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The Most Difficult Tire To Create - All Terrain

Original YouTube Video | EngineeringExplained Published on 2023-06-16 Level：77 Speed：63 maxwordlevel：28

Video vocabulary

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

distinctive

US / dɪˈstɪŋktɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈstɪŋktɪv /

adjecitve
Having a quality that is different from others

mileage

US / ˈmaɪlɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈmaɪlɪdʒ /

noun
Distance traveled, measured in miles

car

US / kɑ:(r) /

•

UK / kɑr /

noun
A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

sponsor

US / ˈspɒnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈspɑ:nsə(r) /

noun
Person that supports the passage of a new law
Person giving money for someone's education
verb
To support the passage of a new law
To help someone succeed by giving them money
To pay for an event, usually as an advertisement

ice

US / aɪs /

•

UK / aɪs /

noun
Frozen gas or liquid, esp. water
Sweet food made of frozen cream, or juices
verb
To make something cold by putting on frozen water
To spread a sweet and creamy substance on a cake

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

handle

US / 'hændl /

•

UK / ˈhændl /

noun
The part of a door you hold to open it
Thing you hold to carry or open a bag, pan etc.
verb
To cope with or take responsibility for
To control a machine, car etc.
To control or be controlled /used in a certain way
To deal with a particular situation/person; manage
To buy, sell, or move materials or goods
To hold, control, or use something with the hands
To touch objects with the hands to look at them

location

US / ləʊˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / loʊˈkeɪʃn /

noun
Particular position or area of place, event, etc.

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

discrepancy

US / dɪs'krepənsɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɛpənsi /

noun
Difference between amounts that should be the same

metric

US / ˈmetrɪk /

•

UK / ˈmɛtrɪk /

adjecitve
Based on the meter as a standard of measurement

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

ratio

US / ˈreɪʃiəʊ /

•

UK / ˈreɪʃioʊ /

noun
The relationship in relative size, etc.

blow

US / bləʊ /

•

UK / blo /

noun
Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
Act of making air come out of your mouth
A hit or strike from an object
verb
To move something using air
To make air come quickly out of your mouth
To clear something by forcing air through it

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

wear

US / weə(r) /

•

UK / wer /

noun
Clothing designed for a purpose e.g. skiing
Damage from continual use over a long period
verb
To have clothes, glasses, shoes etc. on your body
To display an expression or emotion on the face
To become weaker or damaged from continued use

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

carcass

US / ˈkɑ:kəs /

•

UK / ˈkɑrkəs /

noun
Dead body of an animal

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

suffer

US / 'sʌfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

verb
To experience pain, illness, or injury

outer

US / ˈaʊtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈaʊtɚ /

adjecitve
Far away
Being farther away from the center
On or around something; away from the center

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

loud

US / laʊd /

•

UK / laʊd /

adjecitve
Being very bright with colors, clothes etc.
Making a lot of noise

gear

US / ɡɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɡɪr /

noun
A speed selector connected to an engine
Special clothes you use for a purpose
Toothed wheel shifting power from engine to wheels
verb
To aim at or prepare yourself for something

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

dictate

US / dɪk'teɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɪkˌtet /

verb
To speak while someone writes down your words
To make a thing necessary
To order that something should happen

onto

US / ˈɒntə /

•

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

preposition
Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

verb
To take pleasure in something

spike

US / spaɪk /

•

UK / spaɪk /

noun
The top point in a graph
Long, thin metal rod that ends in a point
verb
To go up to a point on a graph

loss

US / lɒs /

•

UK / lɔ:s /

noun
Friend, family, or other loved person's death
Decrease or decline in quantity or amount
Experience or state of failing to have or keep
A situation when you lose a game
Process of failing to have or keep something
Difficulty or trouble caused by someone's leaving
Situation when more money is spent than is earned

specialization

US / ˌspeʃəlaɪ'zeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌspɛʃəlɪˈzeʃən /

noun
Change in a plant or animal to fit its environment

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

challenge

US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

noun
An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
Act of formally inviting someone to compete
A question to determine correctness of something
verb
To formally invite someone to compete at something
To question the correctness of something

accelerate

US / əkˈseləreɪt /

•

UK / ækˈsɛləˌret /

verb
To cause to occur earlier than expected
To increase the speed or rate of something

curb

US / kɜ:b /

•

UK / kɚb /

noun
Anything that restrains or controls

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

strength

US / streŋθ /

•

UK / strɛŋkθ, strɛŋθ, strɛnθ /

noun
Condition of being strong

slide

US / slaɪd /

•

UK / slaɪd /

noun
Part of machines that slides backward and forward
Reduction in amount, price, quality
Metal or plastic device, used to hold back hair
Piece of glass to view object on using microscope
Action of moving by means of sliding
Sudden unexpected fall of mud or rock down a hill
Small piece of film with a photo on it
A child's play apparatus in a park for sliding
A backless shoe with an open toe
A slip on something wet or slippery
verb
To pass or move smoothly and rapidly into or out
To grow increasingly worse over time
To move smoothly and rapidly over a surface
(Mud or rock) to fall down a hill
To secretly pass something into or out of
To slip on something wet or slippery

wet

US / wet /

•

UK / wɛt /

adjecitve
Concerning a bar that serves or sells alcohol
Having or experiencing a great deal of rain
Containing water or liquid; not dry
verb
To accidentally pee in clothes or a bed

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

noise

US / nɔɪz /

•

UK / nɔɪz /

noun
Loud sounds that cause discomfort or annoyance

regard

US / rɪ'ɡɑ:d /

•

UK / rɪˈɡɑrd /

noun
Admiration or respect for a person or thing
verb
To think about a person, thing in a particular way
To look at a person or thing in a particular way

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

squish

US / skwɪʃ /

•

UK / skwɪʃ /

verb
To walk through mud or puddles

defence

US / dɪˈfens /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛns /

noun
The process of protecting something from attack

opposite

US / ˈɔpəzit /

•

UK / ˈɑpəzɪt /

adjecitve
Being totally different from
noun
Person, thing that is totally different to another
preposition
Across from or on the side facing something

rigid

US / ˈrɪdʒɪd /

•

UK / ˈrɪdʒɪd /

adjecitve
Stiff rather than flexible
Very fixed in your opinion or habits

rock

US / rɒk /

•

UK / rɑk /

noun
Type of popular music with a strong, loud beat
Strong, tough person who can be relied upon
Big stone; hard, solid substance forming mountains
verb
To be greatly upset by something, e.g. a death
To be extremely effective or pleasing
To play, sing along with, or dance to heavy music
To move back and forth or from side to side

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

crack

US / kræk /

•

UK / kræk /

noun
Attempt to achieve a goal or objective
Unexpected and hard hit to the body
Joke or impolite comment about something
Sound that is short, unexpected and loud
Small gap between two things or parts of things
verb
To attempt to achieve a goal or objective
To hit someone or something hard and unexpectedly
To tell (a joke)
To solve a challenging problem or mystery
To make a sound that is short, unexpected and loud
To lose control, e.g. under pressure; break down
To break so lines appear, but it is not in pieces

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

compromise

US / 'kɒmprəmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz /

noun
When you lessen your demands to get agreement
verb
To weaken your position or views
To lessen your demands so as to reach agreement
To put something at risk or in danger

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

versus

US / ˈvə:səs /

•

UK / ˈvɚsəs, -səz /

preposition
Used to show that two things are competing

maximize

US / ˈmæksɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmæksəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make as large or great as possible

discuss

US / dɪˈskʌs /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌs /

verb
To talk about seriously or in great detail

stress

US / stres /

•

UK / strɛs /

noun
Emphasis on part of a word or sentence
Pressure on something or someone
A state of mental tension, worry due to problems
verb
To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
To put pressure on something or someone
To say your opinion strongly
To be in a state of mental tension due to problems

pump

US / pʌmp /

•

UK / pʌmp /

noun
A device more moving liquids
Light woman's shoe
verb
To make liquid or gas flow in a particular direction
To make water/other liquid move using a machine
To move in or out, or up and down quickly
asking for information in an indirect way

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

alright

US / ɔ:lˈraɪt /

•

UK / ɔlˈraɪt /

adjecitve
OK; fine; good

trend

US / trend /

•

UK / trɛnd /

noun
Current style or fashion
Direction things are moving in; current style
General direction that is taken
verb
To be current and popular
To move up or down

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

suspect

US / sə'spekt /

•

UK / səˈspɛkt /

adjecitve
(Of a thing) causing doubt; suspicious
noun
Person thought to have committed a crime
verb
To consider someone is the one guilty of a crime
To doubt or lack trust

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

happy

US / ˈhæpi /

•

UK / ˈhæpi /

adjecitve
Feeling pleasure or joy; glad

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

loose

US / lu:s /

•

UK / lus /

adjecitve
(Idea, thought, or work) unclear or imprecise
Not tightly attached or held
Not being attached to or contained within anything
Not tightly controlled, organized, or governed
verb
To shoot or fire something from a gun

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

welcome

US / 'welkəm /

•

UK / ˈwɛlkəm /

adjecitve
Being what was wanted or needed
noun
Friendly greeting to someone who has arrived
verb
To greet someone who has just arrived
To accept or receive something happily and gladly

contact

US / 'kɒntækt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtækt /

adjecitve
Touching or feeling something
noun
Touching or feeling something
Object that allows electricity to run through it
Communication with someone or something
People who can give you information, introductions
verb
To get in touch with someone

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

tire

US / ˈtaɪə(r) /

•

UK / taɪr /

noun
Black rubber part of wheels on a vehicle
The rubber rings around wheels on cars and trucks
verb
To lose, cause to lose energy so you want to rest

confident

US / ˈkɒnfɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnfɪdənt /

adjecitve
Feeling that you can do well at something

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

truck

US / trʌk /

•

UK / trʌk /

noun
Homegrown vegetables and fruit for sale
Large vehicle suitable for transporting things
Simple frame with wheels for moving things; cart
verb
To transport something on a lorry, van

weather

US / 'weðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɛðɚ /

noun
Whether it is raining, sunny, cold etc. outside
verb
To successfully deal with a difficult situation
To erode or become damaged due to the environment

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

truth

US / tru:θ /

•

UK / truθ /

noun
Real facts about something

terrain

US / təˈreɪn /

•

UK / təˈren /

noun
Characteristics (e.g. rough) of a piece of land

stick

US / stɪk /

•

UK / stɪk /

noun
Long thin piece of wood from a tree
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

compress

US / kəmˈpres /

•

UK / kəmˈprɛs /

verb
To press tightly together
To make smaller; reduce in time, size etc.

profile

US / 'prəʊfaɪl /

•

UK / ˈproˌfaɪl /

noun
A short description of a person or group
Shape of someone's head when viewed from the side
verb
To write a short description of a person or group

snow

US / snəʊ /

•

UK / sno /

noun
Person's name
White ice crystals that fall from the sky
verb
(Of ice crystals) to fall to the ground
To fool into believing something untrue

correlate

US / ˈkɒrəleɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɔ:rəleɪt /

verb
To have/show the relationship between two things

peak

US / pi:k /

•

UK / pik /

noun
Part of a cap that sticks out over your eyes
The very top of a mountain
State when something is at its best
Time or point when the highest level occurs
verb
To reach the highest or best point

performance

US / pə'fɔ:məns /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrməns /

noun
Act of doing something
Activity done to entertain an audience

scenario

US / sɪˈnɑː.ri.əʊ /

•

UK / səˈner.i.oʊ /

noun
An imagined sequence of events in a plan/project

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

irregular

US / ɪˈregjələ(r) /

•

UK / ɪˈrɛɡjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Happening at unequal spaced distances or times
Being unusual, unexpected, or not normal
Being uneven, unbalanced, or not smooth in form

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

additional

US / əˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / ə'dɪʃənl /

adjecitve
Further or added

ideal

US / aɪˈdi:əl /

•

UK / aɪˈdiəl, aɪˈdil /

adjecitve
Exactly right; could not be better
Which is thought of as being perfect

lateral

US / 'lætərəl /

•

UK / ˈlætərəl /

adjecitve
On the side; moving sideways

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

snowflake

US / ˈsnəʊfleɪk /

•

UK / ˈsnoʊfleɪk /

noun
A single crystal of snow

comfort

US / 'kʌmfət /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfət /

noun
Acts or words that reduce pain or sadness
State of being relaxed, warm or happy
verb
To try to make distressed person feel better

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

race

US / reɪs /

•

UK / res /

noun
Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
People who share physical features or culture
verb
To take part in a running or swimming competition
To move or go at a very fast pace
To take someone, something to a place very quickly

appear

US / ə'pɪə(r) /

•

UK / əˈpɪr /

verb
To be seen, become visible; come into sight
To seem to be
To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

width

US / wɪdθ /

•

UK / wɪdθ, wɪθ, wɪtθ /

noun
Distance from one side of something to the other
Piece of cloth that has been measured and cut

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

wheel

US / wi:l /

•

UK / wi:l /

noun
Round thing that rolls, used for moving things
verb
To move something which has wheels or is on wheels
To turn or cause to turn something in a circle

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

series

US / ˈsɪəri:z /

•

UK / ˈsɪriz /

noun
Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
other
Number of things that happen one after another

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

respond

US / rɪ'spɒnd /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑnd /

verb
To answer something or someone
To have a good reaction to e.g. medical treatment

sand

US / sænd /

•

UK / sænd /

noun
Area composed of tiny pieces of rock near an ocean
Small pieces of rock that make beaches and deserts
verb
To cover a surface with grit e.g. roads
To smoothen a surface with sandpaper

reinforce

US / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s /

•

UK / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:rs /

verb
To send more troops/resources to support an army
To encourage or strengthen an idea or feeling
To strengthen a wall or building

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

straight

US / streɪt /

•

UK / stret /

adjecitve
Not having curves, bends, or angles
Not gay; heterosexual
honest and direct
adverb
in a line; immediately; honestly and directly

bronco

US / ˈbrɒŋkəʊ /

•

UK / ˈbrɑ:ŋkoʊ /

noun
Horse that is still wild, especially in a rodeo

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

economy

US / ɪ'kɒnəmɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈkɑnəmi /

noun
Using money, resources in a careful, effective way
Total of all goods, services and wages in an area

reality

US / rɪ'ælətɪ /

•

UK / riˈælɪti /

noun
What is true, as opposed to what is imagined

sidewall

US / saɪdˈwɔːl /

•

UK / ˈsaɪdˌwɔl /

noun
Wall forming the side of a structure, e.g. a tire

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

drainage

US / ˈdreɪnɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdrenɪdʒ /

noun
Process of removing water or liquid from something

stiff

US / stɪf /

•

UK / stɪf /

adjecitve
Frozen still due to fear or anger
Not able to be bent
noun
Slang term for a dead body

blend

US / blend /

•

UK / blɛnd /

noun
Product known for mixing ingredients
verb
To combine different elements or substances
To mix ingredients when cooking
To mix things in an effective or pleasing way

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

heat

US / hi:t /

•

UK / hit /

noun
State of anger, excitement, or arguing
Particular temperature at which to cook something
High temperature
One of series of races to find the finalists
Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
verb
To make hot or hotter

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

durable

US / ˈdjʊərəbl /

•

UK / ˈdʊrəbəl, ˈdjʊr- /

adjecitve
Able to stay in good condition for a long time

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

winter

US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

adjecitve
(Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
noun
Time or season of idleness or decay
Coldest season of the year
verb
To spend the cold months at a certain place

sequence

US / 'si:kwəns /

•

UK / ˈsikwəns, -ˌkwɛns /

noun
Part of a movie showing one part of the story
verb
To arrange things in an order they should happen

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

bend

US / bend /

•

UK / bɛnd /

noun
When a road changes direction; turn
verb
To become curved or no longer straight
To move your body so that it is not straight up
To turn in a different direction, as a road
To use force to make an object not straight

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

offer

US / 'ɒfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

noun
Price you say you are willing to pay for something
Act of making a thing available to be accepted
verb
To suggest a price you are willing to pay
To give the opportunity to accept something
To say you are willing to do something
To give or say something as an act of worship

vibration

US / vaɪˈbreɪʃn /

•

UK / vaɪˈbreʃən /

noun
Shaking motion

highway

US / 'haɪweɪ /

•

UK / ˈhaɪˌwe /

noun
Main road connecting places

requirement

US / rɪ'kwaɪəmənt /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪrmənt /

noun
A demand that someone does something
Something that is a necessity

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

shear

US / ʃɪə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɪr /

verb
To cut off fur or wool

warranty

US / ˈwɒrənti /

•

UK / ˈwɔ:rənti /

noun
Promise to repair a product that was purchased

typical

US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Normal; usual; expected

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

tend

US / tend /

•

UK / tɛnd /

verb
To move or act in a certain manner
To take care of
To regularly behave in a certain way

fight

US / faɪt /

•

UK / faɪt /

noun
An argument or quarrel
Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
A struggle to do a difficult task
verb
To argue or quarrel with someone about something
To try to hurt someone by hitting them
To struggle to do a difficult task

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

shovel

US / 'ʃʌvl /

•

UK / ˈʃʌvəl /

noun
Long tool used for digging; type of spade
verb
To move snow, earth etc., with a spade or shovel
To quickly and roughly put food in your mouth

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

hit

US / hɪt /

•

UK / hɪt /

noun
A planned killing, usually for money
Song, movie etc. that is successful
When someone strikes someone or something
Time when a player makes contact with the ball
Time when a website is accessed
verb
To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
To press something, such as a button or switch
To suddenly realize the importance of something
To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
To fight, attack or damage something or someone
To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

must

US / məst /

•

UK / mʌst /

noun
Something that is necessary or required
other
(Used to state that something ought to be true)
Used to say something is required or necessary

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

resistance

US / rɪ'zɪstəns /

•

UK / rɪˈzɪstəns /

noun
Force that stops or slows movement of something
Refusal to accept something new or different

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

priority

US / praɪ'ɒrətɪ /

•

UK / praɪˈɔrɪti, -ˈɑr- /

noun
Thing that is more important/urgent than others

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

additionally

US / ə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

•

UK / ə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

adverb
Also; as well

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

fascinating

US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

adjecitve
Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
Very interesting
verb
To attract or interest greatly

sea

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Very large group of people, similar-looking things
Large body of salty water with land around it

style

US / staɪl /

•

UK / staɪl /

noun
The (tasteful) way something is designed or done
verb
To shape or design something in a certain way

dig

US / dɪg /

•

UK / dɪɡ /

verb
To move material to create a hole

void

US / vɔɪd /

•

UK / vɔɪd /

noun
Empty feeling because nothing interests you
Empty space; empty place
verb
To remove legal force or obligation

impact

US / 'ɪmpækt /

•

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

noun
A striking effect or result to hit with force
Very strong influence
Act or force of one thing hitting something else
verb
To hit or strike someone or something with force

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

ride

US / raɪd /

•

UK / raɪd /

noun
Machine at an amusement park for riding on for fun
Trip on a bicycle or a horse
verb
To travel in a particular vehicle as a passenger
To sit on and control a horse or vehicle

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

essentially

US / ɪˈsenʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈsenʃəli /

adverb
Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

quiet

US / 'kwaɪət /

•

UK / ˈkwaɪɪt /

adjecitve
Hidden, or done in a private way
Not loud; making very little sound
verb
To cause to become calmer or less loud

variation

US / ˌveəriˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌvɛriˈeʃən, ˈvær- /

noun
Something almost the same as another but different
Music played with a different tune from another

disrupt

US / dɪsˈrʌpt /

•

UK / dɪsˈrʌpt /

verb
To cause a disturbance in an activity in progress

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

equipment

US / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

•

UK / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

noun
Tools or materials used to perform a task

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

traction

US / ˈtrækʃn /

•

UK / ˈtrækʃən /

noun
Force causing moving thing to stick, e.g. on roads

depth

US / depθ /

•

UK / dɛpθ /

noun
Distance below a surface

suv

US / ˌes juː ˈviː /

•

UK / ˌes juː ˈviː /

noun

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

smooth

US / smu:ð /

•

UK / smuð /

adjecitve
Moving without stops and starts
Pleasant and flat to touch, not rough
Being free from problems or difficulties
verb
To make something rough feel flat, e.g. by ironing
To spread a substance over a surface

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

incredibly

US / ɪnˈkredəbli /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəblɪ /

adverb
To a great degree; very; amazingly

intentional

US / ɪnˈtenʃənl /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl /

adjecitve
Done with a deliberate plan to do or achieve

prevent

US / prɪ'vent /

•

UK / prɪˈvɛnt /

verb
To stop something from happening or existing

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

internal

US / inˈtə:nəl /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɚnəl /

adjecitve
Being or happening in the body
Being, happening in a country, state, organization
Within or inside; interior; not external

seventy

US / ˈsevnti /

•

UK / ˈsɛvənti /

number
70

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

scoop

US / sku:p /

•

UK / skup /

noun
An amount of e.g. ice cream taken from a whole
An important news story broken for the first time
verb
To dig out for a hole with a tool or hands

weight

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

noun
How heavy something is
Metal object to measure how heavy something is
Importance, power, and influence person, thing has
A source of worry, sadness, or emotional stress

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

helpful

US / ˈhelpfl /

•

UK / ˈhɛlpfəl /

adjecitve
Doing things that help someone

stone

US / stəʊn /

•

UK / stoʊn /

noun
Hard, solid piece of rock
verb
To kill as a punishment, by throwing stones at

rhythmic

US / ˈrɪðmɪk /

•

UK / ˈrɪðmɪk /

adjecitve
Having a pattern of sound and beats
noun
Having a pattern of events and motions

segment

US / ˈsegmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛɡmənt /

noun
Part divided from the other parts of something
verb
To separate something into different parts

generally

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
Usually; as a rule; by, to or for most people

sixteen

US / ˌsɪksˈti:n /

•

UK / sɪkˈstin /

number
16

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

insight

US / 'ɪnsaɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌsaɪt /

noun
Power to understand people and things very well
Very good understanding of something

rubber

US / 'rʌbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrʌbɚ /

noun
Material used to make tires, etc.

pattern

US / 'pætn /

•

UK / ˈpætən /

noun
Model to follow in making or doing something
Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
Regular repeated behavior
verb
To copy the way something else is made

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

equal

US / 'i:kwəl /

•

UK / ˈikwəl /

adjecitve
Same in shape, size, or number
verb
To add up or be the same as

fifty

US / 'fɪftɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪfti /

number
50

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

sport

US / spɔ:t /

•

UK / spɔː(r)t /

noun
Something that is done for fun, e.g. football
Game or physical exercise with rules
Someone with a good attitude when things go badly
verb
To do something for fun, e.g. playing with animals
To wear, or show something off by wearing it

unavoidable

US / ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl /

•

UK / ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbəl /

adjecitve
That cannot prevent from happening

fuel

US / 'fju:əl /

•

UK / ˈfjuəl /

noun
Material used to produce heat or power when burned
verb
To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
To provide gas or petrol for something

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

mud

US / mʌd /

•

UK / mʌd /

noun
Soft, wet dirt

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

ply

US / plaɪ /

•

UK / plaɪ /

verb
(Of a boat, etc.) to travel a route regularly
To work at a business or trade

tall

US / tɔ:l /

•

UK / tɔl /

adjecitve
High in height

insignificant

US / ˌɪnsɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Being very small or unimportant

perform

US / pə'fɔ:m /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrm /

verb
To carry out an action well or successfully
To entertain an audience by dancing, singing etc.

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

evenly

US / ˈi:vnli /

•

UK / ˈivənlɪ /

adverb
Equally; with advantage to both sides
In a smooth, level or regular way
In a regular, steady, and equally paced manner

grip

US / ɡrɪp /

•

UK / ɡrɪp /

noun
Strong understanding of an idea
Control over something or someone
Part of an object to help you hold onto it
Act of holding something firmly
other
Control over something or someone
verb
To hold someone's interest
To hold something in your hand very firmly

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

reduce

US / rɪ'dju:s /

•

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
To make something smaller in size, amount, level

showcase

US / ˈʃəʊkeɪs /

•

UK / ˈʃoʊkeɪs /

noun
Cabinet to display objects or goods for sale
Setting to display something to best effect
verb
To display something to best effect

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

hurt

US / hɜ:t /

•

UK / hɚt /

noun
Mental, emotional, or physical pain
verb
To cause pain, damage or injury

flat

US / flæt /

•

UK / flæt /

adjecitve
Level; even; without curves or bumps
Lifeless; lacking energy or vitality
adverb
In a certain, direct or absolute manner
Against a surface without lifting or curving away
noun
Apartment; set of rooms for living in
The smooth or level part of something
Musical tone lower than another by a small degree
verb
To share an apartment with someone

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

efficiency

US / ɪˈfɪʃnsi /

•

UK / ɪˈfɪʃənsi /

noun
Working well; producing something without waste

industry

US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

noun
Hard work; being busy working
Factories or businesses that make certain products

bar

US / bɑ:(r) /

•

UK / bɑ:r /

noun
Piece of (soap, chocolate etc.)
Professional organization of lawyers and judges
String of musical notes
Place to meet friends and buy alcoholic drinks
Long solid round piece of metal shaped like a pipe
verb
To prevent entry, exit or an action

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

pickup

US / ˈpɪkʌp /

•

UK / ˈpɪkˌʌp /

noun
Small truck that has an open back with low sides

ton

US / tʌn /

•

UK / tʌn /

noun
Unit of weight; 907 kilograms (US); 1016 (UK)

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

partially

US / ˈpɑ:ʃəli /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rʃəli /

adverb
In part; in some degree; not wholly

maintain

US / meɪn'teɪn /

•

UK / menˈten /

verb
To keep saying something a certain way
To keep (machine) working by checking, repairing
To keep, exist or continue without changing

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

picture

US / 'pɪktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɪktʃɚ /

noun
General situation or state of being
Mental image of what something is or looks like
Movie; film
Painting, drawing or photograph on paper or screen
verb
To understand or imagine something
To imagine someone or something in an image

throughout

US / θru:ˈaʊt /

•

UK / θruˈaʊt /

adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

characteristic

US / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

•

UK / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Typical or distinctive

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

distance

US / 'dɪstəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

noun
Lack of friendliness toward another person
Amount of space between two places or things
verb
To make it clear that you are not involved

release

US / rɪ'li:s /

•

UK / rɪ'li:s /

noun
Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
verb
To free someone from a responsibility or burden
To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
To let go of something you are holding

tread

US / tred /

•

UK / trɛd /

verb
To step; to walk on

optimize

US / ˈɒptɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈɑ:ptɪmaɪz /

verb
To make as effective as possible

hey

US / heɪ /

•

UK / he /

exclamation
What you say when you want someone's attention

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

inertia

US / ɪˈnɜ:ʃə /

•

UK / ɪˈnɚʃə /

noun
Lack of movement or activity

complex

US / 'kɒmpleks /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

adjecitve
Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
noun
Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
Psychological issue regarding self-image

dive

US / daɪv /

•

UK / daɪv /

noun
Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
Rapid fall through air
A jump into water head-first from a high place
Rapid fall in the value or price of something
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

certainly

US / ˈsə:tnli /

•

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

adverb
Sure; of course

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

proportion

US / prəˈpɔ:ʃn /

•

UK / prəˈpɔrʃən, -ˈpor- /

noun
A part of a whole thing
State of balance between two or more things
Size of one thing compared to the size of another
verb
To balance the size of something with another

squeeze

US / skwi:z /

•

UK / skwiz /

noun
Amount of liquid from firmly pressing e.g. orange
Act of putting pressure on, as to get liquid out
When there is not enough space for things/people
Act of firmly pressing on two or more sides
verb
To force or threaten someone to give you something
To strongly compress something to get liquid out
To be pressed together or crowded into an area
To press together the opposite sides of something
To reduce the amount of something

meet

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Sporting competition e.g. swimming
verb
To provide something that is necessary
To come together at a certain time or place

variety

US / və'raɪətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

noun
Particular type of thing or person

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

channel

US / 'tʃænl /

•

UK / ˈtʃænəl /

noun
Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
TV or radio station or its programs
Method or way of sending or receiving information
Narrow passage through which water travels
Method or route used for sending or getting things
verb
To dig a long hole for carrying water
To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
To direct water or liquid through a passage
To direct energy or feelings into something

gravel

US / 'ɡrævl /

•

UK / ˈɡrævəl /

noun
Very small pieces of rock often used to make paths

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

dependent

US / dɪˈpendənt /

•

UK / dɪˈpɛndənt /

adjecitve
Someone who relies on (financial) support

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

test

US / test /

•

UK / test /

noun
A medical examination
Action to establish the truth or nature of
Examination; questions to measure knowledge
verb
To be given a medical examination
To try to establish the truth or nature of
To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

overall

US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

adjecitve
Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

mass

US / mæs /

•

UK / mæs /

noun
Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
Large amount or number of something
Main or largest part of something
Large number of people considered as a whole
Amount of matter that an object has
verb
To gather people or things into a large group

depend

US / dɪˈpend /

•

UK / dɪˈpend /

verb
Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

object

US / 'ɒbdʒɪkt /

•

UK / ˈɑbdʒɪkt /

noun
Something you can see or touch, but is not alive
Goal or purpose of a particular plan or activity
The thing that the action of a verb acts upon
verb
To disagree; to protest against an idea or plan

pitch

US / pɪtʃ /

•

UK / pɪtʃ /

adjecitve
Very dark black color
noun
Act of throwing a baseball for someone to hit
Playing fields in sports, e.g. for soccer
Attempt to sell/persuade someone of the value of
Degree of slope on e.g. a plane's wing
Measure of how high or low a sound is
Black substance that is very stick when heated
verb
To suggest a product, idea to make someone buy
To throw a baseball to a batter
To plunge or fall forward or headlong
To set up a camp or tent for a length of time
To attempt to sell something to someone
To set a sound to a certain level

dedicated

US / 'dedɪkeɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛdɪˌketɪd /

verb
To state a person's name in book, song, in respect
To give your energy, time, etc. completely

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

durability

US / ˌdjʊərə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / ˌdjʊrəˈbɪlətɪ /

noun
Product made to withstand repeated use

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

rip

US / rɪp /

•

UK / rɪp /

noun
A long tear in something, e.g. a piece of cloth
verb
To tear or split roughly or cause to tear or split
To become torn, opened, or split apart forcefully
To remove or take by pulling it forcefully

acceleration

US / əkˌseləˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ækˌsɛləˈreʃən /

noun
Increase in the speed or rate of something

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

strong

US / strɒŋ /

•

UK / strɔŋ /

adjecitve
(Of tea or beer) dark or thick
Having big muscles; physically powerful

generate

US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

verb
To create or be produced or bring into existence
To create electricity, heat, energy and power

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

quality

US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

•

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

noun
Feature associated with someone or something
High level of worth or excellence

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

negatively

US / 'neɡətɪvlɪ /

•

UK / ˈnɛɡətɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a harmful, unwanted or unhelpful manner

purpose

US / 'pɜ:pəs /

•

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

noun
Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

opinion

US / əˈpɪnjən /

•

UK / əˈpɪnjən /

noun
Court judge's statement why a decision was made
A person's thoughts on a topic

unique

US / jʊ'ni:k /

•

UK / juˈnik /

adjecitve
Unlike other things; being the only one like it

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

grant

US / ɡrɑ:nt /

•

UK / ɡrænt /

noun
Money given for education or research
Person's name
verb
To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
To give or let someone do what they want

hello

US / hə'ləʊ /

•

UK / hɛˈlo, hə- /

exclamation
What you say when you meet someone

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

cool

US / ku:l /

•

UK / kul /

adjecitve
Steady and calm when facing difficulties
Almost cold; not warm or hot
Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
verb
To make something decrease in temperature
(Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

consequence

US / ˈkɔnsikwəns /

•

UK / ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns /

noun
Importance of a person or thing
Outcome of an event; result

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

driver

US / ˈdraɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdraɪvɚ /

noun
People who move cattle from one place to another
Someone who operates a vehicle
A club with a wooden head used when playing golf

skinny

US / 'skɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈskɪni /

adjecitve
Too thin; very lean

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

airflow

US / ˈeəfləʊ /

•

UK / ˈerfloʊ /

noun
Movement of air around objects

extremely

US / ɪkˈstri:mli /

•

UK / ɪk'strimlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is much more than usual or expected

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

sharp

US / ʃɑ:p /

•

UK / ʃɑrp /

adjecitve
Being very clear and easy to see
(Of clothes) nicely or stylishly
Being able to think, see, or understand quickly
Having a thin edge or point that is able to cut
Requiring a quick or sudden change in direction
Having a flavor that is very strong and distinct
adverb
At precisely the time given
Suddenly; immediately (of directions)
noun
Person's name
A musical tone

compound

US / 'kɒmpaʊnd /

•

UK / kɑmˈpaUnd /

adjecitve
(Of a term) created by combining two or more words
noun
Series of buildings that are walled or fenced off
Chemical made up of several others
Closed walled area, as in a prison
Something formed by combining elements/parts
Term created by using two or more words together
verb
To pay interest on a loan including the interest
To make something from various parts or components
To make a mistake or problem worse

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

subject

US / 'sʌbdʒɪkt /

•

UK / ˈsʌbdʒekt /

noun
Citizen of an area or country
The person or thing that does the action of a verb
People who take part in experiments or tests
An area of study at school, e.g. math, history
What a book, article etc. is about; theme
verb
To cause to suffer or experience something

vehicle

US / ˈvi:əkl /

•

UK / ˈvi:hɪkl /

noun
Machine (such as a car) used to carry things
Means of expressing, showing, or achieving

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

capability

US / ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti /

•

UK / ˌkeɪpə'bɪləti /

noun
Means, ability, or potential to do something

extraordinarily

US / ɪk'strɔ:dnrəlɪ /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrɔrdn:ˌɛrɪlɪ /

adverb
Extremely

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

zigzag

US / 'zɪɡzæɡ /

•

UK / ˈzɪɡˌzæɡ /

noun
One of a series of short sharp turns or angles

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

standpoint

US / ˈstændpɔɪnt /

•

UK / ˈstændˌpɔɪnt /

noun
Mental position from which things are viewed

shoulder

US / ˈʃəʊldə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʃoldɚ /

noun
Part of the body where an arm attaches or joins
Meat that comes from an animal's upper front leg
Part of a shirt or coat that covers the shoulders
verb
To carry something around your neck
To push something using the top part of your arm
To accept a job or responsibility

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

passenger

US / 'pæsɪndʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpæsəndʒɚ /

noun
Person who is traveling in a vehicle

constantly

US / ˈkɒnstəntli /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstəntlɪ /

adverb
Frequently, or without pause

dirt

US / dɜ:t /

•

UK / dɚt /

noun
Loose earth or soil

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

crawl

US / krɔ:l /

•

UK / krɔl /

noun
Very slow progress (e.g. traffic)
Swimming by moving your arms forward then back
verb
To move very slowly or cautiously
To move along with the body close to the ground
To walk like an insect

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

mountain

US / 'maʊntən /

•

UK / ˈmaʊntən /

noun
Very high piece of land, higher than a hill

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

tie

US / taɪ /

•

UK / taɪ /

noun
Item, such as string or wire, used to join things
Strong connection between people, countries
When both sides in a game, vote get same score
One match or game that is part of a bigger contest
Something that lessens a person's freedom
Thin piece of cloth worn round neck of shirt
Piece of wood/metal used to stop something moving
verb
To attach things (together) with a string or rope
To end a game, contest or vote with the same score
To require someone to be in a specific place

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

act

US / ækt /

•

UK / ækt /

noun
What someone did; action; behavior
A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
verb
To behave in a certain way
To perform on a stage or in a movie

squirmy

US / ˈskwi:ki /

•

UK / ˈskwiki /

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

super

US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsupɚ /

adjecitve
Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

minimize

US / 'mɪnɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make something seem small or less important

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

multi

US / 'mʌlti /

•

UK / ˈmʌlti /

prefix
A prefix meaning 'many' or 'more than one'

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

slam

US / slæm /

•

UK / slæm /

noun
Act or sound of closing a door, etc. violently
verb
To criticize sharply
To shut with a lot of force, making a loud noise

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

territory

US / 'terətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

noun
Area of land defended by an animal
Area of particular knowledge or experience
Area owned or controlled by a government, person
Area of land with a specific defining feature

volume

US / ˈvɒlju:m /

•

UK / ˈvɑljum, -jəm /

noun
Number or amount of something e.g. sales
Amount of space that something takes up
One book that is part of a set of books
Level of sound produced by radio or television

comfortable

US / ˈkʌmftəbl /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfətəbəl, ˈkʌmftəbəl /

adjecitve
Having more than enough e.g. money for your needs
Being relaxed, warm or happy

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

direction

US / də'rekʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

noun
When someone tells people what to do
Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

orientation

US / ˌɔ:riənˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɔriɛnˈteʃən, -ən-, ˌor- /

noun
Where you are in a location, e.g. facing east/west
Process of giving information about something new
A person's preferences, e.g. sexual preferences

belt

US / belt /

•

UK / bɛlt /

noun
Band of material worn around a person's waist
Area with a lot of a particular feature e.g. corn
verb
To leave somewhere quickly (UK use)
To put a belt around something or someone

movement

US / ˈmu:vmənt /

•

UK / ˈmuvmənt /

noun
Part of a piece of classical music
Group with a shared interest or goal
Group sharing the same idea to change society, art
Action you do when exercising, e.g. in a gym
Part of a piece of music

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

tensile

US / ˈtensaɪl /

•

UK / ˈtensl /

adjecitve
Concerning tension

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

sufficient

US / səˈfɪʃnt /

•

UK / səˈfɪʃənt /

adjecitve
Having or providing enough when needed

Subtitles section

Hello everyone and welcome.

In this video sponsored by Hankook, we're getting some fascinating insight into what is arguably the most difficult tire to create, and that is the all terrain tire.

So in terms of the various styles of truck and SUV tires, the all terrain is a bit of a blend between a tire dedicated almost entirely for on road driving, which we have here, and a tire dedicated almost entirely for off road driving, which we have here.

So why do I say this is the most difficult tire to design?

Well, think about what you want in a tire.

You want it to be quiet, you want it to be comfortable, you want it to be durable so it doesn't get flats, you want it to wear evenly and last for thousands and thousands and thousands of miles, you want low rolling resistance to maximize fuel economy and efficiency,

Okay, then you have the grip factors, so you want it to perform well on dry roads, wet roads, snow, ice, and so far we've basically described the ideal all weather tire, which is already extraordinarily challenging to make.

Basically, do everything in every on road driving situation really well, but now we're adding on top of that all the off road requirements.

so it needs to perform on dirt, gravel, rocks, sand, mud, basically do everything on every surface possible and do it well.

Oh, and again, maintain all of the already mentioned qualities.

Of course, durability is a huge challenge when driving on sharp and irregular objects like rocks, but hey, it also has to have really good grip on dry roads.

Oh, and snow.

Now, I must mention, these are not the original equipment tires for this Bronco.

But this is a great vehicle to showcase the capability of these tires, and certainly a vehicle that can make the most out of all terrain tires.

And with tires, there's a huge range out there, and that's because specialization is the name of the game.

It's much easier to make tires perform well for very specific scenarios, but this tire, the AT.II Extreme, needs to do absolutely everything.

It's difficult to overstate how challenging this is, because you are forced to make compromises.

So let's dive right in, starting with the most important part of any tire, the compound.

Now if you think about it, okay, you've got summer compounds, all season compounds, winter compounds.

As you might suspect, this is most similar to an all season compound as to accommodate a wide variety of use cases.

The difference, though, is that an all terrain needs greater durability to hold up to off road scenarios, so the compound in this case is harder.

So you have a compound that can handle heavier loads, as these tend to be used on heavier vehicles.

Your compound also has a higher tensile strength.

Think about the tread blocks gripping a rock.

That block is stretching, so it needs to have a good tensile strength.

It also needs to have better crack resistance.

So if the compound starts to crack, well, now you're introducing all these areas in an off road scenario for rocks to tear apart the tire.

So they're using a harder, all season like compound, but it still has to have grip in the snow.

And as you can see, it has the three peak mountain snowflake, meaning it meets the industry testing for snow traction to get this symbol.

Okay, so harder compound, and inside, with the belts and plies, we also have a harder tire carcass.

So you might look at this massive sidewall and think, oh, that's probably great for ride comfort, and there is some truth to this, but in reality this is a much stiffer sidewall versus a typical summer or all season tire.

Part of the reason for these large sidewalls is to reduce the chance of puncture, of course along with a very strong internal structure.

This gives you more space between the ground and the wheel, giving you more distance and more time to handle any impacts.

So, the trend with sports cars is to have very short sidewalls, super low profile tires.

But throw this in a high speed off road scenario, you hit a rock, and that pinches the tire with the wheel, and you blow out the tire.

These sidewalls also protect your wheels, since you have all this space that rocks, or let's face it, for some people, just curbs, aren't going to be hitting your wheels.

In addition, all terrain tires are often run at much lower pressures depending on the driving situation.

So if you're in sand or mud, drivers might air down their tires to get a bit more grip.

Well, you need that strong sidewall so the tire isn't damaged in these scenarios.

Okay, so you've got stiffer compound, stiffer carcass, stiffer sidewalls.

Now let's get into the tread design.

And one of the most distinctive features you might notice is the tread depth.

It's deeper than what you'd find on a typical all season, and of course much deeper than a summer tire.

And tread depth may seem insignificant, but it has huge impacts on overall tire performance.

So why use a deeper tread?

One part is that it means better traction in certain off road scenarios.

Essentially you have these massive gears that can dig into sand or mud and can help push you through it.

And you have better drainage performance for deep water.

But another thing you have to keep in mind is these are heavy vehicles.

And often these heavy vehicles have a lot of power, so you're putting huge loads and heavy stresses on these tires.

That means lots of tire wear.

Okay, and as we mentioned, we have a stiffer compound to help deal with this.

But what's another way to get a tire to last longer?

More tread.

You start with more material so you can handle the higher loads for a longer period of time.

And these actually come with a very impressive warranty at seventy thousand miles for P metric or passenger vehicles and sixty thousand miles for LT or light truck applications like you see here on this Bronco.

According to Hankook this warranty is second to none for the segment and the simple reason for the mileage discrepancy between passenger and light truck is that LT tires tend to be used on heavier vehicles which correlates with more wear.

And okay, using LT as an example, how do they land on sixty thousand miles for the warranty?

Well, in this case, testing is conducted by a third party, where they take a three quarter ton pickup truck, think two fifty or twenty five hundred series trucks, and they put it through a real world mileage accumulation test that includes both on road and off road driving.

The proportion of on road versus off road driving is, of course, dependent on the type of tire used.

So this all terrain tire is certainly going to see more off road use than a highway terrain tire, but less than a mud terrain tire, which is basically dedicated for off roading.

So they put sixteen thousand miles on the tire throughout these different real world courses, and based on that, where they can evaluate how long the tread will last.

And you end up with the warranty numbers which they're confident they'll hit.

Okay, so a huge part of tread life is having sufficient tread depth.

But there are significant compromises you make when you have a high tread depth.

So let's talk through five major challenges.

Weight, tread chunking and rigidity, noise, steering response, and rolling resistance.

Alright, number one, weight.

And this is basically unavoidable, right?

As you increase tread depth, you're adding material.

More material equals more weight.

And this weight is at the outside of the tire.

So it has a big impact on the tire's moment of inertia.

Basically, it's resistance to moving.

The bigger the tire and the more mass you put at the outside of that tire, the more difficult it is to accelerate that tire.

So the added weight plus the location of that weight means worse fuel economy and worse acceleration.

But these are generally accepted sacrifices that come with vehicles in this territory.

Okay, number two, we have tread chunking and tread rigidity.

And really, it's two separate issues, but they're very correlated.

So if you imagine a racing slick with no tread blocks, just a smooth surface, that's a very strong structure because it's all connected.

Now if you do the opposite, say you have long skinny spikes of rubber sticking out, well these rubber spikes aren't going to perform well off road, they're just going to get ripped off the tire.

So basically, you're finding a happy medium between these two extremes with an all terrain tire.

You want the tread blocks to be able to dig into sand and mud and dirt, but if you make them too tall, they lose rigidity and they're more likely to shear and chunk off.

But you've got a few defenses here.

Of course, a major one being a hard, rigid compound, as I mentioned earlier.

Also, the larger and wider you create these blocks, the more rigidity they have.

So you'll notice the tread blocks are quite large.

And finally, you can have tie bars, which you can see here on the outside of the tire, which connects the outer tread blocks.

This reinforces the bending rigidity and helps it to prevent chunking.

Moving on to number three, steering response.

Alright, so as we just discussed, as you increase tread depth, meaning taller tread blocks, you increase tread movement.

So if you have squirmy tread blocks, your steering response suffers as a result.

you have more movement happening, so it's never going to respond like a summer tire.

But everything we mentioned regarding tread chunking and tread rigidity is at play here to minimize the loss of steering response.

The story is similar with your sidewalls, so tall sidewalls can hurt your steering response, but by making them stiff, you minimize the consequences.

Challenge number four is noise.

Okay, and this is basically unavoidable.

All terrain tires are simply going to be louder than typical all season or summer tires.

Now, tire noise is an extremely complex subject, but one of the major reasons why these styles of tires are louder is because of the increased tread depth.

So, as the tire rotates, it squishes into the ground, and this squeezes and compresses this tire, pushing air out from these grooves, and then as it releases from the ground, it then pulls that air back into these grooves.

And this air pumping is constantly happening, so you're constantly generating this noise.

As you increase the tread depth, you're increasing how much space or how much volume you have in these channels, thus increasing this air pumping effect, thus increasing noise.

Also, since you have the tread coming up onto the sidewalls, this can disrupt the airflow on the outside of the tire, which also impacts noise.

So no matter what, it's a challenge, but there are ways that you can minimize tire noise.

First, you have staged block edges.

So you can see in different locations, you have this part of the tread block that's a bit lower and goes into the groove.

And the idea here is very simple.

You're filling in the grooves more, so you have less volume overall.

The same idea goes for your land to sea ratio, where you have tread and where you have gaps.

From a noise standpoint, you want to maximize the amount of land you have to minimize air pumping, but of course you're fighting against having those voids for other purposes.

And the shape and direction of these grooves, the main channels as well as the lateral grooves, is very intentional to optimize for noise.

Now, the movement of these tread blocks also creates noise.

So again, a rigid compound is helpful here, as are the tie bars on the outer tread blocks.

So, these tie bars help reduce how much movement you have with these outer tread blocks.

Less movement, less vibration, less noise.

And one last comment about noise.

The pattern of these tread blocks is very important.

As they continuously slam into the ground as the tire rotates, this rhythmic nature generates a vibration, and thus noise.

But you can improve this characteristic by breaking up the pattern.

So, as you can see, they use what appears to be very random tread block widths.

So, you've got a really large one here, a really small one here, and different variations.

And this is very intentional.

It breaks up that sequence, this is called multi pitch sequencing, and it's done to reduce tire noise.

Finally, we get to number five, rolling resistance.

And again, this is unavoidable.

If you have more tread depth, you have more movement of your tread blocks, which generates heat.

On top of this, you have a heavy tire with a large surface contact area, and all of this negatively impacts fuel economy.

Now, yes, these tires are generally used on vehicles where you know fuel economy isn't the top priority, but it's still an important characteristic for modern fuel economy standards, saving money at the pump, and better efficiency means you have more power.

So again, we go back to a rigid compound as well as rigid sidewalls, which are both important for reducing rolling resistance, but the real reasons for that rigidity is dictated by the driving scenarios and types of vehicles these tires are used on.

Additionally, as this is a three peak mountain snowflake rated tire, the tire has sipes for better snow performance.

You'll notice the zigzag nature of the sipes, improving rigidity, which also minimizes the impact on rolling resistance, and they're also at different orientations to optimize grip in any direction.

Okay, a few more unique features that are worth pointing out.

You'll notice the highway tire has straight grooves running down the tire for wet traction.

On this all terrain, the grooves are zigzagged.

Hankook says this is done to minimize damage to the tire when off road, and also that it helps to shed mud and stones.

So the straight open grooves like you have on this highway terrain tire, they're really not doing much for you in the mud, right?

It's simply just going to slide right through that straight groove.

Versus if you have a zigzag pattern, well now that acts like a shovel or a scoop pushing against that mud as it squeezes into the grooves.

Also, you'll notice the tread of the tire continues onto the tire's shoulders and partially up the sidewalls.

So this is really helpful in loose surface scenarios.

When you're in sand or mud or dirt, these shoulders can shovel away at the environment, letting you drive in deeper sand and mud.

They can also help in rock crawling scenarios where the side of the tire is wedged against a rock, providing additional grip.

And not only do you improve off road traction, but you also better protect your sidewalls from damage or punctures.

So big picture, we've got a stiff, all season like tread compound with traction in all four seasons, a durable carcass, and a deep, wide tread to handle every off road scenario, while still offering a really long tread life, and all of which is optimized to allow for a very road worthy tire.

This is no small feat.

I hope you've enjoyed this.

I think we constantly take for granted just how incredibly complex, and in my opinion how incredibly cool, tires are.

So a big thank you to Hankook for sponsoring this video and getting me access to engineering to learn all about them.

I'm happy to say there are more videos like this on the way.

If you have any questions or comments, feel free to leave them below.

Thanks for watching.