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Maximizing Gut Health: Optimal Timing for Probiotic Intake

Video vocabulary

mineral

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US / 'mɪnərəl /

UK / ˈmɪnərəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Substance naturally formed in the ground

spongy

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US / ˈspʌndʒi /

UK / ˈspʌndʒi /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Easy to squash, but resuming its original shape

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

act

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US / ækt /

UK / ækt /

A1
  • noun
  • What someone did; action; behavior
  • A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
  • One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
  • verb
  • To behave in a certain way
  • To perform on a stage or in a movie

bit

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US / bɪt /

UK / bɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • Small piece of something
  • verb
  • (E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

absorb

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US / əb'sɔ:b /

UK / əbˈsɔrb, -ˈzɔrb /

B1
  • verb
  • To take up all attention / energy of something
  • To take in a liquid; soak up

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

add

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US / æd /

UK / æd /

A1
  • verb
  • To include as well
  • To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

chip

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US / tʃɪp /

UK / tʃɪp /

B1
  • noun
  • Small piece that has broken off (e.g. from cup)
  • Piece of computer hardware that does calculations
  • Thin piece of fried potato or other food
  • Act of hitting a ball high but not very far
  • verb
  • To break a small piece off something such as a cup
  • To break into small pieces, often with a tool
  • To hit or kick a ball high but not very far

close

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US / kləʊz /

UK / kloʊz /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Almost; near
  • (Of a friend) well-known; liked by others
  • Being near or related
  • Similar; nearly the same
  • verb
  • To come progressively nearer to something
  • To end; to bring to an end
  • To make something shut; stop from being open

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

sauerkraut

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US / ˈsaʊəkraʊt /

UK / ˈsaʊərkraʊt /

C2
  • noun
  • Shredded cabbage fermented in salt water

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

hydrochloric

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US / 'haɪdrə'klɒrɪk /

UK / ˌhaɪdrə'kloʊrɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Chemistry) chem of or relating to hydrochloric acid

medication

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US / ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn /

UK / ˌmɛdɪˈkeʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Substance to relieve pain or cure sickness

topic

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US / 'tɒpɪk /

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Subject or issue people talk or write about

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

dinner

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US / ˈdɪnə(r) /

UK / ˈdɪnɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Main meal of the day, often eaten in the evening

pretty

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US / 'prɪtɪ /

UK / ˈprɪti /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • adverb
  • Very; to a great degree

hydroponically

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • adverb

photosynthesis

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US / ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs /

UK / ˌfotoˈsɪnθɪsɪs /

C1
  • noun
  • Process of plants using the sun to make their food

fast

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US / fɑ:st /

UK / fæst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a way that is difficult to move or change
  • Moving or able to move quickly
  • Showing time that is later than the actual time
  • adverb
  • With a great deal of speed
  • noun
  • Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
  • verb
  • To refuse food for a long time

everyone

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US / ˈevriwʌn /

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Every person; everybody

chance

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US / tʃɑ:ns /

UK / tʃæns /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening by luck; not planned
  • Taking a risk to try something
  • noun
  • The way something happens without planning
  • An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
  • The possibility that something will happen
  • verb
  • To occur just through luck; happen
  • To take a risk to try something

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

prevent

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US / prɪ'vent /

UK / prɪˈvɛnt /

A2
  • verb
  • To stop something from happening or existing

ferment

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US / 'fɜ:ment /

UK / fɚˈmɛnt /

B2
  • verb
  • To go through a chemical change to make alcohol

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

overgrowth

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US / ˈəʊvəgrəʊθ /

UK / ˈoʊvərgroʊθ /

C1
  • noun
  • Too much growth on or over something else

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

good

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US / ɡʊd /

UK / ɡʊd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper, appropriate or right
  • (Of an amount) enough; plenty
  • Excellent; high quality
  • Acting well or properly; of moral character
  • In a positive or happy emotional state
  • noun
  • Advantage or benefit

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

especially

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US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • More than usual; extremely

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

bloated

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US / ˈbləʊtɪd /

UK / ˈbloʊtɪd /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Swelled up or inflated with gas or liquid
  • verb
  • To cause to swell up or inflate with gas or liquid

raw

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US / rɔ: /

UK / rɔ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being uncontrolled or strong, as your emotions
  • Being inexperienced
  • Being in a natural or unchanged state
  • (Of skin) being red and sore on the surface
  • (Of foods) uncooked

potentially

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US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • That could happen or become reality

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

study

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US / 'stʌdɪ /

UK / ˈstʌdi /

A1
  • noun
  • Room that a person studies or reads in
  • Piece of research
  • Topic or subject you research or learn about
  • verb
  • To focus on learning something usually at school

stomach

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US / 'stʌmək /

UK / ˈstʌmək /

A2
  • noun
  • Place in the body where food is processed
  • verb
  • to be able to accept something unpleasant

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

resilient

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US / rɪ'zɪlɪənt /

UK / rɪˈzɪljənt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Recovering quickly from something bad

measure

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US / ˈmeʒə(r) /

UK / ˈmɛʒɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Plan to achieve a desired result
  • Tool used to calculate the size of something
  • verb
  • To determine the value or importance of something
  • To calculate size, weight or temperature of

protein

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US / ˈprəʊti:n /

UK / ˈprəʊˌtiːn /

B1
  • noun
  • Group of molecules made from amino acids

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

deal

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US / di:l /

UK / dil /

A1
  • verb
  • To cope with something - usually troubles
  • To give (something bad e.g. news) to
  • To buy and sell illegal drugs
  • To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
  • To do business with someone or to sell products

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

convert

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US / kən'vɜ:t /

UK / kənˈvɚt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person switching from one belief system to another
  • verb
  • To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
  • To change form, character, or function to another

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

video

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US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of a moving film, with sound
  • noun
  • Recording capturing action with sound
  • verb
  • To make a moving film of, with sound

usually

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US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Normally; regularly

seven

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US / ˈsevn /

UK / ˈsɛvən /

A1
  • number
  • Number 7

preferably

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US / 'prefrəblɪ /

UK / ˈprɛfərəblɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a way that would be better

fuel

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US / 'fju:əl /

UK / ˈfjuəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Material used to produce heat or power when burned
  • verb
  • To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
  • To provide gas or petrol for something

yogurt

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US / ˈjəʊgət /

UK / ˈjoɡət /

B2
  • noun
  • Custard-like food made from curdled milk

meal

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US / mi:l /

UK / mil /

A1
  • noun
  • Food for eating at a particular time, e.g. dinner
  • Grain that has been ground into a powder

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

survive

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US / sə'vaɪv /

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

A2
  • verb
  • To continue to live despite illness or trouble

sulfur

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US / 'sʌlfə /

UK / ˈsʌlfɚ /

C2
  • noun
  • Smelly yellow chemical often found near volcanoes

whole

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US / həul /

UK / hol /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; all of
  • Being in a good condition
  • noun
  • Complete amount or sum; total

relationship

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US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

A2
  • noun
  • Connection between two or more people or things
  • Way people interact or live with each other
  • Romantic or loving friendship between two people

maybe

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US / ˈmeɪbi /

UK / ˈmebi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

food

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US / fu:d /

UK / fud /

A1
  • noun
  • What people and animals eat to live
  • Things taken in by plants to maintain life
  • A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

patient

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US / 'peɪʃnt /

UK / ˈpeʃənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not getting annoyed when things take a long time
  • noun
  • Person who receives medical treatment or care

less

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US / les /

UK / lɛs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Smaller in amount or degree
  • adverb
  • To a smaller degree
  • noun
  • A smaller amount
  • preposition
  • With the subtraction of

run

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US / rʌn /

UK / rʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Journey between two places made by ship or car
  • Series of similar things or successes and failures
  • Act of running; exercise of running
  • verb
  • To depart or travel according to a schedule
  • To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
  • (Of an engine) to be operating
  • To start or use a computer program
  • To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
  • To manage or operate a business
  • To operate or drive something
  • (Of a road) to go from one place to another
  • To move your legs faster than walking

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

ones

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US / wʌnz /

UK / wʌnz /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1, a single person or thing

body

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US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

root

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US / ru:t /

UK / rut, rʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
  • The origin or starting place of something
  • A number that is multiplied by itself
  • Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
  • Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
  • Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
  • verb
  • To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
  • (Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
  • To stop someone moving, as through fear

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

love

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US / lʌv /

UK / lʌv /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • A very strong feeling of affection
  • The person you care very deeply about
  • Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
  • verb
  • To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
  • To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
  • To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

three

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US / θri: /

UK / θri /

A1
  • number
  • Number 3

university

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US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

A1
  • noun
  • High-level educational institution; college

immune

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US / ɪˈmju:n /

UK / ɪˈmjoon /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a special protection from, e.g. the law

intestinal

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US / ˌɪntes'taɪnl /

UK / ɪnˈtɛstənəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or inside the intestines

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

live

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US / lɪv /

UK / liv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
  • Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
  • Glowing because burning; hot
  • Not yet killed (for food)
  • adverb
  • (Music, drama) as it is performed
  • verb
  • To be alive
  • To experience a particular type of life
  • To make your home in a house or town

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

five

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US / faɪv /

UK / faɪv /

A1
  • number
  • 5

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

expose

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US / ɪk'spəʊz /

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

A2
  • noun
  • News article revealing secret information
  • verb
  • To make visible, without covering or protection
  • To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
  • To be talked about in the media
  • To make a secret known to the public
  • To experience something, often a harmful thing

discuss

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US / dɪˈskʌs /

UK / dɪˈskʌs /

A1
  • verb
  • To talk about seriously or in great detail

plant

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US / plɑ:nt /

UK / plænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Factory or a place where things are made
  • Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
  • verb
  • To firmly position something (in the ground)
  • To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

unfortunately

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US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

material

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US / məˈtɪəriəl /

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
  • Belonging to the world of physical things
  • noun
  • Cloth; fabric
  • Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
  • Substance from which a thing is made of

person

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US / 'pɜ:sn /

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

A1
  • noun
  • Man, woman or child

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

big

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US / bɪɡ /

UK / bɪɡ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Popular
  • Serious
  • Large

cheese

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US / tʃi:z /

UK / tʃiz /

A2
  • noun
  • Yellowish solid food made from aged milk

bile

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US / baɪl /

UK / baɪl /

B2
  • noun
  • Body fluid that helps you digest fat

resistant

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US / rɪˈzɪstənt /

UK / rɪˈzɪstənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not affected by something
  • Being opposed to or wanting to prevent something

exist

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US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

A1
  • verb
  • To be present, alive or real

antibiotic

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US / ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk /

UK / ˌæntibaɪˈɑ:tɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Drug) used to fight certain kinds of diseases
  • noun
  • Medicine that kills bacteria to fight infections

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

young

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US / jʌŋ /

UK / jʌŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • At an early stage of existence; not mature
  • Being recently created or started
  • noun
  • Babies in a group or family of animals

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

protect

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US / prə'tekt /

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

A1
  • verb
  • To defend someone or something from harm or danger

digest

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US / daɪˈdʒest /

UK / daɪˈdʒest /

B2
  • noun
  • A summary, as of the news
  • verb
  • To convert food into energy in your stomach
  • To think over facts, news etc.; take in information

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

store

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US / stɔ:(r) /

UK / stɔr, stor /

A2
  • noun
  • Place where things are kept for future use
  • Place where you can go to buy things
  • verb
  • To put things in a place for later use

exposure

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US / ɪk'spəʊʒə(r) /

UK / ɪkˈspoʒɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Allowing light through a cameras lens onto film
  • Being talked about in the media
  • Act of making something that is secret known
  • Experience of something directly

fibre

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US / ˈfaɪbə(r) /

UK / ˈfaɪbɚ /

C2
  • noun
  • Thin natural thread that can be used to make yarn

breakfast

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US / ˈbrekfəst /

UK / ˈbrɛkfəst /

A2
  • noun
  • First meal of the day
  • verb
  • To have the first meal of the day

without

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US / wɪˈðaʊt /

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Not with; not having

six

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US / sɪks /

UK / sɪks /

A1
  • number
  • 6

salt

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US / sɔ:lt /

UK / sɔlt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being preserved or seasoned with salt
  • noun
  • Natural white crystal used to flavor food
  • verb
  • To add salt to food in order to improve its taste
  • To add salt to ice in order to melt it
  • To preserve food by adding salt

information

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US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Collection of facts and details about something

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

community

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US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Group of people who share a common idea or area

crust

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US / krʌst /

UK / krʌst /

B2
  • noun
  • Hard outer layer of something, e.g. the earth
  • Hard crisp outer layer of bread, baked goods

increase

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US / ɪn'kri:s /

UK / ɪnˈkris /

A1
  • noun
  • Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
  • verb
  • To make or become larger in size or amount

air

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US / eə(r) /

UK / er /

A1
  • noun
  • Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
  • A person's manner intended to impress others
  • verb
  • To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
  • To broadcast a TV or radio show
  • To open a subject to discussion and debate

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

nitrogen

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US / ˈnaɪtrədʒən /

UK / ˈnaɪtrədʒən /

B2
  • noun
  • A colorless chemical element without a smell

light

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US / laɪt /

UK / laɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
  • Being pale and lacking darkness of color
  • Not heavy; weighing only a little
  • adverb
  • Carrying few bags when traveling
  • noun
  • A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
  • Way in which something or someone is understood
  • verb
  • To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
  • To provide a way to see ahead

hour

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • noun
  • 60 minutes
  • Particular time of the day
  • Fixed, regularly occurring time

bacillus

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US / bəˈsɪləs /

UK / bəˈsɪləs /

A1
  • noun
  • Aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primari

acidity

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US / əˈsɪdəti /

UK / əˈsɪdɪti /

B1
  • noun
  • Level to which something is acidic

purpose

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US / 'pɜ:pəs /

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

A2
  • noun
  • Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

kefir

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • noun

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

animal

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US / ˈænɪml /

UK / ˈænəməl /

A1
  • noun
  • A living creature that is not a plant or person

sourdough

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US / ˈsaʊədəʊ /

UK / ˈsaʊərdoʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Sour fermented dough used to make a bread

protection

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US / prəˈtekʃn /

UK / prəˈtɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Being kept from harm
  • Something that defends against harm or danger

acidic

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US / əˈsɪdɪk /

UK / əˈsɪdɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Containing acid

strong

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US / strɒŋ /

UK / strɔŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of tea or beer) dark or thick
  • Having big muscles; physically powerful

probiotic

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US / ˌprəʊbaɪ'ɒtɪk /

UK / ˌproʊbaɪ'ɑ:tɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plan

intestine

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US / ɪnˈtestɪn /

UK / ɪnˈtɛstɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • Long tube in the body for digesting food

fact

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US / fækt /

UK / fækt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is known or proved to be true

extremely

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US / ɪkˈstri:mli /

UK / ɪk'strimlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a way that is much more than usual or expected

water

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US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
  • Large area such as an ocean or sea
  • verb
  • (Of the eyes) to produce tears
  • (Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
  • To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

limited

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US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
  • With restrictions; not broad in scope
  • verb
  • To stop or prevent an increase past a point

kill

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US / kɪl /

UK / kɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal killed by a person or other animal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
  • To end the life of a person or other living thing
  • To be very funny
  • To prevent something from continuing or operating
  • To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

eight

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US / eɪt /

UK / et /

A1
  • number
  • 8

test

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US / test /

UK / test /

A1
  • noun
  • A medical examination
  • Action to establish the truth or nature of
  • Examination; questions to measure knowledge
  • verb
  • To be given a medical examination
  • To try to establish the truth or nature of
  • To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

vegetable

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US / ˈvedʒtəbl /

UK / ˈvɛdʒtəbəl, ˈvɛdʒɪtə- /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Made from plants such as tomato, lettuce, carrots
  • noun
  • Plant that is raised and eaten as food

soil

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US / sɔɪl /

UK / sɔɪl /

B1
  • noun
  • Conditions in which something develops
  • Mix of natural material in which plants grow
  • Land of a certain country
  • verb
  • To get or become dirty

since

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US / sɪns /

UK / sɪns /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a point before the present time
  • conjunction
  • For this reason; because
  • preposition
  • From the time in the past that

source

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US / sɔ:s /

UK / sɔrs, sors /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
  • noun
  • Piece of information; a person giving information
  • Place from which something necessary comes
  • verb
  • To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

lunch

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US / lʌntʃ /

UK / lʌntʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Light meal eaten in the middle of the day
  • verb
  • To eat a meal during the middle of the day

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

biochemical

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US / ˌbaɪəʊ'kemɪkl /

UK / ˌbaɪəʊ'kemɪkl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Chemical change or process in living things

die

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US / daɪ /

UK / daɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
  • verb
  • To cease to function or work
  • (Of a thing) to stop being used or done
  • (Of a person) to stop living

responsible

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US / rɪ'spɒnsəbl /

UK / rɪˈspɑnsəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being the cause of something that has occurred
  • Having the duty of dealing with something
  • Able to be trusted to do what needs to be done

microbe

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US / ˈmaɪkrəʊb /

UK / ˈmaɪkroʊb /

C1
  • noun
  • Very small, microscopic, living thing

nutrient

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US / ˈnju:triənt /

UK / ˈnutriənt /

B1
  • noun
  • A chemical living things needs to be healthy

check

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US / tʃek /

UK / tʃɛk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Decorated with squares made up of lines
  • noun
  • Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
  • Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
  • A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
  • Mark used to show that something is correct
  • Procedure to prevent errors or control something
  • verb
  • To confirm the details of something are correct
  • To leave your things with staff who look after it
  • To examine something to see if something is wrong
  • To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

consume

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US / kən'sju:m /

UK / kənˈsum /

A2
  • verb
  • To eat, drink, buy or use up something
  • To take all your energy; focus the attention

microbiome

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US / ˌmaɪ.krəʊ.ˈbaɪ.əʊm /

UK / ˌmaɪ.kroʊ.ˈbaɪ.oʊm /

C1
  • noun
  • the microorganisms (= living things too small to be seen) that exist in a particular environment or

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

anything

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US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • A thing of any kind

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

normally

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US / ˈnɔ:məli /

UK / ˈnɔːrməli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In the manner that is usual or ordinary

affect

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US / ə'fekt /

UK / əˈfɛkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To cause a change in something else

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

mostly

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US / ˈməʊstli /

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In large part; mainly or chiefly

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

drink

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US / drɪŋk /

UK / drɪŋk /

A1
  • noun
  • A liquid that you put in your mouth
  • verb
  • To put water in your body through your mouth

something

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US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In some degree or measure
  • noun
  • a person or thing of some value or consequence
  • pronoun
  • Thing that is not yet known or named
  • Approximately

keep

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US / ki:p /

UK / kip /

A1
  • noun
  • Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
  • Money spent on you so you can live in a place
  • verb
  • To continue doing something; not to stop
  • To stop balls going in a goal in sports
  • To not give back or return something
  • (Of food) to not spoil or not rot
  • To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
  • To have and continue to hold something
  • To do something that you have promised or agreed
  • To stay in a certain place or condition
  • To maintain the rules

kimchi

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US / kɪmtʃi: /

UK / kɪmtʃhi: /

C2
  • noun
  • Korean spicy cabbage dish

couple

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US / 'kʌpl /

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Two people in a romantic relationship
  • Two of something; two people; a pair
  • verb
  • To join something to something else
  • (Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
  • To put two people or things together

beer

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US / bɪə(r) /

UK / bɪr /

A2
  • noun
  • Alcoholic drink that is made from wheat or grains

vinegar

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US / ˈvɪnɪgə(r) /

UK / ˈvɪnɪɡɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Sharp-tasting liquid made from sour wine, malt etc.

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

ph

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US / ˈpi:ˈeɪtʃ /

UK / ˈpiˈetʃ /

B2
  • noun
  • Acidity or alkalinity value of a solution

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

college

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US / 'kɒlɪdʒ /

UK / 'kɑːlɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • School or educational institution for adults

bread

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US / bred /

UK / brɛd /

A1
  • noun
  • Money or earnings
  • Baked food made from flour, used in sandwiches

chocolate

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US / ˈtʃɒklət /

UK / ˈtʃɑ:klət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being made from cocoa beans
  • noun
  • Hard brown candy made from cocoa beans

another

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US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One more, but not this
  • determiner
  • One more added
  • pronoun
  • One more (thing)

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

lemon

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US / 'lemən /

UK / ˈlɛmən /

B2
  • noun
  • Badly made or poorly functioning product
  • Small yellow fruit with sour juice

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

dilute

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US / daɪˈlu:t /

UK / daɪˈlut, dɪ- /

B2
  • verb
  • To make something weaker or less efficient

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

robotic

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US / rəʊˈbɒtɪk /

UK / roʊˈbɑ:tɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning mechanical robots

pathogen

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US / ˈpæθədʒən /

UK / ˈpæθədʒən /

C1
  • noun
  • Any disease-producing agent

literally

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US / ˈlɪtərəli /

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to express the exact meaning of something
  • Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

help

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US / help /

UK / hɛlp /

A1
  • noun
  • Something given to enable a person to do something
  • Assistance given to someone in need
  • Someone who makes something easier or possible
  • verb
  • To act to enable a person to do something; assist
  • To make something better or less difficult

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

should

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US / ʃʊd /

UK / ʃʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

unless

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US / ənˈles /

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

A2
  • conjunction
  • Negative of 'if'

compose

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US / kəmˈpəʊz /

UK / kəmˈpoʊz /

B1
  • verb
  • To calm yourself after being angry or upset
  • To write an essay, article, poem, music etc.
  • To form something from a series of parts
  • To come together to form or make e.g. music
  • To structure a picture or image to make an effect

age

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US / eɪdʒ /

UK / edʒ /

A1
  • verb
  • To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
  • To get older
  • noun
  • Period of time in history
  • Number of years a person or thing has lived

matter

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US / 'mætə(r) /

UK / ˈmætɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Material all things are made of that fills space
  • Problem or reason for concern
  • verb
  • To be of great importance; to count

probably

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US / ˈprɒbəbli /

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • That is likely to happen or be true

inside

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US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

eat

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US / i:t /

UK / it /

A1
  • verb
  • To put food in your mouth

four

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US / fɔ:(r) /

UK / fɔr, for /

A1
  • number
  • 4

candida

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US / ˈkændɪdə /

UK / ˈkændɪdə /

A1
  • other
  • Any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Candida

understudy

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US / ˈʌndəstʌdi /

UK / ˈʌndərstʌdi /

C1
  • verb
  • To stand in for a lead actor if they are ill

popular

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US / ˈpɒpjələ(r) /

UK / ˈpɑ:pjələ(r) /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Liked or enjoyed by many people

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

realize

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US / 'ri:əlaɪz /

UK / ˈriəˌlaɪz /

A1
  • verb
  • To become aware of or understand mentally

detoxify

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US / ˌdi:ˈtɒksɪfaɪ /

UK / ˌdi:ˈtɑ:ksɪfaɪ /

C1
  • verb
  • To remove poisons, drugs from

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

third

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US / θɜ:d /

UK / θɜ:rd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 3rd: Number after second

point

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US / pɔɪnt /

UK / pɔɪnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An item to be discussed
  • Small spot or dot
  • Fact or detail
  • Feature of something
  • The size of the text on a page or screen
  • A certain time or stage in a process
  • Certain position in time or space
  • Idea or fact you try to convince people about
  • Measurement of scores in a game, sport
  • Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
  • verb
  • To face a certain direction, e.g. north
  • To indicate something with your finger to others

pizza

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US / ˈpi:tsə /

UK / ˈpitsə /

A2
  • noun
  • Round Italian food with cheese cooked in an oven

day

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US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

ever

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US / 'evə(r) /

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At any time; at all times in the future

certain

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US / ˈsə:tn /

UK / ˈsɚtn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Definite, fixed
  • Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
  • Being sure about something; without doubt

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

lose

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US / lu:z /

UK / luz /

A1
  • verb
  • To be unable to keep in check or control something
  • To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
  • To stop having certain qualities or abilities
  • To stop having or being entitled to
  • To fail to win something that is being contested
  • To be unable to find something you once had
  • To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

lactic

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US / 'læktɪk /

UK / ˈlæktɪk /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or obtained from milk (e.g. sour milk or whey)

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

available

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US / əˈveɪləbl /

UK / əˈveləbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Present and able to be used
  • Able to be used at a scheduled time

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

side

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US / saɪd /

UK / saɪd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In addition to the central or most important thing
  • Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
  • noun
  • Position or opinion that is opposite to another
  • Right or left part of a person's body
  • Feature of someone's personality
  • Straight edge of an object
  • One of two or more groups fighting each other
  • verb
  • To decide to agree with one point, not the other

normal

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US / 'nɔ:ml /

UK / ˈnɔrməl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Standard or regular way of doing something
  • Having standard mental or physical ability, health

healthy

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US / ˈhelθi /

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In good condition physically, or financially; well

carbon

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US / 'kɑ:bən /

UK / ˈkɑrbən /

B1
  • noun
  • Chemical element with an atomic number of 6

area

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US / 'eərɪə /

UK / ˈɛriə /

A1
  • noun
  • Amount of measured space
  • A specific section or space; part of a region
  • A subject or field of study

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

recommend

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US / ˌrekə'mend /

UK / ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To advise or suggest that someone do something

portion

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US / 'pɔ:ʃn /

UK / ˈpɔrʃən, ˈpor- /

B1
  • noun
  • Serving of food that is intended for one person
  • Part of something shared that belongs to a whole
  • verb
  • To separate something to divide among people

example

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US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

cell

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US / sel /

UK / sɛl /

A2
  • noun
  • Smallest unit of living things in biology
  • Group of people - often from a secret organization
  • Prisoner's room in a jail
  • Shortened form of 'cellphone'

wine

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US / waɪn /

UK / waɪn /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Dark red color
  • noun
  • Alcoholic drink made from the juice of grapes

touch

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US / tʌtʃ /

UK / tʌtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Certain way of doing that makes something special
  • A small amount of something
  • Feeling of a surface
  • verb
  • To affect feelings, especially by causing sympathy
  • To be next to each other with no space between
  • To get involved with (used in negative)
  • To feel an object with your fingers, etc.

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

oxygen

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US / 'ɒksɪdʒən /

UK / ˈɑksɪdʒən /

B1
  • noun
  • A gas in the air that we need to breathe

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

grocery

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US / 'ɡrəʊsərɪ /

UK / 'ɡroʊsərɪ /

B2
  • noun
  • Daily foods such as flour, sugar, and tinned foods

apple

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US / ˈæpl /

UK / ˈæpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Hard round red or green fruit with a white center

anyone

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US / ˈeniwʌn /

UK / ˈɛniˌwʌn, -wən /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Any person

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

practice

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US / 'præktɪs /

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • The office and place for legal or medical work
  • Doing something many times to become better at it
  • verb
  • To work as a doctor or lawyer
  • To live according to the teachings of a religion
  • To do something many times to improve a skill

family

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US / 'fæməlɪ /

UK / ˈfæmli /

A1
  • noun
  • Close group of people or organizations
  • A group of people who are related through blood
  • Group of related plants or animals

survivability

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US / ˌsəvɚɪvə'bɪlɪtɪ /

UK / ˌsəvɚɪvə'bɪlɪtɪ /

B2
  • noun
  • Degree to which something is survivable

medium

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US / 'mi:dɪəm /

UK / ˈmidiəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Method of expressing ideas or feelings
  • Something available in a middle size or condition
  • Person who claims to communicate with the dead

hard

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US / hɑ:d /

UK / hɑː(r)d /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult to do; difficult to understand
  • (Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
  • (Of alcohol) strong
  • Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
  • Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
  • Strong
  • (Of edge) clear; sharp
  • Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
  • adverb
  • With lots of force, power, or impact

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

winter

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US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
  • noun
  • Time or season of idleness or decay
  • Coldest season of the year
  • verb
  • To spend the cold months at a certain place
  • Subtitles section
  • I'd like to discuss some really key points about when to take robotics or even consuming probiotic foods because how are those microbes gonna survive strong stomach acid in your stomach?
  • So do they survive the stomach at all?
  • That's the topic of today.
  • Now, there's a couple of things you need to know about microbes.
  • Microbes literally run the world.
  • They convert carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur to available forms that plants and animals can use, that all life forms can use.
  • I mean, even photosynthesis, right?
  • Everyone thinks that plant is responsible for most of the photosynthesis where they're converting light and air and water into these biochemicals and fuel.
  • But did you know that the microbes contribute to photosynthesis the most?
  • So you have microbes in the soil, you have microbes in the roots, you have microbes in the plants, you have microbes in animals, you've got microbes in and on our bodies.
  • In fact, there are 10X more microbes living inside and on our bodies than our cells.
  • And so our bodies are mostly composed of microbes.
  • And all plants and animals have a very close, important relationship in that they help make nutrients available.
  • They provide immune protection.
  • They protect against pathogens.
  • They help you detoxify.
  • They help you digest food.
  • They help make vitamins.
  • They help digest things that you can't digest, like fiber.
  • Some medications are also made from microbes, like antibiotics, they're made from microbes.
  • And as a side note, any time you take an antibiotic, always at the same time, take a probiotic just to prevent a candida infection, because it's the microbes that keep this candida in check.
  • And when you take an antibiotic, it might kill off a good portion of those microbes, but the ones that don't die become now resistant to the microbes, and they become stronger and harder to kill.
  • This is why it's not a good idea to take a lot of antibiotics.
  • And then we have fermented foods, right?
  • All the foods that you probably love.
  • You have bread, chocolate, cheese, beer, wine, sourdough bread, a pizza crust.
  • Anything that's fermented comes from microbes.
  • And a lot of the information that you read about microbes being killed by the stomach acids come from like one small study.
  • I think it was in 2014 by the University College of London.
  • They just measured eight probiotics, and then they measured how these eight probiotics survived the stomach acids, and only one of them survived.
  • That's an area that's really understudied, but you have hydrochloric acid that can kill microbes if it's strong enough, but you also have the bile salts can also affect the microbiome.
  • Because one purpose of bile is to help keep the microbes from existing in the small intestine, preventing this thing called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, where you're getting bloated no matter what you eat.
  • Okay, so the thing you need to know, the stomach normally should be between one and three, which as far as the acidity of that hydrochloric acid.
  • That's extremely acid, and acid does kill many microbes.
  • Not all of them, but a good portion of them.
  • And certain microbes can live in certain pHs.
  • They're very, very resilient.
  • Some microbes can live without oxygen.
  • So a normal healthy stomach, the young person, the pH should be between one and three, right?
  • But as we age, we lose that pH.
  • And when I was in practice, I used to test the pH in the stomach of a lot of patients, and very rarely would I ever find anyone with a pH of one to three, right?
  • It was usually four or five, sometimes six, sometimes even seven.
  • And three big purposes of that stomach being very, very acidic is for you to digest protein, kill pathogens, prevent microbes from going through the stomach.
  • And then the third thing is to help you absorb minerals.
  • So here are some things that you can do to increase the survivability of these microbes or a probiotic going through the stomach.
  • You can dilute the acid by taking the probiotic or probiotic foods, and preferably after the meal.
  • Also, the time of day can influence the pH of your stomach.
  • Earlier in the day, the pH is less acidic.
  • Like in the morning, it's about a four.
  • And then, of course, I don't recommend doing breakfast, but if you do breakfast, that would probably be the best time to take it.
  • But maybe you take your probiotics at your first meal, at lunch, or even at dinner, because just the fact that you're diluting this acid with food is going to help the survivability.
  • And so we're dealing with how acid something is and how long those microbes are exposed to that acid.
  • So let's say, for example, you're fasting and you want to take probiotics.
  • Maybe you just drink more water when you take them, diluting some of the acid, allowing limited exposure, because the water's going to kind of go through the stomach pretty fast, and so are the probiotics.
  • Now, when we take the probiotics in fermented vegetables like sauerkraut or kimchi, we're dealing with different microbes like the lactic acid bacillus, and there are a whole family or community of those.
  • They're not just one.
  • And those microbes can survive a pH of 2.5 for three hours.
  • And the other thing you need to know when you take a probiotic is probably not the best thing to take it when you're drinking apple cider vinegar with the water, or even when you add the lemon water,
  • Because both of those are acidic.
  • Take it at a different time of the day.
  • And just as a side note, the probiotics that I recommend mostly do survive the stomach pH, even if it is a stronger pH. And another point about kefir or yogurt, I like taking a little kefir.
  • It's a little bit better than yogurt, unless you find a really good source like Bulgarian yogurt.
  • And I take a little bit of that after the meal, and maybe I'll put some Lily's sugar-free chocolate chips in there.
  • But that way, the microbes have the best chance of surviving.
  • You have to also realize that when you consume raw plants grown on soil, there's actually microbes in those plants too.
  • And so they can potentially act as a probiotic.
  • But unfortunately, a lot of the vegetables that we eat at the grocery store are not grown on soils, especially in the winter.
  • Maybe they're grown hydroponically or even aeroponically, or grown in some spongy type material or medium that doesn't give you the microbes that soil-based plants will give you.
  • Now, since I did touch on this condition, which is becoming more popular, SIBO, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, I did a really good video on that.
  • You should check it out.
  • I put it up right here.