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Can The Crisis in Cosmology Be SOLVED With Cosmic Voids?

Original YouTube Video | pbsspacetime Published on 2024-01-10 Level：96 Speed：38 maxwordlevel：25

#Universe

Video vocabulary

combine

US / kəmˈbaɪn /

•

UK / kəmˈbaɪn /

verb
To mix several things together to form one thing

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

proposal

US / prəˈpəʊzl /

•

UK / prəˈpozəl /

noun
Act of asking someone to marry you
Offer or plan to people who can decide about it

speculative

US / ˈspekjələtɪv /

•

UK / ˈspɛkjulətɪv, -ˌle- /

adjecitve
Not based on sure knowledge; based on intuition

component

US / kəmˈpəʊnənt /

•

UK / kəmˈponənt /

adjecitve
Being a part of something
noun
One of the parts that something is made up of

global

US / ˈgləʊbl /

•

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

gravity

US / ˈgrævəti /

•

UK / ˈɡrævɪti /

noun
(Of a situation) extreme seriousness
Force making things fall towards the ground

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

publish

US / 'pʌblɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪʃ /

verb
To prepare and make available a book magazine etc.
To release information to the general public

stem

US / stem /

•

UK / stɛm /

noun
Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
verb
To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
To start from or be the origin of
To stop something bad from spreading or developing

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

beautiful

US / 'bju:tɪfl /

•

UK / ˈbjutəfəl /

adjecitve
Having dome something well
Being very attractive or appealing physically

descend

US / dɪˈsend /

•

UK / dɪˈsɛnd /

verb
To go down; to move from a higher to a lower place

contract

US / 'kɒntrækt /

•

UK / 'kɑ:ntrækt /

noun
Legal agreement, e.g. for doing work for money
Agreement to pay someone to kill a person
verb
To become ill as a result of getting a disease
To make an agreement for doing work for money
To reduce in size, length due to heat loss
To reduce the amount of

flow

US / fləʊ /

•

UK / flo /

noun
Amount of something that moves through an area
verb
To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

gravitational

US / ˌgrævɪˈteɪʃənl /

•

UK / ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl /

adjecitve
Concerning the force of gravity

mild

US / maɪld /

•

UK / maɪld /

adjecitve
Gentle in nature or behavior
Being neither too cold nor too hot

perfectly

US / ˈpɜ:fɪktli /

•

UK / ˈpəfɪktli /

adverb
In a faultless manner; without mistakes

reality

US / rɪ'ælətɪ /

•

UK / riˈælɪti /

noun
What is true, as opposed to what is imagined

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

weird

US / wɪəd /

•

UK / wɪrd /

adjecitve
Odd or unusual; surprising; strange

cepheid

US / 'kɪfaɪd /

•

UK / 'kɪfaɪd /

noun

fail

US / feɪl /

•

UK / fel /

noun
A mark on a test showing you did not pass
verb
To be unsuccessful in passing a class or exam
To not do or provide something that is needed
To stop working or functioning; to break down
To not achieve a goal, or to go wrong

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

complicate

US / ˈkɒmplɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:mplɪkeɪt /

verb
To make more difficult to do, understand or use

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

position

US / pəˈzɪʃn /

•

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

noun
Person's opinion or attitude about something
Specific location where someone or something is
Where you play or your role on a sports team
Person's job or status level
Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
verb
To put in a particular location or direction

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

astonish

US / ə'stɒnɪʃ /

•

UK / əˈstɑnɪʃ /

verb
To cause someone to feel great wonder or surprise

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

cosmology

US / kɒzˈmɒlədʒi /

•

UK / kɑzˈmɑlədʒi /

noun
Study of the universe's formation and structure

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

appear

US / ə'pɪə(r) /

•

UK / əˈpɪr /

verb
To be seen, become visible; come into sight
To seem to be
To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

fluid

US / 'flu:ɪd /

•

UK / ˈfluɪd /

adjecitve
A material that can easily flow, e.g. water
Able to move smoothly or gracefully
Changing often and without warning
noun
Liquid that flows smoothly, such as water

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

indeed

US / ɪnˈdi:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈdid /

adverb
Actually; in fact; in reality

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

puzzle

US / 'pʌzl /

•

UK / ˈpʌzəl /

noun
Something challenging to explain or understand
Game requiring the player to find an answer
Game with many pieces, e.g. forming a picture
A problem requiring thought and skill to be solved
verb
To be a challenge to understand; confuse

rough

US / rʌf /

•

UK / rʌf /

adjecitve
Causing or involving violence, force, and harm
(Of situations) tough; difficult to get through
Being imprecise, inexact, and not detailed
Not gentle or not soft
Having an uneven or not smooth surface
Raw and natural
(Of sea weather etc.) not calm with strong winds
Involving or causing sudden, forceful movements
adverb
In a manner that is difficult, or violent
noun
Violent, loud, and unpleasant person
Incomplete drawing or draft done lacking detail
verb
To make something less smooth

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

uniform

US / ˈju:nɪfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈju:nɪfɔ:rm /

adjecitve
Not changing your conduct or opinion
noun
Set of clothes showing you belong to an army, etc.
verb
To dress in formal clothes like the army wear
To make a group of things the same

agree

US / əˈgri: /

•

UK / əˈɡri /

verb
To have the same opinion as someone else

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

dirt

US / dɜ:t /

•

UK / dɚt /

noun
Loose earth or soil

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

friedman

US / ˈfridmən /

•

UK / ˈfriːdmən /

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

zoom

US / zu:m /

•

UK / zum /

noun
Camera lens used to magnify images
verb
To move along or go somewhere very quickly

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

distant

US / 'dɪstənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪstənt /

adjecitve
Unfriendly; cold
Existing or happening far away in place or time
(Of relationships) not being closely related

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

minimize

US / 'mɪnɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make something seem small or less important

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

theory

US / ˈθiəri /

•

UK / ˈθiəri, ˈθɪri /

noun
Ideas or principles that explain facts or events

background

US / ˈbækgraʊnd /

•

UK / ˈbækˌɡraʊnd /

noun
Images, color, or information behind the main one
Someone's personal work and educational history
A position not as important as the main event
Past events that influence things in the present

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

bump

US / bʌmp /

•

UK / bʌmp /

noun
Act or sound of one solid object hitting another
Raised area on any smooth surface
verb
To bounce along over a rough surface
To knock against with force or violence
To move someone to a different group, time or area

largely

US / ˈlɑ:dʒli /

•

UK / ˈlɑ:rdʒli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

mountain

US / 'maʊntən /

•

UK / ˈmaʊntən /

noun
Very high piece of land, higher than a hill

network

US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

noun
Group of computers connected to each other
System of connections
Group who work closely with each other
Group of radio or television stations, programs
verb
To join a group of computers together
To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

apparent

US / ə'pærənt /

•

UK / əˈpærənt, əˈpɛr- /

adjecitve
Easy to see or clearly understand
Seeming to exist or be true, but may not be

gory

US / ˈgɔ:ri /

•

UK / 'ɡɔ:rɪ /

adjecitve
Covered with blood; violent

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

einstein

US / ˈaɪn.staɪn /

•

UK / ˈaɪn.staɪn /

noun
Albert Einstein, a German-born theoretical physicist

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

cosmological

US / ˌkɒzmə'lɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / ˌkɒzmə'lɒdʒɪkl /

adjecitve
Dealing with the origin, history of the universe

empty

US / 'emptɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛmpti /

adjecitve
Containing nothing; with no contents
Without emotions, feelings, meaning or force
noun
Item, e.g. a bottle, whose contents have been used
verb
To remove the contents from something

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

lumpiness

US / 'lʌmpɪnəs /

•

UK / 'lʌmpɪnəs /

noun
Having bumps or lumps

pocket

US / 'pɒkɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɑkɪt /

adjecitve
(As if) small enough to fit in your pocket
noun
Small cloth bag sewn into clothing to hold things
Area of space
verb
To put something into your pocket
To take or hide something illegally

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

stupidly

US / 'stju:pɪdlɪ /

•

UK / ˈstjupɪdlɪ /

adverb
In a manner which is not clever

web

US / web /

•

UK / wɛb /

noun
Skin between ducks' toes that enables them to swim
Internet's collection of interrelated information
Net made from silk threads produced by spiders
Complicated set of relationships or connections

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

account

US / ə'kaʊnt /

•

UK / əˈkaʊnt /

noun
An advantage
Arrangement with a bank to keep your money for you
An invoice for things bought
Arrangement whereby you can use online services
A description, often written, of events; report

dense

US / dens /

•

UK / dɛns /

adjecitve
Very thick and difficult to see, get through
Hard to understand
Uncomprehending; foolish; inconsiderate

interlock

US / ˌɪntəˈlɒk /

•

UK / ˌɪntərˈlɑ:k /

verb
To fit securely together with something else

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

observation

US / ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɑbzɚˈveʃən /

noun
Remark or comment on something you noticed
Practice of performing actions required by rules

paper

US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

adjecitve
Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
Made from the material that we use to make books
noun
Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
Written test
Newspaper
Pages of a book are made from this

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

relativity

US / ˌreləˈtɪvəti /

•

UK / ˌrɛləˈtɪvɪti /

noun
Einstein theory about time, space and position

stance

US / stæns /

•

UK / stæns /

noun
A position or opinion stated in public
Position or way of standing

cancel

US / 'kænsl /

•

UK / ˈkænsəl /

verb
To end a legal, business, or other agreement
To stop a planned event from happening

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

general

US / 'dʒenrəl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

adjecitve
Widespread, normal or usual
noun
Top ranked officer in the army

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

modify

US / ˈmɒdɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dɪfaɪ /

verb
To make minor change to something

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

nice

US / naɪs /

•

UK / naɪs /

adjecitve
Being attractive or of high quality or value
Good or enjoyable
Being kind or friendly

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

clump

US / klʌmp /

•

UK / klʌmp /

noun
Mass or pile of something such as soil
Small group of trees, etc. growing near each other

fine

US / faɪn /

•

UK / faɪn /

adjecitve
Good, acceptable or satisfactory
Of high quality; made with great skill
In a careful or exact manner; into small pieces
Being of high quality
Good; okay; no problem
(Of weather) good; not raining
noun
Money you have to pay because you broke a rule
verb
To pay money because you broke a law

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

aspect

US / 'æspekt /

•

UK / ˈæspɛkt /

noun
Way something looks or seems to be
An element, feature, or quality of something

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

milky

US / ˈmɪlki /

•

UK / ˈmɪlki /

adjecitve
Of a whitish color resembling milk

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

loose

US / lu:s /

•

UK / lus /

adjecitve
(Idea, thought, or work) unclear or imprecise
Not tightly attached or held
Not being attached to or contained within anything
Not tightly controlled, organized, or governed
verb
To shoot or fire something from a gun

universe

US / ˈju:nɪvɜ:s /

•

UK / ˈjunəˌvɚs /

noun
All of space that contains planets and stars
Things surrounding a person, affecting their life

treat

US / tri:t /

•

UK / trit /

noun
Something you buy for others as a surprise present
something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
verb
To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
To act in a certain way toward someone

becky

US / ˈbɛki /

•

UK / ˈbɛki /

assumption

US / ə'sʌmpʃn /

•

UK / əˈsʌmpʃən /

noun
Something you believe to be so, but aren't sure of

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

fair

US / feə(r) /

•

UK / fɛr /

adjecitve
Neither very good nor very bad; average
(Of skin) light colored; not dark
Quite good; quite a lot
Treating all people the same way
(Of hair) light colored; blonde
(Of weather) sunny; not raining
noun
Event for companies to show their products
Event to sell things to help a charity

famous

US / 'feɪməs /

•

UK / ˈfeməs /

adjecitve
Excellent
Widely known; recognized by many people

functionally

US / 'fʌŋkʃənəlɪ /

•

UK / 'fʌŋkʃənəlɪ /

adverb
Capable of serving a purpose well

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

purport

US / pəˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / pərˈpɔ:rt /

verb
To pretend to be or to do something

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

won

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn, won /

verb
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

versus

US / ˈvə:səs /

•

UK / ˈvɚsəs, -səz /

preposition
Used to show that two things are competing

hill

US / hɪl /

•

UK / hɪl /

noun
High land not as high as a mountain
Where the road or land goes upward; slope
Person's name

giant

US / 'dʒaɪənt /

•

UK / ˈdʒaɪənt /

adjecitve
Very large, or much bigger than other things
noun
Tall, large, and powerful human-like creatures
Very successful, powerful person or organization

predict

US / prɪ'dɪkt /

•

UK / prɪˈdɪkt /

verb
To guess or estimate what will or might happen

refresher

US / rɪ'freʃə /

•

UK / rɪ'freʃə /

noun
A refill of a person's glass with a drink
Something that refreshes your knowledge/memory

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

aka

US / ˌeɪkeɪ'eɪ /

•

UK / ˌeɪkeɪ'eɪ /

abbreviation
AKA is an acronym for Also Known as

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

satellite

US / 'sætəlaɪt /

•

UK / ˈsætlˌaɪt /

noun
Device sent into space that aids communication
Natural object in space that moves around another
Area controlled by another group or country

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

effective

US / ɪˈfektɪv /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Working efficiently to produce a desired result

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

opposite

US / ˈɔpəzit /

•

UK / ˈɑpəzɪt /

adjecitve
Being totally different from
noun
Person, thing that is totally different to another
preposition
Across from or on the side facing something

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

whose

US / hu:z /

•

UK / huz /

pronoun
Refers to the person who owns something

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

edwin

US / ˈedwəd /

•

UK / ˈɛdwəd /

illusion

US / ɪ'lu:ʒn /

•

UK / ɪˈluʒən /

noun
Idea, image or impression that is not correct

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

certainly

US / ˈsə:tnli /

•

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

adverb
Sure; of course

extrapolate

US / ɪk'stræpəleɪt /

•

UK / ɪkˈstræpəˌlet /

verb
To use facts to make guesses, opinions

galaxy

US / 'ɡæləksɪ /

•

UK / ˈɡæləksi /

noun
A group of stars and planets in space

ignore

US / ɪɡ'nɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪɡˈnɔr, -ˈnor /

verb
To not listen to, look at, or pay attention to

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

agreement

US / əˈgri:mənt /

•

UK / əˈɡrimənt /

noun
Sharing the same opinion or reach a decision

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

nine

US / naɪn /

•

UK / naɪn /

number
9

perhaps

US / pəˈhæps /

•

UK / pɚˈhæps /

adverb
Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

sprinkle

US / 'sprɪŋkl /

•

UK / ˈsprɪŋkəl /

verb
To throw a little water on something
To scatter (e.g. salt) in drops using the fingers

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

accurate

US / ˈækjərət /

•

UK / ˈækjərɪt /

adjecitve
With no mistake or error; Correct

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

grain

US / greɪn /

•

UK / ɡren /

noun
Seeds of plants used for food
Natural pattern in something, e.g. wood
Very small piece of something such as sand, truth
Unit of weight based on a piece of wheat

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

simplification

US / ˌsɪmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪmpləfəˈkeʃən /

noun
Act of making easier to do, use or understand

skewed

US / skjuːd /

•

UK / skjuːd /

adjecitve
Not accurate or correct; biased
verb
To affect data making them incorrect or inaccurate
To affect ideas/thoughts making them incorrect

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

centre

US / ˈsentə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To place a focus on something

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

lennox

US / ˈlɛnəks /

•

UK / /

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

outflow

US / ˈaʊtfləʊ /

•

UK / ˈaʊtfloʊ /

noun
Process of flowing out, e.g. of emotion

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

tense

US / tens /

•

UK / tɛns /

adjecitve
Unable to relax; feeling nervous or stressed
Stretched tight and stiff
noun
The use of grammar to state the time things happen
verb
To tighten the muscles, a rope, etc.

battle

US / 'bætl /

•

UK / ˈbætl /

noun
Military fight between armies
Working hard to stop something; struggle
verb
To fight or struggle against someone or something
To work hard to stop something; struggle

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

discoverer

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
First to think of, find or make something

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

leonardo

US / len'tɪkjʊlə /

•

UK / len'tɪkjələ /

region

US / 'ri:dʒən /

•

UK / ˈridʒən /

noun
Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

smoothly

US / ˈsmu:ðli /

•

UK / smuðlɪ /

adverb
In an evenly flowing manner or movement
In an easy manner, with no problems

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

evenly

US / ˈi:vnli /

•

UK / ˈivənlɪ /

adverb
Equally; with advantage to both sides
In a smooth, level or regular way
In a regular, steady, and equally paced manner

distance

US / 'dɪstəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

noun
Lack of friendliness toward another person
Amount of space between two places or things
verb
To make it clear that you are not involved

dive

US / daɪv /

•

UK / daɪv /

noun
Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
Rapid fall through air
A jump into water head-first from a high place
Rapid fall in the value or price of something
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

local

US / ˈləʊkl /

•

UK / ˈloʊkl /

adjecitve
Relating to a particular area, city, or town
noun
Bus or train, that stops at most stations
People who live in the area being discussed
The pub you most frequently go to

match

US / mætʃ /

•

UK / mætʃ /

noun
Something that is equal to or the same as another
Small stick you strike to light a fire candle etc.
A sports competition between two people or teams
Person or thing that goes well with another
verb
To equal or be as good as something else
To work well or look good with something else

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

radiation

US / ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrediˈeʃən /

noun
Energy transmitted as rays, waves or particles
Process of emitting something in waves
Harmful waves of energy from nuclear activity

recession

US / rɪˈseʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈsɛʃən /

noun
Act of moving backward gradually
Decreased business activity, when work is scarce

atlas

US / ˈætləs /

•

UK / ˈætləs /

noun
Book of maps

beyond

US / bɪ'jɒnd /

•

UK / biˈɑnd, bɪˈjɑnd /

adverb
On or to the farther side
In addition to
preposition
Later in time than
Out of the limits of

conflict

US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

noun
Argument or struggle between two or more parties
verb
To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

dissolve

US / dɪˈzɒlv /

•

UK / dɪˈzɑ:lv /

verb
To cause something to end
To dismiss, e.g. a law-making body
To melt into and become part of a liquid
To end a legal relationship or organization

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

droplet

US / ˈdrɒplət /

•

UK / ˈdrɑ:plət /

noun
Small drop

linear

US / ˈlɪniə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlɪniər /

adjecitve
Made of lines
Series of progressing from one stage to another

modification

US / ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / mɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə) /

noun
A small change to a machine, system, or plan

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

variable

US / ˈveəriəbl /

•

UK / ˈveriəbl /

adjecitve
Having the ability to change or vary
noun
Mathematical quantity with several values

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

faint

US / feɪnt /

•

UK / fent /

adjecitve
Lacking strength; weak; lacking clarity
Very small, as in a chance or hope
verb
To suddenly become unconscious and fall down

measure

US / ˈmeʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛʒɚ /

noun
Plan to achieve a desired result
Tool used to calculate the size of something
verb
To determine the value or importance of something
To calculate size, weight or temperature of

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

adam

US / ˈædəm /

•

UK / ˈædəm /

proper noun
(in the biblical and Koranic traditions) the first man. According to the Book of Genesis, Adam was c

afield

US / əˈfi:ld /

•

UK / əˈfild /

adverb
Far away; far from home

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

expansion

US / ɪkˈspænʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænʃən /

noun
Making or becoming larger

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

formation

US / fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / fɔ:rˈmeɪʃn /

noun
Process of creating; making a particular shape

inward

US / ˈɪnwəd /

•

UK / ˈɪnwərd /

adverb
At the inside of

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

zero

US / ˈzɪərəʊ /

•

UK / ˈzɪroʊ /

noun
Temperature when water turns to ice
number
Number 0
verb
To set a scale or other device to show 0

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

content

US / 'kɒntent /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛnt /

adjecitve
Being happy or satisfied
noun
Information in something, e.g. book or computer

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

silly

US / 'sɪlɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪli /

adjecitve
Careless
Acting funny or playfully
Not being serious or important

telescope

US / ˈtelɪskəʊp /

•

UK / ˈtelɪskoʊp /

noun
Tube-shaped device used to see a great distance
verb
To shorten by compacting tubes inside each other

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

final

US / ˈfaɪnl /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

adjecitve
That will not be changed; permanent
Being the last thing in a series
noun
Last game in a series in a competition

infer

US / ɪn'fɜ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈfɚ /

verb
To reach a conclusion from the evidence
To imply; suggest something indirectly

lump

US / lʌmp /

•

UK / lʌmp /

noun
Small swollen mass in body, e.g. showing disease
A small hard part of something smooth
verb
To combine things together in a group

physics

US / ˈfɪzɪks /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪks /

other
The study of heat, light, and energy on objects

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

slow

US / sləʊ /

•

UK / sloʊ /

adjecitve
Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
(Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
Having difficulty understanding simple things
Moving or happening without speed; not fast
verb
To move, with less speed than before
To move or go without much speed

smooth

US / smu:ð /

•

UK / smuð /

adjecitve
Moving without stops and starts
Pleasant and flat to touch, not rough
Being free from problems or difficulties
verb
To make something rough feel flat, e.g. by ironing
To spread a substance over a surface

distribute

US / dɪˈstrɪbju:t /

•

UK / dɪˈstrɪbjut /

verb
To hand out or give to people
To send products to stores to sell
To spread something over an area

fix

US / fɪks /

•

UK / fɪks /

noun
Answer to a problem
verb
To arrange or prepare something
To attach something so it will not move or change
To dishonestly arrange the result of a game
To make an animal unable to produce young
To make something whole or able to work again

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

seventy

US / ˈsevnti /

•

UK / ˈsɛvənti /

number
70

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

outward

US / ˈaʊtwəd /

•

UK / ˈaʊtwəd /

adjecitve
Going away from a place that will be returned to
Seeming to be from the outside
Concerning how something appears on the outside

prediction

US / prɪˈdɪkʃn /

•

UK / prɪˈdɪkʃən /

noun
A statement of what will happen next

scale

US / skeɪl /

•

UK / skel /

noun
Size, level, or amount when compared
Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
Device that is used to weigh a person or thing
Range of numbers from the lowest to the highest
Dimensions or size of something
verb
To change the size of but keep the proportions
To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
To remove the scales of a fish

resist

US / rɪ'zɪst /

•

UK / rɪˈzɪst /

verb
To not be affected by e.g. a force or an effect
To fight or prevent something from happening
To refuse to accept something new or different
To stop yourself from doing, e.g. eating something

resolve

US / rɪ'zɒlv /

•

UK / rɪˈzɑlv /

verb
To make a decision to do something
To find an answer, solution to a problem/ question
To change gradually into a different form
To decide to try to do something
To change into something, other parts, etc.

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

variant

US / ˈveəriənt /

•

UK / ˈveriənt /

noun
Thing that differs from something of the same kind

expect

US / ɪk'spekt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

verb
To believe something is probably going to happen

george

US / dʒɔ:dʒ /

•

UK / dʒɔ:dʒ /

noun
Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in whic

sum

US / sʌm /

•

UK / sʌm /

noun
Amount when all is added together; total
verb
To add two or more numbers together; total

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

lambda

US / ˈlæmdə /

•

UK / 'læmdə /

noun
11th letter of the Greek alphabet

mutual

US / 'mju:tʃʊəl /

•

UK / ˈmjutʃuəl /

adjecitve
Shared between two or more people
noun

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

accelerate

US / əkˈseləreɪt /

•

UK / ækˈsɛləˌret /

verb
To cause to occur earlier than expected
To increase the speed or rate of something

collaborator

US / kəˈlæbəreɪtə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈlæbəˌretɚ /

noun
Someone who cooperates with an enemy
Someone you are working on a task together with

confluence

US / ˈkɒnfluəns /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:nfluəns /

noun
Point where two or more rivers, etc. meet and join

competitor

US / kəmˈpetɪtə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛtɪtɚ /

noun
Someone taking part in race, business, etc.

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

discovery

US / dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvəri /

noun
Learning something for the first time

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

subtle

US / 'sʌtl /

•

UK / ˈsʌtl /

adjecitve
Delicate or slight so it is difficult to perceive
Clever or indirect but hides the true purpose

tug

US / tʌg /

•

UK / tʌɡ /

noun
Pull at something that is hard or sudden
verb
To pull (something) hard or suddenly

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

complete

US / kəm'pli:t /

•

UK / kəmˈplit /

adjecitve
Being finished; done; achieved
Being as perfect and as total as could be
verb
To finish or reach the end of doing something

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

insane

US / ɪnˈseɪn /

•

UK / ɪnˈsen /

adjecitve
Mentally ill; crazy
Being mentally disturbed
Being crazy or stupid

hole

US / həʊl /

•

UK / hol /

noun
An empty space, as in the ground, in a sock etc.
Fault or weakness in a plan, idea or explanation
Opening into or through something
An awkward or difficult situation
Dirty or unpleasant place with poor facilities
verb
(Golf) to get the ball into the hole

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

ninety

US / 'naɪntɪ /

•

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

number
90

ree

US / ri: /

•

UK / ri: /

noun

cosmic

US / 'kɒzmɪk /

•

UK / ˈkɑzmɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning space and the universe
Being so large, it is almost beyond understanding

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

extra

US / 'ekstrə /

•

UK / 'ekstrə /

adjecitve
More than necessary; additional
noun
Items more than you need; additional items
Person who has a small part in a movie
Special version of a newspaper

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

playlist

US / ˈpleɪlɪst /

•

UK / ˈpleɪlɪst /

noun
List of musical selections to be performed

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

ironically

US / aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ /

•

UK / aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ /

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

pure

US / pjʊə(r) /

•

UK / pjʊr /

adjecitve
Not mixed with anything else
Being morally good

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

boy

US / bɔɪ /

•

UK / bɔɪ /

noun
A young male person

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

negative

US / 'neɡətɪv /

•

UK / ˈnɛɡətɪv /

adjecitve
Being harmful, unwanted or unhelpful
In mathematics, being less than zero
Focusing on the bad aspects; pessimistic
noun
The opposite to a positive electrical charge
In grammar, containing words such as 'no' or 'not'
Reply to a question or statement that means 'no'
Image on camera film used to make a photo

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

anti

US / 'æntɪ /

•

UK / ˈæntaɪ, -ti /

adjecitve
A prefix meaning 'against' or 'opposed'

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

calculate

US / 'kælkjʊleɪt /

•

UK / ˈkælkjəˌlet /

verb
To find an answer using mathematics
To make an educated guess about something

dark

US / dɑ:k /

•

UK / dɑrk /

adjecitve
Of a color that is not light
Marked by unhappiness or hopelessness
Having little or no light; not light in color
noun
The time of day when the sky is black

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

model

US / ˈmɒdl /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

adjecitve
Being an excellent example of
noun
Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
A small scale copy of a full original
verb
To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
To make a small scale copy of a full original

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

rapidly

US / 'ræpɪdlɪ /

•

UK / ˈræpɪdlɪ /

adverb
With great speed; quickly

supernova

US / ˌsu:pəˈnəʊvə /

•

UK / ˌsu:pərˈnoʊvə /

noun
Large exploding star that is extremely bright

adjustment

US / əˈdʒʌstmənt /

•

UK / əˈdʒʌstmənt /

noun
Small change to attain a desired state or function
A change to make something function better

astronomer

US / əˈstrɒnəmə(r) /

•

UK / əˈstrɑ:nəmə(r) /

noun
Scientist studying stars and other bodies in space

bubble

US / ˈbʌbl /

•

UK / ˈbʌbəl /

noun
A small ball of air inside of a liquid
verb
(Of a liquid) to produce bubbles, as when boiling
To show intense emotion, e.g. excitement, anger

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

constant

US / 'kɒnstənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

adjecitve
Happening frequently or without pause
noun
Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

inter

US / ɪn'tɜ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈtə: /

verb
To deposit (a body) in the earth or a tomb

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

positive

US / ˈpɒzətɪv /

•

UK / ˈpɑzɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Showing agreement or support for something
Being sure about something; knowing the truth
Having the charge produced by electrons
Being good or useful
Showing that a chemical is present in a test

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

bumpy

US / 'bʌmpɪ /

•

UK / ˈbʌmpi /

adjecitve
Being rough, or not smooth
(Of a time) having many difficulties

counter

US / 'kaʊntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntɚ /

noun
A point in a discussion that puts an opposite view
A narrow table top for serving/preparing food
Person or device that adds the number of things
A token or flat piece used in games
prefix
Being opposite or against something
verb
To say or do something in opposition or resistance
To try to prevent, as by making a different point

myself

US / maɪˈself /

•

UK / maɪˈsɛlf /

pronoun
The same person who did the action mentioned
My regular, usual, or healthy self

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

molecule

US / ˈmɒlɪkju:l /

•

UK / ˈmɑlɪˌkjul /

noun
Two or more atoms chemically combined

occur

US / əˈkɜ:(r) /

•

UK / əˈkɚ /

verb
To come to pass or to happen

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

velocity

US / və'lɒsətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈlɑsɪti /

noun
Speed in a given direction

cdm

US / /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
CDM is an acronym

erroneous

US / ɪˈrəʊniəs /

•

UK / ɪˈroniəs /

adjecitve
Wrong; incorrect

hubble

US / ˈhʌb(ə)l /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəl /

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

tension

US / 'tenʃn /

•

UK / ˈtɛnʃən /

noun
Feeling of anxiety and inability to relax
Degree to which something is stretched tight

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

keenan

US / haɪnd /

•

UK / haɪnd /

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

express

US / ɪk'spres /

•

UK / ɪkˈsprɛs /

adjecitve
Sent by a fast mail service
Traveling at high speed
noun
Fast train or bus
verb
To send something by fast mail
To state or show what you think or how you feel

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

mass

US / mæs /

•

UK / mæs /

noun
Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
Large amount or number of something
Main or largest part of something
Large number of people considered as a whole
Amount of matter that an object has
verb
To gather people or things into a large group

populate

US / 'pɒpjʊleɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɑpjəˌlet /

verb
To live in a particular area, as a group

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

soon

US / su:n /

•

UK / sun /

adverb
At a time not long from now

cluster

US / 'klʌstə(r) /

•

UK / ˈklʌstɚ /

noun
A small group of things
verb
To come together in a group, flock etc.

compact

US / 'kɒmpækt /

•

UK / kəmˈpækt /

adjecitve
Packed closely together
noun
Small case with face powder and a mirror
verb
To pack something closely or tightly

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

equation

US / ɪˈkweɪʒn /

•

UK / ɪˈkweʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Mathematical statement showing things to be equal
Complex set of different facts, ideas or issues

microwave

US / ˈmaɪkrəweɪv /

•

UK / ˈmaɪkrəˌwev /

noun
Cooking appliance using electromagnetic waves
Concerning electromagnetic radiation
verb
To heat or cook something in a microwave

mystery

US / ˈmɪstri /

•

UK / ˈmɪstəri /

noun
Quality of being strange and not understood
Book, play, or film about solving a strange crime
Something that is not known

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

vast

US / vɑ:st /

•

UK / væst /

adjecitve
Being very large in size or amount

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

black

US / blæk /

•

UK / blæk /

adjecitve
Color of the sky on a dark night
noun
A person with dark skin, often of African origin
Person's name
verb
To fill in something to make it a very dark color

spacetime

US / s'peɪstaɪm /

•

UK / s'peɪstaɪm /

noun
The concepts of time and three-dimensional space regarded as fused in a four-dimensional continuum.

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

bias

US / 'baɪəs /

•

UK / ˈbaɪəs /

noun
Preference to believe things even if incorrect
verb
To unfairly favor one view over another

argue

US / ˈɑ:gju: /

•

UK / ˈɑ:rgju: /

verb
To fight or disagree over something
To state your reasons for or against an idea

birth

US / bɜ:θ /

•

UK / bɜ:rθ /

noun
Time when a baby or young animal is born
Beginning of something
Social position based on the family you come from

decrease

US / dɪˈkri:s /

•

UK / dɪˈkris /

noun
Amount by which something has been reduced
verb
To reduce the size, amount or number of something

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

existence

US / ɪɡ'zɪstəns /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪstəns /

noun
State of being present, alive or real

schwarzschild

US / ˈsku:lru:m /

•

UK / ˈskulˌrum, -ˌrʊm /

everywhere

US / ˈevriweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈevriwer /

adverb
Every place

dynamic

US / daɪˈnæmɪk /

•

UK / daiˈnæmik /

adjecitve
Always active or energetic; getting things done

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

iranian

US / ɪ'reɪnɪən /

•

UK / ɪˈreniən, ɪˈrɑ-, aɪˈre- /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Iran
noun
Person from Iran

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

value

US / 'vælju: /

•

UK / ˈvælju /

noun
Importance you attach to something
Some information expressed as a number
Stated price of something; worth
verb
To place a high importance on something
To say how much money something is worth

void

US / vɔɪd /

•

UK / vɔɪd /

noun
Empty feeling because nothing interests you
Empty space; empty place
verb
To remove legal force or obligation

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

current

US / 'kʌrənt /

•

UK / ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr- /

adjecitve
Happening or being in the present time
noun
Electricity flowing through wires
Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

eventually

US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

•

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

adverb
After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

reaction

US / rɪ'ækʃn /

•

UK / riˈækʃən /

noun
Bodily response to a drug or something eaten
Feeling or action in response to something

static

US / ˈstætɪk /

•

UK / ˈstætɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning electricity that collects on a surface
Being unchangeable or unmovable
noun
Unwanted noise that disturbs a radio or TV signal

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

gravitationally

US / /

•

UK / /

other
With respect to gravitation

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

physicist

US / ˈfɪzɪsɪst /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪsɪst /

noun
Person who studies and works in physics

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

alexander

US / ˌælɪgˈzændə /

•

UK / ˌælɪɡˈzændɚ /

noun
European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cul

exciting

US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

adjecitve
Creating interest, happiness or pleasurable fear
verb
To cause a reaction; make active
To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

intuitively

US / ɪn'tju:ɪtɪvlɪ /

•

UK / ɪnˈtjuɪtɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a manner based on feelings rather than facts

claim

US / kleɪm /

•

UK / klem /

noun
Demand for something that is believed to be due
Something said to be true when others don't agree
verb
To demand something that is believed to be due
To cause someone's life to come to an end
To say something is true when others may not agree

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

solve

US / sɒlv /

•

UK / sɑ:lv /

verb
To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

attract

US / ə'trækt /

•

UK / əˈtrækt /

verb
To make something move closer using magnetic force
To make someone notice and become interested in

barely

US / ˈbɛəli /

•

UK / ˈbɛrli /

adverb
Only just; just possible

buzz

US / bʌz /

•

UK / bʌz /

noun
Low pitched sound similar to the sound bees make
verb
To make a low, constant noise like a bee

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

expand

US / ɪk'spænd /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænd /

verb
To make something larger in size, number, amount

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

Introduction to Video Content

Can The Crisis in Cosmology Be SOLVED With Cosmic Voids? Two of the greatest mysteries in cosmology are the nature of dark energy and the apparent conflict in our measurements of the expansion rate of the early universe versus the modern universe that even dark energy can't account for. Could both of these be explained by looking to a part of the universe that we've largely ignored so far? Could cosmic voids be driving the universe?Einstein completed his General Theory of Relativity in the year of his birth, and it didn't take long for other physicists to figure out some pretty astonishing stuff. Maybe the most famous is how Carl Schwarzschild solved the Einstein equations to describe the nature of spacetime near a compact mass, and in the process found the equation for black holes. But not long after, Alexander Friedman solved the Einstein equations to discover the nature of spacetime on the scale of the entire universe. Along with George LaMartre, Friedman's solution showed that the universe must be a dynamic place, either expanding or contracting. The former, as it turns out, as revealed soon after by Edwin Hubble's observation of the recession of the galaxies. That expansion seemed to perfectly match the uniform expansion of space predicted by Friedmann and LaMartre's model. At first we thought that expansion had to be slowed down under the inward gravitational pull of its contents. But fast forward to the late nineties to the final piece of the puzzle when observations of supernovae reveal that the universe is not just expanding but that expansion is accelerating. The discovery of dark energy was added into our cosmological model with a simple modification to the Einstein equations, this lambda factor, the cosmological constant.

Subtitles section

Two of the greatest mysteries in cosmology are the nature of dark energy and the apparent conflict in our measurements of the expansion rate of the early universe versus the modern universe that even dark energy can't account for.

Could both of these be explained by looking to a part of the universe that we've largely ignored so far?

Could cosmic voids be driving the universe?

Einstein completed his General Theory of Relativity in the year of his birth, and it didn't take long for other physicists to figure out some pretty astonishing stuff.

Maybe the most famous is how Carl Schwarzschild solved the Einstein equations to describe the nature of spacetime near a compact mass, and in the process found the equation for black holes.

But not long after, Alexander Friedman solved the Einstein equations to discover the nature of spacetime on the scale of the entire universe.

Along with George LaMartre, Friedman's solution showed that the universe must be a dynamic place, either expanding or contracting.

The former, as it turns out, as revealed soon after by Edwin Hubble's observation of the recession of the galaxies.

That expansion seemed to perfectly match the uniform expansion of space predicted by Friedmann and LaMartre's model.

At first we thought that expansion had to be slowed down under the inward gravitational pull of its contents.

But fast forward to the late nineties to the final piece of the puzzle when observations of supernovae reveal that the universe is not just expanding but that expansion is accelerating.

The discovery of dark energy was added into our cosmological model with a simple modification to the Einstein equations, this lambda factor, the cosmological constant.

Ironically, the same anti gravitational modification that Einstein had made as an erroneous attempt to thwart Friedman and LaMartre's prediction of a non static universe.

But the addition of the cosmological constant completed our modern lambda CDM cosmology.

The CDM stands for Cold Dark Matter, by far the largest source of inward pulling gravity and the main competitor to the outward pushing dark energy.

Lambda CDM seems to work very well.

When we use it to model the expansion of the universe and the formation of structure, our predictions mostly match reality.

But they don't perfectly match.

We talked about some mild issues with LambdaCDM's prediction of the finer details of galaxy formation, but there is a much bigger concern.

LambdaCDM may be failing to give us the right expansion rate of the universe.

When we measure that rate of expansion in the modern universe we get one number, expressed as the Hubble constant.

But then we can also calculate what the current expansion rate should be by looking at the early universe through the cosmic microwave background radiation and then calculating how the expansion rate should have changed between the early and modern universe under the Lambda CDM model.

When we do that, we get a pretty different value for the Hubble constant.

The modern universe appears to be expanding around ten percent faster than it should be based on lambda CDM, and that's including the accelerating effect of dark energy.

This is the so called Hubble tension, and it is actually making some people pretty tense.

It seems like one of two things must be true.

Either the Hubble constant measurement in the modern universe is wrong, or the model used to extrapolate that constant from the early universe is wrong.

So Lambda CDM could well be wrong.

And actually, either of these issues could have stemmed from one subtle assumption made right back at the beginning of this story.

When Friedman and LaMartre solved the Einstein equations for the universe, they had to make some simplification.

One was that matter is evenly distributed everywhere.

That's largely true, according to our observations, as long as you look to the larger scales.

But as you go to smaller scales, this breaks down.

Just as a smooth surface of the Earth gets bumpier as you descend from space.

First with hills and mountains resolving, then finer structures all the way down to pebbles and grains of dirt.

As you zoom in on the universe, the smooth sprinkling of galaxies reveals clumpiness.

Superclusters of galaxies, clusters, then galaxies themselves.

Lambda CDM doesn't account for this lumpiness.

But according to some recent research, the lumpiness might have a huge effect.

It could explain the Hubble tension, or make it worse, or may even explain away the existence of dark energy.

To understand the effect of cosmic lumpiness, let's start with the local lump.

The Milky Way lives in something called the Laniakea Supercluster.

It's this rather beautiful confluence of around a hundred thousand galaxies stretching half a billion light years, all moving under a vast mutual gravitational influence.

Unlike simple galaxy clusters, superclusters are not gravitationally bound.

They're loose collections of galaxies and clusters of galaxies that will eventually dissolve under the accelerating expansion of the universe.

It's like gravity tried its best to form something this big, but at that scale dark energy won the battle.

Nice try gravity, but at least you slowed down nearby galaxies a little bit.

And because the outward velocities of those galaxies are slower than what you'd expect from pure expansion, if we measure the Hubble constant based on linear K galaxies, we should get a number that's too small.

But wait, the number we measure in the modern universe is even higher than predicted by Lambda CDM.

The galaxies are moving away faster.

So does that mean the Hubble tension is even worse than it seems?

Well, that was the finding of Leonardo Giania and collaborators.

They figured out how much lower our local measurement of the Hubble constant should be based on the gravitational influence of Laniakea.

They found that the measurement should be a bit more than a percent too low due to the supercluster's influence.

That's exciting because it makes it harder to explain away the Hubble tension for some local effect of lumpiness, perhaps increasing the chance that we're seeing interesting physics in the dark energy.

By the way, Dr. Becky has a deeper dive into this paper that I'll link below.

OK, let's zoom a little farther out.

So the Milky Way is in an over dense region on the scale of five hundred billion light years.

But looking further afield, Laniakea seems to form a higher density bump in a much bigger under dense region.

It seems we're really in a cosmic void that forms a rough sphere around two billion light years across.

This is the local hole, or the Keenan Barger Lennox void, and the Milky Way is pretty close to its centre.

This underdense region should have exactly the opposite effect of an overdense region.

The gravitational pull for points inside such a region should be outwards, towards all that extra mass beyond the edge.

In this case, the velocities we measure inside such a region should be higher than expected for pure expansion.

You'd have the expansion velocity plus a bit more from the outward gravitational tug.

The effect of that would be to make the Hubble constant look bigger than it really is, and that could explain away the Hubble tension and save Lambda CDM.

And indeed there are a couple of studies that claim just this.

Let's look at this one, Schenks, Hogarth and Metcalf from the year of the Gaia satellite.

They combine adjustments in our distant measurements to Cepheid variables from the Gaia satellite with measurements of outflow velocities within the local hole to calculate that the real modern Hubble constant should be around sixty nine rather than seventy three and a half.

which would put it in fair agreement with the values based on the Cosmic Microwave Background and Lambda CDM.

So, does cosmic lumpiness fix or worsen the Hubble tension?

Are our measurements more skewed by Laniakea or by the local hole?

And why is this so difficult to figure out?

Well, it's because it's not easy to make an accurate, three D atlas of the positions and velocities of all the matter out to these insane distances.

Remember, our giant telescopes only really see faint smudges of light on the night sky.

We have to infer distances from a chain of potentially biased steps, and we only measure the component of these galaxies' velocities towards or away from us.

The astronomers are trying to do this very, very carefully, but they don't always agree with each other.

For example, a team including one of the discoverers of dark energy, Adam Rees, claims that the local hole is barely even there based on the atlas that they made with supernova distance measurements.

And to be fair, it is weird if the local hole exists at all.

It's just stupidly large at two billion light years across.

Some argue that the standard lambda CDM model shouldn't allow for lumps that big, at least not starting with the minuscule lumps that we see in the cosmic microwave background.

So maybe the hole is an illusion or maybe its existence points to another issue with Lambda CDM.

And that is certainly the stance of the authors of a paper that came out just last month who argue that they can explain the local hole with a model that uses modified Newtonian dynamics, a variant gravitational model that purports to also explain dark matter.

I should add that this MOND has more and more points against it than for it, and there's another Dr. Becky link below for the latest on that.

Okay, let's zoom out one more time, now to the entire universe, to look at the effect of lumpiness on the larger scales.

There's at least one proposal for structure not just changing the apparent effect of dark energy, but for structure being the entire cause of dark energy.

The idea, published by a team of Iranian scientists, is that dark energy is just the sum total of all cosmic voids.

Now, to see how that works, let's have a quick refresher on dark energy, and we do have a whole playlist if you want the gory details.

Dark energy is usually thought of as the energy of the vacuum, the faint buzz of space itself.

For complicated reasons, space having a non zero energy density should cause accelerating expansion.

In our boy Alexander Friedman's equations, dark energy ends up having the same physics as a gas with negative pressure.

That's an inward pulling pressure, which counter intuitively leads to accelerating expansion, if you fill the universe with the stuff so the inward pulling aspect cancels out.

But you know what else has negative pressure?

Bubbles.

Both bubbles and droplets occur when a pocket of fluid is constrained by a surface that has a surface tension.

Surface tension results when the molecules on the surface are attracted to each other, holding the bubble together and forming a sphere as they try to minimize that surface area.

While the inside of the bubble may push outwards, so positive pressure, the surface resists that push, which results in an effective negative pressure.

So maybe dark energy is due to space bubbles, aka cosmic voids.

So in the early universe, matter was spread out pretty smoothly.

Gravity started pulling matter into the first lumps that would become galaxy clusters.

The universe was expanding rapidly at the same time, throwing these dense regions apart.

Material that was still falling towards these regions pulled itself together into great sheets and filaments flowing towards the clusters.

The result is the cosmic web, an interlocking network of clusters and inter cluster filaments.

But all this clumping of matter left vast regions that are almost empty cosmic voids.

The team behind this recent paper argue that you can treat these voids as growing bubbles whose surfaces are made of these sheets and filaments of galaxies.

Those galaxies are really moving under the gravitational pull of each other, falling towards the highest density regions, and they're also moving apart due to the expansion of space.

But you can also think of them as moving apart from each other due to the expansion of these giant void bubbles.

They are sort of pushed apart against their mutual gravitational pull which creates something like a surface tension and so functionally could produce negative pressure.

The study in question argues that the resulting negative pressure of these void bubbles is enough to explain all of dark energy.

Now, I haven't found a lot of commentary on this result, and I haven't thought hard enough about it myself to know whether there's merit here.

But in general, it is a good idea to wonder if the crude predictions of Friedman and LaMartre's cosmological model might break down if you don't assume that matter is perfectly smooth.

Others have thought a lot about this kind of back reaction of detailed structure on the global effect of gravity.

So it's not silly to wonder about this stuff.

And a fun implication, if this hypothesis is right, is that it means dark energy should change over time.

First increasing, then decreasing as the void bubbles first form, and then, in the future, dissolve.

This is all very speculative.

There are good reasons why dark energy might be a simple vacuum energy, which means it's not caused by cosmic voids, and which means the Hubble tension probably has to be some local bias in our measurement of the Hubble constant, perhaps due to our local cosmic void.

Either way, if you want to understand the universe on its larger scales, it turns out it's important to also understand the details, perhaps especially the voids, the least populated and least studied, but perhaps most consequential regions of space time.