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The First CRISPR Gene Therapy Is Here

Original YouTube Video | SciShow Published on 2024-03-18 Level：89 Speed：52 maxwordlevel：17

Video vocabulary

attacker

US / əˈtækə(r) /

•

UK / əˈtækər /

noun
Someone who attacks

film

US / fɪlm /

•

UK / fɪlm /

noun
Thin layer that covers something
Movie
verb
To record moving action with a camera

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

worldwide

US / ˈwɜ:ldwaɪd /

•

UK / ˈwɚldˈwaɪd /

adjecitve
Spanning or extending throughout the entire world
adverb

desirable

US / dɪˈzaɪərəbl /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪrəbəl /

adjecitve
Being wanted; worth try to get
(Sexually) pleasing; attractive

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

pillow

US / 'pɪləʊ /

•

UK / ˈpɪlo /

noun
Soft cushion for your head on a bed/while sleeping

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

transplant

US / trænsˈplɑ:nt /

•

UK / trænsˈplænt /

noun
A medical operation to replace organs of the body
verb
To replace organ in the body by an operation

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

machine

US / mə'ʃi:n /

•

UK / məˈʃin /

noun
Piece of equipment used to do work
Powerful group who control and organize things
verb
To shape, work on something, using a device

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

fetal

US / 'fi:tl /

•

UK / ˈfitl: /

adjecitve
Of a fetus or unborn baby

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

lifelong

US / ˈlaɪflɒŋ /

•

UK / ˈlaɪflɔ:ŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing through life; lasting a long time

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

bloodstream

US / ˈblʌdstri:m /

•

UK / ˈblʌdˌstrim /

noun
Blood flowing through the circulatory system

center

US / 'sentə /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To direct focus toward something

cure

US / kjʊə(r) /

•

UK / kjʊr /

noun
Something that solves a problem or makes it better
Medical treatment making a sick person healthy
verb
To fix or improve a problem
To make someone healthy or make a disease go away
To keep food from going bad by drying or salting

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

manage

US / ˈmænɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒ /

verb
To survive hardships and difficulties; to cope
To run or operate a business by directing others

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

blood

US / blʌd /

•

UK / blʌd /

adjecitve
Related by birth; family
noun
Red liquid in the bodies of people and animals
verb
To be initiated into something, e.g. a secret club

anti

US / 'æntɪ /

•

UK / ˈæntaɪ, -ti /

adjecitve
A prefix meaning 'against' or 'opposed'

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

young

US / jʌŋ /

•

UK / jʌŋ /

adjecitve
At an early stage of existence; not mature
Being recently created or started
noun
Babies in a group or family of animals

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

chemotherapy

US / ˌki:məʊˈθerəpi /

•

UK / ˌki:moʊˈθerəpi /

noun
Treatment of diseases using chemicals

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

ninety

US / 'naɪntɪ /

•

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

number
90

public

US / 'pʌblɪk /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

adjecitve
Owned by the government
Concerning society in general
Being available or accessible to people in general
Known or able to be known by all people

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

precise

US / prɪ'saɪs /

•

UK / prɪˈsaɪs /

adjecitve
(Of language details etc.) Very accurate and exact
(Of a time, place, quality) exact
Being very careful about how you do things

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

biologist

US / baɪˈɒlədʒɪst /

•

UK / baɪˈɑːlədʒɪst /

noun
A scientist who studies living things

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

jaundice

US / 'dʒɔ:ndɪs /

•

UK / ˈdʒɔndɪs, ˈdʒɑn- /

noun
Illness that causes a person's skin to turn yellow

lack

US / læk /

•

UK / læk /

noun
The state of not having or not having enough of
A shortage of something
verb
To not have, or not have enough, of something

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

pill

US / pɪl /

•

UK / pɪl /

noun
Person who is difficult to deal with
Small, round piece of medicine that is swallowed

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

sequence

US / 'si:kwəns /

•

UK / ˈsikwəns, -ˌkwɛns /

noun
Part of a movie showing one part of the story
verb
To arrange things in an order they should happen

regulator

US / ˈregjuleɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəˌletɚ /

noun
Device controlling the amount, speed, or level
Official who makes sure rules are followed

bill

US / bɪl /

•

UK / bɪl /

noun
Plan for a new law being discussed by a government
Sign or poster advertising something
Paper money; a bank note
Piece of paper showing what you have to pay
Hard, often pointed part of a bird's mouth
Person's name
verb
To request payment by handing over an invoice

hotness

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Hot spiciness in food

lastly

US / ˈlɑ:stli /

•

UK / ˈlæstli /

adverb
In conclusion; at the final part of something

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

tooth

US / tu:θ /

•

UK / tuθ /

noun
A sharp points on the edge of a machine or tool
Hard white things in the mouth, used to bite

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

anymore

US / 'enɪmɔ: /

•

UK / ˌɛniˈmɔr, -ˈmor /

adverb
No longer; no more

crispr

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A segment of DNA containing short repetitions of base sequences, involved in the defense mechanisms

dna

US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

noun
Chemical in living cells with genetic information

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

egg

US / eg /

•

UK / ɛɡ /

noun
Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

fatigue

US / fəˈti:g /

•

UK / fəˈtiɡ /

noun
Breaking due to being moved or bent many times
Being very tired
verb
To cause someone or something to become very tired

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

sick

US / sɪk /

•

UK / sɪk /

adjecitve
Having a physical or mental illness
Morally wrong; perverted

malaria

US / məˈleəriə /

•

UK / məˈlɛriə /

noun
Disease caused by being bitten by a mosquito

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

bacteria

US / bæk'tɪərɪə /

•

UK / bækˈtɪriə /

noun
The very small creatures that can cause disease

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

disable

US / dɪs'eɪbl /

•

UK / dɪsˈebəl /

verb
To cause something to be unable to act normally

disc

US / dɪsk /

•

UK / dɪsk /

noun
Thin or flat, round object, e.g. for storing data

serious

US / ˈsɪəriəs /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəs /

adjecitve
Giving something great energy or sincerity
Needing thought or concentration; important; grave
Being sincere about something; not joking

cell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

noun
Smallest unit of living things in biology
Group of people - often from a secret organization
Prisoner's room in a jail
Shortened form of 'cellphone'

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

floodgate

US / ˈflʌdgeɪt /

•

UK / ˈflʌdˌɡet /

noun
Gate on a river holding back water

twice

US / twaɪs /

•

UK / twaɪs /

adverb
Two times

typical

US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Normal; usual; expected

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

anyone

US / ˈeniwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Any person

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

leukaemia

US / luːˈkiːmiə /

•

UK / luːˈkiːmiə /

noun
Blood cancer in which white blood cells increase

lab

US / læb /

•

UK / læb /

noun
Short for 'laboratory'

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

kick

US / kɪk /

•

UK / kɪk /

noun
Feeling of enjoyment or excitement
verb
To hit or move something with the foot

oxygen

US / 'ɒksɪdʒən /

•

UK / ˈɑksɪdʒən /

noun
A gas in the air that we need to breathe

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

baby

US / ˈbeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

adjecitve
Small in size; smaller than usual
noun
A very young child, who cannot yet speak
verb
To treat someone as if they were newly born

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

teleprompter

US / ˈteliprɒmptə(r) /

•

UK / ˈteliprɑ:mptə(r) /

noun
Device showing words for announcer, etc. to read

door

US / dɔ:(r) /

•

UK / dɔr,dor /

noun
You walk through this when you go in a room

grant

US / ɡrɑ:nt /

•

UK / ɡrænt /

noun
Money given for education or research
Person's name
verb
To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
To give or let someone do what they want

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

therapy

US / 'θerəpɪ /

•

UK / ˈθɛrəpi /

noun
Treatment to help cure an illness

undertake

US / ˌʌndə'teɪk /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈtek /

verb
To begin; attempt; take on responsibility for

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

authorize

US / 'ɔ:θəraɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔθəˌraɪz /

verb
To officially or legally allow or give permission

awesome

US / 'ɔ:səm /

•

UK / ˈɔsəm /

adjecitve
Great; wonderful; stupendous

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

emergency

US / ɪ'mɜ:dʒənsɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒənsi /

noun
Sudden event needing an immediate action

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

reliable

US / rɪˈlaɪəbl /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪəbəl /

adjecitve
Being likely to be true; believable
Deserving of your trust; dependable

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

shoot

US / ʃu:t /

•

UK / ʃut /

noun
Emerging new part of a plant
verb
To kick or throw a ball at a goal
To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
To (cause to) fly away forcefully
To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

thumb

US / θʌm /

•

UK / θʌm /

noun
Part of a glove that goes over the thumb
The short, thick finger on the side of your hand
verb
To use your thumb to request a ride in a car
To casually look through a book, magazine etc.

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

manufacture

US / ˌmænjʊ'fæktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˌmænjəˈfæktʃɚ /

verb
To produce large numbers of products in a factory
To create a story or explanation that is not true

package

US / ˈpækɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈpækɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Presented as one item but includes several
noun
Box or container items are placed in for mailing
A container for items for sale, e.g. food
Group of several items or services offered as one
verb
To present or sell a group of things as one item
To put something into a container to store it

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

specifically

US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

•

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

adverb
As regards a particular thing; closely related to
In particular

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

cool

US / ku:l /

•

UK / kul /

adjecitve
Steady and calm when facing difficulties
Almost cold; not warm or hot
Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
verb
To make something decrease in temperature
(Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

afterwards

US / 'ɑ:ftəwədz /

•

UK / 'æftərwərdz /

adverb
At a time after something else already mentioned

doubt

US / daʊt /

•

UK / daʊt /

noun
Not being sure of something; lack of certainty
verb
To question the truth or certainty of something

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

interrupt

US / ˌɪntə'rʌpt /

•

UK / ˌɪntəˈrʌpt /

verb
To stop something from happening for a while

improvement

US / ɪmˈpru:vmənt /

•

UK / ɪmˈpruvmənt /

noun
Addition or change that makes something better

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

defend

US / dɪ'fend /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛnd /

verb
To protect and explain your position in court
To protect against an attack
To try to prevent another team from scoring

per

US / pə(r) /

•

UK / pɚ /

preposition
In the manner directed or suggested
For each; during each

pair

US / peə(r) /

•

UK / per /

noun
Two of the same thing, e.g. socks
Two people viewed together for some reason; couple
verb
To put two things or people together

relax

US / rɪˈlæks /

•

UK / rɪˈlæks /

verb
To calm or quiet yourself, or stop worrying
To release the tightness in muscles
To make a rule or law less strict

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

molecule

US / ˈmɒlɪkju:l /

•

UK / ˈmɑlɪˌkjul /

noun
Two or more atoms chemically combined

mouse

US / maʊs /

•

UK / maʊs /

noun
Small animal that has fur and a long tail
Computer device to control movement on a screen
Quiet, shy person

nickel

US / 'nɪkl /

•

UK / ˈnɪkəl /

noun
American coin worth 5 cents

hunt

US / hʌnt /

•

UK / hʌnt /

noun
A search for animals to kill for food
Person's name
verb
To search for wild animals to kill (for food)
To look for very carefully; search for

occur

US / əˈkɜ:(r) /

•

UK / əˈkɚ /

verb
To come to pass or to happen

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

black

US / blæk /

•

UK / blæk /

adjecitve
Color of the sky on a dark night
noun
A person with dark skin, often of African origin
Person's name
verb
To fill in something to make it a very dark color

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

crisis

US / 'kraɪsɪs /

•

UK / ˈkraɪsɪs /

noun
Unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

syringe

US / sɪˈrɪndʒ /

•

UK / səˈrɪndʒ, ˈsɪrɪndʒ /

noun
Device with a needle to take blood/inject drugs

insurance

US / ɪnˈʃʊərəns /

•

UK / ɪnˈʃʊrəns /

noun
Protection against loss/injury/death you pay for

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

recover

US / rɪ'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / rɪ'kʌvər /

verb
To return to a prior normal condition
To get back something that was lost

stroke

US / strəʊk /

•

UK / strok /

noun
When blood cannot get to brain, causing damage
Mark made by a pen, pencil or brush
One movement of oars on a boat
verb
To rub your hand in a caring way on something

somewhere

US / 'sʌmweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

adverb
At or to an unknown or unnamed place

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

fda

US / ˌef diː ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌef diː ˈeɪ /

abbreviation
FDA is an acronym

child

US / tʃaɪld /

•

UK / tʃaɪld /

noun
A very young person, between about 2 and 15

disease

US / dɪˈzi:z /

•

UK / dɪˈziz /

noun
Illness that affects a person, animal, or plant

lentivirus

US / 'lentɪˌvaɪərəs /

•

UK / 'lentɪˌvaɪərəs /

noun
Any of a group of retroviruses producing illnesses characterized by a delay in the onset of symptoms

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

toy

US / tɔɪ /

•

UK / tɔɪ /

adjecitve
Something small in size compared to an original
noun
Things children play with, as dolls or small cars
verb
To play with (your food, someone's feelings)

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

fetus

US / 'fi:təs /

•

UK / ˈfitəs /

noun
An unborn baby, at a later stage than an embryo

hollow

US / ˈhɒləʊ /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:loʊ /

adjecitve
(Of objects) having nothing inside; not solid
Lacking value, sincerity, or meaning
(E.g. of a laugh) lacking strength and emotion
(Sound) produced when something empty is hit
Appearing sunken or curved down
noun
Gap or indented surface
Area of land a little deeper than the surface
verb
To make a solid object have a large hole inside it

organ

US / 'ɔ:ɡən /

•

UK / ˈɔrɡən /

noun
Part of a person's body with a particular function
Large institution or body
Large wind instrument similar to a piano

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

trial

US / ˈtraɪəl /

•

UK / ˈtraɪəl, traɪl /

adjecitve
Being made or done as a test or experiment
noun
Hearing and judgment of a case in court
Act or process of testing or experimenting
verb
To be made or done as a test or experiment

unchanged

US / ʌnˈtʃeɪndʒd /

•

UK / ʌnˈtʃeɪndʒd /

adjecitve
Not made or become different

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

chop

US / tʃɒp /

•

UK / tʃɑp /

noun
A hit with the hand in a sideways motion
Thick slice of meat still attached to a bone
verb
To cut into pieces with an up and down motion
To hit someone with your hand

expect

US / ɪk'spekt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

verb
To believe something is probably going to happen

seven

US / ˈsevn /

•

UK / ˈsɛvən /

number
Number 7

thalassemia

US / /

•

UK / ˌθæləˈsimɪə /

noun
Inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin

willingness

US / 'wɪlɪŋnəs /

•

UK / ˈwɪlɪŋnɪs /

noun
Cheerful agreement to do something

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

incredibly

US / ɪnˈkredəbli /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəblɪ /

adverb
To a great degree; very; amazingly

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

radio

US / ˈreɪdiəʊ /

•

UK / ˈreɪdioʊ /

adjecitve
Concerning the broadcasting of sound
noun
System of sending/receiving signals through air
Device to listen to broadcast programs, messages
verb
To broadcast a message to be heard by radio

powerful

US / ˈpauəful /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

adjecitve
Having control or influence over
Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

collect

US / kəˈlekt /

•

UK / kəˈlɛkt /

adverb
By asking the receiver of a call to pay for it
verb
To ask for money, e.g. for a charity
To gather things, people together in one place
To get and keep one type of things as a hobby
To take things and bring them together
To go and receive, e.g. a prize or an award
To take control of your own feelings or thoughts

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

round

US / raʊnd /

•

UK / raʊnd /

adjecitve
Being in the shape of a circle or ball
Consisting of curved and not straight lines
Somewhat fat or curved in physical appearance
Being a whole number, not a fraction, decimal
adverb
From beginning to end (e.g. of the year)
noun
One of the three-minute periods in boxing
Drinks bought by one person for a group
Series regular visits, routes, or stops at places
Single shot or bullet fired from a gun
An object with a circular shape
One stage in a series of games, e.g. football
One's turn in a game such as cards
preposition
Going around
verb
To cause or make a circular or curved shape
To go or pass around the bend or corner
To change from a fraction to nearest whole number

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

barrier

US / 'bærɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbæriɚ /

noun
Difficult situation preventing something happening
Structure or object that stops free movement

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

generally

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
Usually; as a rule; by, to or for most people

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

medal

US / 'medl /

•

UK / ˈmɛdl /

noun
Metal award, often round, usually for courage

patron

US / 'peɪtrən /

•

UK / ˈpetrən /

noun
Person buying products or services of a business
Someone who donates to an organization or activity

vector

US / 'vektə(r) /

•

UK / ˈvɛktɚ /

noun
Math a quantity that has both size and direction

bone

US / bəʊn /

•

UK / bon /

noun
Hard piece of your body that holds your muscles
verb
To remove bones from meat or fish

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

exhaust

US / ɪɡ'zɔ:st /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɔst /

noun
System of pipes through which gases escape
Waste gas from an engine, e.g. from a car
verb
To emit gas from the back of a car
To make a person feel very tired or without energy
To entirely use up a resource, possibilities etc.

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

victoria

US / vikˈtɔ:riə /

•

UK / vɪkˈtɔriə, -ˈtor- /

noun
A light four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with a collapsible hood, seats for two passengers, and an
proper noun
A state of southeastern Australia; population 5,313,823 (2008); capital, Melbourne. Originally a dis
A port at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, capital of British Columbia; population 78,057 (2006
The capital of the Seychelles, a port on the island of Mahé; population 26,000 (est. 2007).
The administrative center of Hong Kong; population 981,700 (est. 2006).
A city in southern Texas; population 62,558 (est. 2008).
(1819–1901), queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1837–1901 and empress of India 1876–1901. She took a

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

copy

US / ˈkɒpi /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:pi /

noun
A counter for items that are the same
Fake product pretending to be an original
An imitation of an original
A duplicate of a paper printed in a photocopier
Written text for printing, use in ads, etc.
verb
To make something look the same as the original
To act in the exact same way as someone else
To read and then write down what you read

deliver

US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

verb
To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
To save someone from a problem or crisis
To keep a promise; do what you say you would
To present something to a group, as a speech
To take something to a person or place

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

edit

US / ˈedɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛdɪt /

verb
To check and make changes before publication
To prepare scenes of a film into the final version

enter

US / 'entə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛntɚ /

verb
To start a career or an education
To become a competitor in a contest
To add or type information in a computer
To go into a room, building etc.

ought

US / ˈɔːt /

•

UK / ˈɑːt /

verb
Used to indicate duty or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions

birthday

US / ˈbɜ:θdeɪ /

•

UK / ˈbɚθˌde /

noun
Date each year on which you were born

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

patient

US / 'peɪʃnt /

•

UK / ˈpeʃənt /

adjecitve
Not getting annoyed when things take a long time
noun
Person who receives medical treatment or care

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

sperm

US / spɜ:m /

•

UK / spə:m /

noun
Cell produced by men and needed for reproduction

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

donor

US / ˈdəʊnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdoʊnə(r) /

noun
Someone giving money or gifts to support a cause

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

fine

US / faɪn /

•

UK / faɪn /

adjecitve
Good, acceptable or satisfactory
Of high quality; made with great skill
In a careful or exact manner; into small pieces
Being of high quality
Good; okay; no problem
(Of weather) good; not raining
noun
Money you have to pay because you broke a rule
verb
To pay money because you broke a law

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

dish

US / dɪʃ /

•

UK / dɪʃ /

noun
Good-looking person of the opposite sex
Shallow container that you cook or serve food in
Food that has been prepared in a certain way

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

mutation

US / mju:'teɪʃn /

•

UK / mjuˈteʃən /

noun
Change that changes genetic structure

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

genetic

US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

•

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

gray

US / ɡreɪ /

•

UK / ɡre /

adjecitve
Color between black and white (also spelled grey)
Lacking cheer or brightness
noun
Person's name

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

price

US / praɪs /

•

UK / praɪs /

noun
Person's name
Cost of something in money
verb
To determine or set the cost of something

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

conclude

US / kənˈklu:d /

•

UK / kənˈklud /

verb
To finish or cause to finish; end
To arrive at a judgment or opinion

filter

US / 'fɪltə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɪltɚ /

noun
Device to remove certain types of light, sound
Device to remove unwanted things from liquid, gas
verb
To remove certain types of light, sound
To remove unwanted substances from a liquid or gas

flip

US / flɪp /

•

UK / flɪp /

noun
Act of turning your body in the air; somersault
Movement of something from one position to another
verb
To turn your body in the air, as in gymnastics
To move into a different position quickly
To move a button or switch to turn on or off

petri

US / ˈpetri /

•

UK / ˈpetri /

nightmare

US / ˈnaɪtmeə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnaɪtˌmɛr /

noun
Frightening, difficult or displeasing experience
Frightening or upsetting dream while sleeping

program

US / 'prəʊɡræm /

•

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

noun
Small book of events in a play, concert or movie
A plan or schedule of events
Series of classes at a college or university
A computer application
TV show
verb
To make someone act or think in a certain way
To write computer code for a piece of software

occlusive

US / əˈkluːsɪv /

•

UK / əˈklusɪv /

other
Tending to occlude

ready

US / 'redɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɛdi /

adjecitve
Being likely or about to do something
Being willing to do a task
verb
To prepare something for use or action

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

molecular

US / mə'lekjələ(r) /

•

UK / məˈlɛkjəlɚ /

adjecitve
About or caused by molecules

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

murder

US / 'mɜ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɚdɚ /

noun
Something that is difficult or painful to do
Crime of deliberately killing a person
verb
To intentionally kill a person
To spoil, ruin something by doing it poorly

researcher

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

noun
Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

biotechnology

US / ˌbaɪəʊtek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˌbaɪotɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use of living matter to make useful products

average

US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
noun
Total of numbers divided by the number of items
verb
To add numbers then divide by the number of items

body

US / ˈbɒd.i /

•

UK / ˈbɑdi /

noun
An object distinct from other objects
A group of people involved in an activity together
Main part of something
A person's physical self

loose

US / lu:s /

•

UK / lus /

adjecitve
(Idea, thought, or work) unclear or imprecise
Not tightly attached or held
Not being attached to or contained within anything
Not tightly controlled, organized, or governed
verb
To shoot or fire something from a gun

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

myeloid

US / /

•

UK / /

adjecitve
Concerning bone marrow; of or relating to the spinal cord

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

refine

US / rɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / rɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To change slightly in order to improve it
To narrow down your search to a smaller number
To make a liquid cleaner by removing something

treat

US / tri:t /

•

UK / trit /

noun
Something you buy for others as a surprise present
something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
verb
To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
To act in a certain way toward someone

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

december

US / dɪˈsembə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈsɛmbɚ /

noun
The 12th month of the year

intense

US / ɪn'tens /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛns /

adjecitve
Very strong, great or extreme in degree

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

fever

US / 'fi:və(r) /

•

UK / ˈfivɚ /

noun
A high body temperature, indicating illness
State of excited emotion or activity

conditional

US / kənˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / kənˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Depending (on)
noun
Clause or sentence beginning with 'if' or 'unless'

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

hollywood

US / ˈhɔli:ˌwʊd /

•

UK / ˈhɑliˌwʊd /

adjecitve
A flashy vulgar tone or atmosphere believed to be characteristic of the American film industry
noun
A district of Los Angeles long associated with the American film industry
other
Of or relating to the film industry in the United States
Film industry of the United States

patreon

US / 'peɪʃənts /

•

UK / 'peɪʃənts /

love

US / lʌv /

•

UK / lʌv /

noun
Person's name
A very strong feeling of affection
The person you care very deeply about
Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
verb
To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

shortly

US / ˈʃɔ:tli /

•

UK / ˈʃɔrtli /

adverb
Quickly; soon; in a moment
In an unfriendly or rude way

scent

US / sent /

•

UK / sɛnt /

noun
Pleasant smell, as of flowers or perfume
verb
To become aware of the presence of a smell, etc.
To add smell to something

protocol

US / 'prəʊtəkɒl /

•

UK / ˈprotəˌkɔl, -ˌkol, -ˌkɑl /

noun
Written agreement between countries
Set of rules computers use to exchange data
Set of rules regarding correct procedure

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

stress

US / stres /

•

UK / strɛs /

noun
Emphasis on part of a word or sentence
Pressure on something or someone
A state of mental tension, worry due to problems
verb
To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
To put pressure on something or someone
To say your opinion strongly
To be in a state of mental tension due to problems

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

administration

US / ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn /

•

UK / ædˌmɪnɪˈstreʃən /

noun
Act of giving e.g. medicine to a patient
The work of running something, e.g. a business
People managing a business, government etc.

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

invade

US / ɪnˈveɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈved /

verb
To enter something causing a harmful result

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

national

US / 'næʃnəl /

•

UK / ˈnæʃənəl, ˈnæʃnəl /

adjecitve
Concerning a nation as a whole
noun
A person of a particular country

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

contrast

US / 'kɒntrɑ:st /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:ntræst /

noun
Comparison that shows obvious differences
Difference in light and dark in photos, etc.
verb
To compare; to show clear, obvious differences

dozen

US / ˈdʌzn /

•

UK / ˈdʌzən /

noun
12 people or things

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

hopefully

US / ˈhəʊpfəli /

•

UK / ˈhopfəli /

adverb
In a manner wishing something to happen

pain

US / peɪn /

•

UK / pen /

noun
Strong feeling of hurt or discomfort
Something or someone that bothers or upsets you
verb
To cause someone to feel upset or worry

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

reduce

US / rɪ'dju:s /

•

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
To make something smaller in size, amount, level

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

hey

US / heɪ /

•

UK / he /

exclamation
What you say when you want someone's attention

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

insert

US / ɪnˈsɜ:t /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɜ:rt /

noun
Act of putting into a certain place or spot
verb
To put something into a certain place or spot

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

company

US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

•

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

noun
Good feeling from being with someone else
A business that sells things or provides services
Guests, especially in your home
Being with another person rather than alone

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

match

US / mætʃ /

•

UK / mætʃ /

noun
Something that is equal to or the same as another
Small stick you strike to light a fire candle etc.
A sports competition between two people or teams
Person or thing that goes well with another
verb
To equal or be as good as something else
To work well or look good with something else

local

US / ˈləʊkl /

•

UK / ˈloʊkl /

adjecitve
Relating to a particular area, city, or town
noun
Bus or train, that stops at most stations
People who live in the area being discussed
The pub you most frequently go to

precision

US / prɪˈsɪʒn /

•

UK / prɪˈsɪʒən /

adjecitve
Performed in a very careful, detailed manner
noun
Quality of being very accurate and exact

relevant

US / ˈreləvənt /

•

UK / ˈrɛləvənt /

adjecitve
Having an effect on an issue; related or current

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

anemia

US / ə'ni:mi:ə /

•

UK / əˈnimiə /

noun
Condition of not having enough red blood cells

connection

US / kəˈnekʃn /

•

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

noun
Something that joins things together; being joined
Person you know who can help you in some way
Changing vehicles when traveling

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

verb
To cause a change in something else

cancer

US / 'kænsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkænsɚ /

noun
Any growth caused by abnormal cell division

normally

US / ˈnɔ:məli /

•

UK / ˈnɔːrməli /

adverb
In the manner that is usual or ordinary

nine

US / naɪn /

•

UK / naɪn /

number
9

privilege

US / 'prɪvəlɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ, ˈprɪvlɪdʒ /

noun
Advantage or right given to only certain people
verb
To give advantages to some people not others

lurk

US / lɜ:k /

•

UK / lɜ:rk /

verb
To hide somewhere, e.g. to do something wrong

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

trigger

US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

noun
Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
Device that starts a process
verb
To start a process off e.g. a memory

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

approval

US / əˈpru:vl /

•

UK / əˈpruvəl /

noun
Agreement that person/thing is acceptable
Positive opinion of something or someone

doctor

US / ˈdɒktə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɑːktɚ /

noun
Person paid to help people become or stay healthy
Person awarded the highest university degree
verb
To treat someone's illness
To change something in order to trick someone

monitor

US / ˈmɒnɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:nɪtə(r) /

noun
A senior student at school
Electronic screen on which you can see images
verb
To observe and keep a record of something

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

faulty

US / 'fɔ:ltɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔlti /

adjecitve
Not perfectly made/working correctly; defective

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

typically

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

adverb
In a normal or usual way

version

US / ˈvə:ʃən /

•

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Different way that someone interprets something
New or different form of something
An updated form of some software

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

kid

US / kɪd /

•

UK / kɪd /

adjecitve
Made from young goat skin
noun
Child or young person
Young goat
verb
To make fun of someone in a gentle way; to tease

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

swallow

US / 'swɒləʊ /

•

UK / ˈswɑː.loʊ /

noun
Small northern bird with downward-pointing wings
Making food or drink go down to the stomach
verb
To believe (something that is not true)
To make food go from your mouth to your stomach
To cover or hide something

medical

US / ˈmedɪkl /

•

UK / ˈmɛdɪkəl /

adjecitve
Of or relating to physical health or medicine
noun
A health check or test

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

gene

US / dʒi:n /

•

UK / dʒin /

noun
Part of cell controlling development of a thing

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

integrate

US / ˈɪntɪgreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪntɪˌɡret /

verb
To combine together; make into one thing

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

drug

US / drʌɡ /

•

UK / drʌɡ /

noun
Illegal substance taken for effect on the mind
Chemical used as a medicine
verb
To give drugs to someone to make them sleep

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

episode

US / 'epɪsəʊd /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

noun
One separate event in a series of events
Show which is part of a larger story

silence

US / 'saɪləns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪləns /

noun
State of being quiet and not talking for a time
When there is not sound or noise; complete quiet
Refusal to discuss or talk about an issue
verb
To stop the noise that something is making
To prevent someone from expressing thoughts

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

warn

US / wɔ:n /

•

UK / wɔrn /

verb
To tell someone about possible danger

available

US / əˈveɪləbl /

•

UK / əˈveləbəl /

adjecitve
Present and able to be used
Able to be used at a scheduled time

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

precisely

US / prɪˈsaɪsli /

•

UK / prɪˈsaɪsli /

adverb
In an exact and accurate manner
(Emphasizes that a statement is totally correct)

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

tool

US / tu:l /

•

UK / tul /

noun
Device used to make things, e.g. a hammer
verb
To provide a workshop with the right equipment

code

US / kəʊd /

•

UK / kod /

noun
A password made of a set of letters or numbers
Set of rules for behavior
A secret language using secret symbols
Written part of a computer program
verb
To express information in a series of numbers
To write a secret message using secret symbols
To write programs using computer languages

healthy

US / ˈhelθi /

•

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

adjecitve
In good condition physically, or financially; well

importantly

US / ɪmˈpɔːtntli /

•

UK / ɪmˈpɔːrtntli /

adverb
In an important way;

inherit

US / ɪn'herɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈhɛrɪt /

verb
To have a quality or feature passed down at birth
To receive property or money after someone dies
To receive something that belonged to someone else

procedure

US / prəˈsi:dʒə(r) /

•

UK / prəˈsidʒɚ /

noun
A medical operation
Usual or standard steps taken to do something

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

rid

US / rɪd /

•

UK / rɪd /

verb
To cause to no longer have (pest, problem)

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

archaea

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
An order of prokaryotic microorganisms

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

trade

US / treɪd /

•

UK / treid /

noun
A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
Action of buying and selling things in business
The buying and selling of goods and services
Exchanging something for something else
Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
verb
To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
To give something in return for something else

stem

US / stem /

•

UK / stɛm /

noun
Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
verb
To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
To start from or be the origin of
To stop something bad from spreading or developing

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

sudden

US / ˈsʌdn /

•

UK / ˈsʌdn /

adjecitve
Happening or done quickly or unexpectedly

stick

US / stɪk /

•

UK / stɪk /

noun
Long thin piece of wood from a tree
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

flow

US / fləʊ /

•

UK / flo /

noun
Amount of something that moves through an area
verb
To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

unpredictable

US / ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl /

•

UK / ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbəl /

adjecitve
Difficult to guess about (the future)

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

abstract

US / 'æbstrækt /

•

UK / ˈæbˌstrækt /

adjecitve
Concerning something that doesn't exist physically
noun
Passage of text from an article or book
Something that doesn't exist physically
Short summary of an academic article
verb
To take out or remove a part of
To summarize an academic article

dollar

US / ˈdɒlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɑ:lə(r) /

noun
A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

gut

US / ɡʌt /

•

UK / ɡʌt /

noun
Stomach and internal organs of digestion
Guts courage; emotional strength
verb
To destroy the inside of a building , e.g. by fire
To remove the internal parts of an animal or fish

haemoglobin

US / ˌhi:məˈgləʊbɪn /

•

UK / ˌhiːməˈɡloʊbɪn /

noun
Iron-rich element of red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen around the body

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

medication

US / ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌmɛdɪˈkeʃən /

noun
Substance to relieve pain or cure sickness

painful

US / ˈpeɪnfl /

•

UK / ˈpenfəl /

adjecitve
Causing or feeling physical pain or hurt

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

bet

US / bet /

•

UK / bet /

noun
Act of gambling money on the result of a race etc.
verb
To gamble money to win more money, e.g. on horses

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

envelope

US / ˈenvələʊp /

•

UK / ˈenvəloʊp /

noun
Paper cover you put around a letter to mail it

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

scishow

US / ə'lɜ:tnəs /

•

UK / ə'lɜ:tnəs /

management

US / 'mænɪdʒmənt /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒmənt /

noun
People who are in control of a business or group
The process of running an organization

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

symptom

US / 'sɪmptəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪmtəm, ˈsɪmp- /

noun
Sign that suggests that there is a problem

acute

US / əˈkju:t /

•

UK / əˈkjut /

adjecitve
(Of an angle in math) of less than 90 degrees
Strong; very serious or severe

clearly

US / ˈklɪəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈklɪrlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is easy to understand; obviously

infusion

US / ɪnˈfju:ʒn /

•

UK / ɪnˈfjuʒən /

noun
Extraction of materials by soaking in liquids

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

silencer

US / ˈsaɪlənsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsaɪlənsɚ /

noun
Short tube attached to a gun that makes shot quiet
Device attached to a cars exhaust to reduce noise

beta

US / 'bi:tə /

•

UK / 'beɪtə /

noun
Test version of a product or software

defense

US / dɪ'fens /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛns /

noun
Argument in support of something
The process of protecting something from attack
Part of a team that prevents others from scoring

hospital

US / ˈhɒspɪtl /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:spɪtl /

noun
Building for sick people, with doctors and nurses

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

biology

US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

•

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

noun
The study of living things

drop

US / drɒp /

•

UK / drɑp /

noun
Distance between a higher and a lower level
Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
verb
To drive someone to a place and then drive away
To let something fall from your hand
To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

eligible

US / ˈelɪdʒəbl /

•

UK / ˈɛlɪdʒəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able to be chosen or selected; suitable

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

scissor

US / 'sɪzə /

•

UK / ˈsɪzɚ /

verb
To cut with or as if with scissors

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

approve

US / əˈpru:v /

•

UK / əˈpruv /

verb
To formally accept something or grant permission
To have a positive opinion of someone or something

boot

US / bu:t /

•

UK / but /

noun
Footwear covering your foot and part of your leg
verb
To kick something, e.g. ball into goal
To start the operating system on a computer

bright

US / braɪt /

•

UK / braɪt /

adjecitve
Cheerful and happy (manner)
(Of color) light and easy to see; vivid
Producing a lot of light
Smart; intelligent; clever

general

US / 'dʒenrəl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

adjecitve
Widespread, normal or usual
noun
Top ranked officer in the army

innovation

US / ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnəˈveʃən /

noun
Process of creating new ideas or inventions

modify

US / ˈmɒdɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dɪfaɪ /

verb
To make minor change to something

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

regular

US / ˈregjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Having an equal amount of space or time in between
Occurring or being done frequently
Being normal, usual, or average
noun
Customers who frequently visit a place
Soldier who has a permanent job in the army

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

isolate

US / ˈaɪsəleɪt /

•

UK / ˈaɪsəˌlet /

verb
To identify, consider, or deal with separately
To keep in a place or situation apart from others
To separate something from another substance

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

medicine

US / ˈmedsn /

•

UK / ˈmɛdɪsɪn /

noun
Something used in treating illness or pain
Science of preventing, treating, or curing disease

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

severe

US / sɪ'vɪə(r) /

•

UK / səˈvɪr /

adjecitve
Very bad; harsh
Being very serious or extremely bad
(Of clothes, etc.) plain; simple; not decorated

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

theory

US / ˈθiəri /

•

UK / ˈθiəri, ˈθɪri /

noun
Ideas or principles that explain facts or events

travel

US / ˈtrævl /

•

UK / ˈtrævəl /

noun
Going to other places, esp. distant places
verb
To go to a place that is far away

virus

US / 'vaɪrəs /

•

UK / ˈvaɪrəs /

noun
File secretly put on computers to cause harm
Living organism that causes disease or sickness

Subtitles section

Stop me if you've heard a science story like this before.

Scientists use CRISPR, a powerful gene editing tool, to modify gene X in mice to do thing Y, which they hope could one day lead to a treatment for disease Z. Maybe you've even heard it from us.

And maybe you thought that's cool if it ever happens, and then you just didn't think about it anymore.

Well, here's the thing.

It's often said that it takes at least ten years for a new innovation to make its way from theory into clinical practice.

And CRISPR, as a gene editing tool, passed that birthday not too long ago.

That's right.

CRISPR based gene editing has made its way into the hands of doctors.

specifically as a treatment for blood disorders.

It's making real differences in the lives of real humans.

A pretty small number of them, but hey, it's a start.

Let's take a closer look at how researchers turned a powerful but abstract tool into medicine.

At the end of the year, medical regulators in the United Kingdom and the United States approved the world's first CRISPR Cas nine based gene therapy, called CasGevi.

European regulators also granted a conditional approval shortly before we filmed this.

CasGevi is designed to treat two blood disorders, sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia.

We're focusing on sickle cell today.

The U.S.

Food and Drug Administration approved a second, similar treatment for sickle cell disease at the same time, but we'll come back to that one.

There are more than twenty million people worldwide who are living with sickle cell disease.

It's a condition that affects red blood cells, which are normally disc shaped and full of hemoglobin, a molecule that carries oxygen.

But people with sickle cell disease have a mutation in both copies of the gene for hemoglobin that causes their red blood cells to turn into a kind of

sickle shape.

Everyone has two copies of almost every gene.

So it's possible to have one copy of the sickle cell mutation and one typical hemoglobin gene and be basically fine.

Also, slightly safer from malaria, but that's a whole other story.

But when both copies of the hemoglobin gene have the sickle cell mutation,

That's when there's trouble.

Symptoms of sickle cell disease include anemia, fever, jaundice, fatigue, and vaso occlusive crises, which are unpredictable episodes of extreme pain that happen when the sickle shaped cells stick together and block blood flow.

Sickle cell disease can also cause stroke, even in children, and other organ damage that gets worse over time.

Treatments have mostly focused on management.

Blood transfusions treat anemia by providing healthy blood cells.

And medications that reduce the clumpiness or sickle shapedness of sickle cells make vaso occlusive crises less common.

But the first, and for a long time only, cure for sickle cell was a bone marrow transplant.

a painful procedure that is only available to young patients with severe symptoms.

Less than twenty percent of patients who would be eligible for a bone marrow transplant can find a matching donor.

So it's far more common that people with sickle cell disease have to find ways to live with its unpredictable effects.

They might avoid situations that can trigger a crisis, like sudden temperature changes.

And take note of local sickle cell day hospitals and emergency rooms where they can get treatment for an episode on short notice.

As you can imagine, living with sickle cell disease is exhausting and isolating.

And a cure that doesn't require a bone marrow donor is incredibly desirable.

Enter Cas Jevy, kicking in the door and turning the new hotness in molecular biology into a real, lasting solution to

all of that.

By new, I mean around the early twenty tens, keeping in mind that ten year rule of thumb.

Cas Gevi is the first approved treatment using CRISPR Cas Nine to edit human DNA and cure an inherited disorder.

CRISPR was first described in one thousand and ninety three, when researchers found it lurking in archaea and bacteria, providing defense against viral infections.

It wasn't until more recently that scientists worked out how to turn it to their advantage.

CRISPR creates Cas nine, which is like a pair of molecular scissors with a customizable targeting system.

Bacteria use it to defend against viral infection by remembering the genetic code of an attacker.

They load that code to Cas nine like giving a hunting dog a scent, and then it can match up with a viral attacker and chop its genetic information to bits.

Researchers can program CRISPR's targeting system to go after anything they like, not just an invading virus.

And that system is so specific that it makes editing DNA almost as precise as editing the words I'm reading on this teleprompter.

You can see why molecular biologists love this thing so much.

That was something they couldn't do before.

And now, doctors can use it too.

There are ways to use CRISPR to add new information into the genetic sequence, but Kastjevi just uses the scissors.

Because while it's not quite as simple as it sounds, all you really need to do to disable a gene is chop it in half.

That helps us with sickle cell disease in a roundabout way.

So, we know that the problem in sickle cell is a mutation in the hemoglobin gene.

But it turns out, we all have another gene for another hemoglobin.

Fetal hemoglobin does the same job as adult hemoglobin.

It carries oxygen around the body, but in the fetus.

It sticks around in newborns for a few months, until that gene gets turned off and the adult hemoglobin gene gets turned on.

You've heard of baby teeth, but bet you didn't know you had baby blood.

And, unlike baby teeth, you don't trade your fetal hemoglobin gene for a quarter under your pillow.

It's still in your DNA.

But another gene is silencing it.

Casjevi uses CRISPR to silence the silencer so that the sickle cell patient's red blood cells start making fetal hemoglobin again.

But if I had a nickel for every gene editing treatment for sickle cell approved in December of twenty twenty three,

Well, you know how this one goes.

The second new treatment, LifeGenia, makes use of an older gene editing technology called a lentiviral vector.

While they're not the cool new kid on the biotechnology block, lentiviral vectors are generally seen as a reliable, well studied tool for modifying DNA in a lab setting, and even in humans.

They don't have any of the sick making guts of a standard

Instead, a type of virus called a lentivirus has been hollowed out to basically just be an envelope.

It still has the tools the virus would normally use to break into your DNA, but with everything else gone, there's space for scientists to package whatever gene they want.

So the virus is almost like a molecular syringe, delivering a genetic shot right into your cells.

In the case of LifeGenia, the vector delivers a gene for an anti sickling version of adult hemoglobin to the patient's blood stem cells.

That results in healthier, more typically functioning red blood cells.

But lentivirus vector editing lacks the precision of CRISPR.

When the vector drops off its genetic cargo, it gets integrated into the cell's DNA,

somewhere.

In contrast to CRISPR, researchers don't get to pick where.

Most of the time, that's fine.

There are ways to reduce the chances that it interrupts something important, which could lead to something like cancer.

But when you're editing DNA, there is always some risk.

During the first round of LifeGenia's clinical trials, two participants developed acute myeloid leukemia, which is blood and bone marrow cancer.

The scientists closely analyzed the situation to see if and how life genia was related.

They concluded that there was no connection.

They checked where their modified hemoglobin had been inserted, and it wasn't anywhere likely to break something and lead to cancer.

Instead, they point to a few other factors.

People with sickle cell disease already have about twice the risk of leukemia compared to people without sickle cell.

And the chemotherapy that's used as part of the treatment can also cause cancer.

Lastly, these cases of leukemia occurred in the first round of human clinical trials for Lifegenia, and the researchers later concluded that not enough of the modified cells were transplanted to the patients.

Not having enough blood stem cells could stress out the body and increase the risk of cancer developing.

For the second and third round of clinical trials, the company that makes LifeGenia says that they refined their manufacturing process to reduce the risk of cancer as a side effect.

LifeGenia's approval from the FDA came with a black box warning, which means that anyone who gets this treatment should expect lifelong monitoring for blood cancer afterward.

There is one other serious issue we haven't talked about yet, and that's what getting both of these treatments actually looks like.

It's not quite as easy as getting a shot or swallowing a pill.

First, patients need to find a medical center that's authorized to provide the treatment.

There are only a few dozen of these across the U.S., never mind worldwide, and most people don't live near one.

Then, there are about two months of regular blood transfusions to reduce the concentration of their own sickle cells in their bloodstream.

Then, the patient takes medication to boot their blood stem cells from their bone marrow into their bloodstream.

A machine filters those stem cells out and collects them to have their genes edited.

Those stem cells go to a lab to be edited using either CasGev or LifeGenia's protocols.

This step takes up to six months.

Luckily, because the stem cells are in a petri dish somewhere and not in the patient, the patient doesn't have to stay in the hospital while this is happening.

When the stem cells are ready, the patient returns to the treatment center to get ready for their new cells.

And all this part really involves is a casual, relaxing, easy round of chemotherapy to murder all their bone marrow.

There's not really a way around this, because doctors have to get rid of all the old, faulty stem cells that make sickle cells to make room for the edited stem cells to move in.

Which is hopefully what happens next, when the patient gets their edited cells back

by infusion.

After a few more weeks in the treatment center to recover from this intense process, and to make sure that the edited cells take effect, the patient can go home.

And then, if everything works the way it should, they can live a life free from sickle cell disease symptoms.

And also, they should get a medal for going through all that.

In clinical trials, most patients saw a life changing improvement.

For twenty nine of thirty one patients treated with CasGevi, they went from two or more vaso occlusive crises per year to none.

And the same was true for twenty eight of thirty two patients treated with Lifegenia.

But you don't have to take my word for the life changingness.

The first CasGevi patient, Victoria Gray, shared her story with National Public Radio.

Before CasGevi,

she averaged seven trips to a hospital or emergency room every year to manage a sickle cell crisis.

Since getting the treatment, she hasn't been to a hospital in over two years, and she's been able to keep up with her four kids, hold down a job, and travel, things that were really difficult to do before.

There are a few more things both of these treatments have in common that I ought to mention.

Both work by editing blood stem cells outside of the body, so the rest of the patient's DNA is unchanged.

And there are no gene editing tools set loose inside of their body.

That also means that the gene editing does not affect eggs or sperm, so the sickle cell curing edits can't be passed on to the patient's children.

There's no Hollywood, scientists didn't stop to think about whether they should nightmares here.

That doesn't mean there aren't some relevant drawbacks.

Both treatments require chemotherapy, and that means all the side effects that go with it.

Clearly, that's worth it to these patients, but it can't be something they undertook lightly.

And while this technology is awesome, getting the treatment to all the people who need it is another story.

There's the stuff we already talked about, having access to a treatment center and having the willingness and means to go through grueling rounds of treatment.

But most importantly, you or your insurance company are going to have to flip the bill.

The going price for CasGevi is two point two million U.S.

dollars, and for LifeGenia,

It's three point one million.

That price tag, along with the other barriers, is likely to limit access to treatment precisely in the places where sickle cell is most common.

Curing a devastating disease only in the privileged?

It ain't a great look.

There is a bright side, though.

For over a decade, CRISPR was a fun new toy for scientists, and we like those.

We like learning new things because knowing stuff is just great for humans in general.

A fun new toy for doctors?

That's something else again.

This is only the very beginning of the use of CRISPR in patient care.

The floodgates are open, and I have no doubt we haven't heard the last of it.

Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow, and thanks to our patrons on Patreon who made it possible.

We couldn't do this without your support, so thank you.