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Time Is Broken, According To This New Theory

Original YouTube Video | joescott Published on 2023-07-03 Level：97 Speed：97 maxwordlevel：29

Video vocabulary

dot

US / dɒt /

•

UK / dɑt /

noun
Small round mark
verb
To place small amounts/things in various places
To mark something by placing a small, round spot

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

fix

US / fɪks /

•

UK / fɪks /

noun
Answer to a problem
verb
To arrange or prepare something
To attach something so it will not move or change
To dishonestly arrange the result of a game
To make an animal unable to produce young
To make something whole or able to work again

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

infinitely

US / ˈɪnfɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈɪnfənɪtlɪ /

adverb
Continuing forever without end; very great

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

powerful

US / ˈpauəful /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

adjecitve
Having control or influence over
Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

radio

US / ˈreɪdiəʊ /

•

UK / ˈreɪdioʊ /

adjecitve
Concerning the broadcasting of sound
noun
System of sending/receiving signals through air
Device to listen to broadcast programs, messages
verb
To broadcast a message to be heard by radio

reasonable

US / ˈri:znəbl /

•

UK / ˈrizənəbəl /

adjecitve
Being somewhat good, but not great
Fair and sensible; appropriate

twist

US / twɪst /

•

UK / twɪst /

noun
Turn or spiral curve in a path or road
Bend or sudden change of direction
An unexpected change in the direction of a story
a change in the way in which something happens
verb
To turn something in a circular direction
To turn in a curving direction e.g. road or path
To bend something into a particular shape
To change the meaning in an unintended way
To turn in opposite directions at the same time
To wind something around something else
To turn direction or position, as of your body

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

invariance

US / ɪnˈveərɪəns /

•

UK / ɪnˈverɪəns /

noun
Function that remains unchanged

march

US / mɑ:tʃ /

•

UK / mɑ:rtʃ /

noun
Walk by a group of soldiers who walk in time
3rd month of the year
Music played for soldiers to walk in time to
Progress towards a future time or place
Public walk by a group to demand change
verb
To force someone to walk somewhere
(Soldiers) to walk in time with others
To walk as a group to demand some kind of change
To walk somewhere quickly often in an angry manner

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

measure

US / ˈmeʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛʒɚ /

noun
Plan to achieve a desired result
Tool used to calculate the size of something
verb
To determine the value or importance of something
To calculate size, weight or temperature of

operate

US / ˈɒpəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɑ:pəreɪt /

verb
To control or handle something, such as a machine
To control or manage something such as a business
To be working or being used
To perform surgery on someone

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

concerned

US / kənˈsɜ:nd /

•

UK / kənˈsə:nd /

adjecitve
Worried or anxious
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

embrace

US / ɪm'breɪs /

•

UK / ɛmˈbres /

noun
Act of holding someone closely
verb
To hold closely; cuddle, kiss or hug

please

US / pli:z /

•

UK / pliz /

adverb
Used when you politely ask people for things
verb
To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
To make someone happy by doing something

membrane

US / 'membreɪn /

•

UK / ˈmɛmˌbren /

noun
Outside covering of a cell
A thin covering of tissue or of a cell

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

expansion

US / ɪkˈspænʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænʃən /

noun
Making or becoming larger

craft

US / krɑ:ft /

•

UK / kræft /

noun
Job requiring a worker to have specific skills
Vehicle that travels on water or through the air
verb
To make by hand and with much skill

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

google

US / 'ɡu:ɡl /

•

UK / 'ɡu:ɡl /

noun
A widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important
other
Search the internet (for information) using the Google search engine

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

emergent

US / iˈmɜ:dʒənt /

•

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒənt /

adjecitve
Being discovered; becoming newly visible

sparse

US / spɑ:s /

•

UK / spɑ:rs /

adjecitve
Being few in number and often widely spread

spiral

US / 'spaɪrəl /

•

UK / ˈspaɪrəl /

adjecitve
Curved in a continuous circle
noun
A continuous curve round a central point
verb
To move in a continuous curve round a point

US / rɪ'leɪtɪd /

•

UK / rɪˈletɪd /

adjecitve
Connected to; in association with
verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

behaviour

US / bɪˈheɪvjə(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈhevjɚ /

noun
The way a person or thing acts; manner

explanation

US / ˌekspləˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɛkspləˈneʃən /

noun
Details or reasons given to make something clear

flippantly

US / 'flɪpəntlɪ /

•

UK / 'flɪpəntlɪ /

adverb
In a flippant manner

july

US / dʒuˈlaɪ /

•

UK / dʒʊˈlaɪ /

noun
7th month of the year

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

US / səb'skraɪb /

•

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

verb
To regularly pay to receive a service

smooth

US / smu:ð /

•

UK / smuð /

adjecitve
Moving without stops and starts
Pleasant and flat to touch, not rough
Being free from problems or difficulties
verb
To make something rough feel flat, e.g. by ironing
To spread a substance over a surface

somebody

US / 'sʌmbədɪ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi, -bədi /

noun
Important well-respected person
pronoun
Person who is not known or named

deliver

US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

verb
To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
To save someone from a problem or crisis
To keep a promise; do what you say you would
To present something to a group, as a speech
To take something to a person or place

exert

US / ɪgˈzɜ:t /

•

UK / ɪgˈzɜ:rt /

verb
To make something have an effect on something else

seriously

US / ˈsɪəriəsli /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəsli /

adverb
Involving or requiring great thought or study

towel

US / ˈtaʊəl /

•

UK / ˈtaʊəl /

noun
Piece of cloth used for drying things
verb
To dry something or yourself using a towel

ship

US / ʃɪp /

•

UK / ʃɪp /

noun
Large boat
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

telescope

US / ˈtelɪskəʊp /

•

UK / ˈtelɪskoʊp /

noun
Tube-shaped device used to see a great distance
verb
To shorten by compacting tubes inside each other

acyclic

US / ˌeɪˈsaɪklɪk /

•

UK / ˌeɪˈsaɪklɪk /

adjecitve
Not cyclic; especially having parts arranged in spirals rather than whorls; having an open chain str

bruno

US / ˈbruːnəʊ /

•

UK / ˈbrunoʊ /

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

farmer

US / ˈfɑ:mə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɑ:rmə(r) /

noun
Person who operates a farm

meal

US / mi:l /

•

UK / mil /

noun
Food for eating at a particular time, e.g. dinner
Grain that has been ground into a powder

represent

US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

verb
To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
To show or describe something in a particular way
To act on behalf of others in government
To act or speak for another person or other people

outward

US / ˈaʊtwəd /

•

UK / ˈaʊtwəd /

adjecitve
Going away from a place that will be returned to
Seeming to be from the outside
Concerning how something appears on the outside

shrunk

US / ʃrʌŋk /

•

UK / ʃrʌŋk /

verb
To become smaller
To make or become smaller than it was before

takeout

US / 'teɪkaʊt /

•

UK / ˈtekaʊt /

noun
Food bought at a restaurant but eaten elsewhere

rafael

US / /

•

UK / /

sense

US / sens /

•

UK / sɛns /

noun
Certain mental feeling or emotion
Normal or clear state of mind
Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
verb
To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
To recognize the presence of something

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

mathematical

US / ˌmæθə'mætɪkl /

•

UK / ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning numbers and equations

onto

US / ˈɒntə /

•

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

preposition
Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

singularity

US / ˌsɪŋgjuˈlærəti /

•

UK / ˌsɪŋɡjəˈlærɪti /

noun
Quality that makes something unusual or odd

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

rely

US / rɪ'laɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈlaɪ /

verb
Depend on with full trust or confidence

waste

US / weɪst /

•

UK / west /

noun
Materials left over after a process has finished
verb
To kill or severely harm someone
To use valuable things ineffectively

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

merely

US / ˈmiəli /

•

UK / ˈmɪrli /

adverb
Only, simply, or nothing more than

miracle

US / 'mɪrəkl /

•

UK / ˈmɪrəkəl /

noun
Amazing, seemingly impossible thing that happened

popularity

US / ˌpɒpjuˈlærəti /

•

UK / ˌpɑ:pjuˈlærəti /

noun
State of being liked or supported by many people

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

steady

US / 'stedɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɛdi /

adjecitve
Happening or developing at a regular rate
Continuing without stopping or changing over time
Firmly fixed or supported; not likely to fall over
noun
Your boyfriend or girlfriend
verb
To make constant, unchanging or staying the same
To hold something/someone so they stop moving

fre

US / /

•

UK / /

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

sponsor

US / ˈspɒnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈspɑ:nsə(r) /

noun
Person that supports the passage of a new law
Person giving money for someone's education
verb
To support the passage of a new law
To help someone succeed by giving them money
To pay for an event, usually as an advertisement

summertime

US / ˈsʌmətaɪm /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚˌtaɪm /

noun
Warmest season of the year

store

US / stɔ:(r) /

•

UK / stɔr, stor /

noun
Place where things are kept for future use
Place where you can go to buy things
verb
To put things in a place for later use

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

violate

US / ˈvaɪəleɪt /

•

UK / ˈvaɪəˌlet /

verb
To abuse, damage or disrespect
To break rules or laws; disregard important rights
To force sex acts on a person against their will

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

fundamental

US / ˌfʌndəˈmentl /

•

UK / ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl /

adjecitve
Forming a necessary part, base, or core
noun
A basic part of something
(Music) the lowest note in a harmony

model

US / ˈmɒdl /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

adjecitve
Being an excellent example of
noun
Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
A small scale copy of a full original
verb
To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
To make a small scale copy of a full original

priest

US / pri:st /

•

UK / prist /

noun
Person who can perform ceremonies in a religion

unit

US / ˈju:nɪt /

•

UK / ˈjunɪt /

noun
One apartment in a building
Group of people, e.g. soldiers, that work together
A chapter of a textbook
A standard of measurement of something
Single item made by a company

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

universal

US / ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:sl /

•

UK / ˌjunəˈvɚsəl /

adjecitve
Existing in all places at all times for all people
Done or experienced by everyone
noun
Things which apply equally to everyone

shipping

US / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

noun
Business of transporting goods or orders to places
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

relation

US / rɪˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈleɪʃn /

noun
Connection between two or more things
A member of your family
Way in which two or more things are connected

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

film

US / fɪlm /

•

UK / fɪlm /

noun
Thin layer that covers something
Movie
verb
To record moving action with a camera

kitchen

US / ˈkɪtʃɪn /

•

UK / ˈkɪtʃən /

noun
Place where food is cooked

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

review

US / rɪˈvju: /

•

UK / rɪˈvju /

noun
Examination of soldiers and supplies
Opinion, as in a paper, about movie, book, or play
Studying again to remind yourself about something
verb
To carefully look at the quality of something
To formally examine something in the military
To write an opinion about movie, book, or play
To study again to remind yourself about something

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

raise

US / reɪz /

•

UK / rez /

noun
Increase in a bet above another when playing cards
Pay increase
verb
To increase a bet above another when playing cards
To gather donations for a cause or charity
To bring up and educate a child to maturity
To bring a dead person to life
To increase a quantity, size, intensity or price
To lift (e.g. your hand) to a higher position
To mention a topic /issue for discussion; bring up
To increase (salary, etc.)
To grow or care for plants or animals

suspiciously

US / səˈspɪʃəsli /

•

UK / səˈspɪʃəslɪ /

adverb
With feelings that something is wrong

busy

US / 'bɪzɪ /

•

UK / ˈbɪzi /

adjecitve
Working hard doing something; full of activity
verb
To actively be occupied with doing something

checkout

US / ˈtʃekaʊt /

•

UK / ˈtʃɛkˌaʊt /

noun
Counter in a supermarket where you pay for goods

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

belgian

US / 'beldʒən /

•

UK / ˈbɛldʒən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Belgium

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

foam

US / fəʊm /

•

UK / foʊm /

noun
Mix of a liquid and air to form a mass of bubbles
verb
To mix air and liquid to form a mass of bubbles

hole

US / həʊl /

•

UK / hol /

noun
An empty space, as in the ground, in a sock etc.
Fault or weakness in a plan, idea or explanation
Opening into or through something
An awkward or difficult situation
Dirty or unpleasant place with poor facilities
verb
(Golf) to get the ball into the hole

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

scared

US / skeəd /

•

UK / skerd /

adjecitve
Frightened, afraid
verb
To become frightened
To make someone feel frightened or worried

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

ironically

US / aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ /

•

UK / aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ /

roman

US / rɔmə /

•

UK / roˈmɑŋ /

adjecitve
A resident of modern Rome
other
A typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions
An inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire
Characteristic of the modern type that most directly represents the type used in ancient Roman inscr
Of or relating to or supporting Romanism
Relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

stutter

US / 'stʌtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈstʌtɚ /

noun
Speaking hesitatingly with repeated sounds
verb
To speak hesitatingly with repeated sounds

weak

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

adjecitve
Not having a strong character
Less valuable compared to money of other countries
Ineffective; unconvincing; not strong
Having little power or ability
Not having the necessary or proper amount
Having little power; not strong; easy to break
(Of a drink) having lots of water and little taste

bunch

US / bʌntʃ /

•

UK / bʌntʃ /

noun
A group of things of the same kind
verb
To group people or things closely together
(Cloth) to gather/be gathered together in folds

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

hit

US / hɪt /

•

UK / hɪt /

noun
A planned killing, usually for money
Song, movie etc. that is successful
When someone strikes someone or something
Time when a player makes contact with the ball
Time when a website is accessed
verb
To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
To press something, such as a button or switch
To suddenly realize the importance of something
To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
To fight, attack or damage something or someone
To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

requirement

US / rɪ'kwaɪəmənt /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪrmənt /

noun
A demand that someone does something
Something that is a necessity

restaurant

US / 'restrɒnt /

•

UK / ˈrɛstərənt, -təˌrɑnt /

noun
Place where you can order, buy and eat a meal

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

solve

US / sɒlv /

•

UK / sɑ:lv /

verb
To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

endless

US / ˈendləs /

•

UK / ˈɛndlɪs /

adjecitve
Having or appearing to have no end

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

physic

US / 'fɪzɪk /

•

UK / 'fɪzɪk /

noun
(Archaic) medicine causing evacuation of the bowels

physicist

US / ˈfɪzɪsɪst /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪsɪst /

noun
Person who studies and works in physics

search

US / sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / sɜ:rtʃ /

noun
Examination of person to find something
Action to find an answer to a problem
Action of trying to find someone or something
verb
To examine a person's clothing to find something
To look for an answer or explanation to a problem
To look carefully for someone or something

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

primary

US / 'praɪmərɪ /

•

UK / ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri /

adjecitve
Most important, most basic or essential
Happening first; earliest
of or for the teaching of young children

understanding

US / ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ /

adjecitve
Being sympathetic
noun
When you get the meaning correctly; comprehension
Knowledge about something or someone
verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

tears

US / tɪəs /

•

UK / tɪrs /

other
Drops of salty water from the eye
Holes or rips in something after it has been damaged
verb
To move very quickly, often with carelessness
To remove something forcibly or roughly
To damage by pulling, resulting in a rough edge

bang

US / bæŋ /

•

UK / bæŋ /

noun
Sudden loud noise, as when a bomb explodes
A loud noise
verb
To strike something loudly or forcefully

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

causal

US / ˈkɔ:zl /

•

UK / ˈkɔzəl /

adjecitve
Showing the direct reason for something

expand

US / ɪk'spænd /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænd /

verb
To make something larger in size, number, amount

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

discrete

US / dɪˈskri:t /

•

UK / dɪˈskrit /

adjecitve
Separate; composed of distinct parts

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

grocery

US / 'ɡrəʊsərɪ /

•

UK / 'ɡroʊsərɪ /

noun
Daily foods such as flour, sugar, and tinned foods

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

argue

US / ˈɑ:gju: /

•

UK / ˈɑ:rgju: /

verb
To fight or disagree over something
To state your reasons for or against an idea

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

backyard

US / ˌbækˈjɑ:d /

•

UK / ˌbækˈjɑ:rd /

adjecitve
Made in an amateurish or non-professional way
noun
Yard or garden behind a house

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

baby

US / ˈbeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

adjecitve
Small in size; smaller than usual
noun
A very young child, who cannot yet speak
verb
To treat someone as if they were newly born

growth

US / grəʊθ /

•

UK / groʊθ /

noun
Improvement, development in a skill over time
A mass on the skin or body part related to illness
Act of growing

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

alexander

US / ˌælɪgˈzændə /

•

UK / ˌælɪɡˈzændɚ /

noun
European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cul

behave

US / bɪˈheɪv /

•

UK / bɪˈhev /

verb
To act correctly
To act in a particular way
To react in a particular way in a given case

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

directly

US / dəˈrektli /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktli, daɪ- /

adverb
In a frank and honest way
Right away; immediately

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

essential

US / ɪ'senʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely or most important and necessary

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

pixel

US / ˈpɪksl /

•

UK / ˈpɪksəl, -ˌsɛl /

noun
Small element forming image on TV/computer screen

physical

US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the body of a person
Concerning things that can be seen or touched
noun
Health check at the doctors' or hospital

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

truly

US / 'tru:lɪ /

•

UK / ˈtruli /

adverb
In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

vex

US / veks /

•

UK / vɛks /

verb
To make someone feel annoyed or worried

consist

US / kən'sɪst /

•

UK / kənˈsɪst /

verb
To have as an essential, necessary or main part

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

happy

US / ˈhæpi /

•

UK / ˈhæpi /

adjecitve
Feeling pleasure or joy; glad

grilling

US / ˈɡrɪlɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɡrɪlɪŋ /

noun
Asking many (difficult) questions for a long time
verb
To cook directly over fire on a flat metal bars
To ask many (difficult) questions for a long time

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

upside

US / ˈʌpsaɪd /

•

UK / ˈʌpˌsaɪd /

noun
Above, over
A positive aspect; advantage

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

construct

US / kənˈstrʌkt /

•

UK / kənˈstrʌkt /

noun
A thought, theory or hypothesis
verb
To build or create something
To create a sentence, story, argument or theory

cheap

US / tʃi:p /

•

UK / tʃip /

adjecitve
Not costing a lot of money
Having a low quality or value
Not liking to spend money; mean; stingy

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

attribute

US / əˈtrɪbju:t /

•

UK / əˈtrɪbjut /

noun
Characteristic something has, e.g. size or color
Adjectives placed before the nouns they modify
verb
(Of books, art, music) to say it was composed by

axiom

US / ˈæksiəm /

•

UK / ˈæksiəm /

noun
A generally accepted rule or statement generally

edwin

US / ˈedwəd /

•

UK / ˈɛdwəd /

illusion

US / ɪ'lu:ʒn /

•

UK / ɪˈluʒən /

noun
Idea, image or impression that is not correct

passage

US / 'pæsɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈpæsɪdʒ /

noun
Process of moving through time
Journey by ship from one place to another
Narrow opening which things can go through

planck

US / ˈpleɪntɪf /

•

UK / ˈplentɪf /

philosophy

US / fə'lɒsəfɪ /

•

UK / fɪˈlɑsəfi /

noun
Study of ideas about the basic nature of life
Attitude to life that a person has
Particular ideas of an individual philosopher

macroscopic

US / ˌmækrə'skɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˌmækrə'skɒpɪk /

adjecitve
Large enough to be visible with the naked eye

university

US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

noun
High-level educational institution; college

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

crack

US / kræk /

•

UK / kræk /

noun
Attempt to achieve a goal or objective
Unexpected and hard hit to the body
Joke or impolite comment about something
Sound that is short, unexpected and loud
Small gap between two things or parts of things
verb
To attempt to achieve a goal or objective
To hit someone or something hard and unexpectedly
To tell (a joke)
To solve a challenging problem or mystery
To make a sound that is short, unexpected and loud
To lose control, e.g. under pressure; break down
To break so lines appear, but it is not in pieces

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

ones

US / wʌnz /

•

UK / wʌnz /

number
Number 1, a single person or thing

refine

US / rɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / rɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To change slightly in order to improve it
To narrow down your search to a smaller number
To make a liquid cleaner by removing something

treat

US / tri:t /

•

UK / trit /

noun
Something you buy for others as a surprise present
something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
verb
To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
To act in a certain way toward someone

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

universe

US / ˈju:nɪvɜ:s /

•

UK / ˈjunəˌvɚs /

noun
All of space that contains planets and stars
Things surrounding a person, affecting their life

core

US / kɔ:(r) /

•

UK / kɔr, kor /

noun
Important central part of something
verb
To take out the central section of a fruit

electromagnetism

US / ɪˌlektrəʊˈmægnətɪzəm /

•

UK / ɪˌlɛktroˈmæɡnɪˌtɪzəm /

noun
Magnetism produced by an electric current

giant

US / 'dʒaɪənt /

•

UK / ˈdʒaɪənt /

adjecitve
Very large, or much bigger than other things
noun
Tall, large, and powerful human-like creatures
Very successful, powerful person or organization

map

US / mæp /

•

UK / mæp /

noun
Diagram showing the geography of an area
verb
To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
To find points of similarity between things

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

assumption

US / ə'sʌmpʃn /

•

UK / əˈsʌmpʃən /

noun
Something you believe to be so, but aren't sure of

browser

US / ˈbraʊzə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbraʊzɚ /

noun
Software that lets you search for information

flavour

US / ˈfleɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈflevɚ /

noun
Taste of something, especially in food or drink
verb
To add extra taste to a food

alright

US / ɔ:lˈraɪt /

•

UK / ɔlˈraɪt /

adjecitve
OK; fine; good

discreteness

US / dɪˈskriːtnəs /

•

UK / dɪˈskriːtnəs /

other
The state of being several and distinct

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

love

US / lʌv /

•

UK / lʌv /

noun
Person's name
A very strong feeling of affection
The person you care very deeply about
Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
verb
To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

root

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, rʊt /

noun
Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
The origin or starting place of something
A number that is multiplied by itself
Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
verb
To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
(Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
To stop someone moving, as through fear

quote

US / kwəʊt /

•

UK / kwot /

noun
Written statement of the cost of something
The (often wise or famous) words of another person
verb
To tell someone how much a task will cost
To repeat precisely what a person said or wrote

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

lifespan

US / ˈlaɪfspæn /

•

UK / ˈlaɪfspæn /

noun
Length of time something is expected to last

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

counterpoint

US / ˈkaʊntəpɔɪnt /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntərpɔɪnt /

noun
When two things are compared in a pleasing way

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

disclaimer

US / dɪsˈkleɪmə(r) /

•

UK / dɪsˈklemɚ /

noun
Written denial of any legal responsibility

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

molecular

US / mə'lekjələ(r) /

•

UK / məˈlɛkjəlɚ /

adjecitve
About or caused by molecules

person

US / 'pɜ:sn /

•

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

noun
Man, woman or child

multiverse

US / 'mʌltɪvɜ:s /

•

UK / 'mʌltɪvɜ:s /

noun
Having many universes

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

wet

US / wet /

•

UK / wɛt /

adjecitve
Concerning a bar that serves or sells alcohol
Having or experiencing a great deal of rain
Containing water or liquid; not dry
verb
To accidentally pee in clothes or a bed

acceptance

US / əkˈseptəns /

•

UK / ækˈsɛptəns /

noun
Act of accepting; agreement to accept

dense

US / dens /

•

UK / dɛns /

adjecitve
Very thick and difficult to see, get through
Hard to understand
Uncomprehending; foolish; inconsiderate

evidence

US / 'evɪdəns /

•

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

noun
Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

experimentally

US / ɪkˌsperɪ'mentəlɪ /

•

UK / ɪkˌspɛrəˈmɛntl /

adverb
In an experimental fashion

observation

US / ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɑbzɚˈveʃən /

noun
Remark or comment on something you noticed
Practice of performing actions required by rules

length

US / leŋθ /

•

UK / leŋθ /

noun
Distance from one end of a pool to the other
Measurement of distance or of time

mechanic

US / məˈkænɪk /

•

UK / mɪˈkænɪk /

noun
A person who looks after/works with machinery

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

paper

US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

adjecitve
Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
Made from the material that we use to make books
noun
Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
Written test
Newspaper
Pages of a book are made from this

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

speed

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

noun
How fast or slow something is or is done
verb
To move quickly when completing an action
To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

relativity

US / ˌreləˈtɪvəti /

•

UK / ˌrɛləˈtɪvɪti /

noun
Einstein theory about time, space and position

british

US / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of British

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

gain

US / ɡeɪn /

•

UK / ɡen /

noun
An increase in something, such as weight
verb
To increase in something, such as weight
To get something wanted, needed or valued

option

US / 'ɒpʃn /

•

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

noun
A choice
Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

prove

US / pru:v /

•

UK / pruv /

verb
To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

string

US / strɪŋ /

•

UK / strɪŋ /

noun
A line of connected objects
Thick thread; thin rope
verb
To tie or connect things together with a thread

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

worry

US / ˈwʌri /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:ri /

noun
Something that causes trouble or concern
verb
To cause concern or trouble over something

friedman

US / ˈfridmən /

•

UK / ˈfriːdmən /

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

zoom

US / zu:m /

•

UK / zum /

noun
Camera lens used to magnify images
verb
To move along or go somewhere very quickly

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

country

US / ˈkʌntri /

•

UK / ˈkʌntri /

noun
An area of land that is controlled by a government
Open land that is away from towns and cities

cone

US / kəʊn /

•

UK / koʊn /

noun
A 3D shape with a circular base and pointed top
A part of the eye
Wafer shaped like a round pyramid for ice cream

general

US / 'dʒenrəl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

adjecitve
Widespread, normal or usual
noun
Top ranked officer in the army

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

lattice

US / ˈlætɪs /

•

UK / ˈlætɪs /

noun
Openwork structure of crossed strips of wood, etc.

nice

US / naɪs /

•

UK / naɪs /

adjecitve
Being attractive or of high quality or value
Good or enjoyable
Being kind or friendly

underlie

US / ˌʌndəˈlaɪ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈlaɪ /

verb
To be the basis, foundation or cause of something
To lie or exist beneath

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

close

US / kləʊz /

•

UK / kloʊz /

adjecitve
Almost; near
(Of a friend) well-known; liked by others
Being near or related
Similar; nearly the same
verb
To come progressively nearer to something
To end; to bring to an end
To make something shut; stop from being open

fat

US / fæt /

•

UK / fæt /

adjecitve
Having too much weight for the body size
Bringing or having a large amount of money
noun
Amount beyond what is usual or necessary
Oily part of meat

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

atom

US / 'ætəm /

•

UK / ˈætəm /

noun
Smallest bit that matter can be broken down into

catholic

US / ˈkæθlɪk /

•

UK / ˈkæθəlɪk, ˈkæθlɪk /

adjecitve
One of many Christian belief systems
noun
Person believing in the Catholic church

celebrate

US / 'selɪbreɪt /

•

UK / ˈsɛləˌbret /

verb
To observe an event or occasion, e.g. a birthday
To lead or participate in a religious ceremony
To express praise or thanks for something

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

breakaway

US / ˈbreɪkəweɪ /

•

UK / ˈbrekəˌwe /

adjecitve
Separated/wanting separation from a group/policy

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

sidebar

US / ˈsaɪdbɑ:(r) /

•

UK / 'saɪdbɑ:r /

noun
Area on a webpage with additional functions

topic

US / 'tɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

noun
Subject or issue people talk or write about

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

mapping

US / ˈmæpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈmæpɪŋ /

verb
To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
To find points of similarity between things

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

whereas

US / ˌweərˈæz /

•

UK / hwɛrˈæz, wɛr- /

conjunction
Taking into consideration the fact that

travel

US / ˈtrævl /

•

UK / ˈtrævəl /

noun
Going to other places, esp. distant places
verb
To go to a place that is far away

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

theory

US / ˈθiəri /

•

UK / ˈθiəri, ˈθɪri /

noun
Ideas or principles that explain facts or events

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

cosmological

US / ˌkɒzmə'lɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / ˌkɒzmə'lɒdʒɪkl /

adjecitve
Dealing with the origin, history of the universe

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

professor

US / prəˈfesə(r) /

•

UK / prəˈfɛsɚ /

noun
Teacher who teaches at a college or university

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

super

US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsupɚ /

adjecitve
Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

emeritus

US / ɪ'merɪtəs /

•

UK / ɪˈmɛrɪtəs /

noun
Title given to retired professor

mathematician

US / ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃən /

noun
Student of or teacher of mathematics

proof

US / pru:f /

•

UK / pruf /

noun
Act of showing that something exists or is true
Version of a document to be checked for errors
Special coating that protects something
Something which shows that something else is true
verb
To read a written work to check for mistakes
To protect by painting on a special coating

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

approximation

US / əˌprɒksɪˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / əˌprɑksəˈmeʃən /

noun
Something that is similar, but not an exact copy

college

US / 'kɒlɪdʒ /

•

UK / 'kɑːlɪdʒ /

noun
School or educational institution for adults

hey

US / heɪ /

•

UK / he /

exclamation
What you say when you want someone's attention

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

communicator

US / kəˈmju:nɪkeɪtə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪˌketɚ /

noun
Person expressing ideas, thoughts and feelings

journal

US / ˈdʒə:nl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɚnəl /

noun
A diary; record of what you do every day
Magazine of academic papers

guy

US / ɡaɪ /

•

UK / ɡaɪ /

noun
Man; boy; any person

galaxy

US / 'ɡæləksɪ /

•

UK / ˈɡæləksi /

noun
A group of stars and planets in space

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

latter

US / 'lætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlætɚ /

adjecitve
Near the end off
adverb
Being the second of two people, things
noun
The second or last mentioned thing

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

version

US / ˈvə:ʃən /

•

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Different way that someone interprets something
New or different form of something
An updated form of some software

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

bento

US / 'bentəʊ /

•

UK / 'bentoʊ /

noun
Japanese lunch box

connection

US / kəˈnekʃn /

•

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

noun
Something that joins things together; being joined
Person you know who can help you in some way
Changing vehicles when traveling

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

curvature

US / ˈkɜ:vətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkə:vəˌtʃʊr, -tʃɚ /

noun
Curving or bending, often abnormal, as of spine

electron

US / ɪˈlektrɒn /

•

UK / ɪˈlektrɑ:n /

noun
A negatively charged particle

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

concept

US / 'kɒnsept /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌsɛpt /

noun
Abstract idea of something or how it works

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

deeply

US / ˈdi:pli /

•

UK / ˈdiplɪ /

adverb
To a significant degree
To a great, intense or extreme extent

invite

US / ɪnˈvaɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvaɪt /

noun
An invitation
verb
To ask someone to go somewhere or do something

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

infinite

US / 'ɪnfɪnət /

•

UK / ˈɪnfənɪt /

adjecitve
Being very large in amount
Without an end; limitless; endless

plenty

US / 'plentɪ /

•

UK / ˈplɛnti /

pronoun
When there is not too little of something; a lot

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

hang

US / hæŋ /

•

UK / hæŋ /

verb
To attach a picture, photograph etc. onto a wall
To float, move softly, or remain in the air
To kill by putting a rope around neck and dropping
To remain undecided, unsolved or unclear

merge

US / mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / mɜ:rdʒ /

noun
Causing two or more things to combine into one
verb
To cause two or more things to combine into one
To be combined into one

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

recipe

US / 'resəpɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɛsəˌpi /

noun
Conditions likely to create a particular result
Directions for making a dish, with the ingredients

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

anybody

US / ˈenibɒdi /

•

UK / ˈenibʌdi /

pronoun
Any person; anyone

channel

US / 'tʃænl /

•

UK / ˈtʃænəl /

noun
Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
TV or radio station or its programs
Method or way of sending or receiving information
Narrow passage through which water travels
Method or route used for sending or getting things
verb
To dig a long hole for carrying water
To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
To direct water or liquid through a passage
To direct energy or feelings into something

distance

US / 'dɪstəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

noun
Lack of friendliness toward another person
Amount of space between two places or things
verb
To make it clear that you are not involved

dive

US / daɪv /

•

UK / daɪv /

noun
Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
Rapid fall through air
A jump into water head-first from a high place
Rapid fall in the value or price of something
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

calorie

US / 'kælərɪ /

•

UK / ˈkæləri /

noun
Unit for measuring the amount of energy in food

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

experiment

US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

noun
Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
verb
To create and perform tests to research something
To try something new that you haven't tried before

literally

US / ˈlɪtərəli /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

adverb
So as to express the exact meaning of something
Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

local

US / ˈləʊkl /

•

UK / ˈloʊkl /

adjecitve
Relating to a particular area, city, or town
noun
Bus or train, that stops at most stations
People who live in the area being discussed
The pub you most frequently go to

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

wave

US / weɪv /

•

UK / wev /

noun
Movement of sound, air or energy
Deep and strong emotion that is suddenly felt
Slightly curved shape in hair
Frequency of movement of objects together
Up and down movement of water in a lake or sea
Signal with your hand to say hello or goodbye
verb
To cause to move side to side or back and forth
To swing back and forth as a result of the wind
To move your hand or arm to say hello or goodbye

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

infinitesimal

US / ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesɪml /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtɛsəməl /

adjecitve
Infinitely or immeasurably small

manifestation

US / ˌmænɪfeˈsteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌmænəfɛˈsteʃən /

noun
Clear sign or evidence something exists

mantra

US / ˈmæntrə /

•

UK / ˈmæntrə /

noun
Repeated expression, as in Hindu/Buddhist prayers

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

mystery

US / ˈmɪstri /

•

UK / ˈmɪstəri /

noun
Quality of being strange and not understood
Book, play, or film about solving a strange crime
Something that is not known

vast

US / vɑ:st /

•

UK / væst /

adjecitve
Being very large in size or amount

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

nuclear

US / ˈnju:kliə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnukliɚ, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Concerning or involving the center of an atom

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

yourself

US / jɔ:ˈself /

•

UK / jʊrˈsɛlf, jɔr-, jor-, jə- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'you', used for an emphasis

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

astronomer

US / əˈstrɒnəmə(r) /

•

UK / əˈstrɑ:nəmə(r) /

noun
Scientist studying stars and other bodies in space

bubble

US / ˈbʌbl /

•

UK / ˈbʌbəl /

noun
A small ball of air inside of a liquid
verb
(Of a liquid) to produce bubbles, as when boiling
To show intense emotion, e.g. excitement, anger

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

messy

US / 'mesɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛsi /

adjecitve
Being complex or difficult to fix
Being untidy or dirty

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

partial

US / ˈpɑ:ʃl /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rʃl /

adjecitve
Giving better treatment to one person than another
Not complete; being only part of something

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

music

US / 'mju:zɪk /

•

UK / ˈmjuzɪk /

noun
Sounds that are sung or played to give pleasure
Academic study of rhythms and sounds
Written symbols that represent musical sounds

quantize

US / ˈkwɒntaɪz /

•

UK / ˈkwɑːntaɪz /

verb
To restrict the number of possible values

strong

US / strɒŋ /

•

UK / strɔŋ /

adjecitve
(Of tea or beer) dark or thick
Having big muscles; physically powerful

standard

US / 'stændəd /

•

UK / ˈstændəd /

adjecitve
Being the accepted normal level of quality
(Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
noun
Official unit of measuring something
Principle of behaving in a moral way

black

US / blæk /

•

UK / blæk /

adjecitve
Color of the sky on a dark night
noun
A person with dark skin, often of African origin
Person's name
verb
To fill in something to make it a very dark color

anyway

US / ˈeniweɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwe /

adverb
A word used to change the topic of a conversation

joke

US / dʒəʊk /

•

UK / dʒoʊk /

noun
A funny or amusing statement
Something or someone not taken seriously
verb
To say or do things that are meant to be funny

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

spacetime

US / s'peɪstaɪm /

•

UK / s'peɪstaɪm /

noun
The concepts of time and three-dimensional space regarded as fused in a four-dimensional continuum.

define

US / dɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To explain the meaning of words
To set or mark the limits of something

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

interviewer

US / 'ɪntəvju:ə(r) /

•

UK / 'ɪntərvju:ər /

noun
A person who asks questions to obtain information

granular

US / ˈgrænjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈɡrænjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Composed of or covered with grain

lorentz

US / ˈlɔrɪnts /

•

UK / /

math

US / mæθ /

•

UK / mæθ /

noun
Study or science of numbers and shapes

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

finite

US / ˈfaɪnaɪt /

•

UK / ˈfaɪˌnaɪt /

adjecitve
Having limits; lasting for a limited time

door

US / dɔ:(r) /

•

UK / dɔr,dor /

noun
You walk through this when you go in a room

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

grant

US / ɡrɑ:nt /

•

UK / ɡrænt /

noun
Money given for education or research
Person's name
verb
To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
To give or let someone do what they want

infinity

US / ɪn'fɪnətɪ /

•

UK / ɪnˈfɪnɪti /

noun
State of being without end; endless time, space

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

smack

US / smæk /

•

UK / smæk /

verb
To slap or hit, e.g. with a resounding noise

solid

US / 'sɒlɪd /

•

UK / ˈsɑlɪd /

adjecitve
Being able to be trusted; reliable
Substance that is hard or of fixed shape
Being well made and expected to last long
Having no space or emptiness inside
Being made entirely of one material or substance
noun
Something firm or hard; not gas or liquid

short

US / ʃɔ:t /

•

UK / ʃɔrt /

adverb
Less than what is needed
Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
verb
(Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
adjecitve
Measuring a small distance
Happening for a small amount of time
Unfriendly or rude

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

hubble

US / ˈhʌb(ə)l /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəl /

quantum

US / ˈkwɒntəm /

•

UK / ˈkwɑ:ntəm /

noun
The smallest unit or amount of energy

line

US / laɪn /

•

UK / laɪn /

noun
Border that divides two places or regions
Long crease in the skin, often from age
Mark that is long, straight and very thin
Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
Telephone connection
People waiting one behind the other; queue
Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
verb
To put material along the inside of something

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

cool

US / ku:l /

•

UK / kul /

adjecitve
Steady and calm when facing difficulties
Almost cold; not warm or hot
Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
verb
To make something decrease in temperature
(Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

breather

US / ˈbri:ðə(r) /

•

UK / 'bri:ðər /

noun
Short rest after activity

definitely

US / ˈdefɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈdefɪnətli /

adverb
Without question; beyond doubt

interpret

US / ɪn'tɜ:prɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɚprɪt /

verb
To express so that others understand it
To translate what is said into another language

mass

US / mæs /

•

UK / mæs /

noun
Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
Large amount or number of something
Main or largest part of something
Large number of people considered as a whole
Amount of matter that an object has
verb
To gather people or things into a large group

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

pair

US / peə(r) /

•

UK / per /

noun
Two of the same thing, e.g. socks
Two people viewed together for some reason; couple
verb
To put two things or people together

surya

US / /

•

UK / /

other
An important god of later Hinduism; the sun god or the sun itself worshipped as the source of warmth

smart

US / smɑ:t /

•

UK / smɑ:rt /

adjecitve
Fashionable; well-dressed; well-groomed
Looking clean, neat and stylish
(Of phones, weapons) with clever features
Associated with rich, popular and stylish people
Clever; with intelligence
adverb
Energetic or quick in motion or movement
In a clever way; with intelligence
noun
Feeling of being hurt and upset
Sharp, burning pain
verb
To feel hurt or upset
To hurt with an unexpected sharp or burning pain

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

appear

US / ə'pɪə(r) /

•

UK / əˈpɪr /

verb
To be seen, become visible; come into sight
To seem to be
To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

expanse

US / ɪkˈspæns /

•

UK / ɪkˈspæns /

noun
Comprehensive and wide area of land or sea

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

dimension

US / daɪˈmenʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈmɛnʃən, daɪ- /

noun
Number of planes (X, Y, Z axes) an object has
Measurement in space, e.g. length or diameter
Scope, extent or size of something abstract

forth

US / fɔ:θ /

•

UK / fɔrθ, forθ /

adverb
So as to be seen; out
Outward or forward in space, time

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

lay

US / leɪ /

•

UK / le /

adjecitve
Amateur; not being a trained priest
verb
To place a bet on a game outcome
(Of a bird, etc.) to produce eggs from its body
To put or set something down in a flat position
To set out things on (table) to prepare for a meal

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

clock

US / klɒk /

•

UK / klɑ:k /

noun
A device that shows the time
verb
To measure the time something takes

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

production

US / prəˈdʌkʃn /

•

UK / prəˈdʌkʃən, pro- /

noun
Process of producing or growing food naturally
Process of making something on a large scale
Process of making a movie or TV show

stuck

US / stʌk /

•

UK / stʌk /

adjecitve
Not able to move
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

item

US / ˈaɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈaɪtəm /

noun
Single, brief piece of news or reporting
Distinct, individual thing, often part of a group

locally

US / 'ləʊkəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈlokəlɪ /

adverb
In the area being referred to

monday

US / ˈmʌndeɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌndeɪ /

noun
Second day of the week; the day after Sunday

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

whip

US / wɪp /

•

UK / hwɪp, wɪp /

noun
A long rope used to hit people or animals
verb
To defeat thoroughly or easily
To beat with a type of long rope
To beat cream, eggs etc. so it gets more volume
To take away something quickly

vibrate

US / vaɪˈbreɪt /

•

UK / ˈvaɪˌbret /

verb
To shake side to side quickly in small movements

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

ensure

US / ɪn'ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈʃʊr /

verb
To make something sure, certain, or safe

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

write

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

verb
To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
To invent or create a computer program
To create a song or piece of music

divide

US / dɪ'vaɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈvaɪd /

verb
To split numbers by another number, e.g. 6 / 2 = 3
To separate something into equal pieces

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

eat

US / i:t /

•

UK / it /

verb
To put food in your mouth

geometry

US / dʒiˈɒmətri /

•

UK / dʒiˈɑ:mətri /

noun
Mathematical study of shapes, surfaces, and space
Mathematical shape of something

imagine

US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

•

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

verb
To think creatively about; form mental picture of

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

gravity

US / ˈgrævəti /

•

UK / ˈɡrævɪti /

noun
(Of a situation) extreme seriousness
Force making things fall towards the ground

obviously

US / ˈɒbviəsli /

•

UK / ˈɑːbviəsli /

adverb
In a way that is obvious/easy to see or understand

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

samadhi

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A state of intense concentration achieved through meditation. In Hindu yoga this is regarded as the

scott

US / skɔt /

•

UK / skɑt /

other
Award-winning United States film actor

syracuse

US / 'sɪrəkju:s /

•

UK / 'sɪrəkju:s /

other
The Athenian siege of Syracuse (- BC) was eventually won by Syracuse
The Roman siege of Syracuse (- BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

fold

US / fəʊld /

•

UK / fold /

noun
Pen where sheep are kept
Group of people who have a common belief
verb
To bend one part of something against another
(Of business) to fail or close down
To hold something together such as your two arms

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

realm

US / relm /

•

UK / rɛlm /

noun
Area ruled by a king or queen
Field of knowledge or thought

unless

US / ənˈles /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

conjunction
Negative of 'if'

shift

US / ʃɪft /

•

UK / ʃɪft /

adjecitve
(Of work) starting at a certain time, as at night
noun
A change in a persons plans, opinions or beliefs
Period of work starting at a certain time
verb
To change in position or direction
To move something from one place to another

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

particle

US / ˈpɑ:tɪkl /

•

UK / ˈpɑrtɪkəl /

noun
Adverb or preposition that joins with a verb
Tiny piece or quantity of something

reality

US / rɪ'ælətɪ /

•

UK / riˈælɪti /

noun
What is true, as opposed to what is imagined

weird

US / wɪəd /

•

UK / wɪrd /

adjecitve
Odd or unusual; surprising; strange

doppler

US / ˈdɒplə /

•

UK / ˈdɑːplər /

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

code

US / kəʊd /

•

UK / kod /

noun
A password made of a set of letters or numbers
Set of rules for behavior
A secret language using secret symbols
Written part of a computer program
verb
To express information in a series of numbers
To write a secret message using secret symbols
To write programs using computer languages

importantly

US / ɪmˈpɔːtntli /

•

UK / ɪmˈpɔːrtntli /

adverb
In an important way;

healthy

US / ˈhelθi /

•

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

adjecitve
In good condition physically, or financially; well

knowledge

US / ˈnɒlɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈnɑlɪdʒ /

noun
Information, understanding, or skill

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

totally

US / ˈtəʊtəli /

•

UK / ˈtotl:ɪ /

adverb
In a complete way; completely; absolutely

Subtitles section

In March of 1949, the British astronomer Fred Hoyle appeared on a BBC radio show talking about various theories of the universe.

Hoyle was a believer in the steady-state model of the universe, meaning the universe had no beginning or end, it always was, and always will be.

But a new model had been gaining in popularity for a couple of decades, one where the universe did have a beginning, that it started from an infinitesimal point and expanded outward from there, and continues to expand to this day.

And when talking to the interviewer about this idea, he kind of flippantly referred to it as that Big Bang idea.

And the name stuck.

Yes, ironically, the Big Bang was named by somebody who doesn't believe in the Big Bang.

And one of the reasons that Hoyle, and many other people at the time, didn't take this idea seriously was because one of the people who was behind this Big Bang idea was an astronomer and mathematician named Georges Lemaître.

More about him in a second.

Astronomers knew the universe was expanding as far back as 1912, when Vesto Slipher first measured the Doppler shift of a spiral galaxy that suggested that it was moving away from us.

Later scientists like Alexander Friedman and Edwin Hubble refined this idea, and they found further evidence that the universe was expanding.

But it wasn't until 1931 that Lemaître became the first person to kind of look at that and say, now hold on a second.

If the universe is expanding, then that means that it used to be smaller than it is today.

And if you go back far enough, to the very beginning, that means that it would have shrunk down to an infinitely small point.

Which means the universe had a beginning.

Now all of this sounds reasonable enough.

The problem is that Georges Lemaître looked like this.

He was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest.

And yeah, this whole idea that the universe had a beginning, that it began with an explosion of matter and energy out of completely nothing, sounded suspiciously biblical.

Let there be light in all that.

Over time, as our telescopes have become more and more powerful, we've been able to see further and further back in time to the earliest galaxies, and Lemaître has been proven more and more right.

But actually, the general acceptance of the Big Bang theory is shockingly new.

It wasn't really until the 80s that it was really and truly embraced by scientists.

But still, the Big Bang is...

Messy.

And a lot of theory has been put forth to explain it, many of which I've covered on this channel.

And there are still people who think that maybe there is a steady-state explanation for the universe.

One of those explanations is called the causal set theory of the universe.

And it's pretty solid, mathematically anyway.

And it could explain a lot of other vexing questions about reality.

So, let's talk about it.

Alright, so I'm going to start by issuing my standard disclaimer for videos that talk about big cosmological questions, especially ones that rely on advanced math to make sense.

Joe Scott is not a mathematician or a scientist.

He is merely a science communicator with a giant forehead who finds these topics interesting.

Please consider this video as a jumping-off point for you to look further into this topic through far more reputable sources than a guy who graduated from a state college with a radio-TV film degree.

As always, links are down below.

So like all of these big cosmological mystery topics, it all starts with the whole divide between quantum mechanics and general relativity thing.

You guys are smart and already know this, so I'll keep it short, but quantum mechanics basically describes fundamental forces, the behavior of particles like atoms, electrons, almost everything in molecular and submolecular realms.

Whereas general relativity underlies our understanding of space, time, and gravity.

It treats gravity as a curvature in space-time created by mass.

But general relativity and quantum mechanics operate with very different rules, and physicists have been trying to bring these two theories together for decades.

There are four fundamental forces of the universe, and those are gravity, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force.

And gravity is only one of these forces that is not carried by a particle.

At least not one that we've found yet.

So scientists have been searching for a theory of quantum gravity to solve for this problem, especially around singularities like black holes because that's where general relativity pretty much breaks down.

And another singularity that tears general relativity a new one is the Big Bang.

So yeah, to figure out quantum gravity is to figure out nothing less than the beginning of the universe.

And over the years, physicists have attempted this in a few ways.

One of which is string theory, which is the idea that reality consists of infinitesimal vibrating strings that are smaller than atoms, electrons, quarks, anything you can imagine, really.

And according to string theory, when the strings vibrate, twist, and fold, they produce effects in several dimensions.

And then we interpret that as everything from particle physics to gravity.

Many have quantum loop gravity.

This is a theory that's concerned with the quantum properties of spacetime.

In other words, in this theory, spacetime is quantized, or built out of discrete chunks.

Like imagine zooming into spacetime.

According to quantum loop gravity, it wouldn't be a smooth motion, it would stutter from one spacetime pixel to another.

Time wouldn't move continuously, it would work in quick little ticks of a discrete clock.

And this new theory kind of expands on this idea.

And yeah, it's called causal set theory.

In this theory, kind of like quantum loop gravity, spacetime consists of discrete elements.

But these are called events that are related to each other through causal relationships.

Meaning, basically one event causes the next to happen, and then the next, and the next, and so on.

Like if you can imagine a collection of dots on a piece of paper, and then each dot represents an event in spacetime.

The lines that connect them represent the causal relationships between those two dots.

And if that event causes another event, then another line will form, and so on.

And this sort of latticework of connections between the events is known as a causal structure.

Now of course if you're talking about the tiniest discrete chunks of spacetime, you have to measure them in the tiniest measurements that we know of, and that's Planck length and Planck time.

So with causal set theory, Planck length and Planck time represent the smallest possible distances in times between spacetime events.

But anyway, you get the idea.

In causal set theory, spacetime is granular.

But what does that mean?

What that means is that singularities can't happen.

Because the chunks of spacetime can't get infinitely close together.

If there are no singularities, that means there was no Big Bang.

The universe has always existed, and time has no beginning.

Steady state, baby.

Now there's an important thing to remember about this theory, and that is that we have no proof.

We haven't found evidence of these tiniest causal units, which are called cosets, by the way.

It's kind of like string theory.

You know, we've never found the strings, but the math checks out.

Same with causal set theory.

It's a mathematical construct.

And there's two things I can tell you about the math in causal set theory.

One, it works.

Two, it's way over my head.

So let me explain it with a bunch of words that I found but don't understand.

Okay, so causal set theory at its core is based on a mathematical concept called partial order relation.

This is used to describe a set of events that have a cause and effect relationship with each other.

Causal set theory builds on top of partial order relation by defining a set of axioms, which are rules for how it all works.

They basically define the essential properties of the causal structure, which I talked about earlier.

So one of these axioms is a requirement that the partial order relation be acyclic.

This means there can't be any loops between the causal relationships between events.

Another axiom requires that the partial order relation has to be locally finite, which ensures that the causal structure is not too dense or sparse.

There's obviously way more to it, but yeah, it's math based on partial order relation.

But if you want to talk about the elements of the causal set itself, the cosets, we can refer to a paper by Professor Emeritus at Syracuse University, Rafael Sorkin.

He describes cosets as point events that carry information, saying, quote, For some pairs, x, y, of elements, not for all, we have the information that x comes before y, or, in other cases, that x comes after y.

Physically, you should think of this ordering as a microscopic counterpoint of the macroscopic relation of before and after in time.

For some events, we know that they take place after certain other events.

He goes on to explain that the word causal comes in because we say that an event is later than another event if the latter could exert a causal influence on the former.

Another way of describing it was laid out by Professor Samadhi Surya in the journal Living Reviews and Relativity, saying, quote, Causal set theory is deeply rooted in the Lorentzian character spacetime,

Where a primary role is played by the causal structure poset.

Importantly, the assumption of a fundamental discreteness in CST does not violate local Lorentz invariance in the continuum approximation.

Hang on a second.

Now what all that means, to my understanding anyway, is that causal set theory works with Lorentzian geometry.

This is what uses light cones to describe the geometry of light traveling through spacetime.

You could say light cones are, to Lorentz geometry, what a circle is to Euclidean geometry.

This means that cosets can be mapped onto Lorentzian light cones, and what's cool about that is using this mapping, we can study the implications of spacetime's discreteness and how particles behave at high energies or the properties of black holes.

So there's a reason why this whole approach is popular to some physicists.

So there was a paper written on CST called If Time Had No Beginning, and in it, the authors talk about how, in order to explain physics before the big bang, we kind of have to turn to quantum gravity,

Which we still haven't quite cracked.

But they argue that using a causal set approach fixes that.

It doesn't have to explain the singularity, because there is no singularity.

This of course raises the question of how can there be passage of time if there's no beginning to it.

Well they suggest that time can be explained in CST through the process of spacetime growth.

Or as the paper's co-author Bruno Bento told Live Science in 2021, quote, a huge part of the causal set philosophy is that the passage of time is something physical, that it should not be attributed to some emergent sort of illusion or to something that happens inside our brains that makes us think that time passes.

This passing is, in itself, a manifestation of the physical theory.

So in a causal set theory, a causal set will grow one atom at a time and get bigger and bigger.

Okay, but what about all those observations I talked about at the beginning of this video that point to there having been a big bang and a universal expansion?

Well their explanation is to say that basically from time to time in this infinite expanse of spacetime, random fluctuations in energy could sort of merge into an explosion of energy and matter kind of like a rogue wave in the ocean.

Meaning if you could see for infinity in this vast expanse over infinite space and time, you'd just see universes bubbling up in this endless ocean of quantum spacetime foam.

But because of the speed of light, none of them would be able to reach any others, and none of us would ever know that any of these other universes were there.

Kind of like a steady state version of the multiverse.

Now, all of this sounds bonkers, but I mean, every theory about the beginning of the universe sounds bonkers.

Like, this isn't the first theory that I've heard talk about the idea of quantum spacetime foam bubbling up universes.

I mean, you could go back to my video on the Ikperotic universe theory, where the big bang is explained as a breakaway piece of quantum membrane that breaks off and smacks into another quantum membrane like a wet towel.

That's how they explain it, like it's a wet towel hitting another universe in the face.

Seriously.

Yeah, in pretty much every explanation for the beginning of the universe, the mantra still seems to be, give us one miracle, and we'll take it from there.

So I don't know, maybe it's not so weird that the most accepted theory so far was created by a Roman Catholic priest.

But right now, like I said, this is all math.

It all still needs to be proven experimentally, and to my knowledge anyway, there are no experiments in the works to prove this just yet.

So we'll see.

So links are going down below for anybody who wants to dive further into this or maybe actually understands this way better than I did.

But you guys tell me, what does that mean to you, to be in a universe with no beginning or end?

You know, does it make you feel part of something infinite?

Does it not matter, because you've got to get up and go to work tomorrow anyway?

Talk about it in the comments.

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Please do like and share this video if you liked it, and if this is your first time here, maybe check out this video, Google thinks you might like it, or find any of the others that might be on the sidebar if you're watching on your browser,

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Some of them won't break your brain quite as much as this one did, so don't be scared.

Don't be scurred!

But that's it for today, you guys go out there and have an eye-opening rest of the week, stay safe, happy July 4th for those who celebrate, and I'll see you next Monday.

Love you guys, take care.