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The Red Sea Dam: Generating 50x the Power of a Nuclear Plant

Original YouTube Video | megaprojects9649 Published on 2023-04-08 Level：91 Speed：61 maxwordlevel：19

Video vocabulary

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

meet

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Sporting competition e.g. swimming
verb
To provide something that is necessary
To come together at a certain time or place

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

environmental

US / ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl /

•

UK / ɛnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntl:, -ˌvaɪən /

adjecitve
Of the natural world of plants and animals

peter

US / ˈpi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpitɚ /

noun
Disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth

propose

US / prə'pəʊz /

•

UK / prəˈpoz /

verb
To make an offer of marriage
To offer or put forward an idea for consideration

metallurgy

US / məˈtælədʒi /

•

UK / ˈmetlɜ:rdʒi /

noun
Extraction of metal from ores, as by smelting

resource

US / riˈsɔ:s /

•

UK / ˈriˌsɔrs, -ˌsors, -ˌzɔrs, -ˌzors, rɪˈsɔrs, -ˈsors, /

noun
Something that can be used profitably; asset
An essential supply of something
Resourcefulness; ability to deal with problems
verb
To obtain (e.g. oil, gas) from its source

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

flooding

US / flʌdɪŋ /

•

UK / flʌdɪŋ /

verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

significantly

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfəkəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is important or noticeable
In a way that is meaningful

coal

US / kəʊl /

•

UK / kol /

noun
Dark hard substance from the earth burnt as a fuel

experiment

US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

noun
Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
verb
To create and perform tests to research something
To try something new that you haven't tried before

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

match

US / mætʃ /

•

UK / mætʃ /

noun
Something that is equal to or the same as another
Small stick you strike to light a fire candle etc.
A sports competition between two people or teams
Person or thing that goes well with another
verb
To equal or be as good as something else
To work well or look good with something else

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

berkeley

US / ˈbɑ:kli,ˈbə:kli /

•

UK / ˈbɚkli /

proper noun
A city in western California, on San Francisco Bay, site of a campus of the University of California

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

nonetheless

US / ˌnʌnðəˈles /

•

UK / ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs /

adverb
In spite of that; nevertheless

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

altogether

US / ˌɔ:ltəˈgeðə(r) /

•

UK / ˌɔltəˈɡɛðɚ /

adverb
All things considered
Completely and entirely, fully
With all included and counted

compensate

US / ˈkɒmpenseɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:mpenseɪt /

verb
To give (money) to as a form of correcting a loss

inevitably

US / ɪnˈevɪtəbli /

•

UK / ɪnˈevɪtəbli /

adverb
(Happening) with complete certainty

perhaps

US / pəˈhæps /

•

UK / pɚˈhæps /

adverb
Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

verb
To cause a change in something else

jewel

US / 'dʒu:əl /

•

UK / ˈdʒuəl /

noun
Precious stone like a diamond; gem

salinity

US / sə'lɪnətɪ /

•

UK / sə'lɪnətɪ /

noun
Concentration of salt in a solution

coral

US / 'kɒrəl /

•

UK / ˈkɑrəl /

adjecitve
Color that is a combination of pink and orange
noun
Marine substance made from bones of sea creatures

fish

US / fɪʃ /

•

UK / fɪʃ /

noun
Animal that swims and lives in water
verb
To go fishing with a net or hook

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

double

US / 'dʌbl /

•

UK / ˈdʌbəl /

adjecitve
Concerning or intended for use by two people
Two times the amount or degree; twice
Made of two parts that are the same, similar
noun
Person that is exactly like someone else
verb
To be used for two functions at the same time
To make or become twice as much

extraction

US / ɪkˈstrækʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrækʃən /

noun
Process of taking something out of something else
Country, region from which a person or family came

andy

US / 'ændɪ /

•

UK / 'ændɪ /

ton

US / tʌn /

•

UK / tʌn /

noun
Unit of weight; 907 kilograms (US); 1016 (UK)

policy

US / 'pɒləsɪ /

•

UK / ˈpɑlɪsi /

noun
Document stating terms of an insurance agreement
Course of action proposed by an organization, etc.

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

praise

US / preɪz /

•

UK / preɪz /

noun
Expression of approval of something/someone
Expression of thanks, respect, and love
verb
To express approval of something or someone
To express thanks, respect, and love

layer

US / ˈleiə /

•

UK / ˈleɚ /

noun
One of several sheets of a material or object
verb
To put things one on top of another

irresponsible

US / ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl /

•

UK / ˌɪrɪˈspɑ:nsəbl /

adjecitve
Acting without thinking of the consequences

bird

US / bɜ:d /

•

UK / bɜ:rd /

noun
Animal with feathers that uses wings to fly

saudi

US / 'saʊdɪ /

•

UK / 'saʊdɪ /

other
A native or inhabitant of Saudi Arabia

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

netherlands

US / 'neðələndz /

•

UK / 'neðərləndz /

proper noun
A country in western Europe, on the North Sea; population 16,900,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Amst

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

region

US / 'ri:dʒən /

•

UK / ˈridʒən /

noun
Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

fifteen

US / ˌfɪfˈti:n /

•

UK / fɪfˈtin /

number
15

friendly

US / ˈfrendli /

•

UK / ˈfrɛndli /

adjecitve
Acting like a friend; kind and helpful
noun
Game played not in a competition

devoted

US / dɪˈvəʊtɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈvotɪd /

adjecitve
Dedicated and committed to
verb
To dedicate
To decide to use or give (your time, efforts)

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

distance

US / 'dɪstəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

noun
Lack of friendliness toward another person
Amount of space between two places or things
verb
To make it clear that you are not involved

disaster

US / dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzæstɚ, -ˈsæs- /

noun
State of extreme ruin and misfortune

salty

US / ˈsɔ:lti /

•

UK / ˈsɔlti /

adjecitve
Containing or tasting like salt
Involving a clever and funny joke about sex

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

evaporate

US / ɪˈvæpəreɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈvæpəˌret /

verb
To pass off or away; to disappear
To change from a liquid into a gaseous state

critic

US / 'krɪtɪk /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪk /

noun
Person who judges (e.g. art) and gives opinions

industry

US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

noun
Hard work; being busy working
Factories or businesses that make certain products

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

lour

US / ˈlaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊər /

verb
To set lower

initial

US / ɪ'nɪʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃəl /

adjecitve
Existing or occurring at the beginning
noun
First letter of your given name
verb
To authorize something by writing your initials

tourist

US / ˈtʊərɪst /

•

UK / ˈtʊrɪst /

noun
Someone who travels to a place for pleasure

gorge

US / gɔ:dʒ /

•

UK / gɔ:rdʒ /

verb

prove

US / pru:v /

•

UK / pruv /

verb
To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

kilometre

US / ˈkɪləmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɪləmiːtər /

noun
A metric unit of length equal to 1000 metres

fairy

US / 'feərɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɛri /

noun
Small imaginary being that can do magic

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

movement

US / ˈmu:vmənt /

•

UK / ˈmuvmənt /

noun
Part of a piece of classical music
Group with a shared interest or goal
Group sharing the same idea to change society, art
Action you do when exercising, e.g. in a gym
Part of a piece of music

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

country

US / ˈkʌntri /

•

UK / ˈkʌntri /

noun
An area of land that is controlled by a government
Open land that is away from towns and cities

agree

US / əˈgri: /

•

UK / əˈɡri /

verb
To have the same opinion as someone else

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

endemic

US / enˈdemɪk /

•

UK / ɛnˈdɛmɪk /

adjecitve
Natural to or typical of a specific place/people

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

numerous

US / ˈnju:mərəs /

•

UK / ˈnumərəs, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Existing in large numbers

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

ecology

US / ɪ'kɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈkɑlədʒi /

noun
Study of plants, animals and their environments

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

general

US / 'dʒenrəl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

adjecitve
Widespread, normal or usual
noun
Top ranked officer in the army

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

powered

US / ˈpaʊəd /

•

UK / ˈpaʊərd /

verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

minimal

US / ˈmɪnɪməl /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəməl /

adjecitve
The smallest possible; least

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

severe

US / sɪ'vɪə(r) /

•

UK / səˈvɪr /

adjecitve
Very bad; harsh
Being very serious or extremely bad
(Of clothes, etc.) plain; simple; not decorated

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

mast

US / mɑ:st /

•

UK / mæst /

noun
Tall upright post supporting the sails of a boat

suez

US / ˈsuːɪz /

•

UK / ˈsuɛz /

extensive

US / ɪkˈstensɪv /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnsɪv /

adjecitve
Large; full or complete

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

operational

US / ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl /

•

UK / ˌɑpəˈreʃənəl /

adjecitve
Being in working condition and ready to be used
Working; able to function

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

rapid

US / ˈræpɪd /

•

UK / ˈræpɪd /

adjecitve
Moving or happening very quickly
noun
Rough and fast-moving part of a river

otherwise

US / ˈʌðəwaiz /

•

UK / ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz /

adverb
In an additional or different way
Unless; or

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

precarious

US / prɪˈkeəriəs /

•

UK / prɪˈkɛriəs /

adjecitve
Not secure; likely to fall over/off; dangerous

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

reactor

US / riˈæktə(r) /

•

UK / riˈæktɚ /

noun
Device to control nuclear energy as a power source

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

paper

US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

adjecitve
Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
Made from the material that we use to make books
noun
Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
Written test
Newspaper
Pages of a book are made from this

drop

US / drɒp /

•

UK / drɑp /

noun
Distance between a higher and a lower level
Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
verb
To drive someone to a place and then drive away
To let something fall from your hand
To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

network

US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

noun
Group of computers connected to each other
System of connections
Group who work closely with each other
Group of radio or television stations, programs
verb
To join a group of computers together
To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

install

US / ɪnˈstɔ:l /

•

UK / ɪnˈstɔl /

verb
To set up equipment so that it is ready to use
To place someone officially in a job position

flux

US / flʌks /

•

UK / flʌks /

noun
A state of flow and change

china

US / ˈtʃaɪnə /

•

UK / ˈtʃaɪnə /

noun
A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the wo
other
High quality porcelain originally made only in China

regardless

US / rɪˈgɑ:dləs /

•

UK / rɪˈɡɑrdlɪs /

adverb
Without being affected or concerned by something

destruction

US / dɪ'strʌkʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈstrʌkʃən /

noun
Act of destroying; damaging beyond repair

consistently

US / kən'sɪstəntlɪ /

•

UK / kənˈsɪstəntlɪ /

adverb
In a manner that is the same almost every time

someday

US / 'sʌmdeɪ /

•

UK / 'sʌmˌdeɪ /

adverb
At some unspecified time in the future

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

settle

US / 'setl /

•

UK / ˈsɛtl /

noun
Type of wooden seat
verb
To make (a child, etc.) feel calm/ready for sleep
To complete or finalize e.g. a contract or debt
To end some troubles by reaching an agreement
To become accustomed to a new environment
(Of liquids) to move to the bottom of a container

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

intense

US / ɪn'tens /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛns /

adjecitve
Very strong, great or extreme in degree

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

apparently

US / əˈpærəntli /

•

UK / əˈpærəntlɪ /

adverb
According to what you heard; from what can be seen

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

wildlife

US / ˈwaɪldlaɪf /

•

UK / ˈwaɪldˌlaɪf /

noun
All wild animals

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

university

US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

noun
High-level educational institution; college

depression

US / dɪ'preʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈprɛʃən /

noun
Medical condition of a lack of vitality
Period of unemployment and low economic activity

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

utterly

US / 'ʌtəli: /

•

UK / ˈʌtəli /

adverb
Completely

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

sediment

US / ˈsedɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛdəmənt /

noun
Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid

odisha

US / /

•

UK / /

proper noun
A state in eastern India, on the Bay of Bengal; capital, Bhubaneswar.

offset

US / ˈɒfset /

•

UK / ˈɔ:fset /

adjecitve
(Of printing) using inked plates
noun
Compensation or counterbalance
verb
To compensate for or counterbalance the effect of

nevertheless

US / ˌnevəðəˈles /

•

UK / ˌnevərðəˈles /

adverb
In spite of what has just been said; nonetheless

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

price

US / praɪs /

•

UK / praɪs /

noun
Person's name
Cost of something in money
verb
To determine or set the cost of something

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

korea

US / kɔ:ˈriən /

•

UK / kəˈriə /

proper noun
A region in eastern Asia that forms a peninsula between the East Sea and the Yellow Sea, now divided

ingenuity

US / ˌɪndʒə'nju:ətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɪndʒəˈnuɪti, -ˈnju- /

noun
Cleverness and originality

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

ecosystem

US / ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈɛkoˌsɪstəm, ˈiko- /

noun
Types of plants and animals in an specific area

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

adapt

US / ə'dæpt /

•

UK / əˈdæpt /

verb
To change something for a different function
To change something to fit or suit a new purpose

construct

US / kənˈstrʌkt /

•

UK / kənˈstrʌkt /

noun
A thought, theory or hypothesis
verb
To build or create something
To create a sentence, story, argument or theory

mediterranean

US / ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən /

•

UK / ˌmɛdɪtəˈreniən, -ˈrenjən /

adjecitve
Describing the sea between Italy and Africa

electricity

US / ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti /

•

UK / ɪlɛkˈtrɪsɪti,ˌilɛk- /

noun
Energy generated positive and negative charges

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

adequate

US / ˈædɪkwət /

•

UK / ˈædɪkwɪt /

adjecitve
Enough; good enough for what is needed

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

park

US / pɑ:k /

•

UK / pɑ:rk /

noun
Person's name
Public green area in a town for exercise, relaxing
Field upon which a sport is played, e.g. baseball
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

maximize

US / ˈmæksɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmæksəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make as large or great as possible

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

core

US / kɔ:(r) /

•

UK / kɔr, kor /

noun
Important central part of something
verb
To take out the central section of a fruit

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

wall

US / wɔ:l /

•

UK / wɔl /

noun
High, flat side of a room or building

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

program

US / 'prəʊɡræm /

•

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

noun
Small book of events in a play, concert or movie
A plan or schedule of events
Series of classes at a college or university
A computer application
TV show
verb
To make someone act or think in a certain way
To write computer code for a piece of software

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

expose

US / ɪk'spəʊz /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

noun
News article revealing secret information
verb
To make visible, without covering or protection
To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
To be talked about in the media
To make a secret known to the public
To experience something, often a harmful thing

predict

US / prɪ'dɪkt /

•

UK / prɪˈdɪkt /

verb
To guess or estimate what will or might happen

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

deny

US / dɪ'naɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈnaɪ /

verb
To refuse to allow or accept something

global

US / ˈgləʊbl /

•

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

soviet

US / ˈsəuviət,ˈsɔviət /

•

UK / ˈsoviˌɛt, -ɪt, ˈsɑvi-, ˌsoviˈɛt /

adjecitve
Of or relating to or characteristic of the former Soviet Union or its people
noun
Elected government council in a communist country

population

US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

noun
Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

carbon

US / 'kɑ:bən /

•

UK / ˈkɑrbən /

noun
Chemical element with an atomic number of 6

union

US / 'ju:nɪən /

•

UK / ˈjunjən /

noun
Act of joining two or more things into one
Marriage
Organization of workers to look after their needs

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

migratory

US / ˈmaɪgrətri /

•

UK / ˈmaɪgrətɔ:ri /

adjecitve
Involving moving to another place to live

wadden

US / /

•

UK / /

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

runoff

US / 'rʌnˌɔ:f /

•

UK / ˈrʌnˌɔf, -ˌɑf /

noun
A second election to find a winner

egypt

US / 'i:dʒɪpt /

•

UK / 'i:dʒɪpt /

noun
A republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until; site of an ancient civili

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

route

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, raʊt /

noun
Way to get from one place to another place; path
Path or way that people often use
Method of achieving a certain result
verb
To send along a particular path or way

trade

US / treɪd /

•

UK / treid /

noun
A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
Action of buying and selling things in business
The buying and selling of goods and services
Exchanging something for something else
Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
verb
To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
To give something in return for something else

publish

US / 'pʌblɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪʃ /

verb
To prepare and make available a book magazine etc.
To release information to the general public

ecological

US / ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / ˌi:kəˈlɑ:dʒɪkl /

adjecitve
Concerning the environment, plants, or animals

millimetre

US / ˈmɪlimi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɪlimiːtər /

noun
Unit of measure, 1/1000 of a metre (symbol mm)

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

proposal

US / prəˈpəʊzl /

•

UK / prəˈpozəl /

noun
Act of asking someone to marry you
Offer or plan to people who can decide about it

lock

US / lɒk /

•

UK / lɑ:k /

noun
Small portion of your hair that hangs together
Place on a door, etc. that you close with a key
verb
To become fixed in place and hard to move
To use a key, code so others can't open something

component

US / kəmˈpəʊnənt /

•

UK / kəmˈponənt /

adjecitve
Being a part of something
noun
One of the parts that something is made up of

allotment

US / əˈlɒtmənt /

•

UK / əˈlɑ:tmənt /

noun
Division for a particular purpose/among people

shallow

US / 'ʃæləʊ /

•

UK / ˈʃælo /

adjecitve
Not deep; short from top to bottom
Lacking interest in serious things; superficial

warn

US / wɔ:n /

•

UK / wɔrn /

verb
To tell someone about possible danger

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

rubble

US / ˈrʌbl /

•

UK / ˈrʌbəl /

noun
Rough, broken stones from destroyed building

bab

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A baby or young child.
Used as a friendly form of address.

scientific

US / ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk /

•

UK / ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning academic study of the physical world

fail

US / feɪl /

•

UK / fel /

noun
A mark on a test showing you did not pass
verb
To be unsuccessful in passing a class or exam
To not do or provide something that is needed
To stop working or functioning; to break down
To not achieve a goal, or to go wrong

surround

US / səˈraʊnd /

•

UK / səˈraʊnd /

other
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
verb
To be all the way around something
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
To move closer on all sides of something

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

pile

US / paɪl /

•

UK / paɪl /

adjecitve
(Surface) consisting of usually short threads
noun
Large amount of something
Group of things one on top of another
Long post used to support something
Carpet, rug consisting of usually short threads
verb
(E.g. of problems) to increase; get more or worse

toxic

US / ˈtɒksɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑksɪk /

adjecitve
Poisonous; harmful
(Of relationships) harmful; causing conflict

india

US / 'ɪndɪə /

•

UK / ˈɪndɪə /

proper noun
A country in southern Asia that occupies the greater part of the Indian subcontinent; population 1,3

tectonic

US / tekˈtɒnɪk /

•

UK / tekˈtɑ:nɪk /

adjecitve
Denoting or relating to construction or building
Concerning the formation of the Earth's surface

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

countless

US / ˈkaʊntləs /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntlɪs /

adjecitve
Being too many to be numbered or imagined

precisely

US / prɪˈsaɪsli /

•

UK / prɪˈsaɪsli /

adverb
In an exact and accurate manner
(Emphasizes that a statement is totally correct)

director

US / də'rektə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktɚ, daɪ- /

noun
Senior person who manages part of an organization
Person who controls the acting in a movie or play

normal

US / 'nɔ:ml /

•

UK / ˈnɔrməl /

adjecitve
Standard or regular way of doing something
Having standard mental or physical ability, health

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

immense

US / ɪˈmens /

•

UK / ɪˈmɛns /

adjecitve
Very great in size or amount

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

production

US / prəˈdʌkʃn /

•

UK / prəˈdʌkʃən, pro- /

noun
Process of producing or growing food naturally
Process of making something on a large scale
Process of making a movie or TV show

heavily

US / ˈhevɪli /

•

UK / hɛvəli /

adverb
In a slow, loud manner
A lot or to a great degree
With great effort or force

assuage

US / əˈsweɪdʒ /

•

UK / əˈswedʒ /

verb
To make something less severe

aquarium

US / ə'kweərɪəm /

•

UK / əˈkwɛriəm /

noun
Building or tank for keeping fish and water plants

appear

US / ə'pɪə(r) /

•

UK / əˈpɪr /

verb
To be seen, become visible; come into sight
To seem to be
To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

habitat

US / 'hæbɪtæt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪˌtæt /

noun
Natural place where a plant or animal lives

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

weather

US / 'weðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɛðɚ /

noun
Whether it is raining, sunny, cold etc. outside
verb
To successfully deal with a difficult situation
To erode or become damaged due to the environment

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

net

US / net /

•

UK / nɛt /

adjecitve
Remaining amount after something is taken away
noun
Internet
Crossed rope, fibers with partly open pattern
Crossed ropes that make up the back of a goal
verb
To catch or cover something in a mesh, often fish
To gain or earn a certain amount of money
To hit a ball into a goal during a sports event

recommend

US / ˌrekə'mend /

•

UK / ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd /

verb
To advise or suggest that someone do something

current

US / 'kʌrənt /

•

UK / ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr- /

adjecitve
Happening or being in the present time
noun
Electricity flowing through wires
Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky

dirk

US / dɜːk /

•

UK / dɜːrk /

other
A relatively long dagger with a straight blade

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

decrease

US / dɪˈkri:s /

•

UK / dɪˈkris /

noun
Amount by which something has been reduced
verb
To reduce the size, amount or number of something

preserve

US / prɪˈzɜ:v /

•

UK / prɪˈzɜ:rv /

noun
Protected area of land with plants and animals
verb
To cook food so it can be kept for long periods
To protect something from harm, loss or damage
To keep or maintain unchanged or perfect

roughly

US / ˈrʌfli /

•

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

adverb
Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
In a manner that is violent or not careful
In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
In a basic, simple manner

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

conservation

US / ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑ:nsərˈveɪʃn /

noun
Protecting the environment or a species
Act of keeping in reserve

beneath

US / bɪ'ni:θ /

•

UK / bɪˈniθ /

preposition
Not worthy of you; not good enough for you
Under; In or to a lower position; below

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

similarly

US / ˈsɪmələli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmələrli /

adverb
In a way almost the same as something else

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

tears

US / tɪəs /

•

UK / tɪrs /

other
Drops of salty water from the eye
Holes or rips in something after it has been damaged
verb
To move very quickly, often with carelessness
To remove something forcibly or roughly
To damage by pulling, resulting in a rough edge

disappear

US / ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌdɪsəˈpɪr /

verb
To no longer see because it's not there any more

ultimately

US / ˈʌltɪmətli /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪtli /

adverb
Done or considered as the final and most important

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

claim

US / kleɪm /

•

UK / klem /

noun
Demand for something that is believed to be due
Something said to be true when others don't agree
verb
To demand something that is believed to be due
To cause someone's life to come to an end
To say something is true when others may not agree

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

catch

US / kætʃ /

•

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

noun
Amount of something that has been caught
Trick or something trying to deceive
verb
To stop something flying and hold it
To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
To get sick or get a disease from someone else
To find someone to do something, a task
To get stuck on or in something
To be trapped so you can’t escape
To be able to understand what someone is saying

advocate

US / 'ædvəkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈædvəˌket /

noun
A lawyer who protects a clients interests
Person who supports a movement for changes
verb
To request change
To publicly support a belief

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

argue

US / ˈɑ:gju: /

•

UK / ˈɑ:rgju: /

verb
To fight or disagree over something
To state your reasons for or against an idea

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

expand

US / ɪk'spænd /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænd /

verb
To make something larger in size, number, amount

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

accomplish

US / ə'kʌmplɪʃ /

•

UK / əˈkɑmplɪʃ /

verb
To succeed in doing; complete successfully

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

flexible

US / ˈfleksəbl /

•

UK / ˈflɛksəbəl /

adjecitve
Bending easily
Able to adjust to new events, requirements easily

utrecht

US / /

•

UK / /

proper noun
A city in the central Netherlands, capital of a province of the same name; population 294,737 (2008)

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

locate

US / ləʊ'keɪt /

•

UK / ˈloˌket,loˈket /

verb
To find exactly where something is positioned
To put something in a new place

extent

US / ɪkˈstent /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnt /

noun
Point, level or limit to which something reaches
Range or space included in something

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

political

US / pəˈlɪtɪkl /

•

UK / pəˈlɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Being active or interested in government matters
Diplomatic
Of the system of elections and government
Concerning government or public affairs
Involved in getting of power/influence in a group

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

environmentally

US / ɪnˌvaɪrən'mentəlɪ /

•

UK / ɪnˌvaɪrən'mentəlɪ /

adverb
So as to affect the environment/the natural world

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

isolated

US / ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈaɪsəˌletɪd /

verb
To identify, consider, or deal with separately
To keep in a place or situation apart from others
To separate something from another substance

president

US / ˈprezɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈprɛzɪdənt,-ˌdɛnt /

noun
Person in charge of a country, or organization

yemen

US / ˈjemən /

•

UK / ˈjɛmən, ˈjemən /

other
A republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in

sea

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Very large group of people, similar-looking things
Large body of salty water with land around it

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

bend

US / bend /

•

UK / bɛnd /

noun
When a road changes direction; turn
verb
To become curved or no longer straight
To move your body so that it is not straight up
To turn in a different direction, as a road
To use force to make an object not straight

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

sensitive

US / 'sensətɪv /

•

UK / ˈsɛnsɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Taking offense easily; easily upset or hurt
(Private information) needing careful treatment
Concerning awareness of small differences
Able to recognize the feelings of others
Responsive to physical touch
Becoming unstable

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

tall

US / tɔ:l /

•

UK / tɔl /

adjecitve
High in height

ship

US / ʃɪp /

•

UK / ʃɪp /

noun
Large boat
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

vanity

US / 'vænətɪ /

•

UK / ˈvænɪti /

noun
When you are too proud of your appearance/ability

output

US / 'aʊtpʊt /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌpʊt /

noun
Amount of something that is produced
verb
To produce data or information, as a computer

north

US / nɔ:θ /

•

UK / nɔ:rθ /

adjecitve
Coming from the opposite direction to the south
noun
Direction to your left when facing the rising sun

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

generally

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
Usually; as a rule; by, to or for most people

achieve

US / ə'tʃi:v /

•

UK / əˈtʃiv /

verb
To succeed in doing good, usually by working hard

deposit

US / dɪ'pɒzɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈpɑzɪt /

noun
Concentration of mineral left by a river
Part payment so that an item will be kept for you
Amount of money that is put into a bank account
verb
(Of rivers) to leave a layer of minerals, etc.
To lay down of layers, e.g. of soil, over time
To place or put something down in a certain place
To put money or valuable items in a bank

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

exhaust

US / ɪɡ'zɔ:st /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɔst /

noun
System of pipes through which gases escape
Waste gas from an engine, e.g. from a car
verb
To emit gas from the back of a car
To make a person feel very tired or without energy
To entirely use up a resource, possibilities etc.

gate

US / ɡeɪt /

•

UK / ɡet /

noun
Place in a fence which can be opened or closed

jeddah

US / /

•

UK / /

proper noun
A seaport on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia, near Mecca; population 3,012,000 (est. 2007).

ludicrous

US / ˈlu:dɪkrəs /

•

UK / ˈludɪkrəs /

adjecitve
Very foolish; ridiculous

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

megastructure

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A massive construction or structure, especially a complex of many buildings.

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

prevent

US / prɪ'vent /

•

UK / prɪˈvɛnt /

verb
To stop something from happening or existing

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

convert

US / kən'vɜ:t /

•

UK / kənˈvɚt /

noun
Person switching from one belief system to another
verb
To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
To change form, character, or function to another

concrete

US / 'kɒŋkri:t /

•

UK / kɑnˈkrit, kɑŋ-, ˈkɑnˌkrit, ˈkɑŋ- /

adjecitve
Concerning something that is physical or real
noun
Hard building material made of cement, sand, water
verb
To cover or make with a hard grey building material

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

brine

US / braɪn /

•

UK / braɪn /

noun
Water that contains a lot of salt, e.g. sea water

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

criticism

US / ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm /

noun
Article or essay that judges quality
Negative judgment of something
Something negative that you say about something
School of thought

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

dirty

US / ˈdɜ:ti /

•

UK / ˈdɜ:rti /

adjecitve
Not clean
Not fair; dishonest or dishonorable
verb
To make something not clean; soil

neutral

US / ˈnju:trəl /

•

UK / ˈnu:trəl /

adjecitve
Something with pH value of 7
Having no positive or negative electrical charge
Not supporting either side in a war, etc.
Not taking either side in a debate; not involved
noun
Color that is dull and not bright, such as gray
The rest position for gears in a car or vehicle
Person/country not supporting a side in a war, etc.

fuel

US / 'fju:əl /

•

UK / ˈfjuəl /

noun
Material used to produce heat or power when burned
verb
To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
To provide gas or petrol for something

technically

US / ˈteknɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɛknɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In an exact and particular manner

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

considerably

US / kənˈsɪdərəbli /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdərəblɪ /

adverb
Quite a lot; to a large degree

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

represent

US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

verb
To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
To show or describe something in a particular way
To act on behalf of others in government
To act or speak for another person or other people

pattern

US / 'pætn /

•

UK / ˈpætən /

noun
Model to follow in making or doing something
Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
Regular repeated behavior
verb
To copy the way something else is made

uselessness

US / 'ju:sləsnəs /

•

UK / 'ju:sləsnəs /

noun
When something is of little or no use

fossil

US / 'fɒsl /

•

UK / ˈfɑsəl /

noun
Plant or animal that became rock after many years

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

gigawatts

US / ˈɡɪɡəˌwɒt /

•

UK / ˈɡɪɡəˌwɑːt; ˈdʒɪɡəˌwɑːt /

other
One billion (10^9) watts of electrical power

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

desalination

US / ˌdi:ˌsælɪˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdiːˌsælɪˈneɪʃn /

noun
Removal of salt (especially from sea water)

foundation

US / faunˈdeiʃən /

•

UK / faʊnˈdeʃən /

noun
Base or important starting point
Underground base on which building is constructed
Institution supported by a private fund
First cosmetic used when putting on makeup
Action of establishing an organization

destroy

US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

verb
To damage so badly that something no longer exists
To defeat someone or something easily
To kill a sick or unwanted animal

specifically

US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

•

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

adverb
As regards a particular thing; closely related to
In particular

incredible

US / ɪnˈkredəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl /

adjecitve
Very good; amazing
Really good; amazing; great
Very hard to believe

inflow

US / ˈɪnfləʊ /

•

UK / ˈɪnfloʊ /

noun
Process of flowing in

california

US / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:njə, -'fɔ:ni:ə /

•

UK / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:rnjəˌ -'fɔ:rni:ə /

noun
A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the rd largest state; known for earthquakes

dam

US / dæm /

•

UK / dæm /

noun
Wall built to stop the flow of water
verb
To build a wall to prevent a river from flowing

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

disturb

US / dɪˈstɜ:b /

•

UK / dɪˈstɜ:rb /

other
To cause someone anxiety or fear
verb
To cause someone anxiety or fear
To stop someone from working or sleeping

aral

US / əˈrɑ:k /

•

UK / əˈrɑk /

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

specialize

US / ˈspeʃəlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz /

verb
To focus on one area of a field or profession
To change to fit your environment
To name something individually

gulf

US / gʌlf /

•

UK / ɡʌlf /

noun
Part of a sea partially surrounded by land
Wide separation or difference between two groups
Deep hole in the ground

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

capable

US / 'keɪpəbl /

•

UK / ˈkepəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able to do something very well; proficient

kill

US / kɪl /

•

UK / kɪl /

noun
Animal killed by a person or other animal
verb
To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
To end the life of a person or other living thing
To be very funny
To prevent something from continuing or operating
To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

consequence

US / ˈkɔnsikwəns /

•

UK / ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns /

noun
Importance of a person or thing
Outcome of an event; result

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

purpose

US / 'pɜ:pəs /

•

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

noun
Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

powerfully

US / 'paʊəfəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚfəlɪ /

adverb
In a powerful manner; strongly

per

US / pə(r) /

•

UK / pɚ /

preposition
In the manner directed or suggested
For each; during each

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

designer

US / dɪˈzaɪnə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪnə /

adjecitve
Describing something that has been designed
noun
Someone who creates plans to make something

extremely

US / ɪkˈstri:mli /

•

UK / ɪk'strimlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is much more than usual or expected

evaporation

US / ɪˌvæpə'reɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪˌvæpəˈreʃən /

noun
Changing from a liquid into a gas, e.g. steam

unique

US / jʊ'ni:k /

•

UK / juˈnik /

adjecitve
Unlike other things; being the only one like it

generate

US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

verb
To create or be produced or bring into existence
To create electricity, heat, energy and power

ambitious

US / æmˈbɪʃəs /

•

UK / æmˈbɪʃəs /

adjecitve
Having the desire to be successful in life, work

magnesium

US / mægˈni:ziəm /

•

UK / mæɡˈniziəm,-ʒəm /

noun
Silver, white metal burning with a white flame

soil

US / sɔɪl /

•

UK / sɔɪl /

noun
Conditions in which something develops
Mix of natural material in which plants grow
Land of a certain country
verb
To get or become dirty

conceivable

US / kənˈsi:vəbl /

•

UK / kənˈsiːvəbl /

adjecitve
Capable of being imagined

nuclear

US / ˈnju:kliə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnukliɚ, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Concerning or involving the center of an atom

vice

US / ˌvaɪs /

•

UK / ˌvaɪ.sə /

adverb
used to say that what you have just said is also true in the opposite order

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

nation

US / 'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈneʃən /

noun
Area or region controlled by a government and army

emission

US / iˈmɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪˈmɪʃən /

noun
A substance (e.g. gas) released into the air

die

US / daɪ /

•

UK / daɪ /

noun
Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
verb
To cease to function or work
(Of a thing) to stop being used or done
(Of a person) to stop living

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

constant

US / 'kɒnstənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

adjecitve
Happening frequently or without pause
noun
Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

lower

US / 'ləʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊɚ, laʊr /

adjecitve
In a position more near the bottom
verb
To move something downward to the ground

board

US / bɔ:d /

•

UK / bɔrd, bord /

noun
Surface for posting or showing information
Group of persons who direct an organization
Long piece of material used for riding the waves
Long thin piece of wood, used for building; plank
verb
To enter a ship, plane, or other vehicle
To cover with long wooden strips of wood
To pay money to live in someone's house; lodge

convince

US / kən'vɪns /

•

UK / kənˈvɪns /

verb
To persuade someone, or make them feel sure

overall

US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

adjecitve
Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

canal

US / kəˈnæl /

•

UK / kəˈnæl /

noun
Channel cut through land for boats or ships

relegate

US / ˈrelɪgeɪt /

•

UK / ˈrɛlɪˌɡet /

verb
To place in a less important place or position
To put a team in a lower league when they lose

generation

US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

noun
Act or process of producing or causing something
People born and living at about the same time

undertake

US / ˌʌndə'teɪk /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈtek /

verb
To begin; attempt; take on responsibility for

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

seal

US / si:l /

•

UK / sil /

noun
Large fish-eating animal that lives on sea or land
Official mark made in hot wax to close a document
Piece of rubber used to keep water, dirt out
verb
To close tightly to protect it from leaking
To close an envelop or package
To cover a surface with a substance to protect it

border

US / 'bɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈbɔrdɚ /

noun
Outer part or edge of something
Line separating one country, state from another
verb
To be right next to another country or state
To form the edge of something
To form the edge of (road, etc.)

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

harm

US / hɑ:m /

•

UK / hɑrm /

noun
Damage or injury
verb
To damage, injure, or hurt someone or something

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

equate

US / ɪ'kweɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈkwet /

verb
To consider things to be equal or the same

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

wind

US / wɪnd /

•

UK / wɪnd /

adjecitve
(Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
noun
A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Something that has influence
verb
If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
To turn or cause something to turn
To twist around something

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

agriculture

US / ˈægrɪkʌltʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæɡrɪˌkʌltʃɚ /

noun
The science of farming

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

israeli

US / ɪz'reɪlɪ /

•

UK / ɪzˈreli /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Israel

relatively

US / ˈrelətɪvli /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a manner comparing something to something else

obstacle

US / ˈɒbstəkl /

•

UK / ˈɑbstəkəl /

noun
Object that blocks a path or course

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

loss

US / lɒs /

•

UK / lɔ:s /

noun
Friend, family, or other loved person's death
Decrease or decline in quantity or amount
Experience or state of failing to have or keep
A situation when you lose a game
Process of failing to have or keep something
Difficulty or trouble caused by someone's leaving
Situation when more money is spent than is earned

reef

US / ri:f /

•

UK / rif /

noun
Line of rocks or sand at the surface of the ocean
Rolling up sail to make it smaller in strong winds
verb
To roll up sail to make it smaller in strong winds

salt

US / sɔ:lt /

•

UK / sɔlt /

adjecitve
Being preserved or seasoned with salt
noun
Natural white crystal used to flavor food
verb
To add salt to food in order to improve its taste
To add salt to ice in order to melt it
To preserve food by adding salt

instance

US / 'ɪnstəns /

•

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

noun
An example of something; case
verb
To give as an example of something else

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

foot

US / fʊt /

•

UK / fʊt /

noun
Base of something such as a mountain or vase
Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

port

US / pɔ:t /

•

UK / pɔrt, port /

noun
City where ships can shelter during a storm
Left side of a ship when facing forward
Opening in a computer where wires can be connected
Sweet wine that is produced in Portugal
verb
To move data from one computer system to another

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

widespread

US / ˈwaɪdspred /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd /

adjecitve
Happening or existing in many places

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

clownfish

US / ˈklaʊnfɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈklaʊnfɪʃ /

noun
Small orange white and black fish

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

raise

US / reɪz /

•

UK / rez /

noun
Increase in a bet above another when playing cards
Pay increase
verb
To increase a bet above another when playing cards
To gather donations for a cause or charity
To bring up and educate a child to maturity
To bring a dead person to life
To increase a quantity, size, intensity or price
To lift (e.g. your hand) to a higher position
To mention a topic /issue for discussion; bring up
To increase (salary, etc.)
To grow or care for plants or animals

center

US / 'sentə /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To direct focus toward something

station

US / 'steɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈsteʃən /

noun
Building, area, place used for a specific reason
A person's place in society
Place where you can catch a train or a bus
Company that broadcasts radio or TV programs
verb
(Army) to be posted to a place to perform duties
To put a person in a certain place or position

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

southern

US / ˈsʌðən /

•

UK / ˈsʌðərn /

adjecitve
Concerning a region in the south
Being in or toward the south

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
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commission

US / kə'mɪʃn /

•

UK / kəˈmɪʃən /

noun
Money paid for a service, e.g. money exchanging
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Group officially put in charge of e.g. education
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verb
To hire someone, order work to be done for payment

concentrate

US / 'kɒnsntreɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnsənˌtret /

verb
To cause to be present in large amount or number
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economic

US / ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk /

•

UK / ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk, ˌikə- /

adjecitve
Concerning trade, industry, and money

arid

US / ˈærɪd /

•

UK / ˈærɪd /

adjecitve
Being very dry and lacking water

draw

US / drɔ: /

•

UK / drɔ /

noun
Something that attracts people to visit a place
A lottery or prize
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verb
To attract attention to someone or something
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blow

US / bləʊ /

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UK / blo /

noun
Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
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verb
To move something using air
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community

US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

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UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

noun
Group of people who share a common idea or area

mitigate

US / 'mɪtɪɡeɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɪtˌɪɡet /

verb
To make less severe or serious

caution

US / 'kɔ:ʃn /

•

UK / ˈkɔʃən /

noun
Quality of being cautious; avoiding risk, danger
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verb
To give someone a warning about a possible danger

group

US / ɡru:p /

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UK / ɡrup /

noun
Two or more musicians who play music together
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verb
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end

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UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
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Goal or desired result
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verb
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uncover

US / ʌn'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ʌnˈkʌvɚ /

verb
To remove what is on top to show something
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hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
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seafloor

US / 'si:flɒə /

•

UK / ˈsiˌflɔr, -ˌflor /

noun
Bottom of the sea

desert

US / 'dezət /

•

UK / ˈdɛzət /

noun
Bare area of land, often with few plants and water
verb
To leave a place for ever; abandon
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active

US / ˈæktɪv /

•

UK / ˈæktɪv /

adjecitve
Moving around a lot or doing many things

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

transmission

US / trænsˈmɪʃn /

•

UK / trænsˈmɪʃən, trænz- /

noun
Part of car including gears affecting speed of car
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Transfer of money to another person or place
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meter

US / ˈmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmitɚ /

noun
Unit of length equal to 100 cm or about 39 inches
Device for measuring things e.g. gas
Device to put money into to rent a parking place
Rhythm of a poem
verb
To measure water, etc. when it has to be paid for

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

puffer

US / ˈpʌfə(r) /

•

UK / 'pʌfər /

noun
Poisonous fish that inhales air when threatened

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
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To organize an event, or join in an activity
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feasible

US / ˈfi:zəbl /

•

UK / ˈfizəbəl /

adjecitve
Possible; that you can believe will work/succeed

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

elimination

US / ɪˌlɪmɪ'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪˌlɪməˈneʃən /

noun
Act or process of removing or being removed
Defeating a team to remove them from a contest

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

via

US / ˈvaɪə /

•

UK / ˈvaɪə, ˈviə /

preposition
By the means of using something
By going through, by way of

Subtitles section

You've heard of damming rivers, but what about damming an entire sea?

That's right.

In 2007, a group of scientists specializing in macroengineering, and led by Roelof Dirk Schueling of Utrecht University in the Netherlands, published a paper proposing a massive 100-kilometer-long dam across the Red Sea.

That's 60 miles.

Almost four times the current longest dam in the world, the Hirakud Dam, across the Mahanadi River in Odisha, India.

Far from a vanity project, the record-setting megastructure would serve a practical purpose – the generation of 50 gigawatts of electricity.

That's a lot.

There's double the Three Gorges Dam in China, which is the world's largest hydroelectric dam and power station overall.

In fact, the largest operational nuclear plant in the world, the Kory plant in South Korea, doesn't even reach 8 gigawatts, while many nuclear reactors produce less than one.

Of course, accomplishing this incredible power generation requires unique technology and design.

And it's precisely this design that has drawn both praise and ire from the scientific and engineering community.

There's

No denying a dam on the Red Sea is an impressive and ambitious idea.

But you may be wondering how it could generate so much power.

After all, normal hydroelectric facilities are on running rivers, not seas.

And therein lies the ingenuity of this mega-project.

The scientists involved in the dam's design don't call it hydroelectric.

But rather, they call it heliohydroelectric, or HHE power.

The idea is that the Red Sea could be closed off to the surrounding ocean, which it only connects to via the Bab al-Mandab Strait, or the Gate of Tears in the south, and the man-made Suez Canal in the north.

Then, because the Red Sea receives little precipitation and river runoff, it would evaporate away at a rate of about 2.1 meters, or 7 feet, per year.

After some 50 years of evaporation, the Red Sea water level would be so much lower than that of the ocean that the gates of the dam could be opened, and water would rush into the sea powerfully enough to generate electricity.

At first, this would be around 18 or 19 gigawatts.

But after around 300 years and a drop in sea level of 611 meters, or 2,000 feet, the output could be maximized at 50 gigawatts.

This is even when the rate of inflow is matched to the rate of evaporation, so the dam can generate power indefinitely.

Plus, a second power station could be installed at the north end of the sea in the Gulf of Suez.

Because the Gulf is only about 70 meters, or 230 feet, deep, the initial evaporation of the Red Sea would completely drain it and expose the seafloor.

Then, it would be easy to build a second dam there that could let in water from the Mediterranean Sea.

This dam would be even closer to a major population center, so there would be less energy transmission loss over long distances.

The 50 gigawatts of power from the southern Bab al-Mandab Dam, in addition to whatever could be generated from a northern Gulf of Suez Dam, would be more than enough to meet the energy needs of the bordering countries of Egypt,

Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

As a result, the scientists suggested that any excess electricity could be devoted to energy-intensive industry.

A magnesium metallurgy plant could take advantage of the salt brines that would become heavily concentrated in the evaporating sea, while desalination plants could provide fresh water to surrounding desert areas.

This would ultimately help compensate for the dam's, well, heavy price tag.

Its $200 billion price tag.

Of course, the project designers also pointed out that all this power would be completely carbon neutral, with no fossil fuels needed for the 50 gigawatts.

In other words, it would prevent the emission of about 600 million tons of CO2 per year.

But does this, on its own, mean the power plant would be environmentally friendly?

Building a dam this large would be more than just constructing a big wall.

The scientists involved were quick to recognize a number of engineering obstacles.

For one thing, the Red Sea is a tectonically active area, and it widens by about 9 millimeters each year, which equates to more than a foot over the initial 50-year evaporation period.

As a result, the dam's foundation would have to be capable of expanding.

On top of that, the load on the dam would be in constant flux.

On one hand, the rapid evaporation would decrease the pressure, but on the other hand, the density of the sea would consistently increase due to the accumulation of salt brines, leading to more pressure.

In fact, there would likely be a large accumulation of brine on the seafloor, which would also increase tectonic movements.

Basically, the dam would have to be extremely flexible and made of rather elastic materials capable of stretching and bending.

Altogether, the scientists recommended a southern dam at the Bab al-Mandab Strait, with a foundation of piled rubble and a sealed core a full kilometer wide, more than 3,000 feet and 100 kilometers long,

Or some 60 miles.

It would then have to be over 150 meters tall, roughly 500 feet.

The northern dam in the Gulf of Suez would be considerably smaller, but still around 25 kilometers long, or 15 miles, and 100 meters tall, or 300 feet.

However, the engineering problems would be minimal compared to the political problems.

Many countries either border the Red Sea, or would be affected by changes to it.

Perhaps most significantly, the project would relegate the Suez Canal to uselessness.

Even after a power station were built in the Gulf of Suez to re-flood the area, locks on the canals would have to lower ships nearly 100 meters, too much to be practical.

Plus, the concentrated brines would be hard on ships' hulls and their mechanical components.

The number of ports would no longer be operational, as well as Yanbo, Jeddah, and Port Sudan.

Because some of these ports represent important access to maritime trade, not to mention the Suez Canal's economic importance for Egypt, these countries would have to be compensated through higher electricity allotments.

Similar considerations would have to be given to the elimination of Israeli and Jordanian tourist sites on the Gulf of Kaaba.

Finally, the authors point out that people would likely settle on the land uncovered by the lowered sea.

In fact, with adequate desalination, it could even be an agricultural area for the otherwise arid region.

However, these people would then be in a precarious situation if the dam were to fail.

There would have to be an extensive and sensitive warning system.

Nonetheless, it's the ecological consequences that would prove to be the biggest obstacles to the project.

They're also what has resulted in the proposal's widespread criticism.

As scientists behind the Red Sea Dam proposal readily admit in their paper, the megaproject would utterly wreck the ecology not only of the Red Sea, but the world in general.

The first problem would be the increased salinity of the water in the sea.

The water would evaporate, leaving brines behind.

So much so that, after 69,000 years, the depression would be entirely filled with salt.

Because the Red Sea is relatively isolated, it features many unique ecosystems built around coral reefs that develop in shallow water.

In fact, the Red Sea has around 200 species of coral, more than anywhere else in the Indian Ocean.

These ecosystems are specifically adapted to the current salinity of the sea, as well as the temperature and currents.

The dam would disturb all of this.

Even if the salinity itself didn't kill them, the destruction of the reefs would likely lead to the elimination of most of the 800 endemic fish species, 10% of which can only be found in the Red Sea.

In other words, the dam could potentially result in the extinction of nearly 80 species of fish, such as the Red Sea Clownfish, Jewel Fairy Basslet, and the Mast Puffer.

Perhaps worse than the salinity, the Red Sea would simply dry out.

Most of the coral reefs are located in particularly shallow waters, especially in the north, where the water would quickly disappear.

The reefs would die, and instead leave a layer of toxic, salty soil.

Exposed to the air, wind could catch the salt sediments and blow them around the entire region, if not the whole world.

This could harm agriculture in countless ways, and decrease global food production.

Worst of all, despite being carbon neutral, the Red Sea Dam would raise the world's sea level, and by a lot.

All the water that evaporates out of the sea would inevitably be deposited back into the surrounding ocean, resulting in a net 12cm rise in sea level over the initial 50-year evaporation period.

After 310 years, the time it would take to maximize the power station's output, the rise would be 30cm, about a foot, more than the total rise since 1880.

This would likely lead to the flooding of coastal population centers around the world.

While the authors of the paper pointed out that this sea level rise doesn't seem as bad when considering the offset in carbon emissions, environmental scientists like Peter Bossart, policy director at the International Rivers Network in Berkeley,

California, have argued that 50GW of electricity produced by dirty coal wouldn't result in such a severe rise in sea levels.

To assuage these environmental concerns, the scientists involved provided a number of solutions.

First, they suggested that the numerous species endemic to the Red Sea could be preserved in aquariums until the sea were reflooded.

Although many species wouldn't be able to survive in the increased salinity, some would likely be saved.

Similarly, the scientists recommended building the Southern Dam in the Baobab-Mandab Strait as far north as possible to preserve some of the habitats and provide resting places for migratory birds.

They also proposed some more roundabout ways to mitigate the ecological consequences.

For instance, the exposed land could be converted into natural parks that could take advantage of desalination plants powered by the dam.

Similarly, the money generated by the dam and the high-energy industries it would support could be used to set up wildlife conservation programs in the region.

The authors of the original paper and proposal recognized that the ecological effects would be immense, global, and impossible to predict in their full extent.

Nonetheless, they argue that other macro-engineering proposals have been accepted despite the same concerns, such as the extraction of natural gas from beneath the Wadden Sea.

In fact, they claim that agriculture has resulted in far more ecological change than the Red Sea Dam would, yet we generally don't advocate for eliminating agriculture.

Still, most of the rest of the scientific community were not convinced.

Critics have called the proposal irresponsible, ludicrous, and playing God.

They've compared it to the drying out of the Aral Sea by the Soviet Union, considered one of the worst man-made ecological disasters in history, and cautioned that the consequences would likely be far worse than those the proposal already recognizes.

As stated by Peter Bossart, We don't really understand the effects of such a large-scale project.

The intense evaporation and changes in sea level could have devastating effects on weather patterns across the globe.

Regardless, it appears that the Red Sea Dam will remain a thought experiment for the time being.

No concrete steps have been made to undertake the project in the last fifteen years since its proposal, likely because it would involve numerous countries getting together to agree on a project that could destroy the world.

According to Andy Hughes, former Vice President of the International Commission on Large Dams – which is a thing – the world would have to exhaust all other energy resources before going this route.

Nevertheless, even its critics recognize that the Red Sea Dam proposal is technically feasible, and all things considered, not that difficult to achieve compared to other megaprojects.

For now, it remains on the drawing board.

But as the world's demand for energy increases, it's conceivable that the surrounding nations may someday dam the Red Sea – and, apparently, dam the consequences.