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Our Strange Plan to Fully Rewild This River

Original YouTube Video | MossyEarth Published on 2023-03-24 Level：98 Speed：62 maxwordlevel：26

#Conservation #EnglishListening #Environment

Video vocabulary

disconnect

US / ˌdɪskəˈnekt /

•

UK / ˌdɪskəˈnɛkt /

noun
State of being separated from something else
verb
To separate something from something else

dropping

US / 'drɒpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdrɑpɪŋ /

verb
To drive someone to a place and then drive away
To let something fall from your hand
To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
To decide to stop something
To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

licence

US / ˈlaɪsns /

•

UK / ˈlaɪsəns /

noun
Official card or certification giving permission

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

restoration

US / ˌrestəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛstəˈreʃən /

noun
Renewing/repairing building to its original state

regeneration

US / rɪˌdʒenə'reɪʃn /

•

UK / rɪˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

noun
Act of adding more life or energy into

tribute

US / 'trɪbju:t /

•

UK / ˈtrɪbjut /

noun
Something that is said or done to show respect
Payment, e.g. to another country, for protection

wooden

US / ˈwʊdn /

•

UK / ˈwʊdn /

adjecitve
(Of acting) without natural emotion; unconvincing
Made of wood

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

grant

US / ɡrɑ:nt /

•

UK / ɡrænt /

noun
Money given for education or research
Person's name
verb
To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
To give or let someone do what they want

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

undergo

US / ˌʌndəˈgəʊ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈgoʊ /

verb
To experience or endure something (bad)

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

wind

US / wɪnd /

•

UK / wɪnd /

adjecitve
(Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
noun
A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Something that has influence
verb
If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
To turn or cause something to turn
To twist around something

dam

US / dæm /

•

UK / dæm /

noun
Wall built to stop the flow of water
verb
To build a wall to prevent a river from flowing

dedicated

US / 'dedɪkeɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛdɪˌketɪd /

verb
To state a person's name in book, song, in respect
To give your energy, time, etc. completely

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

plantation

US / plɑ:nˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / plænˈteɪʃn /

noun
A large area of plants, usually in a hot climate

mussel

US / ˈmʌsl /

•

UK / ˈmʌsəl /

noun
Common edible shellfish

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

salmon

US / ˈsæmən /

•

UK / ˈsæmən /

noun
Light pinkish orange color
Large fish with silver skin and pink flesh

stream

US / stri:m /

•

UK / strim /

noun
Classes split into ability levels
A small river
verb
To send a constant flow of data over the internet
To split classes or students into ability levels

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

combination

US / ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑmbəˈneʃən /

noun
Series of letters or numbers needed to open a lock
Act or result of mixing things together

extremely

US / ɪkˈstri:mli /

•

UK / ɪk'strimlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is much more than usual or expected

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

branch

US / brɑ:ntʃ /

•

UK / bræntʃ /

noun
Part of a family related to the same members
Part of organization with a specific function
Part of a tree growing outward from the trunk
One of several streams combining to create a river
Local office or store of a bank or large company
(Often secret) group or subgroup of a religion
Specific area of knowledge or study
verb
To separate away from the main part

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

charge

US / tʃɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / tʃɑrdʒ /

noun
An attack by running quickly toward someone
A price for a service or goods
When a battery has a certain amount of electricity
Amount of money you pay for a service
verb
To run quickly toward someone to attack them
To ask for money as a price for a service or goods
To put electricity in a battery
To give responsibility to take care of or manage
To state that someone has committed a crime

glassy

US / ˈglɑ:si /

•

UK / ˈglæsi /

adjecitve
Looks or acts like glass; shiny

overall

US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

adjecitve
Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

prompt

US / prɒmpt /

•

UK / prɑmpt /

adjecitve
Fast; in a quick manner; without delay
noun
Message on a computer requiring attention
Encouragement to ask someone else to talk
verb
To display a message to requires a user to act
To say something to encourage someone else to talk
To remind an actor of his or her lines (words)
To cause something to occur; be the cause of

replicate

US / 'replɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈrɛplɪˌket /

verb
To make one or more exact copies of itself
To repeat something (e.g. experiment, process)

sorry

US / ˈsɒri /

•

UK / ˈsɑ:ri /

exclamation
What you say to admit you were wrong
adjecitve
Causing others to feel pity; poor
Feeling regret or sympathy about wrong thing

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

farm

US / fɑ:m /

•

UK / fɑ:rm /

noun
Land used for growing crops or raising animals
verb
To use land for raising plants or animals for food

joke

US / dʒəʊk /

•

UK / dʒoʊk /

noun
A funny or amusing statement
Something or someone not taken seriously
verb
To say or do things that are meant to be funny

protection

US / prəˈtekʃn /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkʃən /

noun
Being kept from harm
Something that defends against harm or danger

quality

US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

•

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

noun
Feature associated with someone or something
High level of worth or excellence

correct

US / kə'rekt /

•

UK / kəˈrɛkt /

adjecitve
Being suitable and appropriate for an occasion
True or accurate
verb
To fix a problem
To write marks on a piece of work to show mistakes
To punish in order to improve

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

struggle

US / 'strʌɡl /

•

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

noun
Strong efforts made to do something difficult
verb
To try very hard to do something difficult

duncan

US / ˈdʌmpi /

•

UK / ˈdʌmpi /

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

complex

US / 'kɒmpleks /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

adjecitve
Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
noun
Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
Psychological issue regarding self-image

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

zone

US / zəʊn /

•

UK / zoʊn /

noun
Area of space designated for a particular use
verb
To divide an area for a particular reason

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

spring

US / sprɪŋ /

•

UK / sprɪŋ /

noun
Coil of metal that lessens impact, e.g. on cars
Sudden jump from one place to another
The time when plants start growing after winter
Place where water flows from beneath the ground
verb
To lessen the impact of something under pressure
To jump into the air

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

degrade

US / dɪ'ɡreɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈɡred /

verb
To reduce in amount or strength
To treat something poorly or without respect

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

hopefully

US / ˈhəʊpfəli /

•

UK / ˈhopfəli /

adverb
In a manner wishing something to happen

invertebrate

US / ɪnˈvɜ:tɪbrət /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɜ:rtɪbrət /

noun
Creature without a backbone, e.g. crabs or worms

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

tay

US / tei /

•

UK / te /

other
A branch of the Tai languages

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

variety

US / və'raɪətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

noun
Particular type of thing or person

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

aim

US / eɪm /

•

UK / em /

noun
Act of pointing something at a target
Purpose or goal
verb
To point something at a target
To intend to get a thing or for a thing to happen

catchment

US / 'kætʃmənt /

•

UK / ˈkætʃmənt, ˈkɛtʃ- /

noun
Area where rain water collects and is stored

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

channel

US / 'tʃænl /

•

UK / ˈtʃænəl /

noun
Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
TV or radio station or its programs
Method or way of sending or receiving information
Narrow passage through which water travels
Method or route used for sending or getting things
verb
To dig a long hole for carrying water
To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
To direct water or liquid through a passage
To direct energy or feelings into something

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

waterway

US / ˈwɔ:təweɪ /

•

UK / ˈwɔ:tərweɪ /

noun
Navigable body of water

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

february

US / ˈfebruəri /

•

UK / ˈfebrueri /

noun
2nd month of the year

native

US / ˈneɪtɪv /

•

UK / ˈnetɪv /

adjecitve
Caused by natural ability; innate
noun
Someone from or born in a specific country
Original inhabitant, e.g. before others
Person speaking a language from birth

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

typically

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

adverb
In a normal or usual way

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

maya

US / ˈmaɪə /

•

UK / ˈmaɪə /

other
A family of American Indian languages spoken by Maya

owner

US / ˈəʊnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈoʊnə(r) /

noun
Person who owns or has something

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

flow

US / fləʊ /

•

UK / flo /

noun
Amount of something that moves through an area
verb
To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

print

US / prɪnt /

•

UK / prɪnt /

noun
Process of making books, magazines etc.
verb
To make many copies of a page, magazine or book
To write individual letters by hand in capitals

population

US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

noun
Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

snow

US / snəʊ /

•

UK / sno /

noun
Person's name
White ice crystals that fall from the sky
verb
(Of ice crystals) to fall to the ground
To fool into believing something untrue

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

straight

US / streɪt /

•

UK / stret /

adjecitve
Not having curves, bends, or angles
Not gay; heterosexual
honest and direct
adverb
in a line; immediately; honestly and directly

ecological

US / ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / ˌi:kəˈlɑ:dʒɪkl /

adjecitve
Concerning the environment, plants, or animals

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

sometime

US / ˈsʌmtaɪm /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪm /

adjecitve
At an unknown time in the future

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

freshwater

US / 'freʃwɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfrɛʃˌwɔtɚ, -ˌwɑtɚ /

noun
Water that is not salty

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

surround

US / səˈraʊnd /

•

UK / səˈraʊnd /

other
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
verb
To be all the way around something
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
To move closer on all sides of something

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

burn

US / bɜ:n /

•

UK / bɚn /

noun
Damage from fire or heat
verb
To destroy with fire
To feel pain and heat
To use as fuel for a fire to make light or heat
To overcook food with too much heat it goes black

eat

US / i:t /

•

UK / it /

verb
To put food in your mouth

habitat

US / 'hæbɪtæt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪˌtæt /

noun
Natural place where a plant or animal lives

obviously

US / ˈɒbviəsli /

•

UK / ˈɑːbviəsli /

adverb
In a way that is obvious/easy to see or understand

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

exacerbate

US / ɪɡ'zæsəbeɪt /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbet /

verb
To increase the severity or bitterness of

flick

US / flɪk /

•

UK / flɪk /

noun
Hitting something with your finger to move it
verb
To hit something with your finger to move it
To move a button, switch from on, off positions

listen

US / ˈlɪsn /

•

UK / ˈlɪsən /

verb
To carefully consider what someone is saying

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

confidently

US / 'kɒnfədəntlɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɑnfədəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that shows you expect to have no problems

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

rough

US / rʌf /

•

UK / rʌf /

adjecitve
Causing or involving violence, force, and harm
(Of situations) tough; difficult to get through
Being imprecise, inexact, and not detailed
Not gentle or not soft
Having an uneven or not smooth surface
Raw and natural
(Of sea weather etc.) not calm with strong winds
Involving or causing sudden, forceful movements
adverb
In a manner that is difficult, or violent
noun
Violent, loud, and unpleasant person
Incomplete drawing or draft done lacking detail
verb
To make something less smooth

walk

US / wɔ:k /

•

UK / wɔk /

noun
Journey on foot done for pleasure or exercise
verb
To move with your legs at a slowish pace

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

episode

US / 'epɪsəʊd /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

noun
One separate event in a series of events
Show which is part of a larger story

guess

US / ɡes /

•

UK / ɡɛs /

noun
Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
verb
To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

processes

US / ˈprəʊsesɪz , prəˈsesɪz /

•

UK / ˈprɑːsesɪz , prəˈsesɪz /

other
Sets of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

scenario

US / sɪˈnɑː.ri.əʊ /

•

UK / səˈner.i.oʊ /

noun
An imagined sequence of events in a plan/project

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

achieve

US / ə'tʃi:v /

•

UK / əˈtʃiv /

verb
To succeed in doing good, usually by working hard

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

entail

US / ɪn'teɪl /

•

UK / ɛnˈtel, ɪn- /

verb
To have as a necessary part or result

landscape

US / 'lændskeɪp /

•

UK / ˈlændˌskep /

noun
Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
Picture of natural scenery in a place
View of a (beautiful) country area or scene
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

seriously

US / ˈsɪəriəsli /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəsli /

adverb
Involving or requiring great thought or study

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

deplete

US / dɪˈpli:t /

•

UK / dɪˈplit /

verb
To reduce the amount, strength or number of

feeling

US / ˈfi:lɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfilɪŋ /

noun
Sensation or emotion you experience
verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

final

US / ˈfaɪnl /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

adjecitve
That will not be changed; permanent
Being the last thing in a series
noun
Last game in a series in a competition

opportunity

US / ˌɒpə'tju:nətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti, -ˈtju- /

noun
Time, situation when a thing might be done; chance

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

US / səb'skraɪb /

•

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

verb
To regularly pay to receive a service

hover

US / ˈhɒvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhʌvər /

verb
(Bird/helicopter) to fly staying in one position
To stay close to an area or place

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

plain

US / pleɪn /

•

UK / plen /

adjecitve
Obvious; clearly so, true
Very simple, ordinary; not decorated; not striped
noun
Wide open area of flat, dry land

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

ellie

US / elk /

•

UK / ɛlk /

friend

US / frend /

•

UK / frɛnd /

noun
Person who you like and enjoy being with

measure

US / ˈmeʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛʒɚ /

noun
Plan to achieve a desired result
Tool used to calculate the size of something
verb
To determine the value or importance of something
To calculate size, weight or temperature of

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

sight

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Things or people that one can see
Range or distance that someone can see
Famous places often visited by tourists
Sense that allows you to see
Act of seeing someone or something
verb
To aim (a gun) at something to get your range
To see something rare or unusual

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

skylark

US / ˈskaɪlɑ:k /

•

UK / ˈskaɪlɑ:rk /

noun
Brown-speckled European bird, famous for its song

survey

US / 'sɜ:veɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɜː(r)veɪ /

noun
Broad view or general description of something
Act of measuring land or property to make a map
Set of questions used to ask people about a topic
verb
To offer a broad view or general description
To measure an area of land to make a map of it
To ask people a question about a particular topic

baseline

US / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

noun
Imaginary standard by which things are compared

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

collect

US / kəˈlekt /

•

UK / kəˈlɛkt /

adverb
By asking the receiver of a call to pay for it
verb
To ask for money, e.g. for a charity
To gather things, people together in one place
To get and keep one type of things as a hobby
To take things and bring them together
To go and receive, e.g. a prize or an award
To take control of your own feelings or thoughts

establish

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

verb
To set or create something to last for a long time
To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

minimum

US / ˈmɪnɪməm /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəməm /

noun
Smallest degree or level that is acceptable

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

brilliant

US / 'brɪlɪənt /

•

UK / ˈbrɪljənt /

adjecitve
Having a great amount of intelligence or talent
Being very bright, like a diamond; shining

excited

US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪd /

•

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪd /

adjecitve
Happy, interested or eager; enthusiastic
verb
To make something or someone become more active
To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

interested

US / ˈɪntrəstɪd /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪd, -tərɪstɪd, -təˌrɛstɪd /

adjecitve
Having had your attention taken; curious
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

member

US / ˈmembə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

noun
Part of the body of a human, animal
Person or thing belonging to a group or team

overgraze

US / ˌəʊvəˈɡreɪz /

•

UK / ˌoʊvərˈɡreɪz /

verb
To put too many cattle in an area so it dies

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

spruce

US / spru:s /

•

UK / sprus /

noun
Evergreen tree with needle-like leaves
verb
To bathe and get ready to go somewhere formal

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

whoop

US / wu:p /

•

UK / hup, hwup, wup /

exclamation
Loud cry expressing excitement or happiness
verb
To shout loudly in a happy or excited manner

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

comfortably

US / ˈkʌmftəbli /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfɚtəblɪ /

adverb
Having more than enough e.g. money for your needs
Not being worried about something; at ease

flush

US / flʌʃ /

•

UK / flʌʃ /

adjecitve
Having lots of money to spend right now
noun
Feeling that comes suddenly
verb
To redden in the face due to emotion
To make water pass through, as in a toilet

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

numerous

US / ˈnju:mərəs /

•

UK / ˈnumərəs, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Existing in large numbers

US / pɪn /

•

UK / pɪn /

noun
A piece of jewelry worn pinned to clothes
Short for Personal Information Number
Small thin thing with a sharp point, for attaching
verb
To hold someone down so that they can't move
To fasten things together using a sharp point

scottish

US / ˈskɒtɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈskɑ:tɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Scotland

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

julian

US / ˈdʒuːljən /

•

UK / ˈdʒuliən /

adjecitve
Of or relating to or characteristic of Julius Caesar

network

US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

noun
Group of computers connected to each other
System of connections
Group who work closely with each other
Group of radio or television stations, programs
verb
To join a group of computers together
To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

planting

US / ˈplɑːntɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈplæntɪŋ /

verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

revitalize

US / ˌri:ˈvaɪtəlaɪz /

•

UK / riˈvaɪtl:ˌaɪz /

verb
To give something new energy, life, or power

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

alder

US / ˈɔ:ldə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔldɚ /

noun
Recessed part of a wall

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

hydrological

US / ˌhaɪdrəˈlɒdʒɪkəl /

•

UK / ˌhaɪdrəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl /

adjecitve
The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, i

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

update

US / ˌʌpˈdeɪt /

•

UK / ʌpˈdet /

noun
Addition of a current version of something
New information or data to make more current
verb
To download the latest version of software
To make more current or modern

wealth

US / welθ /

•

UK / wɛlθ /

noun
Amount of money or possessions you own, e.g. large
Great quantity, amount, or number of something

conifer

US / ˈkɒnɪfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:nɪfə(r) /

noun
Evergreen tree with cones and needlelike leaves

implement

US / ˈɪmplɪment /

•

UK / ˈɪmpləmənt /

noun
A tool
verb
To start to do something you plan to do

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

section

US / 'sekʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛkʃən /

noun
A part of a whole
Specific area or region within a larger place
Specific group of people from a larger group
Part of a book, newspaper, etc.
verb
To divide something into smaller parts

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

lonely

US / ˈləʊnli /

•

UK / ˈloʊnli /

adjecitve
Sad because apart from other people
Being far away and rarely visited by people

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

nice

US / naɪs /

•

UK / naɪs /

adjecitve
Being attractive or of high quality or value
Good or enjoyable
Being kind or friendly

kickstarting

US / /

•

UK / /

verb
To make something start to happen; give a boost to

miss

US / mɪs /

•

UK / mɪs /

noun
Action of not hitting something or someone
Form of address to unmarried girl or woman
verb
To be absent
To fail to hit something e.g. a ball
To do without something
To fail to see or sense something
To fail to understand someone's message
To be too late to ride on something e.g. train
To feel you want to see someone who is not there

pay

US / peɪ /

•

UK / pe /

noun
Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
verb
To give money for goods or work done
To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
To be punished or suffer for something you did
To make (a visit) to a person or place

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

swimming

US / ˈswɪmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈswɪmɪŋ /

noun
The act of moving through water
verb
To move through water by moving parts of the body

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

evidence

US / 'evɪdəns /

•

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

noun
Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

fake

US / feɪk /

•

UK / fek /

adjecitve
Not real; made to look like something real
noun
A copy of something made to trick people
verb
To make move in sports to trick a player
To try to trick or deceive someone

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

mid

US / mɪd /

•

UK / mɪd /

adjecitve
At (or near) the middle point

log

US / lɒg /

•

UK / lɔ:g /

noun
Detailed account of events and progress on journey
Piece of a tree that has fallen or been cut
verb
To move a certain distance or speed, as recorded
To leave a website or computer account
To record something in an official account
To cut trees down and take the wood to use it

length

US / leŋθ /

•

UK / leŋθ /

noun
Distance from one end of a pool to the other
Measurement of distance or of time

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

pleasant

US / 'pleznt /

•

UK / ˈplɛzənt /

adjecitve
Causing a good feeling
Being polite or friendly

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

bell

US / bel /

•

UK / bɛl /

noun
Metal object shaped like a cup that rings when hit
Electronic device that makes a ringing sound

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

rainfall

US / ˈreɪnfɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈrenˌfɔl /

noun
Water falling from the sky

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

woody

US / ˈwʊdi /

•

UK / ˈwʊdi /

adjecitve
Made of or containing or resembling wood

aspen

US / ˈæspən /

•

UK / ˈæspən /

noun
Kind of tree

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

stubby

US / ˈstʌbi /

•

UK / ˈstʌbi /

adjecitve
(Of things) short and fat

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

arm

US / ɑ:m /

•

UK / ɑrm /

noun
Part of your body from your shoulder to your hand
A branch of another object e.g. company
The side part of a chair where your arms go
The influence or power an authority has
verb
To activate a weapon or bomb for use
To give a gun or other weapon to a person or group

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

wash

US / wɒʃ /

•

UK / wɑ:ʃ /

noun
Clothes or other items that need cleaning
Movement of water with or against something else
verb
To clean someone or something with soap and water
To move somewhere by flowing

bank

US / bæŋk /

•

UK / bæŋk /

noun
A financial institution that keeps or lends money
The side of a river
A row of things in lines (e.g. computers)
verb
To put or keep your money in a bank
To turn a plane when flying; (of a plane) to turn

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

biodiversity

US / ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜ:səti /

•

UK / ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜ:rsəti /

noun
The variation of life forms in an environment

gobble

US / ˈgɒbl /

•

UK / ˈgɑ:bl /

verb
To eat or swallow something quickly

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

path

US / pɑ:θ /

•

UK / pæθ, pɑθ /

noun
Method of living leading to a particular result
Track made with stones, by walking over the ground

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

construct

US / kənˈstrʌkt /

•

UK / kənˈstrʌkt /

noun
A thought, theory or hypothesis
verb
To build or create something
To create a sentence, story, argument or theory

deforestation

US / diːˌfɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən /

•

UK / diːˌfɔːr.əˈsteɪ.ʃən /

noun
Process of removing the trees from an area

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

erosion

US / ɪ'rəʊʒn /

•

UK / ɪˈrəʊʒ(ə)n /

noun
Process of wearing away by water, wind, or ice

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

surprisingly

US / sə'praɪzɪŋlɪ /

•

UK / səˈpraɪzɪŋlɪ /

adverb
In an unexpected manner; to an unexpected degree

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

downstream

US / ˌdaʊn'stri:m /

•

UK / ˈdaʊnˌstrim /

adverb
In the direction of a stream's current

enrich

US / ɪn'rɪtʃ /

•

UK / ɛnˈrɪtʃ /

verb
To make someone or something better
To make someone wealthier; make a life happier

incise

US / ɪnˈsaɪz /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪz /

verb
To cut words or a design into something

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

newly

US / ˈnu:li:, ˈnju:- /

•

UK / ˈnuli, ˈnju- /

adverb
Very recently; just done or made

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

beaver

US / 'bi:və(r) /

•

UK / ˈbivɚ /

noun
Small furry animal that builds things
verb
To work hard on something

ecosystem

US / ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈɛkoˌsɪstəm, ˈiko- /

noun
Types of plants and animals in an specific area

restore

US / rɪˈstɔ:(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈstɔr, -ˈstor /

verb
To return a thing to its original condition

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

fungus

US / ˈfʌŋgəs /

•

UK / ˈfʌŋɡəs /

other
Plant, e.g. mushroom/mold, growing in damp places

keystone

US / 'ki:stəʊn /

•

UK / ˈkiˌston /

noun
Central building block at the top of an arch

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

strip

US / strɪp /

•

UK / strɪp /

noun
Long narrow piece, such as ribbon or land
verb
To remove your clothes (often sexily for someone)
To remove something, e.g. paint from a wall
To take property, dignity away from (someone)

whose

US / hu:z /

•

UK / huz /

pronoun
Refers to the person who owns something

wildlife

US / ˈwaɪldlaɪf /

•

UK / ˈwaɪldˌlaɪf /

noun
All wild animals

elsewhere

US / ˌelsˈweə(r) /

•

UK / ˌelsˈwer /

adverb
In, or to, another or different place

house

US / haʊs /

•

UK / haʊs /

noun
Place where a specific activity or business occurs
Building in which a family, person lives
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

fundamentally

US / ˌfʌndəˈmentəli /

•

UK / ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl:ɪ /

adverb
In a basic and important way

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

thrive

US / θraɪv /

•

UK / θraɪv /

verb
To be or become healthy or successful

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

bottom

US / 'bɒtəm /

•

UK / ˈbɑtəm /

adjecitve
Concerning the part under something, e.g. a vase
noun
The part of your body you sit on
Lowest position, often in a company or contest
Lowest part of something; part on which it rests
Lowest level, part or point of an object
The part under something, e.g. a vase
verb
To hit the lowest part of something

diversity

US / daɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈvə:sɪti, daɪ- /

noun
Having a range of different races, ideas etc.

alter

US / ˈɔ:ltə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔltɚ /

verb
To change so (clothing) fits better

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

method

US / 'meθəd /

•

UK / ˈmɛθəd /

noun
(Organized and planned) way of doing something

recommend

US / ˌrekə'mend /

•

UK / ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd /

verb
To advise or suggest that someone do something

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

corridor

US / ˈkɒrɪdɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɔrɪdɚ, -ˌdɔr, ˈkɑr- /

noun
Passageway between rooms in a buildings

biologist

US / baɪˈɒlədʒɪst /

•

UK / baɪˈɑːlədʒɪst /

noun
A scientist who studies living things

cheer

US / tʃiə /

•

UK / tʃɪr /

noun
Feeling of happiness or optimism
A loud shout of encouragement or approval
A toast used when raising your glass to drink
verb
To give a loud shout of encouragement to someone
To make someone feel happier or less worried

fund

US / fʌnd /

•

UK / fʌnd /

noun
Money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
A specific account into which you put money
verb
To supply money for something

lack

US / læk /

•

UK / læk /

noun
The state of not having or not having enough of
A shortage of something
verb
To not have, or not have enough, of something

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

scotland

US / 'skɒtlənd /

•

UK / 'skɑ:tlənd /

proper noun
A country in northern Great Britain and the United Kingdom; population 5,169,000 (est. 2008); capita

detrimental

US / ˌdetrɪˈmentl /

•

UK / ˌdɛtrəˈmɛntl /

adjecitve
Harmful

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

flood

US / flʌd /

•

UK / flʌd /

noun
Large number of people or things arriving at once
Destruction when a river breaks its banks
verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

partner

US / 'pɑ:tnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɑrtnɚ /

noun
One you have a business/personal relationship with
Someone you have personal relationship with
verb
To join with others for work or other activity

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

gnaw

US / nɔ: /

•

UK / nɔ /

verb
To keep biting on something, like a bone

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

winter

US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

adjecitve
(Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
noun
Time or season of idleness or decay
Coldest season of the year
verb
To spend the cold months at a certain place

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

hole

US / həʊl /

•

UK / hol /

noun
An empty space, as in the ground, in a sock etc.
Fault or weakness in a plan, idea or explanation
Opening into or through something
An awkward or difficult situation
Dirty or unpleasant place with poor facilities
verb
(Golf) to get the ball into the hole

dougie

US / /

•

UK / /

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

pearl

US / pɜ:l /

•

UK / pɜ:rl /

adjecitve
Something shaped like or shines like a pearl
noun
Person's name
Ball formed in oysters used in jewelry
Someone, something that is admired, among the best

timeline

US / 'taɪmlaɪn /

•

UK / 'taɪmlaɪn /

noun
Sequence of related events arranged in time order

willow

US / 'wɪləʊ /

•

UK / ˈwɪlo /

noun
Tree with drooping branches often found near water

blow

US / bləʊ /

•

UK / blo /

noun
Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
Act of making air come out of your mouth
A hit or strike from an object
verb
To move something using air
To make air come quickly out of your mouth
To clear something by forcing air through it

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

film

US / fɪlm /

•

UK / fɪlm /

noun
Thin layer that covers something
Movie
verb
To record moving action with a camera

gather

US / ˈgæðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɡæðɚ /

noun
Fold in cloth, as in a full skirt
verb
To bring objects together into one place
(Of liquids) To come to a head, as in boil
To collect foods such as wild berries or crops
To increase or accumulate
To bring people, animals together into a group
To activate strength, courage to prepare for task
To understand or believe some information

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

mossy

US / ˈmɒsi /

•

UK / ˈmɔ:si /

adjecitve
Overgrown with moss

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

deadwood

US / /

•

UK / /

other
A branch or a part of a tree that is dead

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

nibble

US / ˈnɪbl /

•

UK / ˈnɪbəl /

verb
To take small bites of something, especially food

plan

US / plæn /

•

UK / plæn /

noun
Drawing of how something should be done or made

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

riverside

US / ˈrɪvəsaɪd /

•

UK / ˈrɪvərsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being located next to a river

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

engineer

US / ˌendʒɪ'nɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌɛndʒəˈnɪr /

noun
Someone whose job is designing machines, buildings
Someone whose job is to repair or maintain engines

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

needle

US / 'ni:dl /

•

UK / ˈnidl /

noun
Part of a medical device used to inject medicine
Very thin pointed object used in sewing
Thin pointed leaves of some trees, e.g. pine tree
verb
To upset someone by making rude or hurtful remarks

paw

US / pɔ: /

•

UK / pɔ /

noun
Foot of an animal that has claws like a dog or cat
verb
To touch inappropriately, in a sexual way

manage

US / ˈmænɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒ /

verb
To survive hardships and difficulties; to cope
To run or operate a business by directing others

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

unfold

US / ʌn'fəʊld /

•

UK / ʌnˈfold /

other
To happen, be told or be revealed
verb
(Of a situation) to be told or revealed
To open something that was folded
To move apart two things such as your two arms

collapse

US / kə'læps /

•

UK / kəˈlæps /

verb
To fold (e.g. a stroller) down to make it smaller
To suddenly fall down or break apart into pieces
To fall down suddenly due to being ill or tired

datum

US / ˈdeɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

noun
Item of factual information

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

upon

US / əˈpɔn, əpən /

•

UK / əˈpɑn, əˈpɔn /

preposition
More formal term for 'on'

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

otter

US / 'ɒtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɑtɚ /

noun
Aquatic, carnivorous mammal of the weasel family

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

floodplain

US / 'flʌdpleɪn /

•

UK / ˈflʌdˌplen /

other
A low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

meter

US / ˈmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmitɚ /

noun
Unit of length equal to 100 cm or about 39 inches
Device for measuring things e.g. gas
Device to put money into to rent a parking place
Rhythm of a poem
verb
To measure water, etc. when it has to be paid for

properly

US / ˈprɔpəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɑːpərli /

adverb
In an appropriate or correct manner

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

young

US / jʌŋ /

•

UK / jʌŋ /

adjecitve
At an early stage of existence; not mature
Being recently created or started
noun
Babies in a group or family of animals

community

US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

noun
Group of people who share a common idea or area

license

US / ˈlaɪsns /

•

UK / ˈlaɪsəns /

noun
Freedom to do what you want or act as you want
verb
To give official permission to do something

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

stronghold

US / ˈstrɔ:ŋˌhəʊld /

•

UK / ˈstrɔŋˌhold /

noun
Castle, fort etc. place that is fortified or secure

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

Subtitles section

So, we're building a fake beaver dam on this river.

Now, I know what you must be thinking, what are Mossy Earth up to now?

What even is a fake beaver dam and why on earth would you want to build one?

Well, we're very excited to introduce you to one of our latest project areas in Scotland, Glassy Farm.

A member of the Northwoods Rewilding Network where we're undergoing work to rewild this rather sorry looking river.

It's had a bit of a rough history, but thanks to Glassy's brilliant owner, Julian, and of course, our dedicated members, we've been able to begin restoring key parts of this viperian ecosystem.

And in this video, we want to introduce you to the project and tell you all about our plan.

This section of the river at Glassy is sadly a common sight across much of Scotland.

And one thing you cannot help but notice is the lack of trees.

It's the same story at two of our other project areas next to rivers, lonely strips of water just about holding on in a barren landscape.

A long, long history of deforestation, overgrazing and land use change in Scotland is the cause of this, depleting not only the quality of the water, the rivers themselves, but fundamentally the areas of land either side.

We call these sections of the river the riparian zone.

These are the areas of land that connect aquatic habitats to land habitats.

And because of this, they're typically areas of extreme biodiversity where numerous and complex ecological interactions take place.

Seemingly simple things like leaves blowing in the wind, which land and enrich the water, two young salmon eating their way through all the little aquatic invertebrates.

And of course, where really impactful interactions take place with keystone species like the beaver who move in, fell trees and engineer a completely different kind of landscape by, you guessed it, building dams.

But on our project area, none of these processes are unfolding.

In fact, there's not even one single native riverside tree.

This is where Duncan comes in.

He's an old friend of Mossy Earth.

And these days he helps us find good places to restore in Scotland, particularly along the River Tay and its tribute trees.

And working together with his wife, Maya, and our biologist, Ellie, they are the team in charge of this project and the restoration of this stream.

Right here where we are, there's a clear fell site where there was a conifer plantation.

We are next to a stream that the conifers were planted too close to.

That stream, upstream of here, comes through several hundred acres of conifers as well.

So we can assume that there are acid flushes from time to time.

So the conifer needles collect acid.

And when there's a major rainfall event, because the trees are planted very close together and there's very little understory, all those needles wash off into the river and that's because an acid flush.

So I'm just upstream from our project area at Glassy.

And as you can see, I'm surrounded by a conifer plantation.

These plantations really aren't good for wildlife.

And as I mentioned, this small stream is part of the River Tay catchment, which is a stronghold for the struggling Scottish salmon population.

And acid flushes can be seriously detrimental to insects and invertebrate populations that young salmon rely upon for feeding.

But that is not the only problem we have here.

Yeah, so here we have evidence of exacerbated rates of erosion.

And this little stream, which in this part of Scotland we call a burn, is incising into its channel.

And that disconnects it from what was previously its flood plain.

So this is flood plain.

And you can see it's eating its way into the bank there and getting deeper into its channel.

And it is the combination of these two problems which has prompted us to construct our own beaver dam to kickstart the hydrological and then the ecological restoration of this important habitat.

But before we get into explaining exactly what building a fake beaver dam entails, I want to introduce Julian, who owns Glassy Farm and whose approach to managing the land is extremely refreshing.

If you look at the land now, it's not got much diversity in wildlife.

And because it's had a lot of years with just sitka spruce on it.

So now we're just wanting wildlife.

It's just so much more pleasant in the area to walk in and listen to.

You can sit down and listen to a skylark in the mid spring, summer.

And that's just gives you such a great feeling.

Julian sees the same potential at Glassy that we see in all of our project areas.

And although sometimes it can feel like things are falling apart, remember that with each problem, there's an opportunity to set things straight, to make it better.

And that's exactly what we aim to do at Mossy Earth.

And together with you, our community, we try to be part of the solution to research, to set up and implement a variety of rewilding projects that focuses on a wide diversity of different habitats and species.

And all of this is funded by our members who pay a small amount each month.

We put it together and set up these projects.

So if you're interested in becoming a member or you want to know more, check out mossy.earth.

There'll be a link in the description and a comment pinned down below.

Now, let's go and check out our beaver dam.

So right here is where we're planning to construct our dam.

The water will back up behind it, getting deeper and widening before flowing around and creating new channels through the floodplains after it.

But before we can go about constructing our beaver dam, it's really important to properly plan and follow the correct approach.

For a minimum of three weeks, those constructing the dam have to acclimatise to life as a beaver.

Living and swimming in the water, gnawing and nibbling branches, and just getting used to working with our new stubby arms.

Okay, so obviously this is a joke.

Surprisingly, we do not recommend doing any of this.

Instead, what has to happen is a process of baseline surveys.

It is really important to gather information on exactly what's happening at Glassy Now so that once we've constructed the beaver dam, we can confidently show any changes after our intervention.

That is how good results-based projects work.

And then there is also the fact that these surveys are required in order for us to be granted the licence to construct the dam itself.

Now we're going to work through a timeline to bring you up to date on all the surveys and really everything we've done at Glassy so far.

Back in mid-January, Duncan and Dougie got started building these exclosures to help protect our newly planted trees.

We're kickstarting the process of regeneration along the river by planting species like willow, alder, and aspen, all species which thrive in riparian ecosystems.

Winter is the perfect time of year to plant trees, and Duncan and Dougie worked hard in the snow to get them in.

Wooden exclosures are very important to keep out deer who, given the chance, will gobble up young saplings.

This is something we have used in some of our other project areas together with our partners along the river deep.

And the results so far have showed us that the protection measures are working as the trees are coming on well.

Then at the end of the month, Ellie and Maya carried out the first river habitat survey, which collected data from a two-kilometer length of the river channel, assessing the condition of the river, as well as all the types and overall quality of habitat found along the river,

Beginning down the bottom of the stream where the habitat is actually pretty good.

Here behind me, we've got a great example of having loads of deadwood in the system.

You can see that this log here is home to a wealth of insects and loads of fungi as well.

And all of this will be feeding into the wider riparian ecosystem.

This section of the river is a really nice example of what we're hoping to achieve up on our project area, which at the minute is not currently doing a great deal for biodiversity.

The banks are collapsing due to a lack of trees, and this also means that all the benefits that come from having woody structures in the stream are absent.

Then in early February, we carried out an otter survey, which is actually required of any project that's altering the water course as otters are protected in Scotland.

So today, I've come along to film Maya do the otter survey here at Onglassy Farm.

Whoops, just nearly fell down a hole there.

The area we were looking at included 300 meters up and 500 meters downstream from where we'll be constructing the dam.

Walking along the banks of the river, looking for any potential evidence of otters using the area.

This includes paw prints, fur, droppings, paths, nursery holes, hovers, and couches, which are where otters rest or call home.

Could this be a feature here?

It's too far away from the river, is it?

It's a bit small.

It can be here.

Yeah, it can be on the flood plain or on the corridor.

It's too small.

Will not do anything, but it's something like this, bigger, that we are looking, or even more of this together.

This was about as interesting as it got along our survey area, and given the degraded nature of the site, no signs of otters were found.

The final survey, which is yet to be carried out, is the Freshwater Pearl Mussel Survey.

This is another survey required due to their protection, and the method is quite interesting, but I'd rather wait and show you properly in the next Glassy episode.

Once these final surveys are done, we'll be waiting for a license to be confirmed that we can begin building the dam, hopefully sometime early this summer.

This is something that we're really excited about.

We're not only hoping it kickstarts really important processes at Glassy, but this is something we're hoping we can replicate elsewhere in Scotland, to revitalise these viperian waterways.

And for Glassy itself, we're hoping that by creating beaver habitat, that they themselves might move in, as they're currently not too far away.

Species like aspen and willow can take off very quickly, and really get established quickly, and grow quickly, and spread quickly.

So I can see a scenario within two or three years where it could comfortably house a family of beaver here.

In another couple of months, we should have another update for you from Glassy, where we should be building the dam.

I'm very excited for it.

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Until next time, cheers.