a plant used to grow more on them
Source of a feeling or thought
Top-ranked person in a competition, e.g. in tennis
verb
(Of plants) to produce seeds for the future
To produce seeds, as a plant
To remove the center part from a fruit or vegetable
To be the source of a feeling or thought
To plant seeds in the ground

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

derelict

US / ˈderəlɪkt /

•

UK / ˈdɛrəˌlɪkt /

adjecitve
Neglected and left uncared for

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

garden

US / ˈgɑ:dn /

•

UK / ˈgɑ:rdn /

noun
Yard; ground outside your house to grow plants
Public park in which visitors can see flowers
verb
To work in a yard to grow plants, vegetables

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

environmental

US / ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl /

•

UK / ɛnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntl:, -ˌvaɪən /

adjecitve
Of the natural world of plants and animals

lie

US / laɪ /

•

UK / lai /

noun
An untrue statement, when you know it is not true
verb
To be in a horizontal or flat position
To say something that you know is not true

native

US / ˈneɪtɪv /

•

UK / ˈnetɪv /

adjecitve
Caused by natural ability; innate
noun
Someone from or born in a specific country
Original inhabitant, e.g. before others
Person speaking a language from birth

maintain

US / meɪn'teɪn /

•

UK / menˈten /

verb
To keep saying something a certain way
To keep (machine) working by checking, repairing
To keep, exist or continue without changing

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

brush

US / brʌʃ /

•

UK / brʌʃ /

noun
Quick and gentle movement
Thing with hairs used to apply paint, etc.
Thing used to comb your hair or to clean the floor
verb
To touch against a thing very lightly when moving
To clean, paint, or apply something with a brush
To clean using a long stick with stiff hairs

catalpa

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Tree of the genus Catalpa with large leaves and white flowers followed by long slender pods

clean

US / kli:n /

•

UK / klin /

adjecitve
Not marked in any way; blank
Done according to the rules or standards; fair
Free from disease or sickness
Being free from dirt or marks; washed
Behaving well; not breaking any rules; legal
adverb
Completely; entirely
verb
To make free from dirt or marks; washed
To make neat and orderly e.g. a room
To remove the inner parts of an animal

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

lawn

US / lɔ:n /

•

UK / lɔn /

noun
Fine cotton cloth, either plain or printed
Ground on which grass grows, as in a garden

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

nine

US / naɪn /

•

UK / naɪn /

number
9

seat

US / si:t /

•

UK / sit /

noun
Place where a government or organization is based
A chair or place to sit
Official position in an organization
Part of a chair on which a person sits
verb
To have seats available for a number of people
To give someone a place to sit down

spring

US / sprɪŋ /

•

UK / sprɪŋ /

noun
Coil of metal that lessens impact, e.g. on cars
Sudden jump from one place to another
The time when plants start growing after winter
Place where water flows from beneath the ground
verb
To lessen the impact of something under pressure
To jump into the air

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

bird

US / bɜ:d /

•

UK / bɜ:rd /

noun
Animal with feathers that uses wings to fly

brooklyn

US / ˈbrʊklɪn /

•

UK / ˈbrʊklən /

other
A borough of New York City

grief

US / ɡri:f /

•

UK / ɡrif /

noun
Feeling of great sadness because someone has died
Things that are troublesome or annoying

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

drink

US / drɪŋk /

•

UK / drɪŋk /

noun
A liquid that you put in your mouth
verb
To put water in your body through your mouth

kid

US / kɪd /

•

UK / kɪd /

adjecitve
Made from young goat skin
noun
Child or young person
Young goat
verb
To make fun of someone in a gentle way; to tease

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

meet

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Sporting competition e.g. swimming
verb
To provide something that is necessary
To come together at a certain time or place

magic

US / 'mædʒɪk /

•

UK / ˈmædʒɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning or involving tricks for entertainment
Being able to produce good results or success
noun
Attractive, appealing, and exciting quality
Performance of tricks for entertainment
Special ability or skill that causes success
Use of the supernatural to make things happen

majority

US / mə'dʒɒrətɪ /

•

UK / məˈdʒɔrɪti, -ˈdʒɑr- /

noun
Amount that is more than half of a group

throughout

US / θru:ˈaʊt /

•

UK / θruˈaʊt /

adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

bee

US / bi: /

•

UK / bi /

noun
Gathering to perform activities and tasks together
Black and yellow insect that makes honey

proportion

US / prəˈpɔ:ʃn /

•

UK / prəˈpɔrʃən, -ˈpor- /

noun
A part of a whole thing
State of balance between two or more things
Size of one thing compared to the size of another
verb
To balance the size of something with another

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

bug

US / bʌɡ /

•

UK / bʌɡ /

noun
An insect
Problem in the functioning of computer code
Electronic device to spy on someone
verb
To bother someone
To hide an electronic device to spy on someone

bumblebee

US / ˈbʌmblbi: /

•

UK / ˈbʌmbəlˌbi /

noun
Robust hairy social bee of temperate regions

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

journey

US / 'dʒɜ:nɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒɚni /

noun
Act of traveling from one place to another; trip
verb
To travel through a place

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

herbicide

US / ˈhɜ:bɪsaɪd /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rbɪsaɪd /

noun
A poison that kills weeds

forage

US / ˈfɒrɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈfɔ:rɪdʒ /

noun
Plants that animals eat
verb
To wander looking for food as animals do naturally

leaf

US / li:f /

•

UK / lif /

noun
Page in a book
Green part of a tree or plant
verb
To look through pages in a book

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

northeast

US / 'nɔ:θ'i:st /

•

UK / nɔrθˈist, nɔrˈist /

noun
Location in the northeastern part of an area

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

honestly

US / ˈɒnɪstli /

•

UK / ˈɑnɪstli /

adverb
With truth or sincerity; I'm being honest with you

movement

US / ˈmu:vmənt /

•

UK / ˈmuvmənt /

noun
Part of a piece of classical music
Group with a shared interest or goal
Group sharing the same idea to change society, art
Action you do when exercising, e.g. in a gym
Part of a piece of music

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

display

US / dɪˈspleɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈsple /

noun
Arrangement of objects so people can see or buy
verb
(Animals) to indicate readiness for sex
To show, e.g. your feelings, thoughts; demonstrate
To put so they can be seen or be bought

encourage

US / ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ /

•

UK / ɛnˈkɚrɪdʒ, -ˈkʌr- /

verb
To increase the chance of something happening
To make someone more determined or confident

herald

US / 'herəld /

•

UK / ˈhɛrəld /

verb
To proclaim; announce; say something is coming

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

monarch

US / ˈmɒnək /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:nərk /

noun
A king or queen

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

ladybird

US / ˈleɪdibɜ:d /

•

UK / ˈleɪdibɜ:rd /

noun
British small round red/yellow spotted beetle

mallow

US / ˈmæləʊ /

•

UK / ˈmæloʊ /

noun
Any of various plants of the family Malvaceae

post

US / pəʊst /

•

UK / post /

noun
Message delivered or shared in an online group
Piece of wood, metal in the ground for support
Job or position within an organization or company
Place where a soldier, etc. is ordered to go
verb
To send a letter or package using stamps
To share a message on an internet discussion group
To send a soldier somewhere to do a job
To put a message in public for everyone to see

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

tongue

US / tʌŋ /

•

UK / tʌŋ /

noun
Long, thin part of (e.g. shoe under the laces)
Meat from the mouth of an animal, cooked as food
A language
Movable fleshy thing in your mouth, for tasting
Act of scolding someone
A specific manner of speaking
verb
To using your mouth to produce musical notes
To use your mouth to touch something

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

patience

US / ˈpeɪʃns /

•

UK / ˈpeʃəns /

noun
Ability to wait without being annoyed

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

alone

US / ə'ləʊn /

•

UK / əˈlon /

adjecitve
Apart from others
Without equal
adverb
Without anyone or anything else

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

migration

US / maɪˈgreɪʃn /

•

UK / maɪˈɡreʃən /

noun
Process of moving to live in another place

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

wall

US / wɔ:l /

•

UK / wɔl /

noun
High, flat side of a room or building

unfortunately

US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

•

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

adverb
In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

climate

US / ˈklaɪmət /

•

UK / ˈklaɪmɪt /

noun
Typical weather conditions in a particular place

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

humanity

US / hju:ˈmænəti /

•

UK / hjuˈmænɪti /

noun
Quality of being understanding or sympathetic
Human race as one group of people

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

hungry

US / ˈhʌŋgri /

•

UK / ˈhʌŋɡri /

adjecitve
Feeling a need or want to eat food
Being eager to get or do something

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

opposite

US / ˈɔpəzit /

•

UK / ˈɑpəzɪt /

adjecitve
Being totally different from
noun
Person, thing that is totally different to another
preposition
Across from or on the side facing something

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

parking

US / ˈpɑ:kɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rkɪŋ /

noun
The area you can park your car
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

wildlife

US / ˈwaɪldlaɪf /

•

UK / ˈwaɪldˌlaɪf /

noun
All wild animals

beautify

US / ˈbju:tɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈbjutəˌfaɪ /

verb
To cause someone or something to become beautiful

dump

US / dʌmp /

•

UK / dʌmp /

verb
To end a romantic relationship
To put something somewhere without care
To throw away as waste
To get rid of unwanted things in an illegal manner

favourite

US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

•

UK / 'fevərɪt /

adjecitve
Best liked or most enjoyed
noun
A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

park

US / pɑ:k /

•

UK / pɑ:rk /

noun
Person's name
Public green area in a town for exercise, relaxing
Field upon which a sport is played, e.g. baseball
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

ecosystem

US / ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈɛkoˌsɪstəm, ˈiko- /

noun
Types of plants and animals in an specific area

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

welcome

US / 'welkəm /

•

UK / ˈwɛlkəm /

adjecitve
Being what was wanted or needed
noun
Friendly greeting to someone who has arrived
verb
To greet someone who has just arrived
To accept or receive something happily and gladly

tropical

US / ˈtrɒpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtrɑpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Hot and humid; near to the equator

biodiversity

US / ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜ:səti /

•

UK / ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜ:rsəti /

noun
The variation of life forms in an environment

bridge

US / brɪdʒ /

•

UK / brɪdʒ /

noun
Structure built over river, road so you can cross
verb
To make a link between; bring together

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

nest

US / nest /

•

UK / nɛst /

noun
Home, e.g. of twigs, made by a bird, insect etc.
Things designed to fit together
Place where you feel secure; home or own room
verb
To create or live in a nest
To fit together, inside or around each other

columbine

US / 'kɒləmbaɪn /

•

UK / 'kɑ:ləmbaɪn /

other
A plant of the genus Aquilegia having irregular showy spurred flowers; north temperate regions espec

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

synthetic

US / sɪnˈθetɪk /

•

UK / sɪnˈθɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Not natural; made from artificial materials

cheerful

US / ˈtʃiəful /

•

UK / ˈtʃɪrfəl /

adjecitve
Feeling or showing happiness or optimism

dance

US / dɑ:ns /

•

UK / dæns /

noun
A series of steps and movements in time to music
A social event with dancing while music is playing
verb
To move your body rhythmically to music

famous

US / 'feɪməs /

•

UK / ˈfeməs /

adjecitve
Excellent
Widely known; recognized by many people

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

unnecessary

US / ʌnˈnesəsəri /

•

UK / ʌnˈnesəseri /

adjecitve
Being more than needed or not needed

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

cloud

US / klaʊd /

•

UK / klaʊd /

noun
A mass of smoke or mist hanging in the air
verb
To confuse the mind/judgment of a person
(Of the sky) to get darker and fill with clouds
To make (glass, etc.) difficult to see through
To make an activity less pleasant or enjoyable
(Of person's face, etc.) to show worry/anger

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

alongside

US / əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd /

•

UK / əˌlɔ:ŋˈsaɪd /

preposition
Side by side with something

host

US / həʊst /

•

UK / host /

noun
Mass; a great number
Person who entertains guests
Plant or animal on or in which parasites live
Presenter on a television or radio program
verb
To be the sponsor of an event, e.g. the Olympics
To lead or start a party, program, or other event
To lead a TV or radio show as the announcer

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

planet

US / 'plænɪt /

•

UK / ˈplænɪt /

noun
One of the bodies that orbit the sun

sight

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Things or people that one can see
Range or distance that someone can see
Famous places often visited by tourists
Sense that allows you to see
Act of seeing someone or something
verb
To aim (a gun) at something to get your range
To see something rare or unusual

pier

US / pɪə(r) /

•

UK / pɪr /

noun
Strong post that helps support something
Long structure built over the water to tie boats

catastrophic

US / ˌkætə'strɒfɪk /

•

UK / ˌkætəˈstrɑfɪk /

adjecitve
Causing a lot of damage or suffering

happiness

US / 'hæpɪnəs /

•

UK / ˈhæpɪnɪs /

noun
State of feeling pleased; feeling of satisfaction

thin

US / θɪn /

•

UK / θɪn /

adjecitve
Flowing with ease; with a high percentage of water
(Of air) having little oxygen
Being or growing far apart in small amounts
Not thick; not wide in size
Having little flesh or fat on the body
Being weak or useless
verb
To make flow more easily by adding water or liquid

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

bay

US / beɪ /

•

UK / be /

noun
Part of an ocean or lake partly surrounded by land

child

US / tʃaɪld /

•

UK / tʃaɪld /

noun
A very young person, between about 2 and 15

immobilize

US / ɪˈməʊbəlaɪz /

•

UK / ɪˈmoʊbəlaɪz /

verb
To stop someone or something from moving

flower

US / ˈflaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈflaʊɚ /

noun
Plant with a pretty head, e.g. a rose
verb
(Of flowers) to emerge into full shape; to bloom
To develop successfully or fully

pollinator

US / ˈpɒlɪneɪtə /

•

UK / ˈpɑləˌneɪtər /

noun
Insect moving pollen from one plant to another

stunning

US / ˈstʌnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈstʌnɪŋ /

adjecitve
Causing amazement, e.g. because so very good
verb
To greatly shock or surprise; totally amaze
To incapacitate using a special gun

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

dirty

US / ˈdɜ:ti /

•

UK / ˈdɜ:rti /

adjecitve
Not clean
Not fair; dishonest or dishonorable
verb
To make something not clean; soil

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

north

US / nɔ:θ /

•

UK / nɔ:rθ /

adjecitve
Coming from the opposite direction to the south
noun
Direction to your left when facing the rising sun

pollination

US / ˌpɒlə'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈpɑləneʃən /

noun
Putting pollen on a plant so it makes seeds

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

aphid

US / ˈeɪfɪd /

•

UK / ˈefɪd, ˈæfɪd /

noun
Small insects which suck the juices of plants

cut

US / kʌt /

•

UK / kʌt /

noun
Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
verb
To reduce the size or amount of something
To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

nectar

US / ˈnektə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛktɚ /

noun
Sweet liquid found in plants

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

technically

US / ˈteknɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɛknɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In an exact and particular manner

color

US / 'kʌlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌlɚ /

noun
Quality of things you can see, e.g. red, blue
Pink or red in your face, e.g. after being ill
The shade of someone's skin e.g. black, or yellow
verb
To change or affect someone's opinion
To make something colorful using colored pencils

exclusively

US / ɪk'sklu:sɪvlɪ /

•

UK / ɪkˈsklusɪvlɪ /

adverb
For the use of only one person or group

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

incredibly

US / ɪnˈkredəbli /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəblɪ /

adverb
To a great degree; very; amazingly

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

spur

US / spɜ:(r) /

•

UK / spɚ /

noun
Rock that sticks out from the side of a mountain
Something that makes a person act
verb
To make your horse go faster
To make someone want to do something

architect

US / ˈɑ:kɪtekt /

•

UK / ˈɑrkɪˌtɛkt /

noun
Person who designs and advises on buildings

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

concrete

US / 'kɒŋkri:t /

•

UK / kɑnˈkrit, kɑŋ-, ˈkɑnˌkrit, ˈkɑŋ- /

adjecitve
Concerning something that is physical or real
noun
Hard building material made of cement, sand, water
verb
To cover or make with a hard grey building material

drastically

US / 'drɑ:stɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˈdræstɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In a sudden, extreme or severe manner

duo

US / ˈdju:əʊ /

•

UK / ˈdu:oʊ /

noun
Two (e.g. of living or people)

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

nestle

US / ˈnesl /

•

UK / ˈnɛsəl /

verb
To be sheltered or protected by e.g. trees, hills
To rest against something that is comfortable

landscape

US / 'lændskeɪp /

•

UK / ˈlændˌskep /

noun
Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
Picture of natural scenery in a place
View of a (beautiful) country area or scene
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

ruby

US / 'ru:bɪ /

•

UK / ˈrubi /

noun
Very valuable dark red gemstone

tough

US / tʌf /

•

UK / tʌf /

adjecitve
(Of food) difficult to chew or bite through
Very difficult to do or deal with
Having strict standards
Being firm and not easily bent or broken
Being strong physically or mentally
Being difficult to persuade
Capable of violence

Subtitles section

So, full disclosure, I am the nerdiest gardener you are ever going to meet.

Technically, I'm an ecological horticulturalist, which is a fancy way of saying that I design and manage gardens that are extravagantly beautiful while also providing habitat for plant populations, wildlife communities and even soil organisms.

And you might wonder, isn't that what all gardeners do?

Unfortunately, no.

The vast majority of gardens are ecological deserts, and in fact, an incredible amount of environmental damage has been done in the name of making pretty gardens.

In the US alone, we dump over a hundred million pounds of insecticides, herbicides and synthetic fertilizers on our lawns and gardens every year.

There just isn't a garden pretty enough to be worth all of that, and the reality is that it's completely unnecessary.

Gardens and landscapes that are absolutely gorgeous can also help the world around us.

They can provide food, water and shelter to wildlife.

Gardens can and have brought back plants and animals from the brink of extinction.

There is a movement happening all over the globe.

Gardeners, garden designers, landscape architects, even entire cities are finding ways to beautify our environment while making space for the animals we share this land with.

I've seen biodiversity return to one of the toughest places to live on the entire planet.

the middle of New York City, where I cared for, designed and helped build public parks and gardens.

At Brooklyn Bridge Park, where I was director of horticulture, we took these massive, derelict shipping piers out over the water between Brooklyn and Manhattan and turned them into an eighty five acre post industrial public park.

It was designed by MVVA and built out over a decade.

And it's hard to imagine now, but this lush landscape was built on parched concrete.

This is about as appealing to wildlife as a parking lot.

And yet, just a few years after construction, we welcomed migratory birds, rare insects and clouds of butterflies, all among millions and millions of park visitors.

When people go to Brooklyn Bridge Park, they're usually there to play basketball or have a picnic.

They have no idea that they're walking through a monarch habitat or a firefly sanctuary.

It just reads as a beautiful park with lots of butterflies and magical evenings.

And if we can do that in the middle of New York City, amidst all that traffic and concrete, you can do it anywhere.

Indeed, we must incorporate habitat everywhere immediately, especially in our cities.

We are facing a biodiversity crisis of catastrophic proportions.

We're changing the planet so quickly that plants and animals cannot keep up.

You may have heard of the insect apocalypse, and unfortunately, it is just as terrifying as it sounds.

We have lost nearly half of insects on planet Earth just since I was a little kid.

Now, you might not like bugs, but they are still keeping you alive.

One in every three bites of food that you eat is the direct result of insect pollination.

And this isn't just a problem for humanity.

Where we have the data, we've lost a quarter of our birds.

In North America, it's twenty nine percent.

Most of these birds feed their babies exclusively on insects.

So it's not just climate change that we need to solve right now.

There is some existential multitasking required of us.

Thank goodness that there are solutions, and many of them literally involve planting flowers.

So let's talk about gardening for biodiversity, because while you might not be a gardener, I am still going to ask you to get your hands dirty.

All it takes is a pot on your stoop to have a positive effect.

The first thing we should all be doing are planting plants that are from the places where we're gardening.

We call them native plants, and they're important because they evolved alongside of the wildlife there.

Plants and animals often form relationships and even dependencies on each other.

For example, the eastern red columbine is arguably the most cheerful of our spring wildflowers.

But of course, they're not blooming for us.

Their red flower heralds the return of the ruby throated hummingbird, the East Coast's only hummingbird.

After these tiny birds have flown thousands of miles on their migration from Central America to the Northeast, they rely on the sugary nectar of the columbine to refuel, and they have reason to believe that this flower will be waiting for them when they do.

The columbine stores their nectar at the end of long spurs, where only the long tongues of the hummingbird can reach it.

As the bird drinks the nectar, they pollinate the flower.

Both organisms are benefiting here, and in fact, the ruby throated hummingbird is the eastern red columbine's pollinator partner.

The bird and the flower could not be more charming, but it's the dynamics between the two where the real magic resides.

Let me explain.

Birds have an extra photoreceptor that allows them to see red incredibly well.

Flowers have taken advantage of this and use the color red to communicate.

As the hummingbirds fly over land on their journey, a wave of red flowers blooms to greet them.

This beautiful dance of symbiosis is happening all around us, among plants and animals that have evolved together for thousands, if not millions of years.

In return for planting native plants, we get a front row seat to the wonders of the natural world.

It's hard work, but it's the best kind because at the end of our efforts, not only do we get biodiversity, but we get butterflies.

When butterflies visit flowers, they're there for a quick drink of nectar.

But if we want to support their full life cycle, we need to provide them with food when they are very hungry caterpillars.

Caterpillars eat leaves, but they can't just eat any leaf.

They need the leaves they have evolved to digest.

Monarchs and milkweed are the most famous duo, but every butterfly and moth has a plant or even a few that they lay their eggs on.

These are their host plants.

At Brooklyn Bridge Park a while ago, I saw American lady butterflies visiting our flowers.

So I looked at their host plants and found that their favorite was a tiny white flower called pearly everlasting.

So I ordered a few, hoping that the butterflies would eventually find them.

However, when I opened the box, it was like butterflies just materialized out of thin air and went straight for the pearly everlasting.

We had to brush the butterflies off the plants just to get them in the ground.

Now, I know that it might be a shock for some of you to hear that people like me want insects eating our garden plants, but even bugs we refer to as pests can be important for biodiversity.

Long ago, at Brooklyn Bridge Park, our catalpa trees got covered in aphids.

They're a common garden pest that suck the sugary liquid out of leaves.

People encouraged me to spray them with pesticides, but I didn't.

And the following year, we found the two spotted lady beetle on our catalpas.

This was the first sighting of this ladybug in New York City in thirty years.

And the thing about them is that they eat those tiny aphids that are on our catalpas.

So if we had sprayed the trees, we would have harmed the ladybugs as well.

Gardening is a long game.

With patience, we can return balance to these systems.

When we allow pests to live in our gardens, predators like ladybugs will soon move in.

By building up biodiversity, pests are kept at bay.

Most gardeners try to maintain these clean, sterile environments that are the exact opposite of what wildlife wants.

The more we can stop being tidy, the more wildness we can bring into our gardens and landscapes, the better habitat we provide.

Wherever possible, we should stop mowing.

Why not get rid of your lawn?

Or shrink it drastically.

Lawns should be area rugs, not wall to wall carpet.

Leaves that fall to the ground should be left there.

They're literally called leaves.

We should leave them.

Bumblebees nest in those leaves, birds will forage in them, and butterflies overwinter in them as well.

Seed heads can be sculptural while feeding the birds, and old flower stems can be tucked away to allow tiny bees to nest in them.

All of these practices create new looks for our gardens, but part of this work is changing our ideas of beauty.

Traditional gardens were often about displaying control over nature.

But we no longer wear powdered wigs and hoop skirts.

We don't need to be authoritarian in our garden design.

And it's not all or nothing.

There's almost always space on our land where we can go a little wild.

The rose mallow is this tropical looking hibiscus that grows throughout eastern North America.

The stems are often cut down by gardeners in spring.

But we left them up one year because we found that there were a bunch of beneficial insects that use those stems.

And what we ended up with, I find absolutely stunning.

It might not be a look for every garden, but certainly we can find space for it.

Because a few weeks later, we found a song sparrow nest nestled in between those uncut stems.

And soon, we had baby song sparrows hopping around outside of the garden.

There's a direct link between that garden practice and an actual baby bird.

In these scary times, it can be so hard to know what to do and how to help.

But it feels great to cultivate life with your own two hands.

And there's an abundance of research now to show how beneficial gardening is for our health and even our happiness.

Because we all deserve to live in a healthy and thriving ecosystem.

But it feels even better when we're part of those systems, supporting the plants and pollinators around us the way that they support us.

Like many of you, I am at times immobilized with climate grief, thinking about the world that we're leaving for our children.

But gardening honestly brings me so much hope that we can solve some very big, very serious problems, that we have the solutions already, and many of them simply involve planting flowers.

Thank you so much.