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The Snail We Misidentified More Than 100 Times

Original YouTube Video | SciShow Published on 2023-10-03 Level：97 Speed：57 maxwordlevel：23

#EnglishLearning #STEMskills

Video vocabulary

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

crab

US / kræb /

•

UK / kræb /

noun
Sea creature with a hard shell and two claws
verb
To complain about something in an annoying way

encounter

US / ɪn'kaʊntə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈkaʊntɚ /

noun
A chance meeting; unexpected or unplanned meeting
verb
To come up against a problem or trouble; meet
To meet someone or something unexpectedly

map

US / mæp /

•

UK / mæp /

noun
Diagram showing the geography of an area
verb
To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
To find points of similarity between things

originally

US / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

adverb
At first; in the beginning
In a new and unique manner

sake

US / seɪk /

•

UK / sek /

noun
Japanese rice wine
Interest or benefit of someone or something

dolphin

US / ˈdɒlfɪn /

•

UK / ˈdɑ:lfɪn /

noun
Sea animal like a big fish that breathes air

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

judge

US / dʒʌdʒ /

•

UK / dʒʌdʒ /

noun
Person who decides on the results of a contest
Person who has the power to make a decision
verb
To reach a decision about who won a contest
To form an opinion after careful consideration
To make a decision in court

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

ready

US / 'redɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɛdi /

adjecitve
Being likely or about to do something
Being willing to do a task
verb
To prepare something for use or action

subscription

US / səbˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / səbˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Regular payment for a service, magazine etc.

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

captivity

US / kæp'tɪvətɪ /

•

UK / kæpˈtɪvɪti /

noun
State of being held against your will (in prison)

female

US / 'fi:meɪl /

•

UK / ˈfiˌmel /

adjecitve
Person of the sex that gives birth to babies

identify

US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

verb
To indicate who or what someone or something is

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

transparent

US / trænsˈpærənt /

•

UK / trænsˈpærənt /

adjecitve
Being open to see and to public criticism
Able to be seen through
Being simple and easily understood

thickness

US / ˈθɪknəs /

•

UK / ˈθɪknɪs /

noun
Distance between the opposite edges of a thing

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

bee

US / bi: /

•

UK / bi /

noun
Gathering to perform activities and tasks together
Black and yellow insect that makes honey

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

familiar

US / fəˈmɪliə(r) /

•

UK / fəˈmɪljɚ /

adjecitve
Well-known or easily recognized

identification

US / aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / aɪˌdɛntəfɪˈkeʃən /

noun
(Card or paper) that proves who a person is

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

larva

US / ˈlɑ:və /

•

UK / ˈlɑ:rvə /

noun
Wormlike young form of some insects

latter

US / 'lætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlætɚ /

adjecitve
Near the end off
adverb
Being the second of two people, things
noun
The second or last mentioned thing

mediterranean

US / ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən /

•

UK / ˌmɛdɪtəˈreniən, -ˈrenjən /

adjecitve
Describing the sea between Italy and Africa

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

albinism

US / ˈælbɪnɪzəm /

•

UK / ˈælbəˌnɪzəm /

noun
Congenital absence of pigmentation in the eyes and skin and hair

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

man

US / mæn /

•

UK / mæn /

noun
Humans in general, including male and female
An adult male human being
Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
verb
To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

genetic

US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

•

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

wow

US / waʊ /

•

UK / waʊ /

exclamation
Sound people make when they make are impressed
verb
(Informal) to greatly impress someone

theme

US / θi:m /

•

UK / θim /

noun
An main or dominant idea, motif
Main idea of a work of art, writing, or music
Main subject being discussed or described

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

vary

US / ˈveəri /

•

UK / ˈveri /

verb
To change something and make it different
To be changeable, both up and down

unfortunately

US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

•

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

adverb
In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

mistaken

US / mɪˈsteɪkən /

•

UK / mɪˈstekən /

verb
To understand someone or something incorrectly

researcher

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

noun
Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

classify

US / 'klæsɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈklæsəˌfaɪ /

verb
To arrange things into groups of similar items
To keep some information secret from the public

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

visible

US / ˈvɪzəbl /

•

UK / ˈvɪzəbəl /

adjecitve
Can see, easily seen or understood
Being obvious or easy to see

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

raft

US / rɑ:ft /

•

UK / ræft /

noun
Pieces of wood tied together as a kind of boat
Flat rubber boat filled with air so it floats

fertilize

US / ˈfɜ:təlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈfɜ:rtəlaɪz /

verb
To make pregnant; to put sperm in an egg
To add chemicals to produce larger, better plants

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

technique

US / tekˈni:k /

•

UK / tɛkˈnik /

noun
Way of doing by using special knowledge or skill

regardless

US / rɪˈgɑ:dləs /

•

UK / rɪˈɡɑrdlɪs /

adverb
Without being affected or concerned by something

misidentification

US / mɪsaɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃən /

•

UK / mɪsaɪdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃən /

prize

US / praɪz /

•

UK / praɪz /

adjecitve
Being an excellent or valuable example of a thing
noun
Something won in a contest or given as an award
Something valuable that many people would like
verb
To value greatly and consider it important

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

tongue

US / tʌŋ /

•

UK / tʌŋ /

noun
Long, thin part of (e.g. shoe under the laces)
Meat from the mouth of an animal, cooked as food
A language
Movable fleshy thing in your mouth, for tasting
Act of scolding someone
A specific manner of speaking
verb
To using your mouth to produce musical notes
To use your mouth to touch something

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

prove

US / pru:v /

•

UK / pruv /

verb
To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

arctic

US / 'ɑ:ktɪk /

•

UK / ˈɑrktɪk, ˈɑrtɪk /

adjecitve
The regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole
Region 66.3 degrees latitude north of the equator

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

topic

US / 'tɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

noun
Subject or issue people talk or write about

male

US / meɪl /

•

UK / ˈmel /

adjecitve
Characteristic of boys or men
noun
A member of the sex that fertilizes eggs

network

US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

•

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

noun
Group of computers connected to each other
System of connections
Group who work closely with each other
Group of radio or television stations, programs
verb
To join a group of computers together
To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

translucent

US / trænsˈlu:snt /

•

UK / trænsˈlusənt, trænz- /

adjecitve
Having the quality of being transparent

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

activity

US / æk'tɪvətɪ /

•

UK / ækˈtɪvɪti /

noun
An action or task, e.g. sports, washing clothes

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

paper

US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

adjecitve
Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
Made from the material that we use to make books
noun
Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
Written test
Newspaper
Pages of a book are made from this

length

US / leŋθ /

•

UK / leŋθ /

noun
Distance from one end of a pool to the other
Measurement of distance or of time

list

US / lɪst /

•

UK / lɪst /

noun
Lean of a boat to one side
Series of written names, words or numbers
verb
To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
To present for sale for a specific price
To write a series of names, words, or numbers

drab

US / dræb /

•

UK / dræb /

adjecitve
Dull; without much color; plain

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

transformation

US / ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃn /

noun
A complete change in shape or form of something

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

larval

US / 'lɑ:vl /

•

UK / 'lɑ:vl /

adjecitve
Concerning or in the state of a larva

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

horn

US / hɔ:n /

•

UK / hɔ:rn /

noun
Device that makes a loud warning noise
(Animals) hard pointed structure growing on heads
Material from animal antlers
Metal wind instrument

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

correctly

US / kə'rektlɪ /

•

UK / kəˈrɛktlɪ /

adverb
In an accurate or correct manner

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

breed

US / bri:d /

•

UK / brid /

noun
Kind of / sort of
Particular kind of animal, e.g. a Labrador dog
verb
To create situations for a (bad) thing to happen
To produce baby animals of specific kinds
To have (children); bring up or raise children

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

numerous

US / ˈnju:mərəs /

•

UK / ˈnumərəs, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Existing in large numbers

identity

US / aɪ'dentətɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntɪti /

noun
Collection of qualities that makes a person

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

atlantic

US / æt'læntɪk /

•

UK / ætˈlæntɪk /

adjecitve
Of the ocean between Africa and the Americas

viewer

US / ˈvju:ə(r) /

•

UK / ˈvjuɚ /

noun
Special machine to look at pictures
Someone who watches, e.g. television

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

scishow

US / /

•

UK / /

regular

US / ˈregjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɛɡjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Having an equal amount of space or time in between
Occurring or being done frequently
Being normal, usual, or average
noun
Customers who frequently visit a place
Soldier who has a permanent job in the army

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

bright

US / braɪt /

•

UK / braɪt /

adjecitve
Cheerful and happy (manner)
(Of color) light and easy to see; vivid
Producing a lot of light
Smart; intelligent; clever

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

yellow

US / ˈjeləʊ /

•

UK / ˈjeloʊ /

adjecitve
Color of lemons or the sun
Lacking in courage; cowardly (used as an INSULT)
verb
To turn yellow, often due to being old

trial

US / ˈtraɪəl /

•

UK / ˈtraɪəl, traɪl /

adjecitve
Being made or done as a test or experiment
noun
Hearing and judgment of a case in court
Act or process of testing or experimenting
verb
To be made or done as a test or experiment

sneak

US / sni:k /

•

UK / snik /

noun
Person who tells the secrets of others
other
To move around in such a way no one will see you
verb
To move around in a way so no one will see you
To take something somewhere/give secretly

museum

US / mjuˈzi:əm /

•

UK / mjuˈziəm /

noun
Building to display art/science/history objects

lineup

US / 'laɪnʌp /

•

UK / 'laɪnˌʌp /

noun
People arranged by police for identification

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

twist

US / twɪst /

•

UK / twɪst /

noun
Turn or spiral curve in a path or road
Bend or sudden change of direction
An unexpected change in the direction of a story
a change in the way in which something happens
verb
To turn something in a circular direction
To turn in a curving direction e.g. road or path
To bend something into a particular shape
To change the meaning in an unintended way
To turn in opposite directions at the same time
To wind something around something else
To turn direction or position, as of your body

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

ballast

US / ˈbæləst /

•

UK / ˈbæləst /

noun
Weight that steadies a sea vessel in water

color

US / 'kʌlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌlɚ /

noun
Quality of things you can see, e.g. red, blue
Pink or red in your face, e.g. after being ill
The shade of someone's skin e.g. black, or yellow
verb
To change or affect someone's opinion
To make something colorful using colored pencils

thailand

US / 'taɪlænd /

•

UK / 'taɪlænd /

other
A country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the Isthmus of Kra to the Malay Peninsul

transform

US / træns'fɔ:m /

•

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

verb
To change the shape completely in a good way

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

platform

US / 'plætfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈplætˌfɔrm /

noun
Flat, raised structure that people stand on
Area from which you board a train at a station

opportunity

US / ˌɒpə'tju:nətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti, -ˈtju- /

noun
Time, situation when a thing might be done; chance

nope

US / nəʊp /

•

UK / noʊp /

noun
A dialect or emphatic way of saying 'No'

explanation

US / ˌekspləˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɛkspləˈneʃən /

noun
Details or reasons given to make something clear

final

US / ˈfaɪnl /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

adjecitve
That will not be changed; permanent
Being the last thing in a series
noun
Last game in a series in a competition

creature

US / ˈkri:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkritʃɚ /

noun
Animal of any type

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

whoop

US / wu:p /

•

UK / hup, hwup, wup /

exclamation
Loud cry expressing excitement or happiness
verb
To shout loudly in a happy or excited manner

tanager

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Woodland birds having brightly colored males

online

US / ˌɒnˈlaɪn /

•

UK / ˌɑ:nˈlaɪn /

adjecitve
Connected to the internet

book

US / bʊk /

•

UK / bʊk /

noun
Thing made of pages with writing on that you read
verb
(Police) to officially record someone's crimes
To reserve (hotel room, etc.) in advance
To produce a red or yellow card to a soccer player

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

sunburst

US / ˈsʌnbɜ:st /

•

UK / ˈsʌnbɜ:rst /

noun
Design with sun rays coming from a central point

stump

US / stʌmp /

•

UK / stʌmp /

noun
One of three standing part of a cricket wicket
The remaining part when the rest was cut off
verb
To campaign by making political speeches
To be too difficult for; baffle or perplex

pattern

US / 'pætn /

•

UK / ˈpætən /

noun
Model to follow in making or doing something
Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
Regular repeated behavior
verb
To copy the way something else is made

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

coloration

US / ˌkʌləˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkʌləˈreʃən /

noun
The particular colors or pattern of color

collect

US / kəˈlekt /

•

UK / kəˈlɛkt /

adverb
By asking the receiver of a call to pay for it
verb
To ask for money, e.g. for a charity
To gather things, people together in one place
To get and keep one type of things as a hobby
To take things and bring them together
To go and receive, e.g. a prize or an award
To take control of your own feelings or thoughts

ship

US / ʃɪp /

•

UK / ʃɪp /

noun
Large boat
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

segment

US / ˈsegmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛɡmənt /

noun
Part divided from the other parts of something
verb
To separate something into different parts

commonly

US / ˈkɒmənli /

•

UK / ˈkɑmənlɪ /

adverb
Typically, normally; not unusually

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

stomach

US / 'stʌmək /

•

UK / ˈstʌmək /

noun
Place in the body where food is processed
verb
to be able to accept something unpleasant

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

pale

US / peɪl /

•

UK / pel /

adjecitve
Light in color; unhealthy looking
verb
To reduce the effect of

member

US / ˈmembə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

noun
Part of the body of a human, animal
Person or thing belonging to a group or team

juvenile

US / ˈdʒu:vənaɪl /

•

UK / ˈdʒuvəˌnaɪl, -nəl /

adjecitve
Concerning young people or children
Childish; immature; not behaving like an adult
noun
Someone who is young; a child

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

brilliant

US / 'brɪlɪənt /

•

UK / ˈbrɪljənt /

adjecitve
Having a great amount of intelligence or talent
Being very bright, like a diamond; shining

blue

US / blu: /

•

UK / blu /

adjecitve
Color of the clear sky
Feeling sad or down

starter

US / ˈstɑ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈstɑ:rtə(r) /

noun
Electric motor for starting an engine
First part of a big meal, e.g. soup or salad

sequence

US / 'si:kwəns /

•

UK / ˈsikwəns, -ˌkwɛns /

noun
Part of a movie showing one part of the story
verb
To arrange things in an order they should happen

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

genus

US / ˈdʒi:nəs /

•

UK / ˈdʒinəs /

noun
Category of particular animal or plant species

cuckoo

US / 'kʊku: /

•

UK / ˈkuku, ˈkʊku /

noun
Bird that lays its eggs in the nest of other birds

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

slowly

US / ˈsləʊli /

•

UK / ˈsloʊli /

adverb
In an unhurried or not speedy manner

glass

US / ɡlɑ:s /

•

UK / ɡlæs /

adjecitve
Being made of glass
noun
Clear hard container used for drinking
A lens for eyewear
Hard see-through material used for making windows

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

elusive

US / iˈlu:sɪv /

•

UK / ɪˈlusɪv /

adjecitve
Difficult to find or catch
other
Difficult to understand or define

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

dna

US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

noun
Chemical in living cells with genetic information

vein

US / veɪn /

•

UK / ven /

noun
Tube that returns blood from the body to the heart
Mood or particular turn of mind
Thin line of something that has a different color

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

exhibit

US / ɪɡ'zɪbɪt /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪbɪt, ɛɡ- /

noun
Object put on public display, e.g. in a gallery
verb
To show something, such as an emotion
To put object on public display, e.g. in a gallery

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

bizarre

US / bɪˈzɑ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈzɑr /

adjecitve
Odd or strange

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

leptocephalus

US / ˌleptəʊˈsefələs /

•

UK / ˌleptəˈsefələs /

other
Slender transparent larva of eels and certain fishes

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

win

US / wɪn /

•

UK / wɪn /

noun
Success in beating the other team or competitors
Success in a game or contest
verb
To get something as a prize because of a success
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

analysis

US / əˈnæləsɪs /

•

UK / əˈnælɪsɪs /

noun
Careful study to better understand something

nanometre

US / ˈnænəʊmiːtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnænoʊmiːtər /

noun
One billionth of a metre

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

baby

US / ˈbeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

adjecitve
Small in size; smaller than usual
noun
A very young child, who cannot yet speak
verb
To treat someone as if they were newly born

variation

US / ˌveəriˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌvɛriˈeʃən, ˈvær- /

noun
Something almost the same as another but different
Music played with a different tune from another

warbler

US / ˈwɔ:blə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔ:rblə(r) /

noun
Singer who adds embellishments to the song

snack

US / snæk /

•

UK / snæk /

noun
Small amount of food eaten between meals
verb
To eat a small amount outside of regular meal time

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

lesson

US / 'lesn /

•

UK / ˈlɛsən /

noun
Something done to learn or teach something; class
Wisdom or knowledge received from an experience

lab

US / læb /

•

UK / læb /

noun
Short for 'laboratory'

expand

US / ɪk'spænd /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænd /

verb
To make something larger in size, number, amount

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

annual

US / ˈænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈænjuəl /

adjecitve
Happening once a year, or every year
noun
Book (in a series) released each year

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

stem

US / stem /

•

UK / stɛm /

noun
Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
verb
To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
To start from or be the origin of
To stop something bad from spreading or developing

successfully

US / sək'sesfəlɪ /

•

UK / səkˈsɛsfəlɪ /

adverb
In a manner that achieves a goal

skill

US / skɪl /

•

UK / skɪl /

noun
Ability to do something well

gene

US / dʒi:n /

•

UK / dʒin /

noun
Part of cell controlling development of a thing

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

centimetre

US / ˈsentɪmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛntəˌmitɚ /

noun
One hundredth of a meter

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

dimorphism

US / daɪ'mɔ:fɪzəm /

•

UK / daɪ'mɔ:fɪzəm /

noun
Existence of two forms of individual within the same animal species (independent of sex differences

colony

US / 'kɒlənɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɑləni /

noun
Group (bees, etc.) that live in the same place
Country/settlement controlled by another country

truth

US / tru:θ /

•

UK / truθ /

noun
Real facts about something

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

northwest

US / 'nɔ:θ'west /

•

UK / nɔrθˈwɛst, nɔrˈwɛst /

adjecitve
Being between west and north
Coming from the northwest, e.g. a northwest wind

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

compute

US / kəm'pju:t /

•

UK / kəmˈpjut /

verb
To find out by calculating or estimating

aquarium

US / ə'kweərɪəm /

•

UK / əˈkwɛriəm /

noun
Building or tank for keeping fish and water plants

trawl

US / trɔ:l /

•

UK / trɔl /

noun
Conical net used in fishing
other
A search for information on the internet
verb
To search for information on the internet

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

relinquish

US / rɪ'lɪŋkwɪʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ /

verb
To give up; to surrender

publish

US / 'pʌblɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪʃ /

verb
To prepare and make available a book magazine etc.
To release information to the general public

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

feather

US / ˈfeðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɛðɚ /

noun
One of the many light soft things on a bird's body
verb
To grow feathers
To cover something with feathers
To cut hair so that it lays in layers

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

rubric

US / ˈru:brɪk /

•

UK / ˈrubrɪk /

adjecitve
Title under which something is categorized
noun
Set of rules at beginning of an educational book

nickname

US / ˈnɪkneɪm /

•

UK / ˈnɪkˌnem /

noun
Name given by friends or family
verb
To give someone an informal name or title

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

india

US / 'ɪndɪə /

•

UK / ˈɪndɪə /

proper noun
A country in southern Asia that occupies the greater part of the Indian subcontinent; population 1,3

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

population

US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

noun
Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

beautiful

US / 'bju:tɪfl /

•

UK / ˈbjutəfəl /

adjecitve
Having dome something well
Being very attractive or appealing physically

barcoding

US / /

•

UK / /

verb
To mark with a barcode

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

widely

US / ˈwaɪdli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdlɪ /

adverb
To a large degree; over a large range
By or among a large number of people

puzzle

US / 'pʌzl /

•

UK / ˈpʌzəl /

noun
Something challenging to explain or understand
Game requiring the player to find an answer
Game with many pieces, e.g. forming a picture
A problem requiring thought and skill to be solved
verb
To be a challenge to understand; confuse

renew

US / rɪ'nju: /

•

UK / rɪˈnu, -ˈnju /

verb
To make something stronger, fresher, or like new
To replace something old or worn by something new
To make something valid again for future period
To begin again after stopping, as with more energy

bonus

US / ˈbəʊnəs /

•

UK / ˈboʊnəs /

noun
Extra money for achieving, exceeding targets

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

native

US / ˈneɪtɪv /

•

UK / ˈnetɪv /

adjecitve
Caused by natural ability; innate
noun
Someone from or born in a specific country
Original inhabitant, e.g. before others
Person speaking a language from birth

slash

US / slæʃ /

•

UK / slæʃ /

noun
Line ( / ) used in writing
Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
verb
To cut violently with a sharp object
To decrease something by a large amount

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

saltwater

US / ˈsɔ:ltˌwɔ:tə, -ˌwɔtə /

•

UK / ˈsɔltˌwɔtɚ, -ˌwɑtɚ /

noun
Water containing salts such as the ocean

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

version

US / ˈvə:ʃən /

•

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Different way that someone interprets something
New or different form of something
An updated form of some software

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

reproduction

US / ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃn /

•

UK / ˌriprəˈdʌkʃən /

noun
Act or process of producing a copy of something
The process of making children

periwinkle

US / ˈperiwɪŋkl /

•

UK / ˈpɛrɪˌwɪŋkəl /

noun
Chiefly trailing poisonous plants with blue flowers; commonly cultivated Old World woody herb having

throughout

US / θru:ˈaʊt /

•

UK / θruˈaʊt /

adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

distance

US / 'dɪstəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

noun
Lack of friendliness toward another person
Amount of space between two places or things
verb
To make it clear that you are not involved

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

destination

US / ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdɛstəˈneʃən /

noun
The place you are traveling to

decide

US / dɪ'saɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈsaɪd /

verb
To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
To make a legal judgment in court
to affect the result of something

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

ribbon

US / ˈrɪbən /

•

UK / ˈrɪbən /

noun
Long thin piece of cloth for tying hair/decoration

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

wave

US / weɪv /

•

UK / wev /

noun
Movement of sound, air or energy
Deep and strong emotion that is suddenly felt
Slightly curved shape in hair
Frequency of movement of objects together
Up and down movement of water in a lake or sea
Signal with your hand to say hello or goodbye
verb
To cause to move side to side or back and forth
To swing back and forth as a result of the wind
To move your hand or arm to say hello or goodbye

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

height

US / haɪt /

•

UK / haɪt /

noun
Distance of something from the bottom to the top

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

assign

US / ə'saɪn /

•

UK / əˈsaɪn /

verb
To give someone a particular job to do
To give someone credit or blame for something

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

escape

US / ɪ'skeɪp /

•

UK / ɪˈskep /

noun
Act to briefly ignoring boring or bad things
The 'esc key' on a keyboard
Act of getting away from where you are being kept
verb
To avoid something undesirable, dangerous or bad
To get away from a place where you are being kept
(Gas, water) to come out from a pipe, container
To not to be noticed or remembered by someone

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

tide

US / taɪd /

•

UK / taɪd /

noun
Way opinions or events are developing or changing
Regular rise and fall of the level of the sea
verb
To give you what is needed for a short time

bird

US / bɜ:d /

•

UK / bɜ:rd /

noun
Animal with feathers that uses wings to fly

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

moray

US / mɒˈreɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɔ:reɪ /

noun
Type of eel of warm coastal waters

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

counterpart

US / ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntərpɑ:rt /

noun
Person/thing having same function/characteristics

hair

US / heə(r) /

•

UK / her /

noun
Long thin strands growing on your head or body
Short distance; a very small amount

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

poor

US / pʊə(r) /

•

UK / pʊr /

adjecitve
Inferior; below the normal standard
Deserving of pity or sympathy
Without money; not rich

significantly

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfəkəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is important or noticeable
In a way that is meaningful

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

determine

US / dɪ'tɜ:mɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈtɚmɪn /

verb
To control exactly how something will be or act
To establish the facts about; discover

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

joke

US / dʒəʊk /

•

UK / dʒoʊk /

noun
A funny or amusing statement
Something or someone not taken seriously
verb
To say or do things that are meant to be funny

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

protection

US / prəˈtekʃn /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkʃən /

noun
Being kept from harm
Something that defends against harm or danger

tuna

US / ˈtju:nə /

•

UK / ˈtu:nə /

noun
Large sea fish that is caught for food
Flesh of a large sea fish caught for food

animal

US / ˈænɪml /

•

UK / ˈænəməl /

noun
A living creature that is not a plant or person

california

US / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:njə, -'fɔ:ni:ə /

•

UK / ˌkælɪ'fɔ:rnjəˌ -'fɔ:rni:ə /

noun
A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the rd largest state; known for earthquakes

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

neural

US / ˈnjuərəl /

•

UK / ˈnʊrəl, ˈnjʊr- /

adjecitve
About the nerves or nervous system

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

quantum

US / ˈkwɒntəm /

•

UK / ˈkwɑ:ntəm /

noun
The smallest unit or amount of energy

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

computer

US / kəmˈpju:tə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpjutɚ /

noun
Machine for storing data, accessing the internet

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

convince

US / kən'vɪns /

•

UK / kənˈvɪns /

verb
To persuade someone, or make them feel sure

depend

US / dɪˈpend /

•

UK / dɪˈpend /

verb
Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

dramatic

US / drəˈmætɪk /

•

UK / drəˈmætɪk /

adjecitve
Gripping the attention; causing an effect
(Of an event) sudden and extreme

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

struggle

US / 'strʌɡl /

•

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

noun
Strong efforts made to do something difficult
verb
To try very hard to do something difficult

title

US / 'taɪtl /

•

UK / ˈtaɪtl /

noun
Book produced by a publisher
Name given to something to identify or describe it
Name showing profession, marriage or social status
(Legal) the right to own something, e.g. property
Position of being the winner in a sport or contest
verb
To give a name to identify or describe something

math

US / mæθ /

•

UK / mæθ /

noun
Study or science of numbers and shapes

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

sexual

US / ˈsekʃuəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛkʃuəl /

adjecitve
Relating to men and women and their relationships
Of the physical activity that can produce babies

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

undergo

US / ˌʌndəˈgəʊ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈgoʊ /

verb
To experience or endure something (bad)

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

extend

US / ɪkˈstend /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnd /

verb
To offer something (help, friendship) to someone
To reach from one point to another
To straighten or stretch something out, e.g. leg
To make something last longer

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

ultraviolet

US / ˌʌltrə'vaɪələt /

•

UK / ˌʌltrəˈvaɪəlɪt /

adjecitve
Concerning light waves that are extremely short

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

traverse

US / trəˈvɜ:s /

•

UK / trəˈvɜ:rs /

verb
To pass across, over, or through

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

partial

US / ˈpɑ:ʃl /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rʃl /

adjecitve
Giving better treatment to one person than another
Not complete; being only part of something

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

rummage

US / ˈrʌmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈrʌmɪdʒ /

noun
Act of searching by looking through e.g. a box
verb
To search by looking through e.g. a box

wing

US / wɪŋ /

•

UK / wɪŋ /

noun
Part of an animal's body that is used for flying
One of the two parts on the side of a plane, bird
verb
To fly to a place

accidentally

US / ˌæksɪ'dentəlɪ /

•

UK / ˌæksɪ'dentəlɪ /

adverb
Unexpectedly; by mistake

armoured

US / ˈɑ:məd /

•

UK / ˈɑːrmərd /

adjecitve
(Body, thing) protected by a covering
verb
To cover something in metal to protect it

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

mating

US / ˈmeɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈmeɪtɪŋ /

verb
To pair a male and female so they have children
To join or fit two things together

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

wavelength

US / 'weɪvleŋθ /

•

UK / ˈwevˌlɛŋkθ, -ˌlɛŋθ /

noun
To have similar feelings
The size of a wave

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

handle

US / 'hændl /

•

UK / ˈhændl /

noun
The part of a door you hold to open it
Thing you hold to carry or open a bag, pan etc.
verb
To cope with or take responsibility for
To control a machine, car etc.
To control or be controlled /used in a certain way
To deal with a particular situation/person; manage
To buy, sell, or move materials or goods
To hold, control, or use something with the hands
To touch objects with the hands to look at them

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

interactive

US / ˌɪntərˈæktɪv /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈæktɪv /

adjecitve
Acting or influencing others

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

reed

US / ri:d /

•

UK / ri:d /

noun
Person's name
Thin piece of wood blown to produce musical notes
Piece of wood that is blown to make a sound
Tall grass-like plant that grows close to water

iridescent

US / ˌɪrɪˈdesnt /

•

UK / ˌɪrɪˈdesnt /

adjecitve
Exhibiting rainbow-like colors

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

premium

US / ˈpri:miəm /

•

UK / ˈprimiəm /

adjecitve
Having a higher than normal quality
noun
Money paid as a fee for insurance

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

appearance

US / əˈpɪərəns /

•

UK / əˈpɪrəns /

noun
The way a person looks to others
The way that something looks

confusion

US / kən'fju:ʒən /

•

UK / kənˈfjuʒən /

noun
Not knowing what to do; state of disorder

digger

US / ˈdɪgə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɪɡɚ /

noun
Laborer who digs; a machine for excavating

discovery

US / dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvəri /

noun
Learning something for the first time

mark

US / mɑ:k /

•

UK / mɑrk /

noun
Person's name
A dirty spot or line on something
Grade or score given for homework
Line or symbol made when writing
Particular point on a scale of measurement
Grade, such as a student receives in school
Stain or spot on something
Sign or symbol of a quality of feeling
Written sign or symbol
verb
To put a dirty spot or line on something
To give a grade for homework
To indicate something with a sign or symbol
To make or leave a visible sign of (path, etc.)
(Animals) to go to the toilet to show your area
To write or draw a line on something

shrimp

US / ʃrɪmp /

•

UK / ʃrɪmp /

noun
Small edible salt-water shellfish with many legs
Someone who is small and weak

silvery

US / ˈsɪlvəri /

•

UK / ˈsɪlvəri /

adverb
Resembling or reminiscent of silver

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

crustacean

US / krʌˈsteɪʃn /

•

UK / krʌˈsteʃən /

noun
Any of various types of animal that have a hard outer shell and live mostly in water; shellfish

location

US / ləʊˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / loʊˈkeɪʃn /

noun
Particular position or area of place, event, etc.

gather

US / ˈgæðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɡæðɚ /

noun
Fold in cloth, as in a full skirt
verb
To bring objects together into one place
(Of liquids) To come to a head, as in boil
To collect foods such as wild berries or crops
To increase or accumulate
To bring people, animals together into a group
To activate strength, courage to prepare for task
To understand or believe some information

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

remote

US / rɪ'məʊt /

•

UK / rɪˈmot /

adjecitve
Being far away from people, towns, etc.
(Of a possibility) being small or not likely
(Of time) far off; long ago; far in the future
Not friendly; separating yourself from others
noun
Radio device designed to operate TV, etc.

raise

US / reɪz /

•

UK / rez /

noun
Increase in a bet above another when playing cards
Pay increase
verb
To increase a bet above another when playing cards
To gather donations for a cause or charity
To bring up and educate a child to maturity
To bring a dead person to life
To increase a quantity, size, intensity or price
To lift (e.g. your hand) to a higher position
To mention a topic /issue for discussion; bring up
To increase (salary, etc.)
To grow or care for plants or animals

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

review

US / rɪˈvju: /

•

UK / rɪˈvju /

noun
Examination of soldiers and supplies
Opinion, as in a paper, about movie, book, or play
Studying again to remind yourself about something
verb
To carefully look at the quality of something
To formally examine something in the military
To write an opinion about movie, book, or play
To study again to remind yourself about something

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

alive

US / ə'laɪv /

•

UK / əˈlaɪv /

adjecitve
Living; not dead

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

identical

US / aɪˈdentɪkl /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntɪkəl /

adjecitve
The same in every way

island

US / ˈaɪlənd /

•

UK / ˈaɪlənd /

noun
Area of land that is surrounded by water

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

popularity

US / ˌpɒpjuˈlærəti /

•

UK / ˌpɑ:pjuˈlærəti /

noun
State of being liked or supported by many people

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

eel

US / i:l /

•

UK / il /

noun
Long thin fish that looks like a snake

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

Introduction to Video Content

Species identification is a challenging task for scientists, as the differences between species are not always visible to the human eye. This difficulty has led to numerous cases of misidentification throughout history. One such example is a snail that has been misidentified over a hundred times by scientists. But it's not just snails that pose a problem; many animals undergo dramatic transformations as they progress through different life stages, making species identification even more challenging. Take butterflies, for instance. Two butterflies may look completely different, leading us to believe that they are two separate species. However, they could actually be the same species. Similarly, birds that appear almost identical might actually belong to different species. An interesting case of misidentification involves eels. Regardless of whether they live in freshwater or saltwater, all eels start their lives in the open ocean. As juveniles, eels look nothing like the adults they will become. In fact, they are completely transparent and have their own genus called Leptocephalus, commonly known as glass eels. These transparent babies can grow to be over 20 centimeters in length, which often leads them to be mistaken for adult eels. It wasn't until scientists raised these glass eels in captivity that they realized the true nature of their identity as juvenile eels. These examples highlight the challenges scientists face when it comes to species identification. It serves as a reminder that the natural world is full of complexities that are not always easily discernible to us. By understanding these challenges and learning from past misidentifications, scientists continue to improve their methods and enhance our understanding of the diverse species that inhabit our planet.

Subtitles section

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Let's play a game.

I'll show you some creatures, and you decide whether they're the same or different species.

Ready?

Let's start with these two butterflies.

They look completely different, so they've got to be two separate species, right?

Nope, they are the same.

How about these birds?

They look almost identical, so you might think they're the same species.

But no, again.

Species identification is hard, and scientists struggle with it as much as everyone else.

Animals undergo dramatic transformations as they progress through different life stages, and sometimes the differences between species aren't visible to the human eye.

So we gathered a few of the most dramatic cases of mistaken identity over the last centuries, including a snail that scientists misidentified more than a hundred times.

All eels, regardless of whether they're fresh or saltwater, start their lives way out in the open ocean, looking very little like the adults they're going to become.

For starters, they are completely see-through.

In fact, the juveniles look so different from the adults that, for a long time, scientists put these transparent babies into their own genus, Leptocephalus, commonly known as glass eels.

These babies can get big, over 20 centimeters in length, so it's easy to see how they were mistaken for adults, since they are, like, adult-sized.

It wasn't until they were raised in captivity that scientists found out that glass eels were actually just juvenile eels.

The eels in captivity slowly transformed from a see-through ribbon to the colorations we're more familiar with, from the brilliant blues and yellows of a moray eel to the silvery green-brown of an American river eel.

These babies traverse miles of open ocean as translucent juveniles to escape being a predator's snack, only transforming closer to their final destination, which makes them pretty hard to pick out of a lineup on their way.

Figuring out whether a creature is a baby or an adult is easier if you can raise it in captivity.

But for creatures that live in the deeper parts of the ocean and don't handle aquarium life very well, it can be very difficult, like this next creature who stumped researchers for more than a century.

It was discovered when people started finding a horned, armored creature in the stomachs of dolphins and tuna, earning it the nickname Monster Larvae.

The only thing that researchers knew about it was that it was a larval crustacean and not an adult.

They just hadn't found the adult form yet.

The ocean is big, after all.

That's because larval crustaceans often take on bizarre shapes that look nothing like their adult counterparts.

I mean, look at this crabnoplius.

Does that look much like a crab to you?

As the baby crustaceans grow and change, they begin to look more and more like their adult forms.

Now, researchers couldn't raise the Monster Larvae in a lab to see who it would become because it was very rare to find any examples of it alive at all.

Ocean trawls were turning up next to nothing.

Not to mention, it probably wouldn't have survived because it lives in deep, cold waters.

But when a single specimen was pulled out of a midwater trawl in the early 2000s, researchers finally had the opportunity to run a genetic analysis on it, revealing that this elusive, monstrous-looking baby grows up to be a beautiful ruby-red deep-sea shrimp.

Another creature that puzzled scientists for decades is the sunburst butterfly.

For over a hundred years, the males and females had researchers convinced they were completely different species and completely different genuses.

That's because the sunburst butterflies exhibit sexual dimorphism, where the males and females of the species are significantly different from each other in some way, whether it's size or color or something else.

In the case of this butterfly, the males are a bright, iridescent blue color.

But we couldn't find any females until a paper published in 2018 by an international team of butterfly researchers began to study this drab butterfly assigned to a different species.

By collecting short segments of gene sequences from butterflies and comparing them to each other — a process called DNA barcoding — researchers are able to determine how closely related two species are.

And when they compared the bright blue and the drab butterflies, they found that the DNA of the latter was identical to that of the former.

Thankfully, for the sake of reproduction, the butterflies are better at telling who's who than humans are.

This next creature might win the prize for longest case of misidentification.

It took almost 150 years for this bee to be correctly identified, and for that time period, it was thought to be the rarest in the world.

Collected in the 1870s, the bee was classified as the only member of the genus Brachymellecta.

It was particularly puzzling because the researchers could never find another one like it.

Its abdomen was covered in pale hairs, and parts of its wings looked different from other bees.

But in 2019, a researcher was examining this specimen and noticed that the veining pattern on the wings of the rare bee was the same as that of bees from a more common species called the California digger cuckoo bee.

That's such a name, wow.

Thanks to DNA barcoding, the rare bee was confirmed to be just an unusual example of the digger cuckoo bee.

The pale hairs on the abdomen that made it stand out as unusual were believed to be a case of partial albinism.

Not only that, after rummaging in another researcher's bee collection, another pale-haired specimen was discovered and confirmed to be another unusual version of the digger cuckoo bee.

Man, the best thing I've ever found while rummaging is like 5 bucks.

This next species has been described by many as the world's least-known bird species, because basically nothing was known about the large-billed reed warbler for almost 140 years.

A single live bird was first collected in northwest India in 1867, and then another wasn't seen again until 2006 in Thailand.

The 2006 discovery, along with the increasing popularity of genetic techniques, renewed researchers' efforts to learn more about this bird.

Scientists began reviewing the DNA and size of warblers in museum collections, and found that some large-billed reed warbler specimens, collected as far back as the early 1900s, were accidentally mislabeled as Blythe's reed warblers.

And I mean, yeah, I can see how you'd make that mistake.

Not only did the discovery help researchers learn a lot more about these birds, it significantly expanded the map of their breeding grounds into several new locations, as most of the birds in the collections were believed to have been collected during the mating season.

And this bird can now relinquish its title of the world's least-known bird.

Which brings us to the long-suffering snail I mentioned at the beginning of this video.

This is a periwinkle snail.

And so is this.

Same species.

No joke.

You've probably encountered these snails on the beach at low tide.

They are anything but rare.

However, that has not stopped them from being misidentified over and over and over again throughout history.

They've been discovered as a different species or subspecies by scientists more than a hundred times since they were originally described in 1792.

This confusion stems from their numerous shapes and colors.

Plus, early researchers just assumed they didn't get around much outside of their home range.

These snails are native to the Atlantic, with a range that extends from the Arctic to the Mediterranean.

But they've successfully made their way around the world, sneaking into the ballast water in the hulls of ships, and even rafting along the surface of the ocean.

And just one snail is all it takes.

Say a fertilized female gets whisked away to a remote island.

Whoops!

A new colony is formed!

And their environment plays a large role in why they look so different.

Take waves, for example.

The shape of snail shells depends on the amount of wave activity in their environment.

By varying the thickness and height, they can get protection from crashing waves.

So two snail populations separated by a small distance may look completely different if one spot is more protected from waves than the other.

Once again, genetic analysis revealed the truth.

While the appearance of these snails varies widely, their genes say they are all the same species.

And now for a twist on today's theme, two species that were mistaken for one.

You might remember those birds from the top of the show.

And if you didn't recognize them as two species, you are not the only one.

Closely related species of tanagers look almost identical when viewed in regular light.

But under ultraviolet, or UV, light, there are actually some pretty dramatic differences in their markings.

The wavelength of light that humans can see is around 400 to 700 nanometers, while UV wavelengths range from around 100 to 400 nanometers, outside our visible range.

But many birds can see near-UV light, which is in the 320 to 400 nanometer range.

And researchers believe that markings visible in this wavelength help them identify each other in the wild.

Unfortunately, researchers often use feather variations to describe different bird species, which can become an issue if they are only using human visible light to look at patterns.

So the old saying is true, you really can't judge a tanager, or reed warbler, or digger kookabee by its cover.

These few examples prove that species identification is as hard for scientists as it is for the people who have gotten it wrong throughout history.

And that's okay, because thanks to the advent of new technologies like DNA barcoding, we have new ways of revealing the truth.

Let's just hope we never get that poor snail wrong again.

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