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Scientists Stunned To Discover What's Hidden Under The Ice In Greenland

Original YouTube Video | DestinySpace Published on 2024-04-07 Level：89 Speed：32 maxwordlevel：22

Video vocabulary

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

dozen

US / ˈdʌzn /

•

UK / ˈdʌzən /

noun
12 people or things

manhattan

US / mæn'hætn /

•

UK / mæn'hætn: /

noun
A cocktail made with whiskey and sweet vermouth with a dash of bitters
other
One of the five boroughs of New York City

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

moderate

US / ˈmɒdərət /

•

UK / ˈmɑdərɪt /

adjecitve
Being average in quantity or size
verb
To host a meeting or panel discussion
To make something less violent, severe, or strong
To come between people to help solve an argument
To reduce the severity, violence, or strength of

ridge

US / rɪdʒ /

•

UK / rɪdʒ /

noun
Edge where two leaning surfaces meet
Raised, narrow area, usually on top of a hill

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

lie

US / laɪ /

•

UK / lai /

noun
An untrue statement, when you know it is not true
verb
To be in a horizontal or flat position
To say something that you know is not true

nineteen

US / ˌnaɪnˈti:n /

•

UK / naɪnˈtin /

number
19

olympic

US / əˈlɪmpɪk /

•

UK / oˈlɪmpɪk /

adjecitve
Of or relating to the Olympic Games

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

southernmost

US / ˈsʌðənməʊst /

•

UK / ˈsʌðərnmoʊst /

adjecitve
Situated farthest south

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

unfurl

US / ˌʌn'fɜ:l /

•

UK / ʌnˈfɚl /

verb
To open something that has been rolled up

ancient

US / 'eɪnʃənt /

•

UK / ˈenʃənt /

adjecitve
Very old; having lived a very long time ago

complex

US / 'kɒmpleks /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

adjecitve
Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
noun
Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
Psychological issue regarding self-image

crater

US / 'kreɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkretɚ /

noun
Large hole in ground caused by heavy impact

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

region

US / 'ri:dʒən /

•

UK / ˈridʒən /

noun
Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

ton

US / tʌn /

•

UK / tʌn /

noun
Unit of weight; 907 kilograms (US); 1016 (UK)

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

channel

US / 'tʃænl /

•

UK / ˈtʃænəl /

noun
Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
TV or radio station or its programs
Method or way of sending or receiving information
Narrow passage through which water travels
Method or route used for sending or getting things
verb
To dig a long hole for carrying water
To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
To direct water or liquid through a passage
To direct energy or feelings into something

layer

US / ˈleiə /

•

UK / ˈleɚ /

noun
One of several sheets of a material or object
verb
To put things one on top of another

capsule

US / 'kæpsju:l /

•

UK / ˈkæpsul /

adjecitve
Modifier a small version, with only key items
noun
Tube-shaped plastic casing filled with medicine
Part of a space craft where people live and work

underneath

US / ˌʌndə'ni:θ /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈniθ /

adverb
Hidden beneath the surface of something
On the lower side or bottom of something
preposition
Lower than, as in status; beneath
Located under or below something

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

antarctica

US / æn'tɑ:ktɪkə /

•

UK / æn'tɑ:rktɪkə /

noun
An extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle; covered by

dormant

US / ˈdɔ:mənt /

•

UK / ˈdɔrmənt /

adjecitve
Temporarily not active/growing

arizona

US / ˌæriˈzəunə /

•

UK / ˌærɪˈzonə /

proper noun
A state in the southwestern US, on the border with Mexico; population 6,500,180 (est. 2008); capital

flat

US / flæt /

•

UK / flæt /

adjecitve
Level; even; without curves or bumps
Lifeless; lacking energy or vitality
adverb
In a certain, direct or absolute manner
Against a surface without lifting or curving away
noun
Apartment; set of rooms for living in
The smooth or level part of something
Musical tone lower than another by a small degree
verb
To share an apartment with someone

grain

US / greɪn /

•

UK / ɡren /

noun
Seeds of plants used for food
Natural pattern in something, e.g. wood
Very small piece of something such as sand, truth
Unit of weight based on a piece of wheat

majority

US / mə'dʒɒrətɪ /

•

UK / məˈdʒɔrɪti, -ˈdʒɑr- /

noun
Amount that is more than half of a group

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

secret

US / 'si:krət /

•

UK / 'si:krət /

adjecitve
That you don't want others to know; private
noun
Information you do not want others to know

throughout

US / θru:ˈaʊt /

•

UK / θruˈaʊt /

adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

escape

US / ɪ'skeɪp /

•

UK / ɪˈskep /

noun
Act to briefly ignoring boring or bad things
The 'esc key' on a keyboard
Act of getting away from where you are being kept
verb
To avoid something undesirable, dangerous or bad
To get away from a place where you are being kept
(Gas, water) to come out from a pipe, container
To not to be noticed or remembered by someone

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

extinct

US / ɪkˈstɪŋkt /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɪŋkt /

adjecitve
(Of animal, etc.) having died out; with none left
(E.g. of volcano) not active

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

press

US / pres /

•

UK / prɛs /

noun
Machine using pressure to shape, flatten, squeeze
General term for TV, radio, newspapers
A machine that prints books and newspapers
verb
To make clothes smooth using a heated iron; iron
To repeatedly ask someone to do something
To print something such as a book or newspaper
To push something against something else
To squeeze the liquid out of grapes, etc.

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

resource

US / riˈsɔ:s /

•

UK / ˈriˌsɔrs, -ˌsors, -ˌzɔrs, -ˌzors, rɪˈsɔrs, -ˈsors, /

noun
Something that can be used profitably; asset
An essential supply of something
Resourcefulness; ability to deal with problems
verb
To obtain (e.g. oil, gas) from its source

solidify

US / səˈlɪdɪfaɪ /

•

UK / səˈlɪdəˌfaɪ /

verb
To make or become solid or more solid

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

verb
To cause a change in something else

height

US / haɪt /

•

UK / haɪt /

noun
Distance of something from the bottom to the top

nine

US / naɪn /

•

UK / naɪn /

number
9

perhaps

US / pəˈhæps /

•

UK / pɚˈhæps /

adverb
Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

trigger

US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

noun
Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
Device that starts a process
verb
To start a process off e.g. a memory

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

approximately

US / əˈprɒksɪmətli /

•

UK / əˈprɑksəmɪtlɪ /

adverb
Around; nearly; almost; about (a number)

equator

US / ɪ'kweɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ɪˈkwetɚ /

noun
Geographical line at zero degrees latitude

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

hide

US / haɪd /

•

UK / haɪd /

noun
The skin of an animal used for making leather
verb
To go to, or put a thing where it can't be found

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

icy

US / 'aɪsɪ /

•

UK / ˈaɪsi /

adjecitve
Very cold; with frozen water on it, or in it
Not very friendly or kind

peculiar

US / pɪ'kju:lɪə(r) /

•

UK / pɪˈkjuljɚ /

adjecitve
Not usual or normal; strange

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

frequent

US / ˈfri:kwənt /

•

UK / ˈfrikwənt /

adjecitve
Happening often
verb
To go to a place regularly

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

planet

US / 'plænɪt /

•

UK / ˈplænɪt /

noun
One of the bodies that orbit the sun

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

survey

US / 'sɜ:veɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɜː(r)veɪ /

noun
Broad view or general description of something
Act of measuring land or property to make a map
Set of questions used to ask people about a topic
verb
To offer a broad view or general description
To measure an area of land to make a map of it
To ask people a question about a particular topic

civilization

US / ˌsɪvəlaɪ'zeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeʃən /

noun
A highly developed society

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

bury

US / 'berɪ /

•

UK / ˈbɛri /

verb
To put something into the ground and cover it

mysterious

US / mɪˈstɪəriəs /

•

UK / mɪˈstɪriəs /

adjecitve
Unusual; hard to understand or work out

resilient

US / rɪ'zɪlɪənt /

•

UK / rɪˈzɪljənt /

adjecitve
Recovering quickly from something bad

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

conceal

US / kən'si:l /

•

UK / kənˈsil /

verb
To hide; prevent from being discovered
To keep the truth or true feelings a secret

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

mother

US / ˈmʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmʌðɚ /

noun
Female who has a child or children; female parent
verb
To take care of someone as if they were your child

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

powerful

US / ˈpauəful /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

adjecitve
Having control or influence over
Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

seventy

US / ˈsevnti /

•

UK / ˈsɛvənti /

number
70

statue

US / ˈstætʃu: /

•

UK / ˈstætʃu /

noun
Stone or metal image of a person, often carved

twist

US / twɪst /

•

UK / twɪst /

noun
Turn or spiral curve in a path or road
Bend or sudden change of direction
An unexpected change in the direction of a story
a change in the way in which something happens
verb
To turn something in a circular direction
To turn in a curving direction e.g. road or path
To bend something into a particular shape
To change the meaning in an unintended way
To turn in opposite directions at the same time
To wind something around something else
To turn direction or position, as of your body

vegetation

US / ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌvɛdʒɪˈteʃən /

noun
(Of plants) to grow in an area (without humans)
Plants in general or those growing in one area

accumulate

US / əˈkju:mjəleɪt /

•

UK / əˈkjumjəˌlet /

verb
To gather or acquire so that you have more of it

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

freeze

US / fri:z /

•

UK / friz /

noun
Sudden stop to prevent increase or decreases
Period of very cold weather under zero degrees
verb
To harden to a solid below zero degrees
To store an item of food in a cold place
To make someone to not want to communicate
To stop moving and be still; stay the same

harness

US / 'hɑ:nɪs /

•

UK / ˈhɑrnɪs /

noun
Equipment used by horses to pull things
verb
To capture the power of something

southwest

US / ˌsaʊθ'west /

•

UK / saʊθˈwɛst, saʊˈwɛst /

noun
Location in the southwestern part of an area

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

gallon

US / ˈgælən /

•

UK / ˈɡælən /

noun
Unit of liquid equal to 4 US quarts (3.785 liters)

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

landscape

US / 'lændskeɪp /

•

UK / ˈlændˌskep /

noun
Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
Picture of natural scenery in a place
View of a (beautiful) country area or scene
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

pole

US / pəʊl /

•

UK / pol /

noun
One of two opposite ideas, qualities or positions
Most northern or most southern point on a planet
A long, narrow piece of metal or wood
One of two opposite magnetic forces
An upright long thin structure to support things
verb
To move a boat with a stick or pole

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

attach

US / ə'tætʃ /

•

UK / əˈtætʃ /

verb
To be associated or connected with

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

fossil

US / 'fɒsl /

•

UK / ˈfɑsəl /

noun
Plant or animal that became rock after many years

internal

US / inˈtə:nəl /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɚnəl /

adjecitve
Being or happening in the body
Being, happening in a country, state, organization
Within or inside; interior; not external

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

slow

US / sləʊ /

•

UK / sloʊ /

adjecitve
Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
(Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
Having difficulty understanding simple things
Moving or happening without speed; not fast
verb
To move, with less speed than before
To move or go without much speed

transform

US / træns'fɔ:m /

•

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

verb
To change the shape completely in a good way

tune

US / tju:n /

•

UK / tun, tjun /

noun
Group of musical notes that make a pleasant sound
verb
To make adjustments to equipment to make it better
To adjust to be at the right musical pitch
To modify how something operates, looks, e.g. car

unveil

US / ˌʌnˈveɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈvel /

verb
To remove something's outer covering

fifty

US / 'fɪftɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪfti /

number
50

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

formation

US / fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / fɔ:rˈmeɪʃn /

noun
Process of creating; making a particular shape

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

sandcastle

US / ˈsændkɑ:sl /

•

UK / ˈsændkæsl /

other

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

zero

US / ˈzɪərəʊ /

•

UK / ˈzɪroʊ /

noun
Temperature when water turns to ice
number
Number 0
verb
To set a scale or other device to show 0

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

fuel

US / 'fju:əl /

•

UK / ˈfjuəl /

noun
Material used to produce heat or power when burned
verb
To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
To provide gas or petrol for something

moist

US / mɔɪst /

•

UK / mɔɪst /

adjecitve
Being a little bit wet, often in a pleasing way

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

spruce

US / spru:s /

•

UK / sprus /

noun
Evergreen tree with needle-like leaves
verb
To bathe and get ready to go somewhere formal

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

weight

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

noun
How heavy something is
Metal object to measure how heavy something is
Importance, power, and influence person, thing has
A source of worry, sadness, or emotional stress

thin

US / θɪn /

•

UK / θɪn /

adjecitve
Flowing with ease; with a high percentage of water
(Of air) having little oxygen
Being or growing far apart in small amounts
Not thick; not wide in size
Having little flesh or fat on the body
Being weak or useless
verb
To make flow more easily by adding water or liquid

bubble

US / ˈbʌbl /

•

UK / ˈbʌbəl /

noun
A small ball of air inside of a liquid
verb
(Of a liquid) to produce bubbles, as when boiling
To show intense emotion, e.g. excitement, anger

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

cake

US / keɪk /

•

UK / keɪk /

noun
Sweet baked food made from flour, eggs, fat, sugar
verb
To cover with a thing that becomes hard when dried
To become dried into a hardened mass

liberty

US / 'lɪbətɪ /

•

UK / ˈlɪbəti /

noun
Doing as one wants without asking
Power to do what you choose

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

atomic

US / əˈtɒmɪk /

•

UK / əˈtɑ:mɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning atoms

determine

US / dɪ'tɜ:mɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈtɚmɪn /

verb
To control exactly how something will be or act
To establish the facts about; discover

gulf

US / gʌlf /

•

UK / ɡʌlf /

noun
Part of a sea partially surrounded by land
Wide separation or difference between two groups
Deep hole in the ground

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

traditional

US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Involved in a custom or event common to a people

extend

US / ɪkˈstend /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnd /

verb
To offer something (help, friendship) to someone
To reach from one point to another
To straighten or stretch something out, e.g. leg
To make something last longer

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

scandinavia

US / ˌskændɪˈneɪviə /

•

UK / ˌskændəˈnevɪə /

other
The peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden

stream

US / stri:m /

•

UK / strim /

noun
Classes split into ability levels
A small river
verb
To send a constant flow of data over the internet
To split classes or students into ability levels

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

soil

US / sɔɪl /

•

UK / sɔɪl /

noun
Conditions in which something develops
Mix of natural material in which plants grow
Land of a certain country
verb
To get or become dirty

unique

US / jʊ'ni:k /

•

UK / juˈnik /

adjecitve
Unlike other things; being the only one like it

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

mountainous

US / ˈmaʊntənəs /

•

UK / ˈmaʊntənəs /

adjecitve
Containing mountains; (land) with very high hills
A very large amount of something, e.g. work

per

US / pə(r) /

•

UK / pɚ /

preposition
In the manner directed or suggested
For each; during each

rich

US / rɪtʃ /

•

UK / rɪtʃ /

adjecitve
Having a lot of money or valuable possessions
Containing a lot of exciting events or experiences and therefore very interesting
(of a color, sound, smell, etc.) Pleasantly deep or strong
If food is rich, it contains a large amount of oil, butter, eggs, or cream.

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

twig

US / twɪɡ /

•

UK / twɪɡ /

noun
Small piece of wood growing from a branch on tree

warm

US / wɔ:m /

•

UK / wɔrm /

adjecitve
Friendly, sincere and kind to others
Being friendly or sincere
Slightly hot; not very hot
verb
To become more friendly or to like something
To make something hotter

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

animal

US / ˈænɪml /

•

UK / ˈænəməl /

noun
A living creature that is not a plant or person

fjord

US / fjɔːd /

•

UK / fjɔːrd /

noun
Long narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs

fully

US / 'fʊlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʊli /

adverb
Completely or entirely

jelly

US / ˈdʒeli /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛli /

adjecitve
Being soft and without form
noun
Semisolid food substance, eaten as dessert
Sweet food made from fruit and spread on bread

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

recover

US / rɪ'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / rɪ'kʌvər /

verb
To return to a prior normal condition
To get back something that was lost

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

fluffy

US / 'flʌfɪ /

•

UK / ˈflʌfi /

adjecitve
Containing air and being light in weight
Covered with a light, soft material

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

haven

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Place where people can feel safe and happy

melt

US / melt /

•

UK / mɛlt /

verb
To disappear or to go away
To make, become soft or liquid due to heat
To become liquid through heating

penetrate

US / ˈpenɪtreɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɛnɪˌtret /

verb
To enter or pass through something
To gain a market in a new area or country
To spread through many parts of something
To gain an understanding of something

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

tower

US / 'taʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtaʊɚ /

noun
Tall, narrow building
Tall metal structure for broadcasting, or the view
verb
To be very good at something

sharp

US / ʃɑ:p /

•

UK / ʃɑrp /

adjecitve
Being very clear and easy to see
(Of clothes) nicely or stylishly
Being able to think, see, or understand quickly
Having a thin edge or point that is able to cut
Requiring a quick or sudden change in direction
Having a flavor that is very strong and distinct
adverb
At precisely the time given
Suddenly; immediately (of directions)
noun
Person's name
A musical tone

wind

US / wɪnd /

•

UK / wɪnd /

adjecitve
(Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
noun
A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Something that has influence
verb
If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
To turn or cause something to turn
To twist around something

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

eighty

US / 'eɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈeti /

number
80

emission

US / iˈmɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪˈmɪʃən /

noun
A substance (e.g. gas) released into the air

generation

US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

noun
Act or process of producing or causing something
People born and living at about the same time

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

treasure

US / 'treʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtrɛʒɚ /

noun
Valuable things collected, and often hidden
Someone or something that is worth a lot
verb
To value something you keep very much
To take great care of because you love/value it

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

depend

US / dɪˈpend /

•

UK / dɪˈpend /

verb
Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

green

US / gri:n /

•

UK / ɡrin /

adjecitve
Color of young leaves
Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
Concerned about protecting the environment
The color of young leaves
Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
noun
Large grassy area
used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

mystery

US / ˈmɪstri /

•

UK / ˈmɪstəri /

noun
Quality of being strange and not understood
Book, play, or film about solving a strange crime
Something that is not known

stumble

US / 'stʌmbl /

•

UK / ˈstʌmbəl /

noun
Failing to do something well, e.g. giving a speech
Act of tripping and almost falling
verb
To fail to perform, e.g. when giving a speech
To trip and almost fall

vast

US / vɑ:st /

•

UK / væst /

adjecitve
Being very large in size or amount

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

alternative

US / ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv /

•

UK / ɔlˈtɚnətɪv, æl- /

adjecitve
A different choice
noun
Something different you can choose

depression

US / dɪ'preʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈprɛʃən /

noun
Medical condition of a lack of vitality
Period of unemployment and low economic activity

critical

US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Making a negative judgment of something
Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
Most important part

firmly

US / ˈfɜ:mli /

•

UK / ˈfə:mlɪ /

adverb
In a hard, steady, unchanging way

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

thickness

US / ˈθɪknəs /

•

UK / ˈθɪknɪs /

noun
Distance between the opposite edges of a thing

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

adjust

US / əˈdʒʌst /

•

UK / əˈdʒʌst /

verb
To change; to attain a desired state or function
To change so as to fit in with new conditions

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

ecosystem

US / ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈɛkoˌsɪstəm, ˈiko- /

noun
Types of plants and animals in an specific area

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

temperate

US / ˈtempərət /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərɪt, ˈtɛmprɪt /

adjecitve
Having weather that is not too hot; mild
Having calm, reasonable reactions to things

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

consist

US / kən'sɪst /

•

UK / kənˈsɪst /

verb
To have as an essential, necessary or main part

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

expose

US / ɪk'spəʊz /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

noun
News article revealing secret information
verb
To make visible, without covering or protection
To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
To be talked about in the media
To make a secret known to the public
To experience something, often a harmful thing

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

creative

US / krɪ'eɪtɪv /

•

UK / kriˈetɪv /

adjecitve
Having the ability to make something new

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

researcher

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

noun
Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

stability

US / stəˈbɪləti /

•

UK / stəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Quality or state of being even or consistent

wet

US / wet /

•

UK / wɛt /

adjecitve
Concerning a bar that serves or sells alcohol
Having or experiencing a great deal of rain
Containing water or liquid; not dry
verb
To accidentally pee in clothes or a bed

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

earthquake

US / ˈɜ:θkweɪk /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rθkweɪk /

noun
Heavy shaking of the ground due to natural forces

flourish

US / 'flʌrɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈflɚrɪʃ, ˈflʌr- /

noun
Fancy addition or decoration
verb
To show and direct attention by waving something
To add a fancy addition or decoration
To be healthy or successful

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

stagger

US / ˈstægə(r) /

•

UK / ˈstæɡɚ /

verb
To greatly surprise someone

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

giant

US / 'dʒaɪənt /

•

UK / ˈdʒaɪənt /

adjecitve
Very large, or much bigger than other things
noun
Tall, large, and powerful human-like creatures
Very successful, powerful person or organization

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

radar

US / ˈreɪdɑ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈredɑr /

noun
Radio device used to find the location of objects

predict

US / prɪ'dɪkt /

•

UK / prɪˈdɪkt /

verb
To guess or estimate what will or might happen

valuable

US / ˈvæljuəbl /

•

UK / ˈvæljuəbəl, ˈvæljə- /

adjecitve
Being useful or important
Being worth a lot of money

windy

US / 'wɪndɪ /

•

UK / ˈwɪndi /

adjecitve
When the wind is blowing
Using a lot of words

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

average

US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
noun
Total of numbers divided by the number of items
verb
To add numbers then divide by the number of items

forest

US / 'fɒrɪst /

•

UK / ˈfɔrɪst, ˈfɑr- /

noun
Large area with many trees

image

US / 'ɪmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈɪmɪdʒ /

noun
Picture, sculpture or painting of something
General idea or opinion of something
verb
To obtain pictures by scanning them with a machine

magnitude

US / ˈmægnɪtju:d /

•

UK / ˈmæɡnɪˌtud, -ˌtjud /

noun
Number representing force of an earthquake
Size or importance
Number representing the brightness of a star

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

sediment

US / ˈsedɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛdəmənt /

noun
Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

frozen

US / 'frəʊzn /

•

UK / ˈfroʊzn /

adjecitve
Hard, solid because it is below zero degrees
verb
To store an item of food in a cold place
To make someone to not want to communicate
To stop moving and be still; stay the same

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

harbour

US / 'hɑ:bə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhɑrbɚ /

noun
Area of water protected by land and used by ships
Place providing comfort and shelter from danger
verb
To contain, hold, include, or hide something
To feel certain thoughts/emotions for a long time
To have a thought/feeling without expressing it
To hide or give shelter to (when in danger)
To secretly give shelter/protection to a criminal

grand

US / ɡrænd /

•

UK / ɡrænd /

adjecitve
A counter for 1000 of something
Great in amount, number or size
Being highest in status or rank; impressive

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

neodymium

US / ˌniːəʊˈdɪmiəm /

•

UK / ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm /

noun
Yellow trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs in monazite and bastnasite in asso

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

beneath

US / bɪ'ni:θ /

•

UK / bɪˈniθ /

preposition
Not worthy of you; not good enough for you
Under; In or to a lower position; below

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

colossal

US / kəˈlɒsl /

•

UK / kəˈlɑ:sl /

adjecitve
Being extremely large in size or amount

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

platinum

US / ˈplætɪnəm /

•

UK / ˈplætnəm /

adjecitve
Made from the silver metal platinum
noun
Very expensive silver-colored metal

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

barely

US / ˈbɛəli /

•

UK / ˈbɛrli /

adverb
Only just; just possible

depth

US / depθ /

•

UK / dɛpθ /

noun
Distance below a surface

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

flood

US / flʌd /

•

UK / flʌd /

noun
Large number of people or things arriving at once
Destruction when a river breaks its banks
verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

mighty

US / 'maɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈmaɪti /

adjecitve
Having great strength or great size
adverb
Very, extremely

shrink

US / ʃrɪŋk /

•

UK / ʃrɪŋk /

noun
A rude name for a psychiatrist
other
To make something smaller than it was before
verb
To become smaller
To make or become smaller than it was before

silver

US / 'sɪlvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪlvɚ /

adjecitve
Being the shiny gray color of mercury
noun
Person's name
Shiny gray color
Near white color metal with high value
Objects made from silver, such as dishes, forks
verb
To coat something with a layer of silver
To polish silver objects to make them shine

ticket

US / 'tɪkɪt /

•

UK / ˈtɪkɪt /

noun
Piece of paper allowing you enter or use something
Official paper showing something illegal was done
Printed paper showing a price, size or information
verb
To sell tickets for an event, journey or activity
To give paper to show someone had acted illegally

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

vale

US / veɪl /

•

UK / vel /

noun
Poetic a valley

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

preserve

US / prɪˈzɜ:v /

•

UK / prɪˈzɜ:rv /

noun
Protected area of land with plants and animals
verb
To cook food so it can be kept for long periods
To protect something from harm, loss or damage
To keep or maintain unchanged or perfect

sea

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Very large group of people, similar-looking things
Large body of salty water with land around it

slowly

US / ˈsləʊli /

•

UK / ˈsloʊli /

adverb
In an unhurried or not speedy manner

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

greenland

US / ˈɡri:nlənd /

•

UK / ˈɡrinlənd, -ˌlænd /

proper noun
A large island lying to the northeast of North America and mostly within the Arctic Circle; populati

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

pool

US / pu:l /

•

UK / pul /

noun
Amount collected, e.g. money, for some purpose
Small body of still water
Game of hitting balls on a table with long sticks
Small area of water for swimming bound by walls
verb
(Of a liquid) to collect into a small area
To make a collection of (resources, money etc.)

fascinating

US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

adjecitve
Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
Very interesting
verb
To attract or interest greatly

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

sink

US / sɪŋk /

•

UK / sɪŋk /

noun
Large bowl in a kitchen or washroom for washing
verb
To push something down into the ground
To dig (a well)
To move down toward a lower point
To decrease in value or amount

precious

US / 'preʃəs /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃəs /

adjecitve
Having a youthful, cute, and pleasant appearance
Very little (time, money etc.)
Extremely loved and valued
Being very sensitive about something
Being of great value; highly prized

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

iceberg

US / 'aɪsbɜ:ɡ /

•

UK / ˈaɪsˌbə:ɡ /

noun
Very large mass of floating ice in the sea

impact

US / 'ɪmpækt /

•

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

noun
A striking effect or result to hit with force
Very strong influence
Act or force of one thing hitting something else
verb
To hit or strike someone or something with force

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

refreeze

US / ri:'fri:z /

•

UK / ri:'fri:z /

verb
Make or become frozen again.

refrozen

US / /

•

UK / /

verb
Make or become frozen again.

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

wildfire

US / ˈwaɪldfaɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwaɪldˌfaɪr /

noun
Raging and rapidly spreading large fire

thrive

US / θraɪv /

•

UK / θraɪv /

verb
To be or become healthy or successful

bottom

US / 'bɒtəm /

•

UK / ˈbɑtəm /

adjecitve
Concerning the part under something, e.g. a vase
noun
The part of your body you sit on
Lowest position, often in a company or contest
Lowest part of something; part on which it rests
Lowest level, part or point of an object
The part under something, e.g. a vase
verb
To hit the lowest part of something

bomb

US / bɒm /

•

UK / bɑm /

noun
An explosive device
verb
To attack with explosives
To fail or be completely unsuccessful

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

ghost

US / gəʊst /

•

UK / goʊst /

noun
Bad effects, memories, and feelings from the past
Spirit of a dead person, appearing to the living
verb
To write a book on behalf of another person

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

greenhouse

US / 'ɡri:nhaʊs /

•

UK / ˈɡrinˌhaʊs /

adjecitve
Greenhouse gas that makes the Earth get warmer
noun
Glass building used for growing plants

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

similarly

US / ˈsɪmələli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmələrli /

adverb
In a way almost the same as something else

twice

US / twaɪs /

•

UK / twaɪs /

adverb
Two times

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

uninhabitable

US / ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbl /

•

UK / ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbəl /

adjecitve
Not fit for living in

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

direction

US / də'rekʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

noun
When someone tells people what to do
Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

lake

US / leɪk /

•

UK / lek /

noun
Large area of water surrounded by land

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

minimal

US / ˈmɪnɪməl /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəməl /

adjecitve
The smallest possible; least

section

US / 'sekʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛkʃən /

noun
A part of a whole
Specific area or region within a larger place
Specific group of people from a larger group
Part of a book, newspaper, etc.
verb
To divide something into smaller parts

trove

US / trəʊv /

•

UK / troʊv /

noun
Treasure of unknown ownership found hidden

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

act

US / ækt /

•

UK / ækt /

noun
What someone did; action; behavior
A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
verb
To behave in a certain way
To perform on a stage or in a movie

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

peel

US / pi:l /

•

UK / pil /

noun
Outer covering, or skin, of a piece of fruit
verb
To remove the outer skin of something, e.g. fruit
To remove the cover or outer layer from something
To lose an outer or top layer, as of skin

rhode

US / ˈrəʊd /

•

UK / roʊd /

pour

US / pɔ:(r) /

•

UK / pɔr, por /

verb
To fill a person's glass or cup with a drink
To make something flow in a steady stream
To rain very heavily

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

arctic

US / 'ɑ:ktɪk /

•

UK / ˈɑrktɪk, ˈɑrtɪk /

adjecitve
The regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole
Region 66.3 degrees latitude north of the equator

eighteen

US / ˌeɪˈti:n /

•

UK / eˈtin /

number
18

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

comfortable

US / ˈkʌmftəbl /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfətəbəl, ˈkʌmftəbəl /

adjecitve
Having more than enough e.g. money for your needs
Being relaxed, warm or happy

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

remove

US / rɪˈmu:v /

•

UK / rɪˈmuv /

verb
To get rid of something completely
To make someone leave his or her job or position
To move, erase or take away from a place
To take something off (e.g. clothing)

reshape

US / ˌri:'ʃeɪp /

•

UK / riˈʃep /

verb
To form something into a new shape

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

drill

US / drɪl /

•

UK / drɪl /

noun
A machine that makes holes with a metal bit
Exercise done to learn military skills
Disciplined practice, as of soldiers marching
verb
To make a deep hole to find oil, gas etc.
To put a hole in something by using a boring tool
To train in something through repetition

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

initial

US / ɪ'nɪʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃəl /

adjecitve
Existing or occurring at the beginning
noun
First letter of your given name
verb
To authorize something by writing your initials

military

US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning the army or navy
noun
Army or armed forces

numerous

US / ˈnju:mərəs /

•

UK / ˈnumərəs, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Existing in large numbers

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

pathway

US / ˈpɑ:θweɪ /

•

UK / ˈpæθˌwe, ˈpɑθ- /

noun
A path or way that you can walk

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

submerge

US / səb'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / səbˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To sink or put below the surface

surpass

US / sə'pɑ:s /

•

UK / sɚˈpæs /

verb
To go beyond or achieve more than someone

sustainable

US / səˈsteɪnəbl /

•

UK / səˈsteɪnəbl /

adjecitve
Capable of continuing for a long time
Able to be maintained without running out of

territory

US / 'terətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

noun
Area of land defended by an animal
Area of particular knowledge or experience
Area owned or controlled by a government, person
Area of land with a specific defining feature

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

carve

US / kɑ:v /

•

UK / kɑ:rv /

verb
To cut a piece of cooked meat into thin slices
To make a cut in, e.g. to write your name on tree
To cut wood, etc., into a particular shape

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

gradually

US / ˈgrædʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈɡrædʒʊəlɪ /

adverb
Occurring in a slow manner over a period of time

network

US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

noun
Group of computers connected to each other
System of connections
Group who work closely with each other
Group of radio or television stations, programs
verb
To join a group of computers together
To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

mountain

US / 'maʊntən /

•

UK / ˈmaʊntən /

noun
Very high piece of land, higher than a hill

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

thirteen

US / ˌθɜ:'ti:n /

•

UK / θə:ˈtin /

number
13

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

neighbour

US / 'neɪbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnebɚ /

noun
Person who lives, or is near, you

nought

US / nɔ:t /

•

UK / nɔt /

noun
Zero, as in numbers; nothing, as in sports scores

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

rocky

US / 'rɒkɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɑki /

adjecitve
(Of a marriage, etc.) involving many difficulties
With abundant rocks or stones

yesterday

US / ˈjestədeɪ /

•

UK / ˈjestərdeɪ /

adverb
Day before today
noun
Day before today

constantly

US / ˈkɒnstəntli /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstəntlɪ /

adverb
Frequently, or without pause

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

kilogram

US / ˈkɪləgræm /

•

UK / ˈkɪləɡræm /

noun
1000g

movement

US / ˈmu:vmənt /

•

UK / ˈmuvmənt /

noun
Part of a piece of classical music
Group with a shared interest or goal
Group sharing the same idea to change society, art
Action you do when exercising, e.g. in a gym
Part of a piece of music

rapid

US / ˈræpɪd /

•

UK / ˈræpɪd /

adjecitve
Moving or happening very quickly
noun
Rough and fast-moving part of a river

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

alien

US / 'eɪlɪən /

•

UK / ˈeliən,ˈeljən /

adjecitve
Being foreign, different or unfamiliar
noun
Foreigner; a person not from this place
Person or creature from a planet other than Earth

antarctic

US / ænˈtɑːktɪk /

•

UK / ænˈtɑːrktɪk /

noun
The region around the south pole: Antarctica and surrounding waters

combine

US / kəmˈbaɪn /

•

UK / kəmˈbaɪn /

verb
To mix several things together to form one thing

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

electronic

US / ɪˌlek'trɒnɪk /

•

UK / ɪlɛkˈtrɑnɪk, ˌilɛk- /

adjecitve
Operating by use of electricity; digital

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

lock

US / lɒk /

•

UK / lɑ:k /

noun
Small portion of your hair that hangs together
Place on a door, etc. that you close with a key
verb
To become fixed in place and hard to move
To use a key, code so others can't open something

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

strike

US / straɪk /

•

UK / straɪk /

noun
A punch or hit
Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
verb
To hit something
To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
To have an idea occur to you

valley

US / 'vælɪ /

•

UK / ˈvæli /

noun
Area between mountains with river running through

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

skyscraper

US / 'skaɪskreɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈskaɪˌskrepɚ /

noun
Very tall building with many stories

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

terrain

US / təˈreɪn /

•

UK / təˈren /

noun
Characteristics (e.g. rough) of a piece of land

compress

US / kəmˈpres /

•

UK / kəmˈprɛs /

verb
To press tightly together
To make smaller; reduce in time, size etc.

freshwater

US / 'freʃwɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfrɛʃˌwɔtɚ, -ˌwɑtɚ /

noun
Water that is not salty

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

production

US / prəˈdʌkʃn /

•

UK / prəˈdʌkʃən, pro- /

noun
Process of producing or growing food naturally
Process of making something on a large scale
Process of making a movie or TV show

supply

US / sə'plaɪ /

•

UK / səˈplaɪ /

noun
Availability of products and services for use
Specific things needed to perform a certain task
verb
To give or sell goods to others for their use

swim

US / swɪm /

•

UK / swɪm /

noun
Act of swimming in a pool or ocean
verb
To move through water by moving parts of the body

thick

US / θɪk /

•

UK / θɪk /

adjecitve
Difficult to see through, as fog
Full of (people, etc.)
(Of a liquid) that moves or pours slowly
Stupid; not smart
(Of person's accent) hard to understand
Having a large distance between two surfaces

astonish

US / ə'stɒnɪʃ /

•

UK / əˈstɑnɪʃ /

verb
To cause someone to feel great wonder or surprise

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

clue

US / klu: /

•

UK / klu /

noun
Information that helps explain something; hint

carbon

US / 'kɑ:bən /

•

UK / ˈkɑrbən /

noun
Chemical element with an atomic number of 6

memory

US / 'memərɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛməri /

noun
Ability of the mind to call back past things
Space for the storage of information on a computer
Something that has been remembered

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

snowball

US / 'snəʊbɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈsnoʊˌbɔl /

noun
Ball of snow you throw at each other
verb
To increase dramatically in number or degree

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

dysprosium

US / dɪsˈprəʊziəm /

•

UK / dɪsˈproʊziəm /

other
A trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; forms compounds that are highly magnetic

flow

US / fləʊ /

•

UK / flo /

noun
Amount of something that moves through an area
verb
To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

glacial

US / ˈgleɪʃl /

•

UK / ˈɡleʃəl /

adjecitve
Being extremely and especially cold
Concerning, produced, caused by ice and glaciers
Being very slow or seemingly unmoving

perfectly

US / ˈpɜ:fɪktli /

•

UK / ˈpəfɪktli /

adverb
In a faultless manner; without mistakes

population

US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

noun
Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

snow

US / snəʊ /

•

UK / sno /

noun
Person's name
White ice crystals that fall from the sky
verb
(Of ice crystals) to fall to the ground
To fool into believing something untrue

age

US / eɪdʒ /

•

UK / edʒ /

verb
To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
To get older
noun
Period of time in history
Number of years a person or thing has lived

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

countless

US / ˈkaʊntləs /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntlɪs /

adjecitve
Being too many to be numbered or imagined

fold

US / fəʊld /

•

UK / fold /

noun
Pen where sheep are kept
Group of people who have a common belief
verb
To bend one part of something against another
(Of business) to fail or close down
To hold something together such as your two arms

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

white

US / waɪt /

•

UK / hwaɪt, waɪt /

adjecitve
Belonging to a race of people with light skin
Of the color of fresh snow and milk
noun
Person's name
Lightest color; The color of fresh snow.

contain

US / kənˈteɪn /

•

UK / kənˈten /

verb
To keep something from spreading
To hold something inside something else

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

habitat

US / 'hæbɪtæt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪˌtæt /

noun
Natural place where a plant or animal lives

heat

US / hi:t /

•

UK / hit /

noun
State of anger, excitement, or arguing
Particular temperature at which to cook something
High temperature
One of series of races to find the finalists
Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
verb
To make hot or hotter

global

US / ˈgləʊbl /

•

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

reside

US / rɪˈzaɪd /

•

UK / rɪˈzaɪd /

verb
To live in; dwell; to be present

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

geological

US / ˌdʒi:ə'lɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / dʒɪəˈlɑdʒɪkl: /

adjecitve
Concerning studies of the Earth's rocks and soil

expanse

US / ɪkˈspæns /

•

UK / ɪkˈspæns /

noun
Comprehensive and wide area of land or sea

lay

US / leɪ /

•

UK / le /

adjecitve
Amateur; not being a trained priest
verb
To place a bet on a game outcome
(Of a bird, etc.) to produce eggs from its body
To put or set something down in a flat position
To set out things on (table) to prepare for a meal

sand

US / sænd /

•

UK / sænd /

noun
Area composed of tiny pieces of rock near an ocean
Small pieces of rock that make beaches and deserts
verb
To cover a surface with grit e.g. roads
To smoothen a surface with sandpaper

texas

US / ˈtɛksəs /

•

UK / ˈtɛksəs /

other
The second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

accelerate

US / əkˈseləreɪt /

•

UK / ækˈsɛləˌret /

verb
To cause to occur earlier than expected
To increase the speed or rate of something

asteroid

US / ˈæstərɔɪd /

•

UK / ˈæstəˌrɔɪd /

noun
Very small planets that move around the sun

patch

US / pætʃ /

•

UK / pætʃ /

noun
Cover worn over an eye to protect or hide it
Piece of ground on vegetation grows
Piece of cloth sewn onto garments to repair holes
Small spot different from the area around it
verb
To join or unite, e.g. two phone calls
To repair hole by sewing a piece of cloth over it

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

tech

US / tek /

•

UK / tɛk /

noun
Shortened form of 'technology' or 'technician'

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

europium

US / jʊərˈəʊpiəm /

•

UK / jʊrˈoʊpiəm /

noun
Bivalent and trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

meter

US / ˈmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmitɚ /

noun
Unit of length equal to 100 cm or about 39 inches
Device for measuring things e.g. gas
Device to put money into to rent a parking place
Rhythm of a poem
verb
To measure water, etc. when it has to be paid for

obstacle

US / ˈɒbstəkl /

•

UK / ˈɑbstəkəl /

noun
Object that blocks a path or course

peek

US / pi:k /

•

UK / pik /

noun
A quick look at something (often secretly)
verb
To look at something quickly (often secretly)

rapidly

US / 'ræpɪdlɪ /

•

UK / ˈræpɪdlɪ /

adverb
With great speed; quickly

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

coast

US / kəʊst /

•

UK / kost /

noun
Land near the sea or ocean
verb
To progress in something without trying hard
(Of a vehicle) to move forward without power

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

initially

US / ɪˈnɪʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃəli /

adverb
At first; originally

island

US / ˈaɪlənd /

•

UK / ˈaɪlənd /

noun
Area of land that is surrounded by water

presence

US / ˈprezns /

•

UK / ˈprɛzəns /

noun
The same place or area that a person is
Ability to reach a market, group of people etc.
Something not physically seen but felt to be there
Feeling a person gives by being noticeable

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

substance

US / 'sʌbstəns /

•

UK / ˈsʌbstəns /

noun
Essence of; most basic or central qualities
Particular type of material
Having material form; existing
Quality of truth, importance, or meaningfulness

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

thrill

US / θrɪl /

•

UK / θrɪl /

noun
Thing/event causing sudden excitement or pleasure
verb
To feel sudden excitement or pleasure

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

draw

US / drɔ: /

•

UK / drɔ /

noun
Something that attracts people to visit a place
A lottery or prize
Result of a game, contest where the score is equal
verb
To attract attention to someone or something
To get closer to or approach something or someone
To influence a person's involvement in something
To move an object by pulling
To create an image using pen or pencil and paper
To take one thing out of a container, etc.
(Of 2 teams) to finish a game with the same score

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

foot

US / fʊt /

•

UK / fʊt /

noun
Base of something such as a mountain or vase
Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

canada

US / 'kænədə /

•

UK / ˈkænədə /

proper noun
A country in northern North America, the second largest country in the world; population 35,900,000

gold

US / gəʊld /

•

UK / goʊld /

noun
Soft yellow metal that is very valuable
Person's name
adjecitve
Dark yellow color often seen in sunsets

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

mattress

US / 'mætrəs /

•

UK / ˈmætrɪs /

noun
Thick soft part of a bed that you lie on

interior

US / ɪn'tɪərɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɪriɚ /

adjecitve
Being the inside part of a building, car etc.
noun
Part of country that is far from the border, coast
Remote central area of a continent

ninety

US / 'naɪntɪ /

•

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

number
90

shield

US / ʃi:ld /

•

UK / ʃild /

noun
A family's coat of arms or insignia
Device used to protect from a harmful force
Large piece of metal, etc. carried by police, etc.
Large piece of metal carried for protection
verb
To cover (e.g. your face) so as to hide from
To cover from a dangerous or harmful force

blow

US / bləʊ /

•

UK / blo /

noun
Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
Act of making air come out of your mouth
A hit or strike from an object
verb
To move something using air
To make air come quickly out of your mouth
To clear something by forcing air through it

guard

US / ɡɑ:d /

•

UK / ɡɑrd /

noun
Someone who watches a place or prevents escapes
verb
To keep watch over something to protect it

location

US / ləʊˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / loʊˈkeɪʃn /

noun
Particular position or area of place, event, etc.

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

insulator

US / ˈɪnsjuleɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɪnsəleɪtə(r) /

noun
Material with low conductivity

northwestern

US / 'nɔ:θ'westən /

•

UK / 'nɔ:θ'westən /

adjecitve
Area in the north and west

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

tundra

US / ˈtʌndrə /

•

UK / ˈtʌndrə /

noun
Flat frozen region that has no trees

delaware

US / ˈdɛləweə /

•

UK / ˈdɛləˌwɛr /

other
A member of an Algonquian people formerly living in New Jersey and New York and parts of Delaware an
A Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original colonies
The Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware

discovery

US / dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvəri /

noun
Learning something for the first time

geothermal

US / ˌdʒi(:)əuˈθəməl /

•

UK / ˌdʒioˈθɚməl /

adjecitve
Sourcing heat from the center of the Earth

extraordinary

US / ɪkˈstrɔ:dnri /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrɔ:rdəneri /

adjecitve
Beyond what is ordinary; very unusual; remarkable

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

ice

US / aɪs /

•

UK / aɪs /

noun
Frozen gas or liquid, esp. water
Sweet food made of frozen cream, or juices
verb
To make something cold by putting on frozen water
To spread a sweet and creamy substance on a cake

uncover

US / ʌn'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ʌnˈkʌvɚ /

verb
To remove what is on top to show something
(Journalist) to discover some news to be reported

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

bent

US / bent /

•

UK / bɛnt /

adjecitve
Become curved or no longer straight
verb
To become curved or no longer straight
To move your body so that it is not straight up
To turn in a different direction, as a road
To use force to make an object not straight

crust

US / krʌst /

•

UK / krʌst /

noun
Hard outer layer of something, e.g. the earth
Hard crisp outer layer of bread, baked goods

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

rainforest

US / ˈreɪnfɒrɪst /

•

UK / ˈreɪnfɔ:rɪst /

noun
Ancient forest growing in tropical regions

renewable

US / rɪˈnju:əbl /

•

UK / rɪˈnu: /

adjecitve
Being able to be replaced naturally
noun
A resource that can be used again many times

scratch

US / skrætʃ /

•

UK / skrætʃ /

noun
Action of rubbing your skin when itchy
A small cut or mark on a surface
verb
To rub your skin with your nails to stop an itch
To make a small cut or mark on a surface

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

Subtitles section

Throughout history, our planet has been through multiple ice ages and fully covered in ice at least twice.

From the poles to the equator, the Earth was a giant snowball at least several times.

Today, the landscape has transformed, the ice is starting to rapidly melt, and scientists are wondering what secrets could be concealed beneath this frozen tundra.

This is the second largest ice sheet on Earth.

It has an impressive thickness of nearly two miles, covering eighty percent of the area of Greenland.

Here, rapid glaciers like Jakobshavn move at an astonishing one hundred and fifty feet per day, reshaping the landscape, while coastal waters create icebergs towering three hundred feet, about the height of the Statue of Liberty.

But these things are not what makes the island unique.

To this day, the frozen surface hides all kinds of secrets, but scientists have already started uncovering some of them, and what they found was difficult to predict.

Although Greenland is over three times the size of Texas, its total population is just fifty six thousand people, the lowest population density in the world.

Frigid temperatures make the majority of the island uninhabitable.

But along the southwest coast, the warming effect of the Gulf Stream results in moderate temperatures, creating a comfortable habitat.

That's where the third of the population resides.

In the central part of Greenland, temperatures remain below zero at all times.

The snow there never melts, gradually accumulating instead.

When new snow falls on the Greenland ice sheet, it's initially light and fluffy, with a density of about fifty to seventy kilograms per cubic meter.

As it gets covered with new layers, all this weight compresses the layers below, increasing their density.

At a depth of over two hundred and sixty feet, air bubbles within the snow cannot compress any further, and snow solidifies into glacier ice.

In total, there's six hundred and ninety five thousand cubic miles of ice in Greenland, which is thought to have been there for hundreds of thousands to millions of years.

But Greenland wasn't always frozen.

Beneath its icy cover lies a colossal rocky island that was once a flourishing haven where life thrived amidst valleys, rivers, and numerous lakes.

Even today, not all of Greenland is ice covered.

Moving to the southernmost reaches of Greenland, there's the Chingua Valley, the only forested area on the island.

As temperatures continue to rise, it's possible that this green patch of land will trigger the spread of vegetation to other parts of the island, gradually making it green again.

In the year of the Ice Age, U.S.

military scientists drilled through nearly a mile of ice in northwestern Greenland, discovering a once green past.

They found twigs, leaves, and unique, perfectly preserved fossil plants.

Scientists describe their state as freeze dried.

If you pour some water on them, they'll unfurl, looking almost as if they were frozen just yesterday.

About four hundred thousand years ago, parts of Greenland had spruce forests and tundra, a flat, cold and windy area without trees, but with resilient, low lying plants.

Today, all this serves as a time capsule, allowing us to peek into Greenland's ancient ecosystems.

Greenland's thick ice sheets act as an insulator.

The ground beneath remains shielded from the frigid temperatures and winds above.

Meanwhile, the Earth's internal heat warms the ground from below.

In some areas, the ice sheet is firmly attached to frozen ground, providing stability.

But closer to the edges of the ice sheet, where it's thinner, the base has thawed and the ice is laying over a moist soil.

If there's enough water beneath, it can make the ice flow faster, and this more rapid flow rate can potentially accelerate melting rate.

Currently, the ice sheet in Greenland melts away at a rate of over two hundred billion tons per year, enough to fill almost ninety one million Olympic swimming pools, which hold six hundred and sixty thousand, four hundred and thirty gallons of water each.

And if it melts entirely, the global sea level will rise approximately twenty three feet, causing devastating damage to millions of people who live along the world's coasts.

According to a study made in the year of the year, around six hundred and eighty million people reside in low lying coastal regions.

By the year of the year, this number could surpass well over a billion.

Right now, Greenland loses more ice than it accumulates, although it will probably take a long time for all the ice to melt.

The staggering magnitude of the ice sheet is hard to grasp.

Its weight has built so much pressure that it led to a depression in the central part of the island, one thousand feet below sea level.

And the same thing happened about twenty thousand years ago.

A colossal weight pushed parts of Earth lower into the crust.

Ice sheets were all over the world.

Scandinavia, the Arctic, and a large part of the USA and Canada were all covered in ice.

And currently, something interesting happens to these areas.

Think of our planet's surface as a massive shape memory mattress.

Press down on it, and it'll compress.

But once you remove the pressure, it'll slowly start to go back to its initial form.

In a similar way, as ice sheets shrink, the land under the ice rises, while the neighboring territories adjust by sinking.

This process is very slow, and some regions are still recovering, while others, like the United States' East Coast, will continue sinking for thousands of years.

Compared to other parts of the Earth, regions like these are at much higher risk of higher sea levels.

Today, Greenland is anything but green, but scientists have already been able to have a look underneath its ice cover, revealing what the island's been hiding for centuries.

In twenty thirteen, a new canyon was discovered.

It's over four hundred and sixty miles long, six miles wide, and about two thousand six hundred feet deep.

This makes it more than one and a half times longer than the Grand Canyon in Arizona.

Up to this date, it's the longest canyon ever found on Earth.

Although you can't see it just yet, the canyon is buried beneath billions of tons of ice.

The subglacial canyon was probably once the channel of a massive river, created by frequent flood events that pushed water through the bedrock some two million years ago.

And it can still carry melted water deep below the ice sheet and into the sea.

Once, Greenland even had a massive lake, covering an area as large as Rhode Island and Delaware combined.

It drew water from at least eighteen streams, reaching depths of eight hundred feet.

Today, the ancient lake is a depression filled with sediment holding secrets of a time when it was water instead of ice that shaped Greenland's landscape.

Decades of ice penetrating radar surveys revealed a network of mountain ranges extending thousands of meters above sea level.

Their sharp ridges and deep valleys affect the movement of the massive ice sheet above, which takes on the shape of the hidden mountainous terrain.

and then there are submerged fjords, hundreds to over thousands meters deep channels carved by the glacial forces.

Greenland's glaciers are constantly moving, and how and where they go depends on the subglacial mountains that act like obstacles.

They guide the flow of the melting ice, changing its speed and direction, and fjords are like pathways that icebergs follow to escape into the ocean.

The island's icy vale doesn't only hide a mysterious past, but also a rich reservoir of natural resources.

Geological surveys suggest the presence of rare earth elements and precious metals.

Elements found in Greenland's bedrock, such as neodymium, dysprosium, and europium, are critical in the production of modern electronics, renewable energy technologies, and different high tech applications.

The island's subglacial terrain could also harbor precious metals, such as gold, silver, and platinum.

But also, there's water, and a lot of it.

Locked within the vast expanses of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, it holds more than sixty eight percent of the Earth's freshwater supply.

Greenland's unique geological features hold massive potential for geothermal energy development, a sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources.

The idea is to harness heat from the Earth's interior that escapes to the surface.

The process is known as heat flow, and the area along Greenland's west coast shows heat flow three times higher than the island's average.

Unlike fossil fuels, geothermal power generation produces minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

Perhaps one day, Greenland will be humanity's ticket to a carbon free lifetime.

All this makes Greenland a treasure trove of valuable resources, but it's also a place where Mother Nature reveals just how creative it can be.

In twenty ten, scientists stumbled across peculiar formations beneath the Greenland ice sheet.

At first, they thought these might be ghost mountains, like those found in Antarctica, but as it turned out later, they were wrong.

Known as jelly roll sculptures, they are icy formations as big as Manhattan skyscrapers, and there are dozens of them in Greenland.

Just imagine how vast the space between the island's icy cover and its bedrock should be to fit something this massive.

The gigantic features are made of an unusual ice.

It doesn't consist of layers, but it's rather twisted or rolled, and it can be as old as one hundred and twenty thousand years.

Using radar imaging, researchers discovered that jelly roll sculptures can be found just below Greenland's white landscape.

The island was long considered like a layered cake, but one that's made of snow.

Although as you go deeper, peeling off layer after layer, at some point they are no longer flat.

The ice down there looks more like it's been bent or folded several times.

Now, there's a lot of science behind how that happens.

But in simple terms, ice grows from the bottom up when the ice sheet melts and refreezes.

It's somewhat like building a sandcastle.

The wet sand you pour solidifies at the base, adding substance to the lower layers.

Similarly, the refrozen ice adds to the layers, creating a complex, folded structure beneath the seemingly flat surface that's been forming for hundreds or even thousands of years.

But deep below the mighty ice sheet, there's something much, much older.

Back when Greenland was still a temperate rainforest, the island was struck by an asteroid nought point nine miles across.

The impact was probably millions of times more powerful than an atomic bomb, enough to cause earthquakes of magnitude nine and massive wildfires.

Luckily, it all happened after the dinosaurs had already gone extinct, and long before the first humans.

The asteroid left behind what's known today as a nineteen mile wide Hiawatha crater, which is currently sitting below three thousand feet of ice.

Discovered in twenty eighteen, its location played a significant role.

The crater is lying under the northwestern edge of the ice sheet.

The flowing stream from below the sheet contained sediments that suggested they were once exposed to rapid and extreme heating.

By studying sand grains, researchers determined just how long ago the impact took place.

a mind blowing fifty eight million years ago.

Greenland stands as one of the Earth's most extraordinary landscapes, guarding the mysteries of our planet's past.

We've barely scratched the surface of this barren terrain, but in years to come, countless studies will be conducted, and who knows what other secrets may lie dormant beneath the vast expanse of ice waiting to be unveiled.

What secrets might the almost alien expanse of land hide?

Clues to our planet's future, extraordinary species of animals, or even a long lost civilization?

Let us know in the comments section below.

Stay tuned for more thrilling discoveries about the fascinating world we live in, and thanks for watching.