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What Happens When You Jump in an Airplane?

Video vocabulary

keep

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US / ki:p /

UK / kip /

A1
  • noun
  • Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
  • Money spent on you so you can live in a place
  • verb
  • To continue doing something; not to stop
  • To stop balls going in a goal in sports
  • To not give back or return something
  • (Of food) to not spoil or not rot
  • To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
  • To have and continue to hold something
  • To do something that you have promised or agreed
  • To stay in a certain place or condition
  • To maintain the rules

version

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US / ˈvə:ʃən /

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Different way that someone interprets something
  • New or different form of something
  • An updated form of some software

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

leave

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US / li:v /

UK / liv /

A1
  • noun
  • Permission to do something
  • Vacation time; time off work
  • verb
  • To go away from; depart
  • To gift property to someone after you die
  • To allow something to continue happening
  • To let something remain unused or available
  • To let something or someone remain somewhere

knock

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US / nɒk /

UK / nɑk /

A2
  • noun
  • Bad experience that reduces a person's confidence
  • Action of something solid hitting something hard
  • verb
  • To criticize someone in an unreasonable way
  • To hit something to get people's attention
  • To strike something hard, causing damage

seatbelt

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US / si:tbelt /

UK / si:tbelt /

C2
  • noun
  • Strong belt in a car to hold you in your seat

righty

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US / 'raɪtɪ /

UK / 'raɪtɪ /

A1
  • exclamation
  • Something we say to show we agree with someone

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

aisle

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US / aɪl /

UK / aɪl /

B2
  • noun
  • Long narrow space between rows of seats

chuck

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US / tʃʌk /

UK / tʃʌk /

B2
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To throw carelessly or casually

kid

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US / kɪd /

UK / kɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made from young goat skin
  • noun
  • Child or young person
  • Young goat
  • verb
  • To make fun of someone in a gentle way; to tease

jiggle

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US / ˈdʒɪgl /

UK / ˈdʒɪɡəl /

A1
  • verb
  • Move to and fro

golf

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US / ɡɒlf /

UK / ɡɑlf, ɡɔlf /

A2
  • noun
  • Game played to hit a ball into a hole with a stick
  • verb
  • To play golf

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

train

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US / treɪn /

UK / tren /

A1
  • noun
  • Line of people, animals moving the same direction
  • Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
  • Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
  • Series of events happening one after another
  • verb
  • To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
  • To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
  • To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
  • To point a certain way or toward something
  • To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

ten

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US / ten /

UK / tɛn /

A1
  • number
  • 10

spring

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US / sprɪŋ /

UK / sprɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Coil of metal that lessens impact, e.g. on cars
  • Sudden jump from one place to another
  • The time when plants start growing after winter
  • Place where water flows from beneath the ground
  • verb
  • To lessen the impact of something under pressure
  • To jump into the air

seat

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US / si:t /

UK / sit /

A1
  • noun
  • Place where a government or organization is based
  • A chair or place to sit
  • Official position in an organization
  • Part of a chair on which a person sits
  • verb
  • To have seats available for a number of people
  • To give someone a place to sit down

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

cartoon

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US / kɑ:'tu:n /

UK / kɑrˈtun /

B1
  • noun
  • Drawing or illustration meant to make you laugh
  • (Children's) TV show made of moving drawings

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

anybody

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US / ˈenibɒdi /

UK / ˈenibʌdi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Any person; anyone

distance

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US / 'dɪstəns /

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Lack of friendliness toward another person
  • Amount of space between two places or things
  • verb
  • To make it clear that you are not involved

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

experiment

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US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
  • verb
  • To create and perform tests to research something
  • To try something new that you haven't tried before

literally

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US / ˈlɪtərəli /

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to express the exact meaning of something
  • Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

escape

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US / ɪ'skeɪp /

UK / ɪˈskep /

A2
  • noun
  • Act to briefly ignoring boring or bad things
  • The 'esc key' on a keyboard
  • Act of getting away from where you are being kept
  • verb
  • To avoid something undesirable, dangerous or bad
  • To get away from a place where you are being kept
  • (Gas, water) to come out from a pipe, container
  • To not to be noticed or remembered by someone

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

animate

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US / 'ænɪmeɪt /

UK / ˈænəˌmet /

B2
  • verb
  • To give life, energy, or motion to something

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

frame

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US / freɪm /

UK / frem /

A2
  • noun
  • Structure that holds a picture or photo
  • A person's body shape determined by their skeleton
  • Main part of structures supporting the other parts
  • verb
  • To make a person that is not guilty appear guilty
  • To put say or write something in a careful way
  • To put a picture in a protective structure

hopefully

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US / ˈhəʊpfəli /

UK / ˈhopfəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner wishing something to happen

manhattan

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US / mæn'hætn /

UK / mæn'hætn: /

A1
  • noun
  • A cocktail made with whiskey and sweet vermouth with a dash of bitters
  • other
  • One of the five boroughs of New York City

money

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US / 'mʌnɪ /

UK / ˈmʌni /

A1
  • noun
  • Coins or notes we use to pay for things

another

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US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One more, but not this
  • determiner
  • One more added
  • pronoun
  • One more (thing)

drunk

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US / drʌŋk /

UK / drʌŋk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not behaving normally because of drinking alcohol
  • noun
  • A person who drinks too much alcohol
  • verb
  • To put liquid in your body through your mouth

brake

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US / breɪk /

UK / brek /

A2
  • noun
  • Mechanism on car, train, bike to make it slow down
  • verb
  • To stop or slow down a car when driving

head

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US / hed /

UK / hɛd /

A1
  • noun
  • Counter for the number of cattle
  • Natural mental ability or intelligence
  • Leader or person with the greatest authority
  • Mind; mental ability; mental state
  • Side of a coin with a head on it
  • Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
  • Starting point of something, e.g. a river
  • verb
  • To hit a ball with your head in a game
  • To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
  • To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
  • To become the leader of something
  • To lead or be responsible for something

correct

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US / kə'rekt /

UK / kəˈrɛkt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being suitable and appropriate for an occasion
  • True or accurate
  • verb
  • To fix a problem
  • To write marks on a piece of work to show mistakes
  • To punish in order to improve

flight

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US / flaɪt /

UK / flaɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of leaving a place, usually to escape danger
  • Trip by plane, helicopter etc.

shoot

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US / ʃu:t /

UK / ʃut /

A2
  • noun
  • Emerging new part of a plant
  • verb
  • To kick or throw a ball at a goal
  • To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
  • To (cause to) fly away forcefully
  • To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

wonder

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US / 'wʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
  • verb
  • To feel curious about something
  • To think or consider about something over time

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

somewhere

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US / 'sʌmweə(r) /

UK / ˈsʌmˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

A1
  • adverb
  • At or to an unknown or unnamed place

talk

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US / tɔ:k /

UK / tɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Style of speaking
  • Discussion between two countries
  • Giving information in front of people; lecture
  • Saying things or ideas to someone with words
  • verb
  • To make a formal speech about something
  • To say things or ideas to someone with words

acceleration

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US / əkˌseləˈreɪʃn /

UK / ækˌsɛləˈreʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Increase in the speed or rate of something

eighty

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US / 'eɪtɪ /

UK / ˈeti /

A1
  • number
  • 80

face

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US / feɪs /

UK / fes /

A1
  • noun
  • Side or outer surface of something
  • An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
  • Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
  • Characteristics you show in public
  • verb
  • To cover a surface with something like paint
  • To deal with a problem or responsibilities
  • To look toward; point in a certain direction

hour

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • noun
  • 60 minutes
  • Particular time of the day
  • Fixed, regularly occurring time

orient

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US / 'ɔ:rɪənt /

UK / ˈɔriənt, -ˌɛnt, ˈor- /

B1
  • noun
  • Area comprising Asia
  • verb
  • To give information about something to newcomers

pop

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US / pɒp /

UK / pɑp /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Type of music or art popular with many people
  • noun
  • Sweet soda drink
  • verb
  • To cause something to open or burst suddenly
  • To go to or in a place for a brief period of time

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

climb

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US / klaɪm /

UK / klaɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • A trip up something, e.g. a mountain
  • Increase or a rise toward a higher price or point
  • verb
  • To rise gradually and steadily to a higher point
  • To increase or rise toward a higher price or point

cool

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US / ku:l /

UK / kul /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Steady and calm when facing difficulties
  • Almost cold; not warm or hot
  • Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
  • Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
  • verb
  • To make something decrease in temperature
  • (Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

per

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US / pə(r) /

UK / pɚ /

A2
  • preposition
  • In the manner directed or suggested
  • For each; during each

sorry

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US / ˈsɒri /

UK / ˈsɑ:ri /

A1
  • exclamation
  • What you say to admit you were wrong
  • adjecitve
  • Causing others to feel pity; poor
  • Feeling regret or sympathy about wrong thing

such

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US / sʌtʃ /

UK / sʌtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Being similar to
  • (Thing) as previously stated or referred to
  • adverb
  • (Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

differential

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US / ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl /

UK / ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Different, as in treatment; discriminatory
  • noun
  • A gear to let back wheels spin at different speeds

door

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US / dɔ:(r) /

UK / dɔr,dor /

A1
  • noun
  • You walk through this when you go in a room

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

constant

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US / 'kɒnstənt /

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Happening frequently or without pause
  • noun
  • Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

inch

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US / ɪntʃ /

UK / ɪntʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • 1/12th of a foot (2.54 centimeters)
  • Very small distance
  • verb
  • To move or cause to move a small bit at a time

earth

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US / ɜ:θ /

UK / ɚθ /

A1
  • noun
  • Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
  • The planet we live on
  • Soil in which we grow plants

under

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US / ˈʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In the same place as another thing, but lower
  • adverb
  • In a lower quantity or price than expected
  • preposition
  • According to the terms of an agreement or law
  • Managed or controlled by the authority of
  • Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
  • Influenced or affected by something or someone
  • Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

arrest

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US / əˈrest /

UK / əˈrɛst /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of catching people who committed crimes
  • verb
  • To attract someone's attention and hold interest
  • (Police) to catch and keep criminals
  • To stop or slow something that is happening

everybody

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US / ˈevribɒdi /

UK / ˈɛvriˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Every person; everyone

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

land

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US / lænd /

UK / lænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Region or country
  • Earth; the ground
  • verb
  • To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
  • To obtain or get something that you wanted
  • To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
  • To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

limit

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US / 'lɪmɪt /

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Point beyond which it is not possible to go
  • verb
  • To stop or prevent an increase past a point

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

bid

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US / bɪd /

UK / bɪd /

A2
  • verb
  • To propose an amount you want to pay for something
  • To order someone to do something
  • To express words of good wishes to someone leaving

elevator

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US / 'elɪveɪtə(r) /

UK / ˈɛləˌvetɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Machine that carries people between floors

cruise

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US / kru:z /

UK / kruz /

B1
  • noun
  • A long vacation trip on a passenger boat
  • verb
  • To easily achieve
  • To travel by boat or car for leisure

walk

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US / wɔ:k /

UK / wɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Journey on foot done for pleasure or exercise
  • verb
  • To move with your legs at a slowish pace

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

episode

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US / 'epɪsəʊd /

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

B1
  • noun
  • One separate event in a series of events
  • Show which is part of a larger story

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

pong

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US / pɒŋ /

UK / pɔ:ŋ /

C2
  • noun
  • A very bad smell
  • verb
  • To smell badly

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

consider

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US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

A1
  • verb
  • To think carefully about something

beautiful

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US / 'bju:tɪfl /

UK / ˈbjutəfəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having dome something well
  • Being very attractive or appealing physically

someone

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US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person who is not known or named

straight

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US / streɪt /

UK / stret /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not having curves, bends, or angles
  • Not gay; heterosexual
  • honest and direct
  • adverb
  • in a line; immediately; honestly and directly

gravity

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US / ˈgrævəti /

UK / ˈɡrævɪti /

B1
  • noun
  • (Of a situation) extreme seriousness
  • Force making things fall towards the ground

fry

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US / fraɪ /

UK / fraɪ /

A2
  • verb
  • To cook something in fat or oil
  • To burn your skin due to too long in the sun

inside

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US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

basic

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US / 'beɪsɪk /

UK / ˈbesɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • At the most important or easiest (beginner) level

feel

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US / fi:l /

UK / fil /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
  • To sense through direct contact; touch

concern

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US / kənˈsɜ:n /

UK / kənˈsɚn /

A2
  • noun
  • Company, firm or business
  • Feeling of worry or anxiety
  • verb
  • To be about a particular topic
  • To have a direct impact on someone
  • To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
  • To feel worry or anxiety

listen

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US / ˈlɪsn /

UK / ˈlɪsən /

A1
  • verb
  • To carefully consider what someone is saying

plus

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US / plʌs /

UK / plʌs /

A2
  • noun
  • A benefit or advantage
  • preposition
  • In addition; add
  • In addition to; Indicates a number above
  • Having a value greater than zero

reason

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US / 'ri:zn /

UK / ˈrizən /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
  • Explanation for why something occurred or was done
  • verb
  • To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

wheel

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US / wi:l /

UK / wi:l /

A2
  • noun
  • Round thing that rolls, used for moving things
  • verb
  • To move something which has wheels or is on wheels
  • To turn or cause to turn something in a circle

exactly

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US / ɪgˈzæktli /

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

A1
  • adverb
  • No more and no less than; precisely

parabolic

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US / ˌpærə'bɒlɪk /

UK / ˌpærəˈbɑlɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having the form of a parabola

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

science

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US / 'saɪəns /

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Study of the physical world, based on facts

thrust

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US / θrʌst /

UK / θrʌst /

B2
  • noun
  • Movement of (e.g. a knife) towards someone
  • Primary purpose or meaning of something
  • Power or force that an engine produces
  • Strong or forceful push
  • verb
  • To move (e.g. a knife) forcefully towards someone
  • To push someone or something with great strength

lock

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US / lɒk /

UK / lɑ:k /

A2
  • noun
  • Small portion of your hair that hangs together
  • Place on a door, etc. that you close with a key
  • verb
  • To become fixed in place and hard to move
  • To use a key, code so others can't open something

point

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US / pɔɪnt /

UK / pɔɪnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An item to be discussed
  • Small spot or dot
  • Fact or detail
  • Feature of something
  • The size of the text on a page or screen
  • A certain time or stage in a process
  • Certain position in time or space
  • Idea or fact you try to convince people about
  • Measurement of scores in a game, sport
  • Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
  • verb
  • To face a certain direction, e.g. north
  • To indicate something with your finger to others

sure

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US / ʃʊə(r) /

UK / ʃʊr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having no doubts about something
  • Have confidence in your own words or actions
  • Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
  • Being correct or true
  • adverb
  • What you say to agree willingly

compress

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US / kəmˈpres /

UK / kəmˈprɛs /

B1
  • verb
  • To press tightly together
  • To make smaller; reduce in time, size etc.

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

position

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US / pəˈzɪʃn /

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's opinion or attitude about something
  • Specific location where someone or something is
  • Where you play or your role on a sports team
  • Person's job or status level
  • Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
  • verb
  • To put in a particular location or direction

try

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US / traɪ /

UK / traɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
  • verb
  • To make an effort, to attempt to do something
  • To examine someone or something in a court of law
  • To test to see if it is good or you like it
  • To make a person go through hardship; test
  • To examine something to see if it works

upward

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US / ˈʌpwəd /

UK / ˈʌpwərd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Toward some higher point or position

hundred

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US / 'hʌndrəd /

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

A1
  • number
  • 100

model

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US / ˈmɒdl /

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being an excellent example of
  • noun
  • Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
  • A small scale copy of a full original
  • verb
  • To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
  • To make a small scale copy of a full original

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

wreckage

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US / ˈrekɪdʒ /

UK / ˈrɛkɪdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Remaining parts of something that has been wrecked

car

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US / kɑ:(r) /

UK / kɑr /

A1
  • noun
  • A vehicle with wheels and engine to carry people

coyote

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US / kaɪˈəʊti /

UK / kaɪˈoʊti /

B2
  • noun
  • Wild dog that is found in North America

magically

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US / 'mædʒɪklɪ /

UK / 'mædʒɪklɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a manner that uses or involves magic

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

onto

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US / ˈɒntə /

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

behind

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US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a later or slower time than expected
  • Being in a losing position in a sporting event
  • Being in the past; old fashioned
  • adverb
  • Remaining
  • noun
  • The part of the body that one sits on
  • preposition
  • At or toward the back of someone or something
  • Supporting or helping someone

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

foot

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US / fʊt /

UK / fʊt /

A1
  • noun
  • Base of something such as a mountain or vase
  • Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
  • Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

gold

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US / gəʊld /

UK / goʊld /

A2
  • noun
  • Soft yellow metal that is very valuable
  • Person's name
  • adjecitve
  • Dark yellow color often seen in sunsets

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

moment

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US / 'məʊmənt /

UK / 'moʊmənt /

A1
  • noun
  • Very short or brief period of time
  • A particular period in time

permission

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US / pəˈmɪʃn /

UK / pɚˈmɪʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Right to do something as allowed by another

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

fall

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US / fɔ:l /

UK / fɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
  • A drop in amount; decrease
  • Dropping from a standing position to the ground
  • verb
  • To drop in amount; to decrease
  • To come down from a higher position suddenly
  • To go from standing to the ground, by accident

instant

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US / ˈɪnstənt /

UK / ˈɪnstənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Food) requiring very little preparation
  • Occurring immediately
  • noun
  • A very short period of time

air

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US / eə(r) /

UK / er /

A1
  • noun
  • Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
  • A person's manner intended to impress others
  • verb
  • To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
  • To broadcast a TV or radio show
  • To open a subject to discussion and debate

fantastic

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US / fænˈtæstɪk /

UK / fænˈtæstɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Strange or unusual in design or appearance
  • Very large, fast or great
  • Hard to believe; amazing

hear

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
  • To be told or find out information or facts
  • To consider or listen to a court case

tired

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US / ˈtaɪəd /

UK / ˈtaɪərd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Without energy so you want to rest or fall asleep
  • verb
  • To lose, cause to lose energy so you want to rest

sun

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US / sʌn /

UK / sʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Light and heat coming from a large star in the sky
  • Hot shining star the Earth moves around
  • verb
  • To lie in the sunshine and enjoy its warmth

accelerate

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US / əkˈseləreɪt /

UK / ækˈsɛləˌret /

B1
  • verb
  • To cause to occur earlier than expected
  • To increase the speed or rate of something

honest

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US / ˈɒnɪst /

UK / ˈɑnɪst /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Good, truthful, sincere, or faithful; trustworthy

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

six

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US / sɪks /

UK / sɪks /

A1
  • number
  • 6

sixty

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US / 'sɪkstɪ /

UK / ˈsɪksti /

A1
  • number
  • 60

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

nice

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US / naɪs /

UK / naɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being attractive or of high quality or value
  • Good or enjoyable
  • Being kind or friendly

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

clearly

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US / ˈklɪəlɪ /

UK / ˈklɪrlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In a way that is easy to understand; obviously

pretty

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US / 'prɪtɪ /

UK / ˈprɪti /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • adverb
  • Very; to a great degree

speed

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US / spi:d /

UK / spid /

A2
  • noun
  • How fast or slow something is or is done
  • verb
  • To move quickly when completing an action
  • To drive a vehicle faster than laws allow

change

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US / tʃeɪndʒ /

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Exchange of one set of clothes for another
  • Money in the form of coins instead of paper
  • Money returned after giving too much
  • Act of making or becoming something else
  • verb
  • To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • To exchange one kind of money for another
  • To replace something with another thing
  • To make or become something else
  • To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

pin

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US / pɪn /

UK / pɪn /

A2
  • noun
  • A piece of jewelry worn pinned to clothes
  • Short for Personal Information Number
  • Small thin thing with a sharp point, for attaching
  • verb
  • To hold someone down so that they can't move
  • To fasten things together using a sharp point

simple

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US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

upright

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US / ˈʌpraɪt /

UK / ˈʌpˌraɪt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having good moral standards; of good character
  • Positioned to be straight up; vertical
  • adverb
  • Straight up; not leaning or falling over
  • noun
  • Object that stands straight up and down
  • Imagined straight line between high and low

sir

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US / sɜ:(r) /

UK / sɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Form of polite address to a man you do not know
  • Title used to address men with authority

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

spot

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US / spɒt /

UK / spɑt /

A2
  • noun
  • A certain place or area
  • A difficult time; awkward situation
  • Place or ranking on a list
  • A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
  • Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
  • verb
  • To see someone or something by chance

belt

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US / belt /

UK / bɛlt /

A2
  • noun
  • Band of material worn around a person's waist
  • Area with a lot of a particular feature e.g. corn
  • verb
  • To leave somewhere quickly (UK use)
  • To put a belt around something or someone

engine

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US / 'endʒɪn /

UK / ˈɛndʒɪn /

A2
  • noun
  • Machine that changes energy into mechanical motion
  • The part of a train that pulls railway cars

fast

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US / fɑ:st /

UK / fæst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a way that is difficult to move or change
  • Moving or able to move quickly
  • Showing time that is later than the actual time
  • adverb
  • With a great deal of speed
  • noun
  • Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
  • verb
  • To refuse food for a long time

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

remove

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US / rɪˈmu:v /

UK / rɪˈmuv /

A1
  • verb
  • To get rid of something completely
  • To make someone leave his or her job or position
  • To move, erase or take away from a place
  • To take something off (e.g. clothing)

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

otherwise

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US / ˈʌðəwaiz /

UK / ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz /

A2
  • adverb
  • In an additional or different way
  • Unless; or

pan

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US / pæn /

UK / pæn /

A2
  • noun
  • Open metal container used for cooking
  • Steel drum
  • Big, flat bowl, used to find gold with water
  • verb
  • To follow an object being filmed with a camera
  • To criticize, e.g. a film, in a strong way
  • To sort gold from other materials using water

reference

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US / 'refrəns /

UK / ˈrɛfərəns, ˈrɛfrəns /

A2
  • noun
  • A letter of recommendation, e.g. for a job
  • Note in a book, etc. giving source of information
  • A location on a map
  • verb
  • To cite a piece of research in speech or writing

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

airborne

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US / ˈeəbɔ:n /

UK / ˈerbɔ:rn /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in the air

else

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US / els /

UK / ɛls /

A1
  • adverb
  • Otherwise; if you fail to
  • (Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

direction

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US / də'rekʃn /

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

A2
  • noun
  • When someone tells people what to do
  • Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

move

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US / mu:v /

UK / muv /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
  • An action; doing something
  • Step taken to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to have certain emotions
  • To cause something to change to a different place
  • To change where people live or a business operates
  • To take action to do or achieve something

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

yes

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US / jes /

UK / jɛs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Way to say you agree or will do something

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

old

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US / əʊld /

UK / old /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having existed for a long time, not young or new
  • Age of a person since birth

ping

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US / pɪŋ /

UK / pɪŋ /

C1
  • verb
  • To make a high sharp sound, as bullet hitting rock

three

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US / θri: /

UK / θri /

A1
  • number
  • Number 3

half

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US / hɑ:f /

UK / hæf, hɑf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not complete
  • adverb
  • Partly; somewhat
  • noun
  • One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
  • The part you get when one is divided into two;

man

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US / mæn /

UK / mæn /

A1
  • noun
  • Humans in general, including male and female
  • An adult male human being
  • Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
  • verb
  • To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
  • To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

opposite

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US / ˈɔpəzit /

UK / ˈɑpəzɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being totally different from
  • noun
  • Person, thing that is totally different to another
  • preposition
  • Across from or on the side facing something

stand

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US / stænd /

UK / stænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Effort to fight against something
  • Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
  • Place in a stadium where spectators watch
  • Table where things are sold at a fair or market
  • verb
  • To be a candidate in an election
  • To be able to accept someone, something; bear
  • To last for a long time
  • To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
  • To place something in a particular position; place
  • To be (as stated)
  • To still be valid
  • To have an opinion about something

forward

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US / 'fɔ:wəd /

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Toward what is ahead; in front
  • Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
  • adverb
  • Toward the front in place; in front
  • Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
  • verb
  • To send something to another address or person

love

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US / lʌv /

UK / lʌv /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • A very strong feeling of affection
  • The person you care very deeply about
  • Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
  • verb
  • To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
  • To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
  • To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

pull

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US / pʊl /

UK / pʊl /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
  • Force something has that draws other things to it
  • Using your hands to move something to you
  • verb
  • To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
  • To hold something and move it toward you
  • To remove something by force

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

body

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US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

fuselage

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US / ˈfju:zəlɑ:ʒ /

UK / ˈfjusəˌlɑʒ, -zə- /

C1
  • noun
  • Main part of an airplane, not the wings

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

outside

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US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adverb
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
  • noun
  • Area around or near something, such as a building
  • preposition
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

big

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US / bɪɡ /

UK / bɪɡ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Popular
  • Serious
  • Large

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

wall

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US / wɔ:l /

UK / wɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • High, flat side of a room or building

answer

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US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

UK / ˈænsɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Reply to a question someone asks
  • Solution to a problem or test question
  • verb
  • To reply to a question someone asks
  • To solve a test question or a problem

follow

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US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

differently

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US / 'dɪfrəntlɪ /

UK / ˈdɪfərəntlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In another and different manner

hill

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US / hɪl /

UK / hɪl /

A2
  • noun
  • High land not as high as a mountain
  • Where the road or land goes upward; slope
  • Person's name

fine

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US / faɪn /

UK / faɪn /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Good, acceptable or satisfactory
  • Of high quality; made with great skill
  • In a careful or exact manner; into small pieces
  • Being of high quality
  • Good; okay; no problem
  • (Of weather) good; not raining
  • noun
  • Money you have to pay because you broke a rule
  • verb
  • To pay money because you broke a law

five

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US / faɪv /

UK / faɪv /

A1
  • number
  • 5

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

reverse

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US / rɪ'vɜ:s /

UK / rɪˈvɚs /

B1
  • noun
  • Setting that makes the vehicle go backward
  • (Drive a vehicle) backward gear of a vehicle
  • Instance of a significant change, for the worse
  • In a backwards order
  • Back part or side of something
  • verb
  • To drive a vehicle backward
  • To change to an opposite state, way or condition
  • To change back to a previous or normal condition
  • To change something to its opposite

may

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US / meɪ /

UK / me /

A1
  • noun
  • 5th month of the year
  • other
  • Used to express a desire
  • Expresses permission, possibility or probability
  • Used to show that a thing could be true

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

exhaust

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US / ɪɡ'zɔ:st /

UK / ɪɡˈzɔst /

A2
  • noun
  • System of pipes through which gases escape
  • Waste gas from an engine, e.g. from a car
  • verb
  • To emit gas from the back of a car
  • To make a person feel very tired or without energy
  • To entirely use up a resource, possibilities etc.

necessary

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US / 'nesəsərɪ /

UK / ˈnɛsɪˌsɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Needed or required; unavoidable

please

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US / pli:z /

UK / pliz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used when you politely ask people for things
  • verb
  • To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
  • To make someone happy by doing something

pick

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US / pɪk /

UK / pɪk /

A1
  • noun
  • Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
  • Item selected from a group of choices
  • verb
  • To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
  • To decide on a thing from various choices; select
  • To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

transportation

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US / ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃn /

UK / ˌtrænspɔ:rˈteɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of moving people or goods between places

thin

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US / θɪn /

UK / θɪn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Flowing with ease; with a high percentage of water
  • (Of air) having little oxygen
  • Being or growing far apart in small amounts
  • Not thick; not wide in size
  • Having little flesh or fat on the body
  • Being weak or useless
  • verb
  • To make flow more easily by adding water or liquid

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

brother

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US / ˈbrʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈbrʌðɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • A boy or man who shares a parent with you

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

apply

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US / ə'plaɪ /

UK / əˈplaɪ /

A1
  • verb
  • To spread a substance or liquid over a surface
  • To commit your time and effort to doing something
  • To make something useful in a certain situation
  • To be relevant for a situation
  • To ask formally for (job, permission etc.)

good

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US / ɡʊd /

UK / ɡʊd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper, appropriate or right
  • (Of an amount) enough; plenty
  • Excellent; high quality
  • Acting well or properly; of moral character
  • In a positive or happy emotional state
  • noun
  • Advantage or benefit

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

medal

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US / 'medl /

UK / ˈmɛdl /

B1
  • noun
  • Metal award, often round, usually for courage

security

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US / sɪ'kjʊərətɪ /

UK / sɪˈkjʊrɪtisə'kjurətɪ /

A2
  • noun
  • Department in a company in charge of protection
  • Financial document, like stocks, bonds and notes
  • Person paid to protect property and people
  • Things done to protect people, buildings etc.
  • Condition of being safe from danger or harm

zero

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US / ˈzɪərəʊ /

UK / ˈzɪroʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Temperature when water turns to ice
  • number
  • Number 0
  • verb
  • To set a scale or other device to show 0

airplane

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US / ˈeəpleɪn /

UK / ˈɛrˌplen /

B1
  • noun
  • A machine that flies through the air

sense

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US / sens /

UK / sɛns /

A1
  • noun
  • Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • Normal or clear state of mind
  • Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
  • verb
  • To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
  • To recognize the presence of something

round

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US / raʊnd /

UK / raʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in the shape of a circle or ball
  • Consisting of curved and not straight lines
  • Somewhat fat or curved in physical appearance
  • Being a whole number, not a fraction, decimal
  • adverb
  • From beginning to end (e.g. of the year)
  • noun
  • One of the three-minute periods in boxing
  • Drinks bought by one person for a group
  • Series regular visits, routes, or stops at places
  • Single shot or bullet fired from a gun
  • An object with a circular shape
  • One stage in a series of games, e.g. football
  • One's turn in a game such as cards
  • preposition
  • Going around
  • verb
  • To cause or make a circular or curved shape
  • To go or pass around the bend or corner
  • To change from a fraction to nearest whole number

whether

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US / ˈweðə(r) /

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

A1
  • conjunction
  • If something will happen or not

attach

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US / ə'tætʃ /

UK / əˈtætʃ /

A2
  • verb
  • To be associated or connected with

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

slow

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US / sləʊ /

UK / sloʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
  • (Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
  • Having difficulty understanding simple things
  • Moving or happening without speed; not fast
  • verb
  • To move, with less speed than before
  • To move or go without much speed

save

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US / seɪv /

UK / sev /

A1
  • noun
  • Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
  • preposition
  • Except; not including
  • verb
  • To make your computer keep a file
  • To keep for future use
  • To make something unnecessary; prevent
  • To keep money so that you will have it later
  • To keep something for future use, such as money
  • To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
  • To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
  • To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

tiny

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US / 'taɪnɪ /

UK / ˈtaɪni /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very, very small

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

law

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US / lɔ: /

UK / lɔ /

A1
  • noun
  • Field of study that relates to the legal profession
  • A rule made and enforced by a government
  • System or rules made by the government

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

nozzle

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US / ˈnɒzl /

UK / ˈnɑ:zl /

C1
  • noun
  • Thin tube as on end of pipe to control gas/liquid

gate

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US / ɡeɪt /

UK / ɡet /

A2
  • noun
  • Place in a fence which can be opened or closed

maybe

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US / ˈmeɪbi /

UK / ˈmebi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

pancake

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US / ˈpænkeɪk /

UK / ˈpænˌkek /

B2
  • noun
  • Flat cake of fried on both sides on a griddle, etc.

quite

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US / kwaɪt /

UK / kwaɪt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not very; fairly
  • Very; In a complete or total manner

relationship

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US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

A2
  • noun
  • Connection between two or more people or things
  • Way people interact or live with each other
  • Romantic or loving friendship between two people

wile

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US / waɪl /

UK / waɪl /

C2
  • noun
  • Trick or scheme to deceive or fool someone

survive

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US / sə'vaɪv /

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

A2
  • verb
  • To continue to live despite illness or trouble

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

great

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US / ɡreɪt /

UK / ɡret /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very large in size
  • Very important
  • Very good; fantastic; wonderful
  • adverb
  • Very good; better than before
  • noun
  • Successful and well-admired person

kick

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US / kɪk /

UK / kɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Feeling of enjoyment or excitement
  • verb
  • To hit or move something with the foot

runway

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US / ˈrʌnweɪ /

UK / ˈrʌnˌwe /

B1
  • noun
  • Long road where planes take off and land
  • Narrow raised stage extending into the audience

watch

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US / wɒtʃ /

UK / wɑtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
  • Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
  • Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
  • verb
  • To keep in check, manage, or control something
  • To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
  • To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
  • To look at carefully to work out what is happening
  • To protect and care for someone or something

hit

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US / hɪt /

UK / hɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • A planned killing, usually for money
  • Song, movie etc. that is successful
  • When someone strikes someone or something
  • Time when a player makes contact with the ball
  • Time when a website is accessed
  • verb
  • To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
  • To press something, such as a button or switch
  • To suddenly realize the importance of something
  • To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
  • To fight, attack or damage something or someone
  • To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
  • To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

number

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US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
  • Particular song or dance performed during a show
  • Total quantity or amount of things
  • verb
  • To put numbers on things
  • To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
  • To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

york

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US / jɔ:k /

UK / jɔrk /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A city in northern England, on the Ouse River; population 136,900 (est. 2009).
  • A commercial and industrial city in southeastern Pennsylvania; population 40,097 (est. 2008).
  • The southwestern tip of Hayes Peninsula, on Baffin Bay in Greenland. It served as a base for US expl

stay

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US / steɪ /

UK / ste /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal order to stop or delay an action
  • Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
  • Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
  • verb
  • To keep trying without giving up
  • To remain in the same place and not move away
  • To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

deceleration

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US / ˌdi:selə'reɪʃn /

UK / ˌdi:selə'reɪʃn /

C2
  • noun
  • Rate of decrease in speed

fun

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US / fʌn /

UK / fʌn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Amusing and enjoyable
  • noun
  • Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

jump

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US / dʒʌmp /

UK / dʒʌmp /

A1
  • noun
  • Large sudden increase
  • An act of springing into the air
  • Bar or other thing that is jumped over
  • A sudden movement due to surprise
  • verb
  • To attack someone suddenly
  • To push your body into the air with your legs
  • To suddenly decide to do something
  • To make a sudden movement due to surprise

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

takeoff

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US / 'teɪkɔ:f /

UK / ˈtekˌɔf, -ˌɑf /

C2
  • noun
  • A composition imitating someones artistic work
  • Moment a plane leaves the ground

touch

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US / tʌtʃ /

UK / tʌtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Certain way of doing that makes something special
  • A small amount of something
  • Feeling of a surface
  • verb
  • To affect feelings, especially by causing sympathy
  • To be next to each other with no space between
  • To get involved with (used in negative)
  • To feel an object with your fingers, etc.

arc

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US / ɑ:k /

UK / ɑrk /

B2
  • noun
  • Smoothly curving line or movement
  • verb
  • To bend in a smooth curve

city

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US / 'sɪtɪ /

UK / ˈsɪti /

A1
  • noun
  • Area with many buildings, roads and people

align

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US / əˈlaɪn /

UK / əˈlaɪn /

B2
  • verb
  • To arrange (e.g. objects) in line with one another

cockpit

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US / ˈkɒkpɪt /

UK / ˈkɑ:kpɪt /

B2
  • noun
  • Area in (plane, boat) where the pilot, driver sits

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

remarkable

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US / rɪˈmɑ:kəbl /

UK / rɪˈmɑrkəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Interesting and unexpected, worthy of notice

yeah

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US / jeə /

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

A1
  • exclamation
  • Another way of saying 'yes'

demo

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US / 'deməʊ /

UK / 'demoʊ /

A2
  • noun
  • Showing how something works (e.g. a new product)

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

obvious

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US / ˈɒbviəs /

UK / ˈɑbviəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Easily understood and clear; plain to see

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

fly

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US / flaɪ /

UK / flai /

A1
  • noun
  • Common flying insect, sometimes blue in color
  • Opening with fold of cloth hiding zipper on pants
  • verb
  • To move in the wind, e.g. a flag
  • To move at a high speed
  • To travel in a plane, helicopter, balloon etc.
  • To pilot people or items by plane
  • To travel through the air using wings

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

eye

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US / aɪ /

UK / aɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • The part of the body that you see with
  • The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
  • Hole at the end of a needle
  • verb
  • To watch or study something closely

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

sit

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US / sɪt /

UK / sɪt /

A1
  • verb
  • To take an exam
  • To be in a resting position on a chair
  • To provide seating for people
  • To remain in a still position while being painted

roller

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US / ˈrəʊlə(r) /

UK / ˈroʊlə(r) /

A2
  • noun
  • Long round piece of wood for flattening dough
  • Plastic or metal tube for shaping hair
  • Tool shaped like a tube used for crushing things
  • Powerful large long wave

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

warner

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US / 'wɔ:nə /

UK / 'wɔ:nə /

A1
  • other
  • Someone who gives a warning to others

week

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US / wi:k /

UK / wik /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

second

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US / 'sekənd /

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 2nd; the one following first
  • noun
  • Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
  • Short period of time that you wait for someone
  • (Do) soon

ball

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US / bɔ:l /

UK / bɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • Large dance where people dress formally
  • Small round object often used in a game or sport

fund

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US / fʌnd /

UK / fʌnd /

A2
  • noun
  • Money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
  • A specific account into which you put money
  • verb
  • To supply money for something

place

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US / pleɪs /

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A1
  • noun
  • Particular location, area or region
  • verb
  • To put someone in a particular type of situation
  • To put something in a certain location or position

ultimately

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US / ˈʌltɪmətli /

UK / ˈʌltəmɪtli /

B1
  • adverb
  • Done or considered as the final and most important

block

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US / blɒk /

UK / blɑk /

A2
  • noun
  • Solid piece of material used for building
  • A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
  • Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
  • Building made up of offices or apartments
  • Area of a city divided by four streets
  • verb
  • To stop from going forward or making progress

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

physic

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US / 'fɪzɪk /

UK / 'fɪzɪk /

A1
  • noun
  • (Archaic) medicine causing evacuation of the bowels

must

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US / məst /

UK / mʌst /

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  • noun
  • Something that is necessary or required
  • other
  • (Used to state that something ought to be true)
  • Used to say something is required or necessary

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now
  • Subtitles section
  • So I've got another one for you.
  • All righty.
  • There's no limit to these.
  • You must know that by now.
  • I'm good for that.
  • I'm glad there's no limit.
  • I like them.
  • OK.
  • So this one is, we've heard this.
  • People have talked about it and thought about it.
  • What happens when you jump in an airplane?
  • Well, hopefully you're going somewhere.
  • I don't know.
  • What do you mean?
  • What happens when you jump in an airplane?
  • The airplane is flying, you know.
  • What do you mean?
  • What happens when you literally jump in an airplane?
  • Yes.
  • I thought you'd be like, yeah, jump in an airplane.
  • I'm going here, you know.
  • Oh, jump onto an airplane.
  • No, you're in the airplane, in the aisle, and then you jump.
  • OK.
  • OK.
  • You go up and down.
  • Some people think that the airplane's going at five hundred miles an hour.
  • If you jump, you end up pinned against the back wall.
  • They watch too many Warner Brothers cartoons.
  • That's what's wrong with those people.
  • Too many Wile E. Coyotes.
  • OK, so they're using the cartoon laws of physics instead of the actual laws of physics.
  • Yeah, in that person's world, you know what else happens?
  • If you don't know that you're not standing on the edge of a cliff, you can actually stand on thin air.
  • Gravity only kicks in with your awareness.
  • That's it, you know?
  • That's a new law of physics right there.
  • Right.
  • Plus, if you're hit in the head with a frying pan, your face takes the shape of the frying pan.
  • That's right.
  • You just become two big eyes with a round face.
  • That's right.
  • Yes.
  • Cartoon laws of physics.
  • Cartoon laws of physics.
  • So my answer here might be obvious, but I know there are people out there who wondered whether the plane would just sort of escape from under your feet for how fast it's moving.
  • Okay?
  • So this is a very basic sort of first week of physics that you learn this and you see demonstrations of it, but I will now tell you.
  • Okay?
  • When the plane takes off and it is cruising at some constant speed, pick any speed.
  • Five hundred and sixty three miles per hour.
  • Fine.
  • If it's constant, the plane is moving five hundred and sixty three miles an hour, and so are you.
  • And so is the air inside the plane.
  • So is the fly that happened to fly into the plane before they closed the door.
  • Right.
  • You, the air, the fly, are moving at five hundred and sixty three miles per hour.
  • If you're all moving at the same speed together,
  • then you don't know how fast you're moving.
  • Yeah, you're not moving at all.
  • Basically, in the moving reference frame of the plane, you're not moving at all.
  • Correct.
  • So if you jump up, you will land right back where you started.
  • Right.
  • It's that simple.
  • Let me get a round number.
  • Let's say you're going to go to six hundred miles an hour.
  • Okay.
  • But six hundred miles an hour is ten miles per minute.
  • Right.
  • That's a mile every six seconds.
  • Okay?
  • And in New York City, there's twenty blocks per mile.
  • So that's by, like, three blocks per second.
  • Okay?
  • Oh, man.
  • Can we find that transportation system?
  • Three blocks per second.
  • So I can get around Manhattan the way I'd like to?
  • Man, that'd be fantastic.
  • That would be a flying car, maybe, would do that.
  • Okay.
  • So now watch.
  • So if you jump up in the plane that's going six hundred miles an hour, and you stay airborne for one second.
  • Right.
  • and then you land where you started, you also move forward three blocks.
  • Three blocks.
  • So if someone is outside of the plane and watched you, you would jump up and you would follow this arc.
  • Right.
  • A parabolic arc.
  • In my reference frame, because I'm outside of the plane, I see you jump and land and there's a beautiful parabolic arc that you took.
  • Right.
  • You also get a gold medal when you land.
  • Long jump.
  • So another way to do this is, and we do this in physics class, if you have a train, like a model train, this is a great physics demo.
  • And the smokestack of the train has a little spring.
  • You can put a ping pong ball in it, just a tiny ball.
  • There it is.
  • As the train is moving, the spring can pop the golf ball straight up.
  • Okay.
  • And then where does the golf ball land?
  • Does the train leave it behind?
  • No, because the golf ball had the same forward motion as the train did.
  • All the train did was give it upwards motion like you jumping in the airplane.
  • Right.
  • Then it fell back down.
  • So it'll shoot it up and it'll fall back down and land exactly back in the nozzle.
  • And you will see it take that arc and land where it had taken off.
  • And that is the train and golf ball version of you jumping inside of an airplane.
  • As far as you're concerned, you're landing in the same spot.
  • But as far as I'm concerned, you're not.
  • Right.
  • You're three blocks farther down the road.
  • So it has to do with your reference frame.
  • And it's a remarkable thing.
  • If the vessel is big enough so you don't feel jiggles, you don't know how fast the thing is going.
  • We're on Earth.
  • Earth is going at that's at miles per second around the sun.
  • Now, if you want to land in a different place, do that while the plane is accelerating.
  • Right.
  • OK, now the flight attendants won't let you do this, but.
  • Yeah.
  • Right when the plane touches down.
  • Such killjoys they are.
  • God.
  • I was trying to do a physics experiment here.
  • What do you mean I got to sit down and pass in my seat belt and put my, and why is, what is it with the seat in the upright position?
  • The seat only goes back two and a half inches.
  • Please, please put your seat up, sir.
  • Sir, please put your seat up.
  • Oh, sorry, let me put my seat up.
  • OK, there you go.
  • Yeah, because now you'll survive the crash before you wouldn't have.
  • Oh, thank you for saving my life with this two and a half inch differential.
  • So actually, I think I know why they do that.
  • Really, why?
  • Yeah, you want to know why?
  • I would like to know, to be honest.
  • When all the seats are aligned, if you're climbing to get out in a wreckage, then you don't have to navigate differently oriented seats.
  • That makes sense.
  • Yeah.
  • That makes sense.
  • I'm pretty sure that's how that rolls.
  • All right.
  • OK.
  • So if you magically got permission to do a physics experiment the moment the wheels touched, OK?
  • Because what happens the moment the wheels touch on a runway?
  • They put the engines into reverse thrust, OK?
  • And so now the engine exhaust reverses.
  • And it's pointing forward instead of backwards.
  • And if necessary, they'll also apply their brakes.
  • So they might be landing at two hundred miles an hour, and it's ultimately zero.
  • Okay?
  • Okay.
  • If you jump while that's happening, you will not land in the same spot.
  • Because when you jumped, the plane was going to hundred miles an hour.
  • But when you landed, the plane was going a hundred and eighty miles an hour.
  • You jump again, and so you have a faster speed going forward than the plane does, because the plane is slowing down.
  • So you could just jump up and down while the plane is on the runway and ultimately end up in the cockpit.
  • Nice.
  • Well.
  • Just by jumping straight up and down.
  • Yeah, but the door will be locked because, you know, security reasons.
  • Yeah, they'll shoot you if you're.
  • Yeah.
  • You won't quite make it.
  • So consider that's why they're animate about your seatbelt on takeoff and landing, but not when you're cruising.
  • Because the acceleration and the deceleration is what changes your relationship to the fuselage if you jump up and come back down again.
  • Right.
  • OK?
  • So yeah, that's why they can go five hundred miles an hour.
  • You may now remove your seat belts and walk around the cabin.
  • But it's just pulling in to the gate.
  • Right.
  • It's going five miles an hour, but then it's going zero.
  • OK?
  • That's enough to knock you over.
  • Look at that.
  • So that's all I got to say about jumping up and down in a damn airplane.
  • That's cool.
  • Now, when you hear that I have been arrested, tell them it's a science.
  • You're doing it for science.
  • I'm just letting everybody know that this was a science experiment.
  • I did it for science, people.
  • Go fund me to get you out of jail.
  • Get my bail.
  • That's right.
  • Get my bail money up, people, because we know what we have to do now.
  • So another fun thing I used to do, I'm too old and tired and crickety for this, but when I was a kid in an elevator, because I grew up in the city, so half my life is in elevators.
  • If the elevator is going up and it's about to stop, you jump just at that instant.
  • Right.
  • Okay?
  • When you do, you had the upward motion that the elevator had just before it stopped.
  • So then when you come back down, you fall a bigger distance than you otherwise would have.
  • And it feels great.
  • It feels like you go over a hill in a car or on a roller coaster.
  • If you do it in the opposite direction, then the elevator is closer to you than your body thought it would have been, and you end up getting compressed.
  • A little pancaking.
  • A little pancaking, right.
  • But it's fun to do that, where you're in air while the thing you were attached to changes its speed.
  • It's very cool.
  • Yeah.
  • I like it.
  • I love it.
  • Yeah.
  • So there you go.
  • In case anybody comes up to you and wonders what's going on.
  • Yeah.
  • Why are you jumping up and down on a plane, Chuck?
  • Now we know why.
  • This is it.
  • Because they listened to this episode.
  • Two reasons you were jumping up and down.
  • One, clearly you are drunk.
  • Two, you listened to StarTalk.
  • Chuck, that's all I got for you on that one.
  • OK.
  • All right.
  • All right, as always, I bid you to keep looking up.