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The simple, clever sensor behind automatic windshield wipers

Original YouTube Video | TechnologyConnections Published on 2024-04-29 Level：70 Speed：47 maxwordlevel：28

Video vocabulary

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

baseline

US / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɪslaɪn /

noun
Imaginary standard by which things are compared

establish

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

verb
To set or create something to last for a long time
To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

minimum

US / ˈmɪnɪməm /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəməm /

noun
Smallest degree or level that is acceptable

pattern

US / 'pætn /

•

UK / ˈpætən /

noun
Model to follow in making or doing something
Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
Regular repeated behavior
verb
To copy the way something else is made

sense

US / sens /

•

UK / sɛns /

noun
Certain mental feeling or emotion
Normal or clear state of mind
Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
verb
To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
To recognize the presence of something

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

wetness

US / wetnəs /

•

UK / ˈwɛtnɪs /

noun
Condition being covered by a liquid (esp. water)

decision

US / dɪ'sɪʒn /

•

UK / dɪˈsɪʒən /

noun
Choice made after thinking; final judgment
Ability to make quick and confident choices

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

moral

US / ˈmɒrəl /

•

UK / ˈmɔrəl, ˈmɑr- /

adjecitve
In a way considered proper and good by most people
noun
In a way considered proper and good by most people
Lesson learned from a story or experience

silly

US / 'sɪlɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪli /

adjecitve
Careless
Acting funny or playfully
Not being serious or important

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

angle

US / ˈæŋgl /

•

UK / ˈæŋɡəl /

noun
Place where two lines or surfaces meet

differ

US / 'dɪfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɚ /

verb
To be different; to be not like others

lazy

US / ˈleɪzi /

•

UK / ˈlezi /

adjecitve
Not liking to work or make an effort; idle

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

sensor

US / ˈsensə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛnsɚ, -ˌsɔr /

noun
Device that detects movement or physical stimuli

table

US / ˈteɪbl /

•

UK / ˈtebəl /

noun
Diagram that shows data in rows and columns
Raised flat surface you sit at to work or eat
verb
To leave an idea to be discussed at a later date

automatic

US / ˌɔ:tə'mætɪk /

•

UK / ˌɔtəˈmætɪk /

adjecitve
Done without conscious thought
Operating by itself, without an operator
noun
Car that is able to change gears by itself

demonstrate

US / 'demənstreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛmənˌstret /

verb
To display a feeling or ability openly
To protest about something often as a group
To prove or make clear by reasoning or evidence
To show how something works (e.g. product)

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

illustrate

US / ˈɪləstreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪləˌstret, ɪˈlʌsˌtret /

verb
To supply pictures to go along with words
To be an example that explains or proves something

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

signal

US / 'sɪɡnəl /

•

UK / ˈsɪɡnəl /

adjecitve
Most important or most noticeable
noun
Movement of a hand or other means to send messages
Act/sound that tells people to do/start something
Road-side lights that direct traffic to go or stop
Sound and light waves carrying TV and radio data
verb
To be evidence/an indication something will happen
To make a noise or motion to tell someone to start

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

devote

US / dɪˈvəʊt /

•

UK / dɪˈvoʊt /

verb
To dedicate
To decide to use or give (your time, efforts)

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

stock

US / stɒk /

•

UK / stɑk /

adjecitve
(E.g. of a response) standard; usual; not original
noun
Animals such as cattle kept for breeding
Tasty liquid added to stews, soups etc.
Merchandise; goods kept by a business for sale
Piece of a business, bought in the form of shares
verb
To keep some of, as items for sale

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

assembly

US / ə'semblɪ /

•

UK / əˈsɛmbli /

noun
Process of putting the parts of something together
Group of people gathered for a purpose
A group of machine parts forming a tool or machine

behaviour

US / bɪˈheɪvjə(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈhevjɚ /

noun
The way a person or thing acts; manner

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

internal

US / inˈtə:nəl /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɚnəl /

adjecitve
Being or happening in the body
Being, happening in a country, state, organization
Within or inside; interior; not external

hood

US / hʊd /

•

UK / hʊd /

noun
Front part of the car that covers the engine
A head covering attached to a cape, sweater etc.

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

smooth

US / smu:ð /

•

UK / smuð /

adjecitve
Moving without stops and starts
Pleasant and flat to touch, not rough
Being free from problems or difficulties
verb
To make something rough feel flat, e.g. by ironing
To spread a substance over a surface

somebody

US / 'sʌmbədɪ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi, -bədi /

noun
Important well-respected person
pronoun
Person who is not known or named

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

tune

US / tju:n /

•

UK / tun, tjun /

noun
Group of musical notes that make a pleasant sound
verb
To make adjustments to equipment to make it better
To adjust to be at the right musical pitch
To modify how something operates, looks, e.g. car

konami

US / /

•

UK / /

pointer

US / 'pɔɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɔɪntɚ /

noun
Suggestion or piece of advice
Long object that is used to point at something

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

downpour

US / ˈdaʊnpɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈdaʊnˌpɔr, -ˌpor /

noun
A heavy rain shower

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

sleeve

US / sli:v /

•

UK / sliv /

noun
Part of a garment covering the arm

deem

US / di:m /

•

UK / dim /

verb
To judge something to be a certain thing, way

mirror

US / 'mɪrə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɪrɚ /

noun
Thing with glass surface used to look at yourself
An accurate impression or picture of something
verb
To reflect (an image)
To have similar qualities to something else

muscle

US / 'mʌsl /

•

UK / ˈmʌsəl /

noun
Physical power
Body tissue that moves parts of the body
verb
To use or muscles of force to get what you want

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

center

US / 'sentə /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To direct focus toward something

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

loss

US / lɒs /

•

UK / lɔ:s /

noun
Friend, family, or other loved person's death
Decrease or decline in quantity or amount
Experience or state of failing to have or keep
A situation when you lose a game
Process of failing to have or keep something
Difficulty or trouble caused by someone's leaving
Situation when more money is spent than is earned

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

bummer

US / ˈbʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbʌmɚ /

noun
Irritating or disappointing experience

dark

US / dɑ:k /

•

UK / dɑrk /

adjecitve
Of a color that is not light
Marked by unhappiness or hopelessness
Having little or no light; not light in color
noun
The time of day when the sky is black

rapidly

US / 'ræpɪdlɪ /

•

UK / ˈræpɪdlɪ /

adverb
With great speed; quickly

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

car

US / kɑ:(r) /

•

UK / kɑr /

noun
A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

particular

US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

adjecitve
One specific (one)
Having firm ideas about what is desirable
Being special or more than is typical

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

footage

US / ˈfʊtɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈfʊtɪdʒ /

noun
A certain amount of film or video of something
Measurement in feet

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

wiper

US / ˈwaɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwaɪpɚ /

noun
A mechanical device that cleans the windshield

accurate

US / ˈækjərət /

•

UK / ˈækjərɪt /

adjecitve
With no mistake or error; Correct

button

US / 'bʌtn /

•

UK / ˈbʌtn /

noun
Small round piece material used to fasten clothing
Switch activated by pressing
verb
To fasten e.g. a shirt, coat

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

interface

US / ˈɪntəfeɪs /

•

UK / ˈɪntərfeɪs /

noun
Place where things come together to communicate
verb
To make two different elements interact

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

ignore

US / ɪɡ'nɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪɡˈnɔr, -ˈnor /

verb
To not listen to, look at, or pay attention to

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

wildly

US / ˈwaɪldli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪldlɪ /

adverb
In an uncontrolled manner; very; strongly

connection

US / kəˈnekʃn /

•

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

noun
Something that joins things together; being joined
Person you know who can help you in some way
Changing vehicles when traveling

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

detect

US / dɪˈtekt /

•

UK / dɪˈtɛkt /

verb
To discover or identify the presence of something

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

ten

US / ten /

•

UK / tɛn /

number
10

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

forty

US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔrti /

number
40

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

concept

US / 'kɒnsept /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌsɛpt /

noun
Abstract idea of something or how it works

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

escape

US / ɪ'skeɪp /

•

UK / ɪˈskep /

noun
Act to briefly ignoring boring or bad things
The 'esc key' on a keyboard
Act of getting away from where you are being kept
verb
To avoid something undesirable, dangerous or bad
To get away from a place where you are being kept
(Gas, water) to come out from a pipe, container
To not to be noticed or remembered by someone

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

appropriate

US / ə'prəʊprɪət /

•

UK / əˈpropriɪt /

adjecitve
Right or suitable for some situation or purpose
verb
To set aside money for a specific later purpose
To take (money or goods) without permission

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

trick

US / trɪk /

•

UK / trɪk /

adjecitve
Not reliable; likely to deceive you
noun
Act of trying to fool someone
Quick or skillful way of doing something
Something done to make someone laugh
verb
To fool someone in order to obtain a result
To playfully tease or fool to make someone laugh

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

computer

US / kəmˈpju:tə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpjutɚ /

noun
Machine for storing data, accessing the internet

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

smart

US / smɑ:t /

•

UK / smɑ:rt /

adjecitve
Fashionable; well-dressed; well-groomed
Looking clean, neat and stylish
(Of phones, weapons) with clever features
Associated with rich, popular and stylish people
Clever; with intelligence
adverb
Energetic or quick in motion or movement
In a clever way; with intelligence
noun
Feeling of being hurt and upset
Sharp, burning pain
verb
To feel hurt or upset
To hurt with an unexpected sharp or burning pain

sorry

US / ˈsɒri /

•

UK / ˈsɑ:ri /

exclamation
What you say to admit you were wrong
adjecitve
Causing others to feel pity; poor
Feeling regret or sympathy about wrong thing

steam

US / sti:m /

•

UK / stim /

adjecitve
(Train, engine) powered by boiling water
noun
Mist collecting on a surface when wet air cools
Source of stamina, strength or energy
Mist of water in the air formed when water boils
verb
To cover a surface with steam, so as to clean it
To cook in mist of tiny drops from boiling water
To produce or give off a hot gas by boiling liquid
To travel or move using steam as a force

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

photodiode

US / ˌfəʊtəʊˈdaɪəʊd /

•

UK / ˈfoʊtoʊˌdaɪoʊd /

noun

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

automatically

US / ˌɔ:tə'mætɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˌɔtəˈmætɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In a way not requiring control by a person

cycle

US / ˈsaɪkl /

•

UK / ˈsaɪkəl /

noun
Series of regular and repeated actions
Bicycle, bike
verb
To go through a series of events repeatedly
To ride on a bicycle

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

adjustment

US / əˈdʒʌstmənt /

•

UK / əˈdʒʌstmənt /

noun
Small change to attain a desired state or function
A change to make something function better

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

possibly

US / ˈpɒsəbli /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:səbli /

adverb
May be true or likely, but is uncertain

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

black

US / blæk /

•

UK / blæk /

adjecitve
Color of the sky on a dark night
noun
A person with dark skin, often of African origin
Person's name
verb
To fill in something to make it a very dark color

anyway

US / ˈeniweɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwe /

adverb
A word used to change the topic of a conversation

determine

US / dɪ'tɜ:mɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈtɚmɪn /

verb
To control exactly how something will be or act
To establish the facts about; discover

lately

US / ˈleɪtli /

•

UK / ˈletli /

adverb
In the recent period of time; recently; just now

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

leverage

US / 'li:vərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlɛvərɪdʒ, ˈlivə- /

noun
An advantage which gives you influence or power
verb
To use an advantage which gives you influence

forgot

US / fə'ɡɒt /

•

UK / fɚˈɡɑt, fɔr- /

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

blink

US / blɪŋk /

•

UK / blɪŋk /

verb
To close and open one or both of the eyes rapidly

logic

US / ˈlɒdʒɪk /

•

UK / ˈlɑ:dʒɪk /

noun
Proper, valid sensible reasoning
Scientific study of reasoning

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

refractive

US / rɪˈfræktɪv /

•

UK / rɪˈfræktɪv /

adjecitve
Concerning or capable of refraction

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

generate

US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

verb
To create or be produced or bring into existence
To create electricity, heat, energy and power

optic

US / ˈɒptɪk /

•

UK / ˈɑ:ptɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning vision or helping people see

refraction

US / rɪ'frækʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈfrækʃən /

noun
Light changing direction through glass or water

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

person

US / 'pɜ:sn /

•

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

noun
Man, woman or child

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

wet

US / wet /

•

UK / wɛt /

adjecitve
Concerning a bar that serves or sells alcohol
Having or experiencing a great deal of rain
Containing water or liquid; not dry
verb
To accidentally pee in clothes or a bed

arm

US / ɑ:m /

•

UK / ɑrm /

noun
Part of your body from your shoulder to your hand
A branch of another object e.g. company
The side part of a chair where your arms go
The influence or power an authority has
verb
To activate a weapon or bomb for use
To give a gun or other weapon to a person or group

filter

US / 'fɪltə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɪltɚ /

noun
Device to remove certain types of light, sound
Device to remove unwanted things from liquid, gas
verb
To remove certain types of light, sound
To remove unwanted substances from a liquid or gas

headlight

US / ˈhedlaɪt /

•

UK / ˈhɛdˌlaɪt /

noun
Powerful light at the front of a car

motor

US / ˈməʊtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmotɚ /

adjecitve
Concerning cars and vehicles
Concerned with or involving movement of muscles
noun
An engine that drives a car, train etc.
verb
To travel in a car or automobile

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

pro

US / prəʊ /

•

UK / proʊ /

noun
Reason given in support of something
Someone experienced and very good at something
Playing a golf, tennis etc. as a job

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

complexity

US / kəm'pleksətɪ /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛksɪti /

noun
State of having many parts and not being simple

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

patreon

US / 'peɪʃənts /

•

UK / 'peɪʃənts /

lucky

US / 'lʌkɪ /

•

UK / ˈlʌki /

adjecitve
Fortunate; having good things happen by chance

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

critical

US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Making a negative judgment of something
Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
Most important part

fine

US / faɪn /

•

UK / faɪn /

adjecitve
Good, acceptable or satisfactory
Of high quality; made with great skill
In a careful or exact manner; into small pieces
Being of high quality
Good; okay; no problem
(Of weather) good; not raining
noun
Money you have to pay because you broke a rule
verb
To pay money because you broke a law

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

freak

US / friːk /

•

UK / friːk /

adjecitve
(Of weather, etc.) unusual; unpredictable; amazing
noun
verb

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

path

US / pɑ:θ /

•

UK / pæθ, pɑθ /

noun
Method of living leading to a particular result
Track made with stones, by walking over the ground

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

software

US / ˈsɒftweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɔ:ftwer /

noun
Computer applications and systems

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

shine

US / ʃaɪn /

•

UK / ʃaɪn /

noun
Act of using a polish to clean shoes
verb
To point a light in a certain direction
To make something clean by using a polish
To make or produce a bright light

jason

US / ˈdʒeɪsən /

•

UK / ˈdʒesən /

proper noun
The son of the king of Iolcos in Thessaly, and leader of the Argonauts in the quest for the Golden F

visible

US / ˈvɪzəbl /

•

UK / ˈvɪzəbəl /

adjecitve
Can see, easily seen or understood
Being obvious or easy to see

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

encounter

US / ɪn'kaʊntə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈkaʊntɚ /

noun
A chance meeting; unexpected or unplanned meeting
verb
To come up against a problem or trouble; meet
To meet someone or something unexpectedly

favourite

US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

•

UK / 'fevərɪt /

adjecitve
Best liked or most enjoyed
noun
A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

sake

US / seɪk /

•

UK / sek /

noun
Japanese rice wine
Interest or benefit of someone or something

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

park

US / pɑ:k /

•

UK / pɑ:rk /

noun
Person's name
Public green area in a town for exercise, relaxing
Field upon which a sport is played, e.g. baseball
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

wish

US / wɪʃ /

•

UK / wɪʃ /

noun
Expression of a hope for something in the future
verb
To want something to happen or to become true

circular

US / ˈsɜ:kjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɜ:rkjələ(r) /

adjecitve
Shaped like a circle or part of a circle
noun
Paper with news, ads, etc. sent round to people

diminish

US / dɪˈmɪnɪʃ /

•

UK / dɪˈmɪnɪʃ /

verb
To make something smaller or less important
To imply someone's reputation is less good
To become or cause to become less in size, value

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

laser

US / ˈleɪzə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlezɚ /

noun
Strong narrow beam of high-powered light
Powerful beam of light used for cutting precisely

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

manual

US / ˈmænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈmænjuəl /

adjecitve
Done by hand (not machine)
(Of a car) using individual gears ( not automatic)
noun
Book explaining how to use a machine

sensitivity

US / ˌsensə'tɪvətɪ /

•

UK / ˌsɛnsɪˈtɪvɪti /

noun
Quality of being easily hurt emotionally

strip

US / strɪp /

•

UK / strɪp /

noun
Long narrow piece, such as ribbon or land
verb
To remove your clothes (often sexily for someone)
To remove something, e.g. paint from a wall
To take property, dignity away from (someone)

demo

US / 'deməʊ /

•

UK / 'demoʊ /

noun
Showing how something works (e.g. a new product)

directly

US / dəˈrektli /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktli, daɪ- /

adverb
In a frank and honest way
Right away; immediately

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

gel

US / dʒel /

•

UK / dʒɛl /

noun
Thick substance, similar to jelly
verb
To adhere or stick together like a gel

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

pool

US / pu:l /

•

UK / pul /

noun
Amount collected, e.g. money, for some purpose
Small body of still water
Game of hitting balls on a table with long sticks
Small area of water for swimming bound by walls
verb
(Of a liquid) to collect into a small area
To make a collection of (resources, money etc.)

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

glass

US / ɡlɑ:s /

•

UK / ɡlæs /

adjecitve
Being made of glass
noun
Clear hard container used for drinking
A lens for eyewear
Hard see-through material used for making windows

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

vision

US / 'vɪʒn /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒən /

noun
Ability to see; eyesight
Something you see in your imagination or dreams
Ability to plan for the future of something

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

dig

US / dɪg /

•

UK / dɪɡ /

verb
To move material to create a hole

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

precious

US / 'preʃəs /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃəs /

adjecitve
Having a youthful, cute, and pleasant appearance
Very little (time, money etc.)
Extremely loved and valued
Being very sensitive about something
Being of great value; highly prized

windshield

US / ˈwɪndʃi:ld /

•

UK / ˈwɪndˌʃild /

noun
Transparent screen to protect people in car

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

clever

US / 'klevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈklɛvɚ /

adjecitve
Funny in a way that shows intelligence
Showing intelligence; quick to understand or learn

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

outsmart

US / ˌaʊtˈsmɑːt /

•

UK / ˌaʊtˈsmɑːrt /

verb
Defeat or get the better of (someone) by being clever or cunning

adjacent

US / əˈdʒeɪsnt /

•

UK / əˈdʒesənt /

adjecitve
Being close or near to a border, wall, or point

bottom

US / 'bɒtəm /

•

UK / ˈbɑtəm /

adjecitve
Concerning the part under something, e.g. a vase
noun
The part of your body you sit on
Lowest position, often in a company or contest
Lowest part of something; part on which it rests
Lowest level, part or point of an object
The part under something, e.g. a vase
verb
To hit the lowest part of something

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

method

US / 'meθəd /

•

UK / ˈmɛθəd /

noun
(Organized and planned) way of doing something

perspective

US / pə'spektɪv /

•

UK / pɚˈspɛktɪv /

noun
Artistic method of creating a sense of distance
Ability to understand what is important in life

portion

US / 'pɔ:ʃn /

•

UK / ˈpɔrʃən, ˈpor- /

noun
Serving of food that is intended for one person
Part of something shared that belongs to a whole
verb
To separate something to divide among people

recommend

US / ˌrekə'mend /

•

UK / ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd /

verb
To advise or suggest that someone do something

typical

US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Normal; usual; expected

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

barely

US / ˈbɛəli /

•

UK / ˈbɛrli /

adverb
Only just; just possible

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

lesson

US / 'lesn /

•

UK / ˈlɛsən /

noun
Something done to learn or teach something; class
Wisdom or knowledge received from an experience

task

US / tɑ:sk /

•

UK / tæsk /

noun
Big or small piece of work someone has to do
verb
To be given something to do, e.g. wash dishes

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

sticky

US / ˈstɪki /

•

UK / ˈstɪki /

adjecitve
Easy to adhere or stick to other things
(Of weather/a day) uncomfortably hot and humid

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

index

US / ˈɪndeks /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌdɛks /

noun
Number showing how prices, wages changed over time
Written or printed (usually alphabetical) list
verb
To adjust a value/wages as other things change
To make a list of things in alphabetical order

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

stovetop

US / 'stəʊvtɒp /

•

UK / 'stoʊvtɑ:p /

noun
The upper surface of a cooking stove, including the burners

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

vein

US / veɪn /

•

UK / ven /

noun
Tube that returns blood from the body to the heart
Mood or particular turn of mind
Thin line of something that has a different color

lane

US / leɪn /

•

UK / len /

noun
Marked strip of the road or swimming pool
Narrow way or road, often with steep sides
Person's name

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

code

US / kəʊd /

•

UK / kod /

noun
A password made of a set of letters or numbers
Set of rules for behavior
A secret language using secret symbols
Written part of a computer program
verb
To express information in a series of numbers
To write a secret message using secret symbols
To write programs using computer languages

memory

US / 'memərɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛməri /

noun
Ability of the mind to call back past things
Space for the storage of information on a computer
Something that has been remembered

procedure

US / prəˈsi:dʒə(r) /

•

UK / prəˈsidʒɚ /

noun
A medical operation
Usual or standard steps taken to do something

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

wheel

US / wi:l /

•

UK / wi:l /

noun
Round thing that rolls, used for moving things
verb
To move something which has wheels or is on wheels
To turn or cause to turn something in a circle

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

transmit

US / trænsˈmɪt /

•

UK / trænsˈmɪt, trænz- /

other
To broadcast by using signals to a radio/TV
verb
To broadcast by using signals to a radio/TV
To transfer data from one machine to another
To allow the passage of light
To transfer money to another person or place
To transfer a disease between people
To transfer to other people e.g. ownership of car

clock

US / klɒk /

•

UK / klɑ:k /

noun
A device that shows the time
verb
To measure the time something takes

complicate

US / ˈkɒmplɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:mplɪkeɪt /

verb
To make more difficult to do, understand or use

calibration

US / ˌkælɪˈbreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkæləˈbreʃən /

noun
Act of adjusting with a measuring instrument

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

modulate

US / ˈmɒdjuleɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dʒəleɪt /

verb
To change or adjust to make balanced or correct

position

US / pəˈzɪʃn /

•

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

noun
Person's opinion or attitude about something
Specific location where someone or something is
Where you play or your role on a sports team
Person's job or status level
Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
verb
To put in a particular location or direction

optical

US / ˈɒptɪkl /

•

UK / ˈɑptɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning vision or helping people see
Concerning light, lenses or cameras

swim

US / swɪm /

•

UK / swɪm /

noun
Act of swimming in a pool or ocean
verb
To move through water by moving parts of the body

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

reset

US / ˌri:'set /

•

UK / riˈsɛt /

verb
To return to the original start or formation

weird

US / wɪəd /

•

UK / wɪrd /

adjecitve
Odd or unusual; surprising; strange

afford

US / ə'fɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈfɔrd, əˈford /

verb
To make available, to provide
To have enough money to pay for something

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

electronic

US / ɪˌlek'trɒnɪk /

•

UK / ɪlɛkˈtrɑnɪk, ˌilɛk- /

adjecitve
Operating by use of electricity; digital

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

switch

US / swɪtʃ /

•

UK / swɪtʃ /

noun
A change or shift from one method to another
Thing you move to turn electrical items on or off
Thin flexible piece of wood or stick
verb
To exchange or replace something for another thing

component

US / kəmˈpəʊnənt /

•

UK / kəmˈponənt /

adjecitve
Being a part of something
noun
One of the parts that something is made up of

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

immediately

US / ɪˈmi:diətli /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪtli /

adverb
Without any delay; straight away

programming

US / ˈprəʊgræmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈproʊgræmɪŋ /

noun
Writing computer code for a piece of software
TV or radio shows broadcast by a station
verb
To make someone act or think in a certain way
To write computer code for a piece of software

politician

US / ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑlɪˈtɪʃən /

noun
Someone whose job is in politics

stalk

US / stɔ:k /

•

UK / stɔk /

noun
Thin part of a plant that allows it to stand
other
To follow a person or animal to catch them
verb
To secretly follow or watch a person/animal
To walk in an angry or proud way

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

sudden

US / ˈsʌdn /

•

UK / ˈsʌdn /

adjecitve
Happening or done quickly or unexpectedly

allude

US / əˈlu:d /

•

UK / əˈlud /

verb
To refer to without mentioning it directly

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

handy

US / 'hændɪ /

•

UK / ˈhændi /

adjecitve
Convenient, easy to use, easy to reach
Being skillful in performing small tasks

meantime

US / ˈmi:ntaɪm /

•

UK / ˈminˌtaɪm /

noun
For the present; for a while

reflection

US / rɪˈflekʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈflɛkʃən /

noun
Sign or indication of a state or condition
Image that you see in a mirror, glass, or water
An image in glass, water, a mirror, etc.
Process of thinking carefully about something

shallow

US / 'ʃæləʊ /

•

UK / ˈʃælo /

adjecitve
Not deep; short from top to bottom
Lacking interest in serious things; superficial

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

appear

US / ə'pɪə(r) /

•

UK / əˈpɪr /

verb
To be seen, become visible; come into sight
To seem to be
To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

dropout

US / ˈdrɒpaʊt /

•

UK / ˈdrɑpˌaʊt /

noun
One quitting school before graduation

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

slap

US / slæp /

•

UK / slæp /

verb
To hit with the open hand or with a flat object

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

deliberately

US / dɪˈlɪbərətli /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪbərɪtlɪ /

adverb
In a careful, considered manner; on purpose
Purposely; on purpose

drop

US / drɒp /

•

UK / drɑp /

noun
Distance between a higher and a lower level
Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
verb
To drive someone to a place and then drive away
To let something fall from your hand
To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

remove

US / rɪˈmu:v /

•

UK / rɪˈmuv /

verb
To get rid of something completely
To make someone leave his or her job or position
To move, erase or take away from a place
To take something off (e.g. clothing)

strange

US / streɪndʒ /

•

UK / strendʒ /

adjecitve
Unusual or odd; surprising because unexpected

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

wipe

US / waɪp /

•

UK / waɪp /

noun
Act to clean or dry something with a cloth
verb
To clean or dry something with a cloth
To spread a liquid on something

ambient

US / 'æmbɪənt /

•

UK / ˈæmbiənt /

adjecitve
Of or in the surrounding area or air

circuitry

US / ˈsɜ:kɪtri /

•

UK / ˈsɚkɪtri /

noun
Electronic equipment consisting of switches

comma

US / ˈkɒmə /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:mə /

noun
Mark showing a pause or list in a sentence

option

US / 'ɒpʃn /

•

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

noun
A choice
Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

weed

US / wi:d /

•

UK / wid /

noun
Marijuana
Wild plant growing where it is not wanted
verb
(Childish use) to urinate; go to the bathroom
To remove unwanted plants growing wild in a garden
To quit or reduce an activity

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

akin

US / əˈkɪn /

•

UK / əˈkɪn /

adjecitve
Similar to; like; almost the same as

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

submerge

US / səb'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / səbˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To sink or put below the surface

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

bounce

US / baʊns /

•

UK / baʊns /

noun
A person's energy or confidence
Quality causing a person's hair to appear healthy
verb
To move around energetically, playfully
To forcibly remove a person from a bar, nightclub
(Of check) to be rejected due to inadequate funds
To strike a surface and rapidly change direction
To move energetically in an up and down motion

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

direction

US / də'rekʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

noun
When someone tells people what to do
Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

lever

US / 'li:və(r) /

•

UK / ˈlɛvɚ, ˈlivɚ /

noun
A handle that one pulls to operate a machine
Strong metal bar used to lift or move heavy object
Means of achieving a desired result
verb
To move something with a strong bar made of metal

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

organization

US / ˌɔ:gənaɪˈzeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɔrɡənɪˈzeʃən /

noun
Group of people with a particular purpose

reflect

US / rɪ'flekt /

•

UK / rɪˈflɛkt /

verb
To indicate or be a sign of something
To bounce back light, heat, sound from a surface
To show an image in glass, water, a mirror etc.
To think of something seriously and carefully

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

update

US / ˌʌpˈdeɪt /

•

UK / ʌpˈdet /

noun
Addition of a current version of something
New information or data to make more current
verb
To download the latest version of software
To make more current or modern

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

bright

US / braɪt /

•

UK / braɪt /

adjecitve
Cheerful and happy (manner)
(Of color) light and easy to see; vivid
Producing a lot of light
Smart; intelligent; clever

miss

US / mɪs /

•

UK / mɪs /

noun
Action of not hitting something or someone
Form of address to unmarried girl or woman
verb
To be absent
To fail to hit something e.g. a ball
To do without something
To fail to see or sense something
To fail to understand someone's message
To be too late to ride on something e.g. train
To feel you want to see someone who is not there

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

viewer

US / ˈvju:ə(r) /

•

UK / ˈvjuɚ /

noun
Special machine to look at pictures
Someone who watches, e.g. television

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

goggle

US / ˈgɒgl /

•

UK / ˈgɑ:gl /

noun
Protective covering for the eyes

module

US / ˈmɒdju:l /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dʒul /

noun
Part or unit with a specific job or function

principle

US / ˈprɪnsəpl /

•

UK / ˈprɪnsəpəl /

noun
Moral rule or belief governing a person's behavior
Natural law that explains how things work

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

topic

US / 'tɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

noun
Subject or issue people talk or write about

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

honestly

US / ˈɒnɪstli /

•

UK / ˈɑnɪstli /

adverb
With truth or sincerity; I'm being honest with you

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

paper

US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

adjecitve
Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
Made from the material that we use to make books
noun
Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
Written test
Newspaper
Pages of a book are made from this

Subtitles section

My car knows when it's wet.

That's right, it's got automatic windshield wipers.

When they're set to automatic and the car gets wet, they wipe.

How it know that?

It's actually really simple.

If you look at the windshield, you'll notice an area near the top center which is black.

And if you look closer, you'll see the component the car uses to determine windshield wetness.

Oh, the camera?

No, it's not the camera.

That'd be silly.

Then you'd have to devote some precious clock cycles away from the already wildly complicated computer vision tasks which help keep the car centered in its lane.

That seems like a weird decision, and I don't even know how well that could possibly work no matter how many software updates you throw at it.

No, I'm not alluding to anything specific.

Why on earth would you think that?

Right above that camera, which looks forward at the road, you'll see a little circular spot with some spots within the spot, and that, viewers, is the rain sensor.

Look, I get it wet, and the car wipes.

But two can play at that game.

You may think this is wildly complicated and expensive technology, but actually it's just two of the simplest electronic components you can imagine working together in a very clever way.

Below the dark portions of the rain sensor are infrared LEDs shining light up into the glass, and adjacent to them are photodiodes which detect that light.

Now, that bright spot at the bottom?

That's not actually part of the rain sensor.

It's an ambient light sensor used to control the car's headlights automatically.

The two components just live in the same assembly.

The parts that make up the rain sensor aren't really visible because they're below a filter which blocks visible light, and thus it appears black to our eyes.

That's strange.

Didn't we just encounter that with stovetops?

Weird connections happening lately.

To demonstrate how that detects rain, I'll use a piece of glass and a laser pointer.

If I shine the laser up at the glass at about a forty five degree angle, you'll notice that a spot of laser light is reflected back down towards the table.

I'll put a piece of paper there to make it more visible.

Now watch what happens when I get the glass wet.

Not a whole lot.

That's a bummer.

Ah, but this isn't actually an accurate demonstration of the principles involved in the rain sensor.

Rather than look at the light reflected back downward by the glass, let's look at the spot produced above the glass by the laser light which makes it through.

Now watch closely.

Did you see that?

It moved.

That happened because the water on top of the glass changed the angle of refraction as light left the glass.

Now, like some politicians, I'm not really good at the whole optics thing, so I'm not getting too deep into the weeds here.

But as light passes from one medium to another, its speed actually changes.

And because of reasons, that means it appears to change direction.

That concept is known as refraction, and the refraction index of water is different from that of air.

That means the change in speed and thus change in refraction angle is different between light passing from glass into air and light passing from glass into water.

The rain sensor, though, is entirely under the glass, so it's not as if it can directly detect that change.

Instead, it leverages the effect of total internal reflection.

If you've ever gone swimming in a pool with goggles on and looked up at the surface of the water while submerged, you may have noticed that it looks like a mirror from shallow angles.

Here's some stock footage to illustrate.

That's total internal reflection at work.

The water directly above you transmits light just fine and you can see through it, but there's a critical angle at which the air water interface will reflect all light back down, and since it's smooth like glass, it looks like a mirror.

So now, how can the rain sensor take advantage of that?

Well, first, since the module isn't part of the glass, we need an optical interface material to couple the sensor to the glass and remove the air to glass optical interface on the bottom.

That takes the form of a sticky gel which, now that it's in place, you can't see.

Which really is the point.

When it's doing its job, the sensor and the glass become one from an optical perspective.

Now, the key is that the infrared LEDs that we talked about earlier are shining up at the glass just shallow of the critical angle of total internal reflection.

So, all the light they produce will simply bounce off the top surface of the glass and head back downward.

And at the other end of that beam of light is a photodiode.

That will then detect the light being generated by the LED.

and to make sure it's detecting that light and not something else, the LEDs are actually rapidly blinking and the photodiode is looking for that pattern of blinks.

That's a simpler way of saying the LEDs are producing a specific modulated signal that the photodiode is tuned to detect.

But, because the angle between the photodiode and the LED is so close to the critical angle of total internal reflection, if conditions should change, the intensity of that signal being received by the photodiode will also change.

What condition?

Condition wet.

Water on the glass, as we saw in the earlier demo, changes the refraction angle because its refractive index is different from air.

And it will change it just enough to break the effect of total internal reflection.

Wet glass will allow some of the light produced by the LEDs to actually escape and be transmitted through to the outside surface, which in turn means there's less light bouncing down to the photodiode to be detected, so the signal it was receiving begins to diminish.

And with a little logic circuitry and programming, you can use that loss of signal as a measurement of windshield wetness.

And honestly, that's it.

It's that simple.

The sensor starts to see the signal from the LED drop out, so it says to the windshield wiper motor, wipe.

And the wetter the glass, the more the signal drops, so the more it wipes.

And you'll notice the sensor is deliberately placed in the path of the windshield wipers so they clear the glass with every wipe.

That allows the logic to get some sense of how hard it might be raining based on how quickly the signal drops out after every wiping event.

The only other complexity here is calibration.

Every time the sensor powers up, it's got to pick a baseline signal level which it deems dry.

Yet, if you are out and about in the rain and you turn your car on with the windshield already wet, it's going to start out with some lower signal level than typical.

So, somebody smarter than me probably established a minimum signal dropout level which always causes a wipe.

And in fact, I'm certain I've encountered the car do a single wipe right after turning it on when it didn't really need to.

But then it can reset its calibration after that wiping event.

And there's another trick up its sleeve, and it's my very favorite one.

Having two of them.

There are actually two sensor assemblies under here.

You can barely make out the infrared light in this smartphone camera footage.

You'll see there's two spots.

If the windshield is dry, the two sensors should see very similar signals, but if there's even just a tiny bit of water on top of one of them, or differing amounts between the two, then the two signals will be very different and it will know immediately that the windshield is wet.

Which calibration method is it actually using?

I do not know.

And if you've never lived with a car with automatic wipers, you may wish to know that they are great, but not exactly perfect.

You are afforded a sensitivity adjustment on the wiper stalk so you can fine tune its behavior to your liking.

But while the wipers pretty much always come on when they need to,

Sometimes they go absolutely nuts when it's barely raining or they get a little lazy in a sudden downpour.

Lucky for me, if that happens, all I have to do is just slap this stalk, which is right next to my hand on the steering wheel, and the wipers will come on full steam.

Handy user interface, those stalks.

They're always there, and muscle memory takes over.

I'm pro stalks is what I'm saying.

It's a good idea.

What's less of a good idea, though, is the Konami Code like trick I had to look up just to change my car's wiper blades.

The hood blocks you from lifting the wiper arms, so you need them to stop in the up position in order to change them.

And despite digging through all the settings menus, I couldn't find a change wipers option.

So I tried just switching the car off with the wipers in the up position, you know, just time it right using the power button, but it outsmarted me and parked them anyway.

It turns out what you have to do is turn the car off and then hold the wiper stalk up in the missed position for a few moments and then the car will do this.

Is this procedure in the owner's manual?

Yes, but who looks there for information?

I usually like to end my videos with something akin to a moral.

In that vein, the first lesson today is for me, and that is to read the freaking manual.

There's even an index in here, and finding the appropriate information would have taken me mere moments.

People worked hard on this thing, and I just completely ignored it.

So.

Don't ignore the manuals in your life.

And the second moral is, don't ignore what you can do with a few simple components.

Software isn't everything.

That's not directed at any organization in particular, mind you.

Just something to keep in mind.

Did I get to ten minutes yet?

Thanks, by the way, to Jason, a supporter on Patreon, for recommending this video topic.

That happened a long time ago and I'm pretty certain at least one other person has suggested this in the meantime.

So if I forgot who you were, I'm sorry.

There's just too many bimetallic strips getting in the way.

That's right.

It's got automatic the thing didn't start.

You'll notice that the spot of laser light is... Oh.

Conditions should change the intensity of the... Oh.

I needed a...

comma for my sake, critical angle of total internal reflection, it's got to pick a baseline signal lever, signal level, had to look, oh yeah, oh yeah, I got the thing.