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Natural Selection: Life's Way of Stayin' Alive: Crash Course Biology #13

Video vocabulary

area

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US / 'eərɪə /

UK / ˈɛriə /

A1
  • noun
  • Amount of measured space
  • A specific section or space; part of a region
  • A subject or field of study

camouflage

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US / ˈkæməflɑ:ʒ /

UK / ˈkæməˌflɑʒ, -ˌflɑdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Blending into the background by being similar
  • Something patterned that hides military vehicle
  • verb
  • To hide by blending it into its background

inherit

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US / ɪn'herɪt /

UK / ɪnˈhɛrɪt /

B1
  • verb
  • To have a quality or feature passed down at birth
  • To receive property or money after someone dies
  • To receive something that belonged to someone else

marine

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US / mə'ri:n /

UK / məˈrin /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of the ocean or ocean plants and animals
  • Concerning sailing or doing business by sea
  • noun
  • Soldier trained to serve on land and sea

perch

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US / pɜ:tʃ /

UK / pɜ:rtʃ /

B2
  • noun
  • Edible fish that lives in fresh water
  • Raised seat or high position
  • verb
  • To sit or rest something in a high place

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

certain

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US / ˈsə:tn /

UK / ˈsɚtn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Definite, fixed
  • Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
  • Being sure about something; without doubt

gene

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US / dʒi:n /

UK / dʒin /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of cell controlling development of a thing

testicle

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US / ˈtestɪkl /

UK / ˈtɛstɪkəl /

C1
  • noun
  • One of two round male sex organs

third

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US / θɜ:d /

UK / θɜ:rd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 3rd: Number after second

army

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US / 'ɑ:mɪ /

UK / ˈɑrmi /

A2
  • noun
  • Large group of soldiers organized to fight in wars

either

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US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
  • adverb
  • (After negative statements) likewise, in addition
  • conjunction
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • determiner
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • pronoun
  • The one or the other

extreme

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US / ɪk'stri:m /

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Very great in degree
  • Farthest from a center
  • Very severe; very strong
  • noun
  • Effort that is thought more than is necessary

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

stuck

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US / stʌk /

UK / stʌk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not able to move
  • verb
  • To push a sharp or pointed object into something
  • To join together using glue or paste
  • To remain in one place or position for a long time

thick

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US / θɪk /

UK / θɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult to see through, as fog
  • Full of (people, etc.)
  • (Of a liquid) that moves or pours slowly
  • Stupid; not smart
  • (Of person's accent) hard to understand
  • Having a large distance between two surfaces

unhinge

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US / ʌnˈhɪndʒ /

UK / ʌnˈhɪndʒ /

A1
  • verb
  • Disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

feather

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US / ˈfeðə(r) /

UK / ˈfɛðɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • One of the many light soft things on a bird's body
  • verb
  • To grow feathers
  • To cover something with feathers
  • To cut hair so that it lays in layers

describe

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US / dɪ'skraɪb /

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

itself

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US / ɪtˈself /

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Referring to it

episode

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US / 'epɪsəʊd /

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

B1
  • noun
  • One separate event in a series of events
  • Show which is part of a larger story

net

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US / net /

UK / nɛt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Remaining amount after something is taken away
  • noun
  • Internet
  • Crossed rope, fibers with partly open pattern
  • Crossed ropes that make up the back of a goal
  • verb
  • To catch or cover something in a mesh, often fish
  • To gain or earn a certain amount of money
  • To hit a ball into a goal during a sports event

ourselves

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US / ɑ:ˈselvz /

UK / aʊrˈsɛlvz, ɑr- /

A2
  • pronoun
  • (Showing speaker is affected by their own action)

relate

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US / rɪ'leɪt /

UK / rɪˈlet /

A2
  • verb
  • To demonstrate a logical relationship between
  • To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
  • To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

survivor

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US / səˈvaɪvə(r) /

UK / sərˈvaɪvə(r) /

A2
  • noun
  • Person, thing that continues to live or exist

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

thousand

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US / ˈθaʊznd /

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1,000

scenario

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US / sɪˈnɑː.ri.əʊ /

UK / səˈner.i.oʊ /

B1
  • noun
  • An imagined sequence of events in a plan/project

blend

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US / blend /

UK / blɛnd /

B1
  • noun
  • Product known for mixing ingredients
  • verb
  • To combine different elements or substances
  • To mix ingredients when cooking
  • To mix things in an effective or pleasing way

population

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US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

soft

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US / sɒft /

UK / sɔft, sɑft /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having flowing curves rather than sharp edges
  • Easy to press, bend or cut; not hard or firm
  • Showing a sympathetic and gentle heart
  • Not rough to the touch; light in feel
  • (Of lights, music) not too bright; not too loud

survival

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US / səˈvaɪvl /

UK / sɚˈvaɪvəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of continuing to exist when facing difficulty

visit

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US / ˈvɪzɪt /

UK / ˈvɪzɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Trip to a place for a time, usually for a reason
  • verb
  • To go to a place for a time, usually for a reason

weird

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US / wɪəd /

UK / wɪrd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Odd or unusual; surprising; strange

contain

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US / kənˈteɪn /

UK / kənˈten /

A2
  • verb
  • To keep something from spreading
  • To hold something inside something else

eat

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US / i:t /

UK / it /

A1
  • verb
  • To put food in your mouth

four

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US / fɔ:(r) /

UK / fɔr, for /

A1
  • number
  • 4

devastation

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US / ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn /

UK / ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of ruining or destroying something

imagine

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US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To think creatively about; form mental picture of

inside

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US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

million

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US / ˈmɪljən /

UK / ˈmɪljən /

A1
  • number
  • 1,000,000

mammal

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US / 'mæml /

UK / ˈmæməl /

B1
  • noun
  • Animal which drinks milk from its mother

probably

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US / ˈprɒbəbli /

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • That is likely to happen or be true

safe

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US / seɪf /

UK / sef /

A2
  • noun
  • Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
  • adjecitve
  • Highly likely
  • Being out of danger

stem

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US / stem /

UK / stɛm /

B1
  • noun
  • Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
  • Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
  • Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
  • verb
  • To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
  • To start from or be the origin of
  • To stop something bad from spreading or developing

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

maria

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US / mə'ri:ə /

UK / mə'ri:ə /

A1
  • noun
  • Valuable timber tree of Panama

speak

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US / spi:k /

UK / spik /

A1
  • verb
  • To be able to use a certain language
  • To use words to tell information, express thoughts

sudden

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US / ˈsʌdn /

UK / ˈsʌdn /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or done quickly or unexpectedly

stick

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US / stɪk /

UK / stɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Long thin piece of wood from a tree
  • verb
  • To push a sharp or pointed object into something
  • To join together using glue or paste
  • To remain in one place or position for a long time

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

beat

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US / bi:t /

UK / bit /

A2
  • noun
  • Regular movement or rhythm (e.g. heart or music)
  • verb
  • To move in regular motions in order to push blood
  • To strike or hit repeatedly and with great force
  • To mix ingredients together with a fork or machine
  • To play a drum
  • To win against another person or team; defeat

allele

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US / əˈli:l /

UK / əˈlil /

A1
  • noun
  • Either of a pair (or series)

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

series

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US / ˈsɪəri:z /

UK / ˈsɪriz /

A1
  • noun
  • Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
  • other
  • Number of things that happen one after another

white

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US / waɪt /

UK / hwaɪt, waɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belonging to a race of people with light skin
  • Of the color of fresh snow and milk
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Lightest color; The color of fresh snow.

bug

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US / bʌɡ /

UK / bʌɡ /

B1
  • noun
  • An insect
  • Problem in the functioning of computer code
  • Electronic device to spy on someone
  • verb
  • To bother someone
  • To hide an electronic device to spy on someone

common

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US / 'kɒmən /

UK / ˈkɑmən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
  • Typical, normal; not unusual
  • noun
  • Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
  • Field near a village owned by the local community

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

breed

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US / bri:d /

UK / brid /

A2
  • noun
  • Kind of / sort of
  • Particular kind of animal, e.g. a Labrador dog
  • verb
  • To create situations for a (bad) thing to happen
  • To produce baby animals of specific kinds
  • To have (children); bring up or raise children

everyone

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US / ˈevriwʌn /

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Every person; everybody

chance

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US / tʃɑ:ns /

UK / tʃæns /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening by luck; not planned
  • Taking a risk to try something
  • noun
  • The way something happens without planning
  • An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
  • The possibility that something will happen
  • verb
  • To occur just through luck; happen
  • To take a risk to try something

biology

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US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • The study of living things

fast

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US / fɑ:st /

UK / fæst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a way that is difficult to move or change
  • Moving or able to move quickly
  • Showing time that is later than the actual time
  • adverb
  • With a great deal of speed
  • noun
  • Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
  • verb
  • To refuse food for a long time

outcome

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US / ˈaʊtkʌm /

UK / ˈaʊtˌkʌm /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that happens as a result, consequence

produce

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US / prə'dju:s /

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

A1
  • noun
  • Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
  • verb
  • To grow something naturally
  • To make something appear
  • To manufacture something using machines
  • To control the making a movie or television show

super

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US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

UK / ˈsupɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

web

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US / web /

UK / wɛb /

A1
  • noun
  • Skin between ducks' toes that enables them to swim
  • Internet's collection of interrelated information
  • Net made from silk threads produced by spiders
  • Complicated set of relationships or connections

trophy

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US / ˈtrəʊfi /

UK / ˈtroʊfi /

B1
  • noun
  • Prize given to the winner of a competition
  • Something to show your high social status

ago

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US / əˈgəʊ /

UK / əˈgoʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a specified length of time in the past

bet

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US / bet /

UK / bet /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of gambling money on the result of a race etc.
  • verb
  • To gamble money to win more money, e.g. on horses

figure

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US / ˈfiɡə /

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Your body shape
  • Numbers in a calculation
  • Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
  • Picture or diagram giving information in a text
  • Person who is very important or famous
  • Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
  • Amount that is expressed in numbers
  • verb
  • To appear in a game, play or event
  • To calculate how much something will cost
  • To understand after thinking; work out

design

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US / dɪˈzaɪn /

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
  • verb
  • To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
  • To think of a plan

direction

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US / də'rekʃn /

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

A2
  • noun
  • When someone tells people what to do
  • Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

due

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US / dju: /

UK / du, dju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • When something is required or expected
  • Owed to a person as a right
  • noun
  • Something you deserve; something you can expect

huge

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US / hju:dʒ /

UK / hjudʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very very large

leaf

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US / li:f /

UK / lif /

A2
  • noun
  • Page in a book
  • Green part of a tree or plant
  • verb
  • To look through pages in a book

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

feature

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US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Main; important
  • noun
  • Special report in a magazine or paper
  • Distinctive or important point of something
  • verb
  • To highlight or give special importance to

flux

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US / flʌks /

UK / flʌks /

B2
  • noun
  • A state of flow and change

glue

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US / ɡlu: /

UK / ɡlu /

B1
  • noun
  • Sticky substance used for joining things together
  • verb
  • To join or affix things with glue or paste

mashup

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US / mæ'skɑ:rə /

UK / mæˈskærə /

A1

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

expression

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US / ɪk'spreʃn /

UK / ɪkˈsprɛʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of making your thoughts and feelings known
  • Group of words that have a specific meaning

length

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US / leŋθ /

UK / leŋθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Distance from one end of a pool to the other
  • Measurement of distance or of time

possible

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US / ˈpɒsəbl /

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
  • Having a chance of happening, or being true

snare

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US / sneə(r) /

UK / sner /

C2
  • verb
  • To trap using a device or clever trick

several

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US / ˈsevrəl /

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Many of
  • pronoun
  • More than two but not a large amount

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

change

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US / tʃeɪndʒ /

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Exchange of one set of clothes for another
  • Money in the form of coins instead of paper
  • Money returned after giving too much
  • Act of making or becoming something else
  • verb
  • To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • To exchange one kind of money for another
  • To replace something with another thing
  • To make or become something else
  • To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

hold

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US / həʊld /

UK / hold /

A1
  • noun
  • Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
  • Influence or power held over someone
  • Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
  • verb
  • To agree to keep something for someone
  • To have the capacity to support/contain something
  • To control an area and protect it from attack
  • To not allow someone to leave a place
  • To cause an event to happen at a place or time
  • To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
  • To have a specific quality or property
  • To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
  • To have or own something
  • To wait before being able to talk on the phone
  • To limit the movement of someone in a sport

gee

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US / dʒi: /

UK / dʒi /

C2
  • exclamation
  • Give a command to a horse to turn to right
  • Used to express concern or surprise

ongoing

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US / ˈɒngəʊɪŋ /

UK / ˈɑ:ngoʊɪŋ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Continuing to exist or be in progress

simple

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US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

result

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US / rɪ'zʌlt /

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

A2
  • noun
  • Something produced through tests or experiments
  • Final score of a competition, election or game
  • verb
  • To be the outcome of other causes and effects

selectively

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US / sɪ'lektɪvlɪ /

UK / sɪ'lektɪvlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • Only remembering what you want to

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

project

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US / prəˈdʒekt /

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

A1
  • noun
  • A planned piece of work for specific purpose
  • Group of homes built by government for poor people
  • verb
  • To predict what will happen in the future
  • To show something on a screen using light
  • To stick out past the edge of something

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

tie

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US / taɪ /

UK / taɪ /

A2
  • noun
  • Item, such as string or wire, used to join things
  • Strong connection between people, countries
  • When both sides in a game, vote get same score
  • One match or game that is part of a bigger contest
  • Something that lessens a person's freedom
  • Thin piece of cloth worn round neck of shirt
  • Piece of wood/metal used to stop something moving
  • verb
  • To attach things (together) with a string or rope
  • To end a game, contest or vote with the same score
  • To require someone to be in a specific place

act

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US / ækt /

UK / ækt /

A1
  • noun
  • What someone did; action; behavior
  • A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
  • One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
  • verb
  • To behave in a certain way
  • To perform on a stage or in a movie

bright

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US / braɪt /

UK / braɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Cheerful and happy (manner)
  • (Of color) light and easy to see; vivid
  • Producing a lot of light
  • Smart; intelligent; clever

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

human

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US / 'hju:mən /

UK / ˈhjumən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or characteristic of people
  • noun
  • A person; a man, woman or child

nature

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US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's character or particular way of behaving
  • Basic look, feel or function of something
  • Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

pay

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US / peɪ /

UK / pe /

A1
  • noun
  • Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
  • verb
  • To give money for goods or work done
  • To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
  • To be punished or suffer for something you did
  • To make (a visit) to a person or place

opposable

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US / ə'pəʊzəbl /

UK / ə'poʊzəbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Capable of being placed opposite to something

prey

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US / preɪ /

UK / pre /

B1
  • noun
  • The victim of another person's aggression
  • other
  • The victim of another person's aggression
  • verb
  • To hunt (other animals) in order to eat them
  • To cause another to be a victim

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

twin

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US / twɪn /

UK / twɪn /

A2
  • noun
  • Two children born from same mother at same time
  • One of two things that closely resemble each other

ancestor

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US / 'ænsestə(r) /

UK / ˈænˌsɛstɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • A person from your family that lived in the past

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

everything

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US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • All of the things mentioned

goggle

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US / ˈgɒgl /

UK / ˈgɑ:gl /

B2
  • noun
  • Protective covering for the eyes

male

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US / meɪl /

UK / ˈmel /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Characteristic of boys or men
  • noun
  • A member of the sex that fertilizes eggs

ooze

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US / u:z /

UK / uz /

B2
  • verb
  • To flow through small openings

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

topic

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US / 'tɒpɪk /

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Subject or issue people talk or write about

toxin

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US / ˈtɒksɪn /

UK / ˈtɑ:ksɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • Any poisonous substance

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

bubble

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US / ˈbʌbl /

UK / ˈbʌbəl /

B1
  • noun
  • A small ball of air inside of a liquid
  • verb
  • (Of a liquid) to produce bubbles, as when boiling
  • To show intense emotion, e.g. excitement, anger

cold

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US / kəʊld /

UK / kold /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a very low temperature
  • Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
  • noun
  • Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

awesome

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US / 'ɔ:səm /

UK / ˈɔsəm /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Great; wonderful; stupendous

few

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US / fju: /

UK / fju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Not many, a small number

evolve

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US / ɪ'vɒlv /

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

B1
  • verb
  • To develop certain features
  • To develop or change slowly over time
  • To slowly change or develop into something better

individual

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US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made for use by one single person
  • Having a distinct manner different from others
  • noun
  • Single person, looked at separately from others

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

stripe

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US / straɪp /

UK / straɪp /

B1
  • noun
  • Strip of alternating color in straight lines

strong

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US / strɒŋ /

UK / strɔŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of tea or beer) dark or thick
  • Having big muscles; physically powerful

shih

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US / ʃi /

UK / /

A1

spool

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US / spu:l /

UK / spul /

C1
  • noun
  • Cylindrical object used to wind things around
  • verb
  • To wind string, wire etc. around a spool, etc.

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

wing

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US / wɪŋ /

UK / wɪŋ /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of an animal's body that is used for flying
  • One of the two parts on the side of a plane, bird
  • verb
  • To fly to a place

undeniable

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US / ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbl /

UK / ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Certainly true; impossible to prove false

wayward

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US / ˈweɪwəd /

UK / ˈwewəd /

C1
  • adverb
  • Disobedient or willful; unpredictable, capricious

climb

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US / klaɪm /

UK / klaɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • A trip up something, e.g. a mountain
  • Increase or a rise toward a higher price or point
  • verb
  • To rise gradually and steadily to a higher point
  • To increase or rise toward a higher price or point

branch

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US / brɑ:ntʃ /

UK / bræntʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of a family related to the same members
  • Part of organization with a specific function
  • Part of a tree growing outward from the trunk
  • One of several streams combining to create a river
  • Local office or store of a bank or large company
  • (Often secret) group or subgroup of a religion
  • Specific area of knowledge or study
  • verb
  • To separate away from the main part

begin

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US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

predator

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US / 'predətə(r) /

UK / ˈprɛdətɚ, -ˌtɔr /

B1
  • noun
  • An animal that hunts and kills other animals
  • Person preying on the weak to gain advantage

water

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US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
  • Large area such as an ocean or sea
  • verb
  • (Of the eyes) to produce tears
  • (Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
  • To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

anatomy

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US / əˈnætəmi /

UK / əˈnætəmi /

B2
  • noun
  • Scientific study of the structure of (human) body

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

hyoid

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US / ˈhaɪɔɪd /

UK / ˈhaɪɔɪd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the hyoid bone

die

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US / daɪ /

UK / daɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
  • verb
  • To cease to function or work
  • (Of a thing) to stop being used or done
  • (Of a person) to stop living

song

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US / sɒŋ /

UK / sɔ:ŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Distinctive series of sounds made by a bird
  • Music with words that are sung to it
  • Art or tradition of singing

since

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US / sɪns /

UK / sɪns /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a point before the present time
  • conjunction
  • For this reason; because
  • preposition
  • From the time in the past that

within

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US / wɪˈðɪn /

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Inside the limits of an area, time or range
  • preposition
  • From the inside of something

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

seal

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US / si:l /

UK / sil /

B1
  • noun
  • Large fish-eating animal that lives on sea or land
  • Official mark made in hot wax to close a document
  • Piece of rubber used to keep water, dirt out
  • verb
  • To close tightly to protect it from leaking
  • To close an envelop or package
  • To cover a surface with a substance to protect it

descendant

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US / dɪˈsendənt /

UK / dɪˈsɛndənt /

C1
  • noun
  • Family member from generations following you

green

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US / gri:n /

UK / ɡrin /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Color of young leaves
  • Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
  • Concerned about protecting the environment
  • The color of young leaves
  • Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
  • Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
  • noun
  • Large grassy area
  • used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

question

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US / 'kwestʃən /

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Issue or problems you are dealing with
  • What you ask about; issue
  • verb
  • To ask for or try to get information
  • To have or express concerns or uncertainty

struggle

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US / 'strʌɡl /

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Strong efforts made to do something difficult
  • verb
  • To try very hard to do something difficult

throat

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US / θrəʊt /

UK / θroʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of the neck that is below the chin

thumb

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US / θʌm /

UK / θʌm /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a glove that goes over the thumb
  • The short, thick finger on the side of your hand
  • verb
  • To use your thumb to request a ride in a car
  • To casually look through a book, magazine etc.

animal

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US / ˈænɪml /

UK / ˈænəməl /

A1
  • noun
  • A living creature that is not a plant or person

indiana

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US / ˈindiˈænə /

UK / ˌɪndiˈænə /

A1
  • noun
  • A state in midwestern United States

home

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US / həʊm /

UK / hom /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A sports team's own field or place of play
  • adverb
  • Into the correct or intended position
  • noun
  • House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
  • Institution for sick or elderly people
  • Place where a person or a family lives
  • Country where a person lives or was born
  • Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
  • verb
  • To move towards a particular target location

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

range

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US / reɪndʒ /

UK / rendʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Cooking stove with multiple burners
  • Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
  • Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
  • Group or chain of mountains
  • Set of things with something in common
  • Limits within which something extends or varies
  • A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
  • verb
  • To cover an area from one point to another
  • To extend to or vary within given limits
  • To put things in a row or in line
  • To wander or explore

purpose

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US / 'pɜ:pəs /

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

A2
  • noun
  • Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

selection

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US / sɪˈlekʃn /

UK / sɪˈlɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Process of choosing someone or something carefully
  • Something chosen carefully from a larger group
  • Range or variety of things you can choose from

rhythm

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US / ˈrɪðəm /

UK / ˈrɪðəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Pattern of events, motions, or changes
  • A pattern of sound and beats in music

tzu

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US / /

UK / /

A1

destroy

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US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

A2
  • verb
  • To damage so badly that something no longer exists
  • To defeat someone or something easily
  • To kill a sick or unwanted animal

face

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US / feɪs /

UK / fes /

A1
  • noun
  • Side or outer surface of something
  • An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
  • Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
  • Characteristics you show in public
  • verb
  • To cover a surface with something like paint
  • To deal with a problem or responsibilities
  • To look toward; point in a certain direction

generation

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US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act or process of producing or causing something
  • People born and living at about the same time

drought

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US / draʊt /

UK / draʊt /

B1
  • noun
  • Long period of dry weather

lactose

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US / ˈlæktəʊs /

UK / ˈlæktoʊs /

A1
  • noun
  • Sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk

light

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US / laɪt /

UK / laɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
  • Being pale and lacking darkness of color
  • Not heavy; weighing only a little
  • adverb
  • Carrying few bags when traveling
  • noun
  • A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
  • Way in which something or someone is understood
  • verb
  • To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
  • To provide a way to see ahead

stuff

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US / stʌf /

UK / stʌf /

A1
  • noun
  • Generic description for things, materials, objects
  • verb
  • To push material inside something, with force

steel

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US / sti:l /

UK / stil /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made of, or partly made of, a strong silvery metal
  • noun
  • Very strong or determined character in a person
  • Very strong metal made of iron, etc.
  • verb
  • To prepare yourself for something difficult

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

array

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US / əˈreɪ /

UK / ə'reɪ /

B2
  • noun
  • A regular order or arrangement of things
  • verb
  • To arrange things in a regular order

dangle

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US / ˈdæŋgl /

UK / ˈdæŋɡəl /

B2
  • verb
  • To hang loosely in the air; hold a thing like this

determine

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US / dɪ'tɜ:mɪn /

UK / dɪˈtɚmɪn /

A2
  • verb
  • To control exactly how something will be or act
  • To establish the facts about; discover

difference

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US / 'dɪfrəns /

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

A1
  • noun
  • A thing or issue that people do not agree about
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

middle

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US / 'mɪdl /

UK / ˈmidl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Equal distance from extremes
  • noun
  • Place that is halfway between two things

leg

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US / leɡ /

UK / lɛɡ /

A1
  • noun
  • Part of the body from the hips down
  • The piece of furniture that touches the ground

head

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US / hed /

UK / hɛd /

A1
  • noun
  • Counter for the number of cattle
  • Natural mental ability or intelligence
  • Leader or person with the greatest authority
  • Mind; mental ability; mental state
  • Side of a coin with a head on it
  • Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
  • Starting point of something, e.g. a river
  • verb
  • To hit a ball with your head in a game
  • To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
  • To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
  • To become the leader of something
  • To lead or be responsible for something

quality

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US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Feature associated with someone or something
  • High level of worth or excellence

dane

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US / deɪn /

UK / den /

A1
  • noun
  • Person from Denmark

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

sexual

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US / ˈsekʃuəl /

UK / ˈsɛkʃuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Relating to men and women and their relationships
  • Of the physical activity that can produce babies

short

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US / ʃɔ:t /

UK / ʃɔrt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Less than what is needed
  • Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
  • verb
  • (Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
  • adjecitve
  • Measuring a small distance
  • Happening for a small amount of time
  • Unfriendly or rude

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

wind

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US / wɪnd /

UK / wɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
  • noun
  • A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
  • Something that has influence
  • verb
  • If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
  • To turn or cause something to turn
  • To twist around something

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

big

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US / bɪɡ /

UK / bɪɡ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Popular
  • Serious
  • Large

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

natural

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US / ˈnætʃərəl /

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
  • Not made by humans; without human intervention

jimmy

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US / 'dʒɪmɪ /

UK / 'dʒɪmɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • A short crowbar

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

spiderweb

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US / s'paɪdəweb /

UK / s'paɪdəweb /

B2
  • noun
  • A cobweb created by a spider

rocket

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US / 'rɒkɪt /

UK / ˈrɑkɪt /

B1
  • noun
  • Powerful engine that releases hot gases
  • Dark green, hot-tasting salad leaf
  • Weapon shaped like a long tube carrying bombs
  • Vehicle transporting people or things into space
  • verb
  • To travel, increase, or rise very quickly

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

classroom

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US / ˈklɑ:sru:m /

UK / ˈklæsˌrum, -ˌrʊm /

A1
  • noun
  • Room in a school where lessons take place

cling

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US / klɪŋ /

UK / klɪŋ /

B1
  • verb
  • To be dependent on
  • To stick or be attached to

female

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US / 'fi:meɪl /

UK / ˈfiˌmel /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Person of the sex that gives birth to babies

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

live

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US / lɪv /

UK / liv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
  • Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
  • Glowing because burning; hot
  • Not yet killed (for food)
  • adverb
  • (Music, drama) as it is performed
  • verb
  • To be alive
  • To experience a particular type of life
  • To make your home in a house or town

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

mutation

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US / mju:'teɪʃn /

UK / mjuˈteʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Change that changes genetic structure

thorn

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US / θɔ:n /

UK / θɔ:rn /

B2
  • noun
  • Sharp point on the stem/branches of some plants
  • Plant with small sharp growths on branches/stems

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

across

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US / əˈkrɔs /

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Distance from one side to another
  • (Go) from one side to the other of something

disruptive

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US / dɪsˈrʌptɪv /

UK / dɪsˈrʌptɪv /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Causing trouble; disturbing a class, etc.

free

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US / fri: /

UK / fri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Living, happening without being controlled
  • Costing no money
  • Not working; not busy
  • verb
  • To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

play

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US / pleɪ /

UK / pleɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Loose, free movement between two objects
  • Single action in a sports game
  • Performance in which people act in a theater
  • verb
  • To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
  • To perform music on an instrument
  • To use a device, e.g. a video game
  • To do something for enjoyment and fun
  • To do or perform a game or sport

ready

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US / 'redɪ /

UK / ˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being likely or about to do something
  • Being willing to do a task
  • verb
  • To prepare something for use or action

snake

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US / sneɪk /

UK / snek /

B1
  • noun
  • An animal with a long body, no arms or legs
  • verb
  • To move like a snake
  • To wind in a long path like the shape of a snake

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

word

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US / wɜ:d /

UK / wɚd /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of language that has a meaning
  • Promise
  • Short remark or piece of information
  • verb
  • To express something by choosing particular words

deep

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US / di:p /

UK / dip /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complex and important
  • Extreme or intense
  • Going far down from the surface
  • Low in pitch, as a sound
  • adverb
  • At a certain distance beneath the surface

inefficient

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US / ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt /

UK / ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Unable to act in a way that saves resources

genetic

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US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

mate

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US / meɪt /

UK / met /

B1
  • noun
  • A friend who you work, live, or go to school with
  • Partner in a (sexual) relationship
  • One of a matched pair e.g. a shoe or glove
  • A kind of officer on a ship
  • other
  • Person your wish to, or are married to
  • verb
  • To pair a male and female so they have children
  • To join or fit two things together

opposite

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US / ˈɔpəzit /

UK / ˈɑpəzɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being totally different from
  • noun
  • Person, thing that is totally different to another
  • preposition
  • Across from or on the side facing something

plant

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US / plɑ:nt /

UK / plænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Factory or a place where things are made
  • Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
  • verb
  • To firmly position something (in the ground)
  • To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

parent

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US / 'peərənt /

UK / ˈpɛrənt, ˈpær- /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's, animal's mother or father
  • Something creating other things of the same kind

stand

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US / stænd /

UK / stænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Effort to fight against something
  • Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
  • Place in a stadium where spectators watch
  • Table where things are sold at a fair or market
  • verb
  • To be a candidate in an election
  • To be able to accept someone, something; bear
  • To last for a long time
  • To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
  • To place something in a particular position; place
  • To be (as stated)
  • To still be valid
  • To have an opinion about something

timescale

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US / ˈtaɪmskeɪl /

UK / ˈtaɪmskeɪl /

C1
  • noun
  • Length of time something will take

deadly

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US / ˈdedli /

UK / ˈdɛdli /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Causing or capable of causing death
  • Being very accurate

freckle

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US / ˈfrekl /

UK / ˈfrɛkəl /

B2
  • noun
  • Small brown spot on the skin

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

patreon

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US / 'peɪʃənts /

UK / 'peɪʃənts /

A1

perfect

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US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • So good it cannot be improved
  • verb
  • To do something so well, it cannot be done better

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

root

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US / ru:t /

UK / rut, rʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
  • The origin or starting place of something
  • A number that is multiplied by itself
  • Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
  • Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
  • Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
  • verb
  • To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
  • (Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
  • To stop someone moving, as through fear

stayin

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US / /

UK / /

A1

body

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US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

average

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US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
  • noun
  • Total of numbers divided by the number of items
  • verb
  • To add numbers then divide by the number of items

forest

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US / 'fɒrɪst /

UK / ˈfɔrɪst, ˈfɑr- /

A1
  • noun
  • Large area with many trees

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

outside

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US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adverb
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
  • noun
  • Area around or near something, such as a building
  • preposition
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

safely

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US / ˈseɪfli /

UK / ˈseflɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Out of danger

ones

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US / wʌnz /

UK / wʌnz /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1, a single person or thing

adapt

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US / ə'dæpt /

UK / əˈdæpt /

B1
  • verb
  • To change something for a different function
  • To change something to fit or suit a new purpose

able

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US / 'eɪbl /

UK / ˈebəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Skilled; good at something
  • Having the ability to do something

simulate

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US / 'sɪmjʊleɪt /

UK / ˈsɪmjəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To copy something or look or behave like it

surface

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US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
  • noun
  • Top layer of the ground or of water
  • Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
  • Outside or upper layer of something
  • verb
  • To give (road) a top layer
  • To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
  • To come to the top of something; emerge
  • To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

answer

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US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

UK / ˈænsɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Reply to a question someone asks
  • Solution to a problem or test question
  • verb
  • To reply to a question someone asks
  • To solve a test question or a problem

goal

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US / ɡəʊl /

UK / ɡol /

A2
  • noun
  • Something you try to do or achieve; an aim
  • (Sports) net into which you put a ball to score
  • (Sports) act of scoring by putting a ball in a net

solution

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US / səˈlu:ʃn /

UK / səˈluʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
  • Way to solve or deal with a problem

specific

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US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Precise; particular; just about that thing
  • Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

sperm

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US / spɜ:m /

UK / spə:m /

C2
  • noun
  • Cell produced by men and needed for reproduction

spin

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US / spɪn /

UK / spɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • A dizzy feeling your head is turning around
  • A slant or hidden purpose, as in politicians' talk
  • A movement in a rapid turning motion
  • verb
  • To make a ball rotate when throwing it
  • To feel dizzy/confused, as in my head is spinning
  • To convert material such as cotton into thread
  • To move something in a rapid turning motion

stubby

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US / ˈstʌbi /

UK / ˈstʌbi /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of things) short and fat

windy

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US / 'wɪndɪ /

UK / ˈwɪndi /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • When the wind is blowing
  • Using a lot of words

collaboration

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US / kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn /

UK / kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of working with someone to complete a task

educator

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US / ˈedʒukeɪtə(r) /

UK / ˈɛdʒəˌketɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone who teaches

ginkgo

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US / ˈɡɪŋkəʊ /

UK / ˈɡɪŋkoʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Deciduous Chinese tree with fan-shaped leaves

hear

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
  • To be told or find out information or facts
  • To consider or listen to a court case

owl

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US / aʊl /

UK / aʊl /

B1
  • noun
  • Bird with large eyes that hunts at night

sammy

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US / ˈsæmi /

UK / ˈsæmi /

A1
  • noun
  • An American soldier fighting in the First World War (1914–18).

uproot

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US / ˌʌpˈru:t /

UK / ʌpˈrut, -ˈrʊt /

C1
  • verb
  • To pull or transfer something from where it grows

competitor

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US / kəmˈpetɪtə(r) /

UK / kəmˈpɛtɪtɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone taking part in race, business, etc.

instance

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US / 'ɪnstəns /

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • An example of something; case
  • verb
  • To give as an example of something else

mirror

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US / 'mɪrə(r) /

UK / ˈmɪrɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Thing with glass surface used to look at yourself
  • An accurate impression or picture of something
  • verb
  • To reflect (an image)
  • To have similar qualities to something else

phenotype

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US / ˈfi:nətaɪp /

UK / ˈfinəˌtaɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • What an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment

process

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US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

artificial

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US / ˌɑ:tɪ'fɪʃl /

UK / ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Dishonest, to seem fake, not sincere
  • (Something) made by people; not created by nature

cle

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US / lk /

UK / lk /

A1
  • abbreviation
  • CLE is an acronym

alive

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US / ə'laɪv /

UK / əˈlaɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Living; not dead

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

backside

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US / ˈbæksaɪd /

UK / ˈbækˌsaɪd /

C1
  • noun
  • The part of your body you sit on

cover

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US / 'kʌvə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • A different version of another song
  • Bed sheets; blankets
  • (Police or military) protection from attack
  • Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
  • Thing you put over something to close or hide it
  • Front and back part of a book or magazine
  • Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
  • verb
  • To record a different version of another song
  • To include as part of its area
  • To put something over something to hide it
  • To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
  • To form a layer over something so it is hidden
  • To have sufficient funds to pay for something
  • To include something within an agreed limit
  • To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
  • (Police or military) to protect from attack
  • To travel a certain distance in a given time
  • To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

endgame

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US / ˈendgeɪm /

UK / ˈɛndˌɡem /

A1
  • other
  • Final stages of a chess game after most of the pieces have been removed from the board
  • Final stages of an extended process of negotiation

identical

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US / aɪˈdentɪkl /

UK / aɪˈdɛntɪkəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • The same in every way

information

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US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Collection of facts and details about something

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

without

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US / wɪˈðaʊt /

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Not with; not having

adaptive

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US / ə'dæptɪv /

UK / əˈdæptɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Able to adjust to new conditions

community

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US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Group of people who share a common idea or area

loud

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US / laʊd /

UK / laʊd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very bright with colors, clothes etc.
  • Making a lot of noise

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

behind

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US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a later or slower time than expected
  • Being in a losing position in a sporting event
  • Being in the past; old fashioned
  • adverb
  • Remaining
  • noun
  • The part of the body that one sits on
  • preposition
  • At or toward the back of someone or something
  • Supporting or helping someone

foot

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US / fʊt /

UK / fʊt /

A1
  • noun
  • Base of something such as a mountain or vase
  • Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
  • Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

directional

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US / dəˈrekʃənl /

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃənəl, daɪ- /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or indicating directions in space

disadvantage

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US / ˌdɪsədˈvɑ:ntɪdʒ /

UK / ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪdʒ /

B1
  • noun
  • A negative point; a downside; difficulty

entomologist

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US / ˌentə'mɒlədʒɪst /

UK / ˌentə'mɒlədʒɪst /

C2
  • noun
  • Zoologist who studies insects

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

often

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US / ˈɔfən /

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Many times; frequently; on many occasions

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

similarity

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US / ˌsɪmə'lærətɪ /

UK / ˌsɪməˈlærɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Degree to which people or things are the same

digest

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US / daɪˈdʒest /

UK / daɪˈdʒest /

B2
  • noun
  • A summary, as of the news
  • verb
  • To convert food into energy in your stomach
  • To think over facts, news etc.; take in information

group

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US / ɡru:p /

UK / ɡrup /

A1
  • noun
  • Two or more musicians who play music together
  • Number of people or things gathered together
  • verb
  • To combine or collect objects or people together

lizard

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US / ˈlɪzəd /

UK / ˈlɪzərd /

B2
  • noun
  • Reptile with scales and a long body and tail

polar

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US / ˈpəʊlə(r) /

UK / ˈpolɚ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the areas near the North or South poles

spider

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US / ˈspaɪdə(r) /

UK / ˈspaɪdɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Small creature with 8 legs that spins cobwebs

wood

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Living or existing in the woods
  • Made from the material from trees
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Land covered with trees, smaller than a forest
  • Cut tree used for making fires or building things
  • verb
  • To plant an area of land with trees

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

blow

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US / bləʊ /

UK / blo /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
  • Act of making air come out of your mouth
  • A hit or strike from an object
  • verb
  • To move something using air
  • To make air come quickly out of your mouth
  • To clear something by forcing air through it

bear

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US / bɛː /

UK / bɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
  • Someone who expects stock market to fall
  • verb
  • To accept (responsibilities or duties)
  • To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
  • To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
  • To keep moving left or right while going forward
  • To show (sign of something)
  • To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

film

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US / fɪlm /

UK / fɪlm /

A2
  • noun
  • Thin layer that covers something
  • Movie
  • verb
  • To record moving action with a camera

hand

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US / hænd /

UK / hænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Cards given to a player in a card game
  • Piece of a clock that points to the time
  • Someone who performs physical tasks or work
  • Body part at the end of a person's arm
  • Help for someone performing a particular action
  • Condition of having power or influence
  • Member of the crew of a ship
  • verb
  • To give something to someone personally

next

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US / nekst /

UK / nɛkst /

A1
  • adverb
  • The one that follows another in time or order
  • At a time or place directly after the present one
  • noun
  • The one that follows after
  • adjecitve
  • Immediately after the previous one
  • First occurrence after the present one

problem

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US / ˈprɒbləm /

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Causing trouble
  • noun
  • Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
  • Question to show understanding of a math concept

ball

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US / bɔ:l /

UK / bɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • Large dance where people dress formally
  • Small round object often used in a game or sport

biologist

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US / baɪˈɒlədʒɪst /

UK / baɪˈɑːlədʒɪst /

A2
  • noun
  • A scientist who studies living things

deter

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US / dɪˈtɜ:(r) /

UK / dɪˈtə: /

B2
  • verb
  • To stop people doing a thing; stop from happening

favourable

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US / ˈfeɪvərəbl /

UK / ˈfeɪvərəbl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • When a good result or positive outcome is likely

place

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US / pleɪs /

UK / ples /

A1
  • noun
  • Particular location, area or region
  • verb
  • To put someone in a particular type of situation
  • To put something in a certain location or position

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

similar

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US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Nearly the same; alike

whenever

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US / wenˈevə(r) /

UK / hwɛnˈɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At any or every time that

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

gel

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US / dʒel /

UK / dʒɛl /

B2
  • noun
  • Thick substance, similar to jelly
  • verb
  • To adhere or stick together like a gel

medium

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US / 'mi:dɪəm /

UK / ˈmidiəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Method of expressing ideas or feelings
  • Something available in a middle size or condition
  • Person who claims to communicate with the dead

win

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US / wɪn /

UK / wɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • Success in beating the other team or competitors
  • Success in a game or contest
  • verb
  • To get something as a prize because of a success
  • To gain something you want because of your efforts
  • To succeed in a game or contest

second

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US / 'sekənd /

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 2nd; the one following first
  • noun
  • Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
  • Short period of time that you wait for someone
  • (Do) soon
  • verb
  • To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

fire

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US / 'faɪə(r) /

UK / faɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Heat and the flame produced when burning
  • Intense energy for or about something
  • verb
  • To apply heat to something to make it hard
  • To make a person leave their job; dismiss
  • To shoot a gun or weapon
  • To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
  • To start working on something e.g. a project

force

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US / fɔ:s /

UK / fɔrs, fors /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of persons trained for military action; army
  • Pressure; attraction
  • The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
  • verb
  • To use physical strength or violence to persuade

dna

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US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

B2
  • noun
  • Chemical in living cells with genetic information

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

include

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US / ɪnˈklu:d /

UK / ɪnˈklud /

A1
  • verb
  • To make someone, something part of a group

during

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US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

A1
  • preposition
  • At some point in the course of an event or thing

vision

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US / 'vɪʒn /

UK / ˈvɪʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • Ability to see; eyesight
  • Something you see in your imagination or dreams
  • Ability to plan for the future of something

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

bunch

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US / bʌntʃ /

UK / bʌntʃ /

B1
  • noun
  • A group of things of the same kind
  • verb
  • To group people or things closely together
  • (Cloth) to gather/be gathered together in folds

catch

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US / kætʃ /

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Amount of something that has been caught
  • Trick or something trying to deceive
  • verb
  • To stop something flying and hold it
  • To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
  • To get sick or get a disease from someone else
  • To find someone to do something, a task
  • To get stuck on or in something
  • To be trapped so you can’t escape
  • To be able to understand what someone is saying

grab

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US / ɡræb /

UK / ɡræb /

A2
  • verb
  • To take and hold something quickly

specie

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US / 'spi:ʃi: /

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Singular of species

stay

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US / steɪ /

UK / ste /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal order to stop or delay an action
  • Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
  • Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
  • verb
  • To keep trying without giving up
  • To remain in the same place and not move away
  • To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

select

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US / sɪ'lekt /

UK / sɪˈlɛkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To choose a suitable thing from a group

scarce

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US / skeəs /

UK / skers /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Not many; Not plentiful or abundant

ride

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US / raɪd /

UK / raɪd /

A1
  • noun
  • Machine at an amusement park for riding on for fun
  • Trip on a bicycle or a horse
  • verb
  • To travel in a particular vehicle as a passenger
  • To sit on and control a horse or vehicle

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

fight

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US / faɪt /

UK / faɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • An argument or quarrel
  • Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
  • A struggle to do a difficult task
  • verb
  • To argue or quarrel with someone about something
  • To try to hurt someone by hitting them
  • To struggle to do a difficult task

cell

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US / sel /

UK / sɛl /

A2
  • noun
  • Smallest unit of living things in biology
  • Group of people - often from a secret organization
  • Prisoner's room in a jail
  • Shortened form of 'cellphone'

diversity

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US / daɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

UK / dɪˈvə:sɪti, daɪ- /

B1
  • noun
  • Having a range of different races, ideas etc.

example

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US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

ground

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US / graʊnd /

UK / ɡraʊnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Connection of electrical equipment to earth
  • Place where people play particular sports
  • Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
  • verb
  • To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
  • To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
  • To make sharp or smooth through friction
  • To press together with force making a sound
  • To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
  • To hit the bottom
  • (Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
  • To prevent a plane from taking off
  • To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

each

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US / i:tʃ /

UK / itʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Every one of two or more things
  • pronoun
  • Per one person or thing

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

thrum

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US / θrʌm /

UK / θrʌm /

C2
  • verb
  • To make a monotonous humming sound

unlucky

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US / ʌn'lʌkɪ /

UK / ʌnˈlʌki /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unfortunate; having bad things happen by chance

conclusion

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US / kənˈklu:ʒn /

UK / kənˈkluʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • End of something; finish
  • Judgment or opinion after thinking for a while
  • Opinion or final judgment at end of book, essay

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

flood

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US / flʌd /

UK / flʌd /

B1
  • noun
  • Large number of people or things arriving at once
  • Destruction when a river breaks its banks
  • verb
  • To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
  • (Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

great

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US / ɡreɪt /

UK / ɡret /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very large in size
  • Very important
  • Very good; fantastic; wonderful
  • adverb
  • Very good; better than before
  • noun
  • Successful and well-admired person

energy

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US / 'enədʒɪ /

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • Physical or mental strength

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

hind

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US / haɪnd /

UK / haɪnd /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the rear or back part of animals

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

mix

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US / mɪks /

UK / mɪks /

A2
  • noun
  • A combination of more than two things
  • verb
  • To combine two or more things to make one
  • To meet and get along with others, e.g. at a party

offer

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US / 'ɒfə(r) /

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Price you say you are willing to pay for something
  • Act of making a thing available to be accepted
  • verb
  • To suggest a price you are willing to pay
  • To give the opportunity to accept something
  • To say you are willing to do something
  • To give or say something as an act of worship

snack

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US / snæk /

UK / snæk /

B2
  • noun
  • Small amount of food eaten between meals
  • verb
  • To eat a small amount outside of regular meal time

tend

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US / tend /

UK / tɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To move or act in a certain manner
  • To take care of
  • To regularly behave in a certain way

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

sticky

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US / ˈstɪki /

UK / ˈstɪki /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Easy to adhere or stick to other things
  • (Of weather/a day) uncomfortably hot and humid

watch

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US / wɒtʃ /

UK / wɑtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
  • Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
  • Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
  • verb
  • To keep in check, manage, or control something
  • To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
  • To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
  • To look at carefully to work out what is happening
  • To protect and care for someone or something

variation

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US / ˌveəriˈeɪʃn /

UK / ˌvɛriˈeʃən, ˈvær- /

A2
  • noun
  • Something almost the same as another but different
  • Music played with a different tune from another

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

eye

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US / aɪ /

UK / aɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • The part of the body that you see with
  • The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
  • Hole at the end of a needle
  • verb
  • To watch or study something closely

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

spiderwebs

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US / ˈspaɪdəweb /

UK / ˈspaɪdərweb /

B2
  • other
  • A cobweb created by a spider

prefer

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US / prɪˈfɜ:(r) /

UK / prɪˈfɚ /

A1
  • verb
  • To like something better than something else

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

cobweb

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US / 'kɒbweb /

UK / ˈkɑbˌwɛb /

C1
  • noun
  • Remains of spider's web showing lack of cleaning

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

help

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US / help /

UK / hɛlp /

A1
  • noun
  • Something given to enable a person to do something
  • Assistance given to someone in need
  • Someone who makes something easier or possible
  • verb
  • To act to enable a person to do something; assist
  • To make something better or less difficult

genetically

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US / dʒə'netɪklɪ /

UK / dʒə'netɪklɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Caused or controlled, or by genes

howl

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US / haʊl /

UK / haʊl /

B2
  • verb
  • To cry or wail loudly

literally

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US / ˈlɪtərəli /

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to express the exact meaning of something
  • Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

studio

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US / 'stju:dɪəʊ /

UK / ˈstudio, ˈstju- /

A2
  • noun
  • Place for painting, broadcasting, etc.

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

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US / beɪs /

UK / bes /

A2
  • noun
  • Place military personnel live, train, and operate
  • Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
  • Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
  • Most important idea or ingredient to add others
  • Origin or start from which something came
  • Main place where an organization or a person works
  • verb
  • To use as the starting point or origin for
  • To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

chihuahua

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US / tʃɪˈwɑːwə /

UK / tʃɪˈwɑːwə /

B2
  • noun
  • Small dog from the north of Mexico

funky

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US / fʌŋkɪ /

UK / ˈfʌŋki /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Offbeat; fashionable

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

seed

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US / si:d /

UK / sid /

B1
  • noun
  • A person's children; offspring
  • Part of a plant used to grow more on them
  • Source of a feeling or thought
  • Top-ranked person in a competition, e.g. in tennis
  • verb
  • (Of plants) to produce seeds for the future
  • To produce seeds, as a plant
  • To remove the center part from a fruit or vegetable
  • To be the source of a feeling or thought
  • To plant seeds in the ground

sugar

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US / ˈʃʊgə(r) /

UK / ˈʃʊɡɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Substance which the body stores or uses for energy
  • Amount of sugar contained in a small spoon
  • Used to address someone you like or love
  • White sweet substance used to make foods sweeter
  • verb
  • To add, put on, or mix a food or drink with sugar

variety

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US / və'raɪətɪ /

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Particular type of thing or person

another

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US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One more, but not this
  • determiner
  • One more added
  • pronoun
  • One more (thing)

afternoon

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US / ˌɑ:ftəˈnu:n /

UK / ˌæftərˈnu:n /

A1
  • noun
  • Time after 12:00 and before the evening meal

arise

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US / əˈraɪz /

UK / əˈraɪz /

A2
  • verb
  • To stand up
  • To result or happen due to a particular event

caribbean

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US / ˌkærɪˈbi:ən /

UK / ˌkærəˈbiən, kəˈrɪbiən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Caribbean

funhouse

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • noun

environment

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US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

A1
  • noun
  • Natural world in which plants and animals live
  • The entire surrounding conditions of something

neighbourhood

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US / ˈneɪbəhʊd /

UK / ˈneɪbərhʊd /

B1
  • noun
  • Area of a town or city that people live in

real

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US / rɪəl /

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Actually existing or happening, not imagined
  • Being important or special

region

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US / 'ri:dʒən /

UK / ˈridʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

stabilize

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US / 'steɪbəlaɪz /

UK / ˈstebəˌlaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To make stable/consistent, with no major changes

windsock

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US / ˈwɪndsɒk /

UK / ˈwɪndsɑːk /

A1
  • noun
  • Truncated cloth cone mounted on a mast; used (e.g., at airports) to show the direction of the wind

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

goo

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US / gu: /

UK / ɡu /

C1
  • noun
  • Any thick sticky unpleasant substance

genotype

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US / ˈdʒenətaɪp /

UK / 'dʒenətaɪp /

C1
  • noun
  • Group of organisms sharing a specific genes

leave

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US / li:v /

UK / liv /

A1
  • noun
  • Permission to do something
  • Vacation time; time off work
  • verb
  • To go away from; depart
  • To gift property to someone after you die
  • To allow something to continue happening
  • To let something remain unused or available
  • To let something or someone remain somewhere

reduce

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US / rɪ'dju:s /

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

A2
  • verb
  • To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
  • To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
  • To make something smaller in size, amount, level

spiky

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US / ˈspaɪki /

UK / ˈspaɪki /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Having a long sharp point

swiss

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US / swɪs /

UK / swɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • Person from Switzerland
  • other
  • People or things from Switzerland

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

tight

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US / taɪt /

UK / taɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Showing anxiety or anger; tense
  • Positioned physically close together
  • Managed or controlled in a strict and careful way
  • (Of road, bend) curving sharply
  • Drunk
  • Being equally matched in ability or score
  • Lacking extra space
  • Having limited time available
  • Being very limited in supply
  • Not generous; mean with money; stingy
  • (Rope or tie) pulled strongly
  • Being in a good solid relationship
  • adverb
  • Firmly; so it can't move

toe

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US / təʊ /

UK / toʊ /

B1
  • noun
  • One of the five parts at the end of your foot
  • Front part of a sock or shoe

ward

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US / wɔ:d /

UK / wɔ:rd /

B1
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Child legally protected and cared for by a court
  • Section or part of a town or city
  • Separate part or area of a hospital

trait

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US / treɪt /

UK / tret /

C2
  • noun
  • A particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior

tree

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US / tri: /

UK / tri /

A1
  • noun
  • Tall green plants in a forest

knife

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US / naɪf /

UK / naɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • Long piece of metal you use for cutting things
  • verb
  • To attack someone with a sharp long blade
  • To move through something easily and quickly

mostly

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US / ˈməʊstli /

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In large part; mainly or chiefly

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

swallow

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US / 'swɒləʊ /

UK / ˈswɑː.loʊ /

A2
  • noun
  • Small northern bird with downward-pointing wings
  • Making food or drink go down to the stomach
  • verb
  • To believe (something that is not true)
  • To make food go from your mouth to your stomach
  • To cover or hide something

clean

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US / kli:n /

UK / klin /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not marked in any way; blank
  • Done according to the rules or standards; fair
  • Free from disease or sickness
  • Being free from dirt or marks; washed
  • Behaving well; not breaking any rules; legal
  • adverb
  • Completely; entirely
  • verb
  • To make free from dirt or marks; washed
  • To make neat and orderly e.g. a room
  • To remove the inner parts of an animal

connection

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US / kəˈnekʃn /

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that joins things together; being joined
  • Person you know who can help you in some way
  • Changing vehicles when traveling

friendly

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US / ˈfrendli /

UK / ˈfrɛndli /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Acting like a friend; kind and helpful
  • noun
  • Game played not in a competition

front

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US / frʌnt /

UK / frʌnt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
  • noun
  • Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
  • Area where fighting in a war is happening
  • Place where air of different temperatures meets
  • verb
  • To have the forward part facing something
  • To lead a group of people, usually a band

height

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US / haɪt /

UK / haɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Distance of something from the bottom to the top

milk

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US / mɪlk /

UK / mɪlk /

A1
  • noun
  • White liquid produced by females to feed babies
  • verb
  • To take white liquid from cows etc. to drink
  • To take as much from a person/situation as you can

normally

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US / ˈnɔ:məli /

UK / ˈnɔːrməli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In the manner that is usual or ordinary

join

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US / dʒɔɪn /

UK / dʒɔɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To bring something close to another, to become one
  • To become a member of
  • To participate in an activity with others

perhaps

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US / pəˈhæps /

UK / pɚˈhæps /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

rare

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US / reə(r) /

UK / rɛr /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
  • Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

professional

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US / prə'feʃənl /

UK / prəˈfɛʃənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of jobs such as doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc.
  • Acting/done properly as a qualified person would
  • Getting paid for playing a sport/doing an activity
  • noun
  • Highly qualified person, e.g. lawyer or doctor
  • One who plays a sport or similar activity as a job

possibility

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US / ˌpɒsə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / ˌpɑsəˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Something with a chance of happening or being true

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

spectrum

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US / 'spektrəm /

UK / ˈspɛktrəm /

B1
  • noun
  • The wavelengths of colors from red to violet
  • a range of different positions, opinions, etc. between two extreme points

blast

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US / blɑ:st /

UK / blæst /

B1
  • noun
  • Destructive wave of air from an explosion
  • Strong current of wind
  • verb
  • To attack someone with words
  • To destroy something with explosives
  • To make a loud noise on or with something

bony

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US / 'bəʊnɪ /

UK / ˈboni /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • With the bones showing; skinny

bee

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US / bi: /

UK / bi /

B1
  • noun
  • Gathering to perform activities and tasks together
  • Black and yellow insect that makes honey

forever

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US / fər'evə(r) /

UK / fɔrˈɛvɚ, fə- /

B1
  • adverb
  • For all future time; in the future

mess

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US / mes /

UK / mɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is untidy, dirty or unclean
  • verb
  • To make something untidy or dirty

keep

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US / ki:p /

UK / kip /

A1
  • noun
  • Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
  • Money spent on you so you can live in a place
  • verb
  • To continue doing something; not to stop
  • To stop balls going in a goal in sports
  • To not give back or return something
  • (Of food) to not spoil or not rot
  • To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
  • To have and continue to hold something
  • To do something that you have promised or agreed
  • To stay in a certain place or condition
  • To maintain the rules

silk

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US / sɪlk /

UK / sɪlk /

A2
  • noun
  • Fine cloth material used for making clothes

slash

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US / slæʃ /

UK / slæʃ /

B2
  • noun
  • Line ( / ) used in writing
  • Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
  • verb
  • To cut violently with a sharp object
  • To decrease something by a large amount

version

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US / ˈvə:ʃən /

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Different way that someone interprets something
  • New or different form of something
  • An updated form of some software

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

along

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US / əˈlɒŋ /

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • As a companion; taken with someone
  • preposition
  • At a point on a line

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

grip

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US / ɡrɪp /

UK / ɡrɪp /

A2
  • noun
  • Strong understanding of an idea
  • Control over something or someone
  • Part of an object to help you hold onto it
  • Act of holding something firmly
  • other
  • Control over something or someone
  • verb
  • To hold someone's interest
  • To hold something in your hand very firmly

disaster

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US / dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) /

UK / dɪˈzæstɚ, -ˈsæs- /

A2
  • noun
  • State of extreme ruin and misfortune

entirely

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US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Wholly; completely

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

resource

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US / riˈsɔ:s /

UK / ˈriˌsɔrs, -ˌsors, -ˌzɔrs, -ˌzors, rɪˈsɔrs, -ˈsors, /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that can be used profitably; asset
  • An essential supply of something
  • Resourcefulness; ability to deal with problems
  • verb
  • To obtain (e.g. oil, gas) from its source

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

share

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US / ʃeə(r) /

UK / ʃɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Part-ownership in a property, business or company
  • Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
  • verb
  • To divide something between two or more people
  • To allow others to use your things equally
  • To give information, etc. to someone

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

mold

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US / məʊld /

UK / mold /

B1
  • noun
  • Distinctive type of character or nature
  • Fungus growing on old food or in wet dark places
  • Container to shape material into a certain form
  • verb
  • To influence a person's character or behavior
  • To form something into a shape

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

sneak

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US / sni:k /

UK / snik /

B2
  • noun
  • Person who tells the secrets of others
  • other
  • To move around in such a way no one will see you
  • verb
  • To move around in a way so no one will see you
  • To take something somewhere/give secretly

structure

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US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
  • verb
  • To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

tall

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US / tɔ:l /

UK / tɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • High in height

accumulate

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US / əˈkju:mjəleɪt /

UK / əˈkjumjəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To gather or acquire so that you have more of it

adaptability

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US / əˌdæptə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / əˌdæptə'bɪlətɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Able to change, succeed in different conditions

advantage

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US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Thing making the chance of success higher
  • A positive point about something

anole

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US / əˈnəʊli /

UK / əˈnoʊli /

A1
  • noun
  • Small tree-dwelling tropical American lizards

business

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US / ˈbɪznəs /

UK / ˈbɪznɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • A company formed for making profit
  • Matter that has to be dealt with; task; situation
  • Activity of working to make a profit

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

pattern

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US / 'pætn /

UK / ˈpætən /

A2
  • noun
  • Model to follow in making or doing something
  • Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
  • Regular repeated behavior
  • verb
  • To copy the way something else is made

represent

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US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

A2
  • verb
  • To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
  • To show or describe something in a particular way
  • To act on behalf of others in government
  • To act or speak for another person or other people

food

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US / fu:d /

UK / fud /

A1
  • noun
  • What people and animals eat to live
  • Things taken in by plants to maintain life
  • A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

development

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US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
  • A new event related to a previous event

maybe

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US / ˈmeɪbi /

UK / ˈmebi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

quite

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US / kwaɪt /

UK / kwaɪt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not very; fairly
  • Very; In a complete or total manner

reproduce

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US / ˌri:prə'dju:s /

UK / ˌriprəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

B1
  • verb
  • To make a copy of something
  • To have children/young; grow roots/new plants

size

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US / saɪz /

UK / saɪz /

A1
  • noun
  • How big or small a thing is
  • Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
  • verb
  • To make something to fit a particular measurement
  • To organize or group from small to large

survive

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US / sə'vaɪv /

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

A2
  • verb
  • To continue to live despite illness or trouble

spur

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US / spɜ:(r) /

UK / spɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Rock that sticks out from the side of a mountain
  • Something that makes a person act
  • verb
  • To make your horse go faster
  • To make someone want to do something

whole

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US / həul /

UK / hol /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; all of
  • Being in a good condition
  • noun
  • Complete amount or sum; total

adaptation

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US / ˌædæpˈteɪʃn /

UK / ˌædæpˈteʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Music, movie or play, changed to a new form
  • Changing to a new form; thing that is changed

brutal

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US / 'bru:tl /

UK / ˈbrutl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Extremely violent or mean

avoid

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US / ə'vɔɪd /

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

A2
  • verb
  • To prevent from happening
  • To stay away from

fuel

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US / 'fju:əl /

UK / ˈfjuəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Material used to produce heat or power when burned
  • verb
  • To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
  • To provide gas or petrol for something

lend

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US / lend /

UK / lɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To let someone borrow something for a while
  • To give help or support to someone in need

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

category

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US / ˈkætəgəri /

UK / ˈkætɪˌɡɔri, -ˌɡori /

B1
  • noun
  • Groups of things that are similar in some way

enter

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US / 'entə(r) /

UK / ˈɛntɚ /

A1
  • verb
  • To start a career or an education
  • To become a competitor in a contest
  • To add or type information in a computer
  • To go into a room, building etc.

howler

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US / ˈhaʊlə(r) /

UK / ˈhaʊlɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • A big obvious mistake or error
  • A big mistake, but which is also funny

sheer

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US / ʃɪə(r) /

UK / ʃɪr /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of luck/stupidity) very complete or absolute
  • (Of fabric) very fine or thin; see-through
  • adverb
  • Straight up and down; steeply
  • verb
  • To suddenly turn or change direction

towards

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US / tə'wɔ:dz /

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the direction of someone or something

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

ability

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US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • The power, resources or skill to do something

craft

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US / krɑ:ft /

UK / kræft /

B1
  • noun
  • Job requiring a worker to have specific skills
  • Vehicle that travels on water or through the air
  • verb
  • To make by hand and with much skill

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

good

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US / ɡʊd /

UK / ɡʊd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper, appropriate or right
  • (Of an amount) enough; plenty
  • Excellent; high quality
  • Acting well or properly; of moral character
  • In a positive or happy emotional state
  • noun
  • Advantage or benefit

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

shout

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US / ʃaʊt /

UK / ʃaʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Speaking loudly so you get attention
  • verb
  • To speak very loudly to get attention

bone

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US / bəʊn /

UK / bon /

A1
  • noun
  • Hard piece of your body that holds your muscles
  • verb
  • To remove bones from meat or fish

doggo

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US / ˈdɒɡəʊ /

UK / ˈdɔːɡoʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Quietly in concealment

luck

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US / lʌk /

UK / lʌk /

A1
  • noun
  • Accidental way things happen, often good things

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

study

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US / 'stʌdɪ /

UK / ˈstʌdi /

A1
  • noun
  • Room that a person studies or reads in
  • Piece of research
  • Topic or subject you research or learn about
  • verb
  • To focus on learning something usually at school

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

behaviour

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US / bɪˈheɪvjə(r) /

UK / bɪˈhevjɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • The way a person or thing acts; manner

final

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US / ˈfaɪnl /

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • That will not be changed; permanent
  • Being the last thing in a series
  • noun
  • Last game in a series in a competition

fossil

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US / 'fɒsl /

UK / ˈfɑsəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Plant or animal that became rock after many years

helpful

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US / ˈhelpfl /

UK / ˈhɛlpfəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Doing things that help someone

internal

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US / inˈtə:nəl /

UK / ɪnˈtɚnəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being or happening in the body
  • Being, happening in a country, state, organization
  • Within or inside; interior; not external

pine

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US / paɪn /

UK / paɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • Tall pointed evergreen tree with needlelike leaves
  • verb
  • To feel sad because you miss someone

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

tiny

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US / 'taɪnɪ /

UK / ˈtaɪni /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very, very small
  • Subtitles section
  • Whenever I see a spiderweb, I always think about the song Stayin' Alive by the Bee Gees.
  • You know the one.
  • Ah, ah, ah, ah, stayin' alive, stayin' alive.
  • Ah, ah, ah, ah, stayin' alive, stayin' alive.
  • A little weird, maybe, but hear me out.
  • That spiderweb represents the undeniable adaptability of life.
  • Out of ever-changing environments, some shared DNA from a common ancestor, and a whole lot of time, life has accumulated more traits than a Swiss Army knife.
  • Thick fur for beating the cold, a deep root system for surviving drought, opposable thumbs for gripping, grabbing, and, uh, doing this stuff.
  • And that includes spiderwebs.
  • They're made of silk stronger than steel, gelled together from ooze rocketed out of their backside.
  • But this weird booty goo can be spooled into designs that form a dinner-catching snare, deadly for unlucky bugs, but life-giving for the spider.
  • All of these traits that help organisms go about the business of not dying long enough to pass on their genes are called adaptations.
  • And these adaptations are shaped by both natural and artificial selection.
  • They represent thousands, perhaps millions, of different answers to that question every organism faces.
  • How am I going to stay alive?
  • So when I see a cobweb, I don't think, here's a mess to clean up.
  • I think, here's one of those millions of answers.
  • I can't help but hear a rhythm.
  • Well, you can't tell by the way I spin my web, but an adaptive thing I have evolved.
  • Hi, I'm Dr. Sammy, your friendly neighborhood entomologist, and this is Crash Course Biology.
  • Now, are you ready for the second funkiest song you'll hear today?
  • Adaptations
  • Can be found across life's spectrum.
  • You'll see them in the feathers of a bird's wing, the spiky thorns of a flower's stem, and even in your own ability to digest the lactose sugar that's found in milk.
  • Assuming that you're not lactose intolerant.
  • All of these adaptations are responses to that same question.
  • How do we keep ourselves alive long enough to reproduce?
  • Enter natural selection, the process by which populations adapt and change based on inherited traits.
  • It is one of the forces behind evolution's ongoing 4-billion-year-long craft project.
  • It has no goal, no final conclusion.
  • It's just about what works in a certain environment at a certain time, a problem that's always changing and has many possible solutions.
  • Like how these awesome opposable thumbs were an adaptation by our common primate ancestors.
  • Those that evolved the opposable thumbs didn't do so for a specific purpose, but because the thumbs gave them an advantage over those without them.
  • They survived longer and were able to pass on their genes more often, selecting for that adaptation in the future.
  • The specific alleles, or versions of genes, that organisms inherit are called genotypes.
  • The word genotype can describe just one gene, several, or all of them.
  • A genotype is genetic information that helps determine phenotype, which is the actual expression of an organism's anatomy, internal functions, and behavior in the real world.
  • Phenotype includes not just the outside stuff, but also the inside stuff, like the structure of cells.
  • Natural selection acts on traits in an organism's phenotype.
  • But the connection here isn't as simple as inherit this gene, get this quality.
  • Instead, phenotypes arise from a mashup of genotype and environment.
  • Like, identical twins share identical genes, but sometimes you can still kind of tell them apart.
  • Like, these twins have different freckle patterns.
  • For natural selection to happen, you need a few important things.
  • First is variation.
  • Populations need to have a variety of traits.
  • That can mean features some individuals have and others don't.
  • Or it can mean traits that come in a range, like the length of your legs or the size of your ears.
  • No diversity, no evolution.
  • Second, those traits have to be genetically inherited, passed from parents to offspring.
  • If an individual with an adaptation doesn't reproduce, that adaptation won't get passed along.
  • And third, for selection to happen, traits need to be tied to different outcomes.
  • So they need to lend either an advantage or a disadvantage in the business of living long enough to pass on genes.
  • Imagine, for example, a deer has a genetic mutation for white fur.
  • That trait would probably make them a bright beacon in the woods.
  • They would be more likely to become a coyote's afternoon snack or a hunter's trophy than to live a long life and have lots of offspring.
  • So that trait is likely to be selected against in the population.
  • But maybe another deer inherits a mutation for brown and green stripes, allowing them to blend in really well in the forest, like deer camouflage.
  • That trait might be helpful in avoiding predators, giving that deer a better chance at staying alive.
  • So that trait would likely be selected in the population.
  • Helpful traits tend to stick around, passing on to future generations and becoming more common in a population.
  • Like an insect body that looks like a leaf, eyes that work like night vision goggles on owls, or snake jaws that unhinge to swallow food bigger than their head.
  • Adaptations like this can arise over long timescales.
  • And if they work, selection can keep them around.
  • Like today's ginkgo trees still look very similar to fossil ginkgo trees from 200 million years ago.
  • Another example can be found in their seeds, which contain a toxin that deters predators from eating them.
  • A trait that has stuck around for thousands, maybe even millions of years.
  • But natural selection isn't just some long-ago process.
  • It's happening right now, as we speak.
  • And changes in the environment can spur changes in populations faster than you might think.
  • Let's head over to the Thought Bubble.
  • When Hurricanes Irma and Maria blasted through the Caribbean in 2017, their brutal high-speed winds destroyed homes and uprooted trees.
  • Given the degree of devastation, you might not think anoles, small lizards often found climbing trees in this region, would stand a chance at survival.
  • But some anoles did survive.
  • And it wasn't just sheer luck that kept them alive.
  • The ones who rode out the storm had traits that helped them cling to life, quite literally.
  • Measurements from before and after the hurricanes showed that the average anole survivor had bigger toes, longer front legs, and shorter back legs.
  • Those traits gave the lizards a stronger grip, helping them hold tight even in hurricane-force winds.
  • To figure out how these traits kept them safe, biologists used a leaf blower on anoles clinging to a perch to simulate windy conditions, catching any wayward lizard safely in a net.
  • Anoles with longer hind legs had more dangling surface area, so they blew around like a living windsock.
  • But anoles with stubby hind legs could keep all four feet glued safely.
  • So some anoles held out because they could literally hold on.
  • That shows that even sudden changes in the environment, like a strong hurricane, can be fuel for natural selection.
  • Now biologists are studying the surviving lizard's descendants to find out if their super-grippy trait sticks around, not just on branches, but across generations.
  • Thanks, Thought Bubble!
  • Now, not everything that lives or dies during a hurricane, flood, or other natural disaster is a product of natural selection.
  • The traits of these anoles helped them hold on during a hurricane, but probably wouldn't have helped them much if there had been a fire.
  • This is just one example of how certain traits can be selected for due to elemental factors.
  • Of course, natural selection can push traits in a few different directions.
  • Imagine, for example, a forest of pine trees with a Goldilocks-style range of heights.
  • There are some short ones, a few really tall ones, but mostly a whole bunch of middle-of-the-road medium-sized ones.
  • That's a sign that this population is facing stabilizing selection, a version of natural selection that tends to reduce variation at the extreme ends of the spectrum.
  • In this scenario, little trees struggle to get enough light, and growing super tall takes a lot of energy, so the middle-of-the-road phenotype has the easiest time surviving and passing on genes.
  • So those extreme phenotypes for really little or really tall trees are more rare.
  • But imagine resources like water, for instance, become scarce.
  • So now it's actually better to be tiny in this environment because the little trees don't need as many resources as the medium or super tall ones.
  • In that case, this population of trees might become shorter on average.
  • That means that directional selection is at play.
  • And that's when an extreme version of the phenotype is selected for and passed down genetically.
  • So traits are pushed towards one end of the spectrum, but selection can also push a population towards the opposite extremes at the same time, leaving the middle ground entirely in what's called disruptive selection.
  • Like, there are some beetles that normally fight other beetles to get the chance to mate.
  • The biggest beetle wins, so one extreme is selected for.
  • But in certain populations, small beetles can sneak by unnoticed while the larger beetles are fighting and can mate with the females, while the medium-sized beetles can't win in either of those categories,
  • And the population changes as a result.
  • But just because a trait helps an organism survive in one environment doesn't mean it helps in other environments.
  • Like, polar bears have adapted to eat soft, fat-rich marine mammals like seals, but that makes them inefficient at eating bonier prey.
  • This is called an evolutionary trade-off, and howler monkeys face an unusual one.
  • They can either have a loud voice or big testicles.
  • On one hand, male monkeys with bigger hyoids, a U-shaped bone in their throats, have louder voices, really good for, well, howling.
  • On the other hand, bigger testicles make more sperm, upping the odds of passing on their genes.
  • But here's the catch.
  • Male monkeys can only have one or the other.
  • It just takes too much energy for their bodies to have both a loud voice and big balls.
  • In howler monkey species, where groups of females mate with just one male at a time, male howlers tend to have louder voices, which is great for warding off sexual competitors.
  • But in species where females mate with lots of males, well, it pays to place bets on the sperm.
  • There's no one right answer to this staying alive thing, just millions of possibilities.
  • Now, we know that natural selection doesn't have any sort of goal or endgame when it comes to evolution.
  • But unlike nature, we humans do.
  • So we've changed some organisms through artificial selection, selectively breeding plants and animals for traits that we prefer.
  • Like dogs, who all share a common wolf-like ancestor and have been put through artificial selection's funhouse mirror, resulting in 2-kilogram chihuahuas, 70-kilogram Great Danes, and all kinds of good doggos in between.
  • So since the beginning of life itself, natural selection has molded and shaped a huge array of adaptations that are still in flux as we speak.
  • Traits that work well enough to help organisms survive and reproduce tend to hold fast and pass on over generations.
  • And on a much shorter timescale, humans have bred certain species to artificially select traits that we find favorable.
  • Shout out to Jimmy, the blue-heeler shih tzu mix.
  • Both types of selection are possible because of variations in traits within populations that are inherited across generations.
  • And there's no right or wrong answer, no perfect solution.
  • Just an array of ever-changing possibilities, adaptations ranging from spider webs to super sticky toes, each of them offering a different response to that shared, thrumming, 4-billion-year-long beat,
  • Staying alive.
  • In our next episode, we're going to take a look at the similarities and differences within populations and find out why you just might have a doppelganger out there.
  • See you then!
  • This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive.
  • If you're an educator, visit biointeractive.org slash Crash Course for classroom resources and professional development related to the topics covered in this course.
  • Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Biology, which was filmed at our studios in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was made with the help of all of these funky people.
  • If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.