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Neuroscientist Breaks Down What Illusions Tell Us About Consciousness

Video vocabulary

such

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US / sʌtʃ /

UK / sʌtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Being similar to
  • (Thing) as previously stated or referred to
  • adverb
  • (Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

underline

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US / ˌʌndəˈlaɪn /

UK / ˌʌndərˈlaɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • A line beneath a word or phrase
  • verb
  • To draw a line beneath a word or phrase
  • To show or be evidence of the importance of

dependent

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US / dɪˈpendənt /

UK / dɪˈpɛndənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Someone who relies on (financial) support

dress

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US / dres /

UK / drɛs /

A1
  • noun
  • Women's garment with a top part and a skirt
  • Clothing suitable for a time period or occasion
  • verb
  • To prepare food (e.g. salad) before cooking or eating
  • To decorate something for display e.g. a mannequin
  • To put clothes on
  • To clean, care for and apply a cover to a wound

laurel

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US / 'lɒrəl /

UK / ˈlɔrəl, ˈlɑr- /

B2
  • noun
  • Common garden evergreen shrub
  • Person's name

massively

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US / 'mæsɪvlɪ /

UK / 'mæsɪvlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • To a very large degree or in a large manner

light

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US / laɪt /

UK / laɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
  • Being pale and lacking darkness of color
  • Not heavy; weighing only a little
  • adverb
  • Carrying few bags when traveling
  • noun
  • A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
  • Way in which something or someone is understood
  • verb
  • To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
  • To provide a way to see ahead

stuff

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US / stʌf /

UK / stʌf /

A1
  • noun
  • Generic description for things, materials, objects
  • verb
  • To push material inside something, with force

possibly

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US / ˈpɒsəbli /

UK / ˈpɑ:səbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • May be true or likely, but is uncertain

schizophrenia

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US / ˌskɪtsə'fri:nɪə /

UK / ˌskɪtsəˈfriniə, -ˈfrɛniə /

A1
  • noun
  • Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thoug

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

though

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US / ðəu /

UK / ðo /

A1
  • adverb
  • Although, despite the fact that

sweet

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US / swi:t /

UK / swit /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a gentle, likable nature
  • Making one feel happy, pleased or content
  • Cute in appearance
  • Tasting like sugar; containing sugar
  • noun
  • Piece of candy, or other food containing sugar

away

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US / ə'weɪ /

UK / əˈwe /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not present
  • adverb
  • Disappear completely
  • Doing something with a lot of energy
  • Not here; far from here; in a different direction
  • To a different area, location

dark

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US / dɑ:k /

UK / dɑrk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Of a color that is not light
  • Marked by unhappiness or hopelessness
  • Having little or no light; not light in color
  • noun
  • The time of day when the sky is black

meter

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US / ˈmi:tə(r) /

UK / ˈmitɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of length equal to 100 cm or about 39 inches
  • Device for measuring things e.g. gas
  • Device to put money into to rent a parking place
  • Rhythm of a poem
  • verb
  • To measure water, etc. when it has to be paid for

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

bear

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US / bɛː /

UK / bɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
  • Someone who expects stock market to fall
  • verb
  • To accept (responsibilities or duties)
  • To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
  • To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
  • To keep moving left or right while going forward
  • To show (sign of something)
  • To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

everyday

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US / ˈevrideɪ /

UK / ˈɛvriˈde /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used or seen daily; for daily use; ordinary

next

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US / nekst /

UK / nɛkst /

A1
  • adverb
  • The one that follows another in time or order
  • At a time or place directly after the present one
  • noun
  • The one that follows after
  • adjecitve
  • Immediately after the previous one
  • First occurrence after the present one

mind

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US / maɪnd /

UK / maɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • One's opinion or way of thinking about something
  • Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
  • verb
  • To be bothered or upset by something
  • To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

behind

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US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a later or slower time than expected
  • Being in a losing position in a sporting event
  • Being in the past; old fashioned
  • adverb
  • Remaining
  • noun
  • The part of the body that one sits on
  • preposition
  • At or toward the back of someone or something
  • Supporting or helping someone

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

gold

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US / gəʊld /

UK / goʊld /

A2
  • noun
  • Soft yellow metal that is very valuable
  • Person's name
  • adjecitve
  • Dark yellow color often seen in sunsets

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

slightly

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US / ˈslaɪtli /

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

B1
  • adverb
  • Only a little

optimistic

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US / ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk /

UK / ˌɑːptɪˈmɪstɪk /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Tending to believe the future will be good

onto

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US / ˈɒntə /

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

relatively

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US / ˈrelətɪvli /

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner comparing something to something else

artificial

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US / ˌɑ:tɪ'fɪʃl /

UK / ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Dishonest, to seem fake, not sincere
  • (Something) made by people; not created by nature

fuss

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US / fʌs /

UK / fʌs /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of being excited in a complaining manner
  • Act of complaining; a quarrel
  • verb
  • To be very over-worried or excited

identical

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US / aɪˈdentɪkl /

UK / aɪˈdɛntɪkəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • The same in every way

sound

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US / saʊnd /

UK / saʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sensible, dependable and reliable
  • Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
  • Firm or solid in structure
  • Sane; not mentally ill
  • Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
  • noun
  • Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
  • Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
  • verb
  • To seem or appear to be, from what was said
  • To say in a clear deliberate manner
  • To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

overall

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US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

intend

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US / ɪnˈtend /

UK / ɪnˈtɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To plan or want to do something

doubt

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US / daʊt /

UK / daʊt /

A1
  • noun
  • Not being sure of something; lack of certainty
  • verb
  • To question the truth or certainty of something

begin

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US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

under

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US / ˈʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In the same place as another thing, but lower
  • adverb
  • In a lower quantity or price than expected
  • preposition
  • According to the terms of an agreement or law
  • Managed or controlled by the authority of
  • Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
  • Influenced or affected by something or someone
  • Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

individual

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US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made for use by one single person
  • Having a distinct manner different from others
  • noun
  • Single person, looked at separately from others

happenstance

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US / ˈhæpənstæns /

UK / ˈhæpənˌstæns /

C2
  • noun
  • Chance or a chance event

few

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US / fju: /

UK / fju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Not many, a small number

fact

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US / fækt /

UK / fækt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is known or proved to be true

conceptualize

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US / kənˈseptʃuəlaɪz /

UK / kənˈsɛptʃuəˌlaɪz /

C1
  • verb
  • To have the ability to see concepts or ideas

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

sociologically

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US / ˌsəʊsiəˈlɒdʒɪkli /

UK / ˌsoʊsiəˈlɑːdʒɪkli /

B2
  • adverb
  • With regard to sociology

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

set

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US / set /

UK / sɛt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Prepared for something; ready
  • noun
  • Complete group of something
  • Place where a television show or movie is filmed
  • Group of games in a tennis match
  • Device that receives radio or television signals
  • verb
  • To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
  • To decide upon or choose something
  • To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
  • To decide on a price for something
  • To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
  • To be located in a specific place or time
  • To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
  • To put someone in a certain condition or state
  • (Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

piece

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US / pi:s /

UK / pis /

A1
  • noun
  • A counter in a board game
  • Small part of something larger
  • verb
  • To put items together to assemble something

pause

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US / pɔ:z /

UK / pɔz /

A2
  • noun
  • A temporary break before continuing
  • Function on a device to stop and restart it
  • Sign to hold a musical note a bit longer
  • verb
  • To stop doing for a while before continuing

exact

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US / ɪɡ'zækt /

UK / ɪɡˈzækt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Completely correct; accurate; specific
  • verb
  • To get something, sometimes using force

cultivate

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US / 'kʌltɪveɪt /

UK / ˈkʌltəˌvet /

B1
  • verb
  • To grow plants, crops etc.
  • To cause to grow by education; to enlighten

situation

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US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Place, position or area that something is in
  • Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
  • An unexpected problem or difficulty

struggle

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US / 'strʌɡl /

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Strong efforts made to do something difficult
  • verb
  • To try very hard to do something difficult

object

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US / 'ɒbdʒɪkt /

UK / ˈɑbdʒɪkt /

A2
  • noun
  • Something you can see or touch, but is not alive
  • Goal or purpose of a particular plan or activity
  • The thing that the action of a verb acts upon
  • verb
  • To disagree; to protest against an idea or plan

green

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US / gri:n /

UK / ɡrin /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Color of young leaves
  • Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
  • Concerned about protecting the environment
  • The color of young leaves
  • Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
  • Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
  • noun
  • Large grassy area
  • used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

generate

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US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

A2
  • verb
  • To create or be produced or bring into existence
  • To create electricity, heat, energy and power

depend

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US / dɪˈpend /

UK / dɪˈpend /

B1
  • verb
  • Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

talk

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US / tɔ:k /

UK / tɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Style of speaking
  • Discussion between two countries
  • Giving information in front of people; lecture
  • Saying things or ideas to someone with words
  • verb
  • To make a formal speech about something
  • To say things or ideas to someone with words

religious

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US / rɪˈlɪdʒəs /

UK / rɪˈlɪdʒəs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Following the rules and beliefs of a faith

shade

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US / ʃeɪd /

UK / ʃed /

A2
  • noun
  • Area of darkness when something blocks the light
  • Something that blocks or reduces light
  • Color that is a little darker or brighter than
  • verb
  • To shelter something from direct light
  • To change the truth to deceive or influence
  • To make one part of a picture darker or lighter

range

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US / reɪndʒ /

UK / rendʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Cooking stove with multiple burners
  • Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
  • Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
  • Group or chain of mountains
  • Set of things with something in common
  • Limits within which something extends or varies
  • A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
  • verb
  • To cover an area from one point to another
  • To extend to or vary within given limits
  • To put things in a row or in line
  • To wander or explore

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

fully

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US / 'fʊlɪ /

UK / ˈfʊli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely or entirely

foundational

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US / faʊn'deɪʃənəl /

UK / faʊn'deɪʃənəl /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the base or important starting point

automatically

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US / ˌɔ:tə'mætɪklɪ /

UK / ˌɔtəˈmætɪkl:ɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a way not requiring control by a person

sufficiently

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US / sə'fɪʃntlɪ /

UK / səˈfɪʃəntlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • To a degree great enough to do something

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

spend

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US / spend /

UK / spɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To use money to pay for something
  • To use time in order to do something
  • To use up something completely

relativism

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US / ˈrelətɪvɪzəm /

UK / ˈrelətɪvɪzəm /

C2
  • noun
  • Idea that judgment depends on the situation

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

suffering

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US / ˈsʌfərɪŋ /

UK / ˈsʌfərɪŋ, ˈsʌfrɪŋ /

A2
  • noun
  • Experience of pain, illness or injury
  • verb
  • To experience pain, illness, or injury

serendipity

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US / ˌserən'dɪpətɪ /

UK / ˌsɛrənˈdɪpɪti /

C1
  • noun
  • Good luck in making unexpected/fortunate discovery

outdoors

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US / ˌaʊtˈdɔ:z /

UK / aʊtˈdɔrz, -ˈdorz /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Outside a building; in the open air

middle

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US / 'mɪdl /

UK / ˈmidl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Equal distance from extremes
  • noun
  • Place that is halfway between two things

never

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US / 'nevə(r) /

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not ever; not at any time

black

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US / blæk /

UK / blæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Color of the sky on a dark night
  • noun
  • A person with dark skin, often of African origin
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To fill in something to make it a very dark color

run

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US / rʌn /

UK / rʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Journey between two places made by ship or car
  • Series of similar things or successes and failures
  • Act of running; exercise of running
  • verb
  • To depart or travel according to a schedule
  • To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
  • (Of an engine) to be operating
  • To start or use a computer program
  • To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
  • To manage or operate a business
  • To operate or drive something
  • (Of a road) to go from one place to another
  • To move your legs faster than walking

outside

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US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adverb
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
  • noun
  • Area around or near something, such as a building
  • preposition
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

inner

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US / ˈɪnə(r) /

UK / ˈɪnɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the inside part of something

image

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US / 'ɪmɪdʒ /

UK / ˈɪmɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Picture, sculpture or painting of something
  • General idea or opinion of something
  • verb
  • To obtain pictures by scanning them with a machine

body

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US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

vary

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US / ˈveəri /

UK / ˈveri /

A2
  • verb
  • To change something and make it different
  • To be changeable, both up and down

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

receive

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US / rɪ'si:v /

UK / rɪˈsiv /

A1
  • verb
  • To get something someone has given or sent to you
  • To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
  • To welcome someone as a guest into your home
  • To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

person

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US / 'pɜ:sn /

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

A1
  • noun
  • Man, woman or child

mention

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US / 'menʃn /

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of referring to or talking about something
  • verb
  • To refer to or talk or write about something

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

natural

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US / ˈnætʃərəl /

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
  • Not made by humans; without human intervention

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

deflate

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US / dɪˈfleɪt /

UK / dɪˈflet /

B2
  • verb
  • To collapse through air/gas being released

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

sunny

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US / 'sʌnɪ /

UK / ˈsʌni /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Feeling or being cheerful, happy, and friendly
  • When the sun is bright in the sky

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

live

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US / lɪv /

UK / liv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
  • Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
  • Glowing because burning; hot
  • Not yet killed (for food)
  • adverb
  • (Music, drama) as it is performed
  • verb
  • To be alive
  • To experience a particular type of life
  • To make your home in a house or town

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

word

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US / wɜ:d /

UK / wɚd /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of language that has a meaning
  • Promise
  • Short remark or piece of information
  • verb
  • To express something by choosing particular words

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

play

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US / pleɪ /

UK / pleɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Loose, free movement between two objects
  • Single action in a sports game
  • Performance in which people act in a theater
  • verb
  • To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
  • To perform music on an instrument
  • To use a device, e.g. a video game
  • To do something for enjoyment and fun
  • To do or perform a game or sport

misery

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US / 'mɪzərɪ /

UK / ˈmɪzəri /

B1
  • noun
  • Thing that causes unhappiness
  • Extreme suffering or unhappiness

flip

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US / flɪp /

UK / flɪp /

B2
  • noun
  • Act of turning your body in the air; somersault
  • Movement of something from one position to another
  • verb
  • To turn your body in the air, as in gymnastics
  • To move into a different position quickly
  • To move a button or switch to turn on or off

dogmatism

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US / ˈdɒgmətɪzəm /

UK / ˈdɔ:gmətɪzəm /

C1
  • noun
  • Insistence that your views are the correct ones

teach

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US / ti:tʃ /

UK / titʃ /

A1
  • verb
  • To help someone learn or do something

level

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US / 'levl /

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Sports) equal to another
  • Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
  • noun
  • Specific height of something
  • Amount of ability you have compared to others
  • Floor or deck within a building
  • Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
  • verb
  • To aim a gun at someone
  • To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
  • To make things flat or even
  • To make a score equal to another, in sports

opposite

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US / ˈɔpəzit /

UK / ˈɑpəzɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being totally different from
  • noun
  • Person, thing that is totally different to another
  • preposition
  • Across from or on the side facing something

half

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US / hɑ:f /

UK / hæf, hɑf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not complete
  • adverb
  • Partly; somewhat
  • noun
  • One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
  • The part you get when one is divided into two;

funny

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US / ˈfʌni /

UK / ˈfʌni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Causing laughter; amusing
  • Being different, odd or strange

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

rock

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US / rɒk /

UK / rɑk /

A1
  • noun
  • Type of popular music with a strong, loud beat
  • Strong, tough person who can be relied upon
  • Big stone; hard, solid substance forming mountains
  • verb
  • To be greatly upset by something, e.g. a death
  • To be extremely effective or pleasing
  • To play, sing along with, or dance to heavy music
  • To move back and forth or from side to side

power

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US / 'paʊə(r) /

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal or official right to perform certain actions
  • Ability to move forcefully and quickly
  • Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
  • Mathematical way to multiply a number
  • Condition of being in political control
  • Physical force, energy, and strength
  • verb
  • To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
  • To move something forcefully and quickly

phonetically

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US / fə'netɪklɪ /

UK / fə'netɪklɪ /

C1
  • adverb
  • By phonetics

phone

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US / fəʊn /

UK / foʊn /

A2
  • noun
  • Machine used to talk to someone who is far away
  • verb
  • To talk to someone using a telephone

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

love

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US / lʌv /

UK / lʌv /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • A very strong feeling of affection
  • The person you care very deeply about
  • Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
  • verb
  • To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
  • To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
  • To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

impenetrable

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US / ɪm'penɪtrəbl /

UK / ɪmˈpɛnɪtrəbəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Incapable of being penetrated or pierced
  • Too difficult to understand
  • Incapable of being understood

famous

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US / 'feɪməs /

UK / ˈfeməs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Excellent
  • Widely known; recognized by many people

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

concede

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US / kən'si:d /

UK / kənˈsid /

B2
  • verb
  • To admit that something is true

utterly

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US / 'ʌtəli: /

UK / ˈʌtəli /

B2
  • adverb
  • Completely

vociferousness

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US / /

UK / /

A1

purely

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US / ˈpjʊəli /

UK / ˈpjʊrli /

A2
  • adverb
  • For no other reason; only and completely

favourite

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US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

UK / 'fevərɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Best liked or most enjoyed
  • noun
  • A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

differently

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US / 'dɪfrəntlɪ /

UK / ˈdɪfərəntlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In another and different manner

encounter

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US / ɪn'kaʊntə(r) /

UK / ɛnˈkaʊntɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • A chance meeting; unexpected or unplanned meeting
  • verb
  • To come up against a problem or trouble; meet
  • To meet someone or something unexpectedly

surface

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US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
  • noun
  • Top layer of the ground or of water
  • Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
  • Outside or upper layer of something
  • verb
  • To give (road) a top layer
  • To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
  • To come to the top of something; emerge
  • To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

three

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US / θri: /

UK / θri /

A1
  • number
  • Number 3

philosophy

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US / fə'lɒsəfɪ /

UK / fɪˈlɑsəfi /

C1
  • noun
  • Study of ideas about the basic nature of life
  • Attitude to life that a person has
  • Particular ideas of an individual philosopher

illusion

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US / ɪ'lu:ʒn /

UK / ɪˈluʒən /

B2
  • noun
  • Idea, image or impression that is not correct

able

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US / 'eɪbl /

UK / ˈebəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Skilled; good at something
  • Having the ability to do something

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

professional

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US / prə'feʃənl /

UK / prəˈfɛʃənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of jobs such as doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc.
  • Acting/done properly as a qualified person would
  • Getting paid for playing a sport/doing an activity
  • noun
  • Highly qualified person, e.g. lawyer or doctor
  • One who plays a sport or similar activity as a job

perhaps

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US / pəˈhæps /

UK / pɚˈhæps /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

height

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US / haɪt /

UK / haɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Distance of something from the bottom to the top

front

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US / frʌnt /

UK / frʌnt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
  • noun
  • Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
  • Area where fighting in a war is happening
  • Place where air of different temperatures meets
  • verb
  • To have the forward part facing something
  • To lead a group of people, usually a band

completely

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US / kəmˈpli:tli /

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In every way or as much as possible

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

skin

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US / skɪn /

UK / skɪn /

A2
  • noun
  • Outer covering of an animal used for leather; hide
  • Outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
  • Outer layer of an animal or human
  • Outer part of an object, such as a plane
  • verb
  • To defeat someone easily and completely
  • To hurt yourself, accidentally cutting yourself
  • To remove the outer covering from an animal

match

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US / mætʃ /

UK / mætʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is equal to or the same as another
  • Small stick you strike to light a fire candle etc.
  • A sports competition between two people or teams
  • Person or thing that goes well with another
  • verb
  • To equal or be as good as something else
  • To work well or look good with something else

particular

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US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • One specific (one)
  • Having firm ideas about what is desirable
  • Being special or more than is typical

literally

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US / ˈlɪtərəli /

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to express the exact meaning of something
  • Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

help

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US / help /

UK / hɛlp /

A1
  • noun
  • Something given to enable a person to do something
  • Assistance given to someone in need
  • Someone who makes something easier or possible
  • verb
  • To act to enable a person to do something; assist
  • To make something better or less difficult

failure

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US / ˈfeɪljə(r) /

UK / 'feɪljər /

A1
  • noun
  • When things go wrong; lack of function
  • Act or result of not achieving your goals

counterintuitive

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US / kaʊntərɪn'tju:ɪtɪv /

UK / ˌkaʊntərɪn'tju:ɪtɪv /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Contrary to what common sense would suggest

experiment

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US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
  • verb
  • To create and perform tests to research something
  • To try something new that you haven't tried before

dive

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US / daɪv /

UK / daɪv /

B1
  • noun
  • Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
  • Rapid fall through air
  • A jump into water head-first from a high place
  • Rapid fall in the value or price of something
  • verb
  • To swim deep under water with an air supply
  • To rapid fall through air
  • To jump into water head-first
  • (Of prices) to rapidly fall

anybody

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US / ˈenibɒdi /

UK / ˈenibʌdi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Any person; anyone

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

audio

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US / ˈɔ:diəʊ /

UK / ˈɔ:dioʊ /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning sound

humility

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US / hju:ˈmɪləti /

UK / hjuˈmɪlɪti /

B2
  • noun
  • Quality of not feeling better than others

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

hope

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US / həʊp /

UK / hop /

A1
  • noun
  • When you wish something will happen; what you wish
  • verb
  • To expect and want something to happen

external

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US / eksˈtə:nl /

UK / ɪkˈstɚnəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning foreign countries
  • Concerning the outside of something; outer
  • Coming from the outside

biological

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US / ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

UK / ˌbaɪəˈlɑdʒɪkəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being related to life and living things

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

autism

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US / ˈɔ:tɪzəm /

UK / ˈɔˌtɪzəm /

B2
  • noun
  • Disorder that prevents normal communication

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

visual

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US / 'vɪʒʊəl /

UK / ˈvɪʒuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or relating to vision
  • noun
  • Pictures/images used to help audience understand

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

whichever

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US / wɪtʃˈevə(r) /

UK / hwɪtʃˈɛvɚ, wɪtʃ- /

B1
  • pronoun
  • Whatever one

indoor

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US / ˈɪndɔ:(r) /

UK / ˈɪnˌdɔr, -ˌdor /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Located, done, or used inside a building

environment

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US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

A1
  • noun
  • Natural world in which plants and animals live
  • The entire surrounding conditions of something

compensate

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US / ˈkɒmpenseɪt /

UK / ˈkɑ:mpenseɪt /

A2
  • verb
  • To give (money) to as a form of correcting a loss

another

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US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One more, but not this
  • determiner
  • One more added
  • pronoun
  • One more (thing)

worldview

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US / 'wɜ:ldvju: /

UK / 'wɜ:ldvju: /

A2
  • noun
  • One's perspective on the world

wonderful

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US / ˈwʌndəfl /

UK / 'wʌndərfl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Producing feelings of enjoyment or delight

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

hide

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US / haɪd /

UK / haɪd /

A1
  • noun
  • The skin of an animal used for making leather
  • verb
  • To go to, or put a thing where it can't be found

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

clip

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US / klɪp /

UK / klɪp /

B1
  • noun
  • A metal holder used for keeping things together
  • Brief part of a television show or movie
  • verb
  • To attach things together using a metal pin
  • To cut a small section or piece out from something
  • To hit something briefly at an angle

screen

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US / skri:n /

UK / skrin /

A2
  • noun
  • Wire net in a door or window to keep insects out
  • Displays in a theater on which movies are shown
  • Flat surface on a computer or TV showing images
  • verb
  • To hide or block something from being seen
  • To examine to find something, e.g. best candidate

meet

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US / mi:t /

UK / mit /

A1
  • noun
  • Sporting competition e.g. swimming
  • verb
  • To provide something that is necessary
  • To come together at a certain time or place

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

direct

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US / də'rekt /

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

A2
  • adverb
  • Coming straight from something
  • verb
  • To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
  • To show the way by conducting or leading
  • To control the acting in a movie or play

accurate

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US / ˈækjərət /

UK / ˈækjərɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • With no mistake or error; Correct

row

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US / rəʊ /

UK / roʊ /

A2
  • noun
  • Loud argument or quarrel between people
  • Straight line of things, e.g. seats in classroom
  • Loud, unpleasant, and undesirable noise
  • verb
  • To move a boat using oars
  • To argue or quarrel loudly about something

share

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US / ʃeə(r) /

UK / ʃɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Part-ownership in a property, business or company
  • Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
  • verb
  • To divide something between two or more people
  • To allow others to use your things equally
  • To give information, etc. to someone

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

entirely

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US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Wholly; completely

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

anything

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US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • A thing of any kind

something

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US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In some degree or measure
  • noun
  • a person or thing of some value or consequence
  • pronoun
  • Thing that is not yet known or named
  • Approximately

probably

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US / ˈprɒbəbli /

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • That is likely to happen or be true

matter

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US / 'mætə(r) /

UK / ˈmætɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Material all things are made of that fills space
  • Problem or reason for concern
  • verb
  • To be of great importance; to count

imagine

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US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To think creatively about; form mental picture of

subjective

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US / səbˈdʒektɪv /

UK / səbˈdʒɛktɪv /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Using personal feelings and opinions not facts

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

reason

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US / 'ri:zn /

UK / ˈrizən /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
  • Explanation for why something occurred or was done
  • verb
  • To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

listen

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US / ˈlɪsn /

UK / ˈlɪsən /

A1
  • verb
  • To carefully consider what someone is saying

switch

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US / swɪtʃ /

UK / swɪtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • A change or shift from one method to another
  • Thing you move to turn electrical items on or off
  • Thin flexible piece of wood or stick
  • verb
  • To exchange or replace something for another thing

sure

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US / ʃʊə(r) /

UK / ʃʊr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having no doubts about something
  • Have confidence in your own words or actions
  • Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
  • Being correct or true
  • adverb
  • What you say to agree willingly

meme

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US / mi:m /

UK / mi:m /

C1
  • noun
  • Idea, value or pattern of behavior in a culture

day

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US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

explain

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US / ɪk'spleɪn /

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

A1
  • verb
  • To make clear or easy to understand by describing

ever

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US / 'evə(r) /

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At any time; at all times in the future

try

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US / traɪ /

UK / traɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
  • verb
  • To make an effort, to attempt to do something
  • To examine someone or something in a court of law
  • To test to see if it is good or you like it
  • To make a person go through hardship; test
  • To examine something to see if it works

splice

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US / splaɪs /

UK / splaɪs /

C1
  • noun
  • Making two or more pieces of rope/film into one
  • verb
  • To connect pieces of rope, wire, or film into one

optical

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US / ˈɒptɪkl /

UK / ˈɑptɪkəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning vision or helping people see
  • Concerning light, lenses or cameras

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

contrary

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US / 'kɒntrərɪ /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtrɛri /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of weather) difficult; likely to cause trouble
  • Going against authority, a parent, or the rules

available

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US / əˈveɪləbl /

UK / əˈveləbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Present and able to be used
  • Able to be used at a scheduled time

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

surely

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US / ˈʃʊəli /

UK / ˈʃʊrli /

A1
  • adverb
  • With certainty; definitely

slap

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US / slæp /

UK / slæp /

B1
  • verb
  • To hit with the open hand or with a flat object

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

guess

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US / ɡes /

UK / ɡɛs /

A1
  • noun
  • Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
  • verb
  • To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

describe

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US / dɪ'skraɪb /

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

appear

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US / ə'pɪə(r) /

UK / əˈpɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be seen, become visible; come into sight
  • To seem to be
  • To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

reality

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US / rɪ'ælətɪ /

UK / riˈælɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • What is true, as opposed to what is imagined

separate

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US / 'sepəreɪt /

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being different from or unrelated to another
  • verb
  • To divide two things by being in between them
  • To live away from your husband or wife
  • To move things away from each other

mild

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US / maɪld /

UK / maɪld /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Gentle in nature or behavior
  • Being neither too cold nor too hot

white

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US / waɪt /

UK / hwaɪt, waɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belonging to a race of people with light skin
  • Of the color of fresh snow and milk
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Lightest color; The color of fresh snow.

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

reflection

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US / rɪˈflekʃn /

UK / rɪˈflɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Sign or indication of a state or condition
  • Image that you see in a mirror, glass, or water
  • An image in glass, water, a mirror, etc.
  • Process of thinking carefully about something

balance

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US / ˈbæləns /

UK / ˈbæləns /

A2
  • noun
  • Instrument for weighing things
  • Being stable; having equal weight on both sides
  • Money remaining after paying costs
  • verb
  • To be steady by having equal weight on both sides
  • To make two or more things equal

exactly

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US / ɪgˈzæktli /

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

A1
  • adverb
  • No more and no less than; precisely

age

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US / eɪdʒ /

UK / edʒ /

A1
  • verb
  • To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
  • To get older
  • noun
  • Period of time in history
  • Number of years a person or thing has lived

write

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • verb
  • To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
  • To invent or create a computer program
  • To create a song or piece of music

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

walk

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US / wɔ:k /

UK / wɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Journey on foot done for pleasure or exercise
  • verb
  • To move with your legs at a slowish pace

speak

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US / spi:k /

UK / spik /

A1
  • verb
  • To be able to use a certain language
  • To use words to tell information, express thoughts

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

yeah

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US / jeə /

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

A1
  • exclamation
  • Another way of saying 'yes'

remarkable

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US / rɪˈmɑ:kəbl /

UK / rɪˈmɑrkəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Interesting and unexpected, worthy of notice

similarly

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US / ˈsɪmələli /

UK / ˈsɪmələrli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a way almost the same as something else

projection

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US / prəˈdʒekʃn /

UK / prəˈdʒɛkʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • A prediction; guess about future developments
  • An image on a screen
  • A part that sticks out

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

exhibit

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US / ɪɡ'zɪbɪt /

UK / ɪɡˈzɪbɪt, ɛɡ- /

A2
  • noun
  • Object put on public display, e.g. in a gallery
  • verb
  • To show something, such as an emotion
  • To put object on public display, e.g. in a gallery

diversity

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US / daɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

UK / dɪˈvə:sɪti, daɪ- /

B1
  • noun
  • Having a range of different races, ideas etc.

example

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US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

cylinder

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US / ˈsɪlɪndə(r) /

UK / ˈsɪləndɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Tube shape with flat ends

roughly

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US / ˈrʌfli /

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
  • In a manner that is violent or not careful
  • In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
  • In a basic, simple manner

present

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US / 'preznt /

UK / ˈprɛznt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in attendance; being there; having turned up
  • noun
  • Gift
  • Verb tense indicating an action is happening now
  • Current time; now
  • verb
  • To introduce someone to others
  • To host a program on television or radio
  • To give a speech or presentation
  • To show something to someone who will examine it
  • To appear or happen
  • To give an award or prize to someone

medium

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US / 'mi:dɪəm /

UK / ˈmidiəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Method of expressing ideas or feelings
  • Something available in a middle size or condition
  • Person who claims to communicate with the dead

hard

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US / hɑ:d /

UK / hɑː(r)d /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult to do; difficult to understand
  • (Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
  • (Of alcohol) strong
  • Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
  • Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
  • Strong
  • (Of edge) clear; sharp
  • Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
  • adverb
  • With lots of force, power, or impact

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

place

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US / pleɪs /

UK / ples /

A1
  • noun
  • Particular location, area or region
  • verb
  • To put someone in a particular type of situation
  • To put something in a certain location or position

cause

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US / kɔ:z /

UK / kɔz /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • Reason for
  • verb
  • To make something happen; create effect or result

search

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US / sɜ:tʃ /

UK / sɜ:rtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Examination of person to find something
  • Action to find an answer to a problem
  • Action of trying to find someone or something
  • verb
  • To examine a person's clothing to find something
  • To look for an answer or explanation to a problem
  • To look carefully for someone or something

suppose

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US / sə'pəʊz /

UK / səˈpoʊz /

A2
  • conjunction
  • What if
  • verb
  • To imagine or guess what might happen

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

must

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US / məst /

UK / mʌst /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is necessary or required
  • other
  • (Used to state that something ought to be true)
  • Used to say something is required or necessary

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

square

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US / skweə(r) /

UK / skwɛr /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being fair or honest
  • Multiply a number by itself e.g. 2x2 or 6x6
  • noun
  • Shape with 4 equal length sides and 4 equal angles
  • The result of multiplying Length by the width
  • Open public area in the middle of the town
  • verb
  • To make something balance or be equal
  • To multiply a number by itself, e.g. 2x2 or 6x8
  • To straighten the edge to form a four-sided shape

political

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US / pəˈlɪtɪkl /

UK / pəˈlɪtɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being active or interested in government matters
  • Diplomatic
  • Of the system of elections and government
  • Concerning government or public affairs
  • Involved in getting of power/influence in a group

interesting

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US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Taking your attention; making you want to know
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

checkerboard

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US / ˈtʃekəbɔ:d /

UK / ˈtʃekərbɔ:rd /

A1
  • noun
  • Board having squares of two alternating colors

value

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US / 'vælju: /

UK / ˈvælju /

A1
  • noun
  • Importance you attach to something
  • Some information expressed as a number
  • Stated price of something; worth
  • verb
  • To place a high importance on something
  • To say how much money something is worth

relevance

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US / 'reləvəns /

UK / ˈrɛləvəns /

B1
  • noun
  • State of being related or appropriate to a topic

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

sensory

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US / ˈsensəri /

UK / ˈsɛnsəri /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to the physical senses

linguistically

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US / /

UK / /

B1
  • adverb
  • With respect to language

least

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US / li:st /

UK / list /

A1
  • adverb
  • In the smallest or lowest way
  • noun
  • Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

fascinating

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US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
  • Very interesting
  • verb
  • To attract or interest greatly

everywhere

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US / ˈevriweə(r) /

UK / ˈevriwer /

A1
  • adverb
  • Every place

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

sit

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US / sɪt /

UK / sɪt /

A1
  • verb
  • To take an exam
  • To be in a resting position on a chair
  • To provide seating for people
  • To remain in a still position while being painted

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

label

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US / 'leɪbl /

UK / ˈlebəl /

A2
  • noun
  • A (luxury) brand owned by a company
  • A word or term used to describe a person, thing
  • A piece of paper or material to identify something
  • verb
  • To use a term to describe, often negatively
  • To attach material to identify something

independent

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US / ˌɪndɪˈpendənt /

UK / ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Making your own decisions; acting by yourself
  • noun
  • A person not connected to a political party

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

eye

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US / aɪ /

UK / aɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • The part of the body that you see with
  • The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
  • Hole at the end of a needle
  • verb
  • To watch or study something closely

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

watch

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US / wɒtʃ /

UK / wɑtʃ /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
  • Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
  • Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
  • verb
  • To keep in check, manage, or control something
  • To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
  • To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
  • To look at carefully to work out what is happening
  • To protect and care for someone or something

tend

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US / tend /

UK / tɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To move or act in a certain manner
  • To take care of
  • To regularly behave in a certain way

suddenly

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US / ˈsʌdənli /

UK / ˈsʌdn:lɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In an unexpected or very quick manner

total

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US / ˈtəʊtl /

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete
  • noun
  • Whole number or amount of something
  • verb
  • To damage a car beyond repair

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

listener

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US / ˈlɪsənə(r) /

UK / ˈlɪsənər /

A1
  • noun
  • Someone who listens

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

absolutely

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US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally; very

information

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US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Collection of facts and details about something

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

parallel

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US / 'pærəlel /

UK / ˈpærəˌlɛl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of two lines) at equal distance from each other
  • (Of computer operation) happening at the same time
  • Very similar and often occurring at the same time
  • noun
  • A line on a map a set distance from the equator
  • verb
  • To be equal to, or like, something else
  • To compare

part

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US / pɑ:t /

UK / pɑ:rt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To some degree; half; not fully
  • noun
  • Division of a book
  • Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
  • A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
  • Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
  • Some, but not all of a specific thing
  • Role in causing something to happen
  • verb
  • To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
  • To move two things apart creating a space
  • To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

stead

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US / sted /

UK / stɛd /

C1
  • noun
  • In someone's stead archaic instead of someone

without

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US / wɪˈðaʊt /

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Not with; not having

process

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US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

rewind

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US / ˌri:ˈwaɪnd /

UK / riˈwaɪnd /

C1
  • verb
  • To make something go backwards

social

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US / ˈsəuʃəl /

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
  • Liking being with other people; friendly
  • Living together and depending on each other

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

via

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US / ˈvaɪə /

UK / ˈvaɪə, ˈviə /

B1
  • preposition
  • By the means of using something
  • By going through, by way of

conversation

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US / ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn /

UK / ˌkɑnvɚˈseʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Talking with other people; discussion or chat

full

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US / fʊl /

UK / fʊl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Containing all the parts; complete
  • Containing or holding as much as possible
  • Having had enough food
  • adverb
  • In a direct manner; completely

encode

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US / ɪn'kəʊd /

UK / ɛnˈkod /

B2
  • verb
  • To change a message or information into code

feed

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US / fi:d /

UK / fid /

A2
  • noun
  • Food given to animals
  • verb
  • To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
  • To push something through an opening
  • To provide necessary supplies to

hear

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
  • To be told or find out information or facts
  • To consider or listen to a court case

sun

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US / sʌn /

UK / sʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Light and heat coming from a large star in the sky
  • Hot shining star the Earth moves around
  • verb
  • To lie in the sunshine and enjoy its warmth

accurately

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US / 'ækjərətlɪ /

UK / 'ækjərətlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • Exactly and without any mistakes; correctly

exist

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US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

A1
  • verb
  • To be present, alive or real

damn

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US / dæm /

UK / dæm /

B2
  • exclamation
  • A mild swear word used to express annoyance
  • verb
  • To cause the downfall or failure of; criticize
  • To threaten with everlasting punishment

needle

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US / 'ni:dl /

UK / ˈnidl /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a medical device used to inject medicine
  • Very thin pointed object used in sewing
  • Thin pointed leaves of some trees, e.g. pine tree
  • verb
  • To upset someone by making rude or hurtful remarks

remember

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US / rɪ'membə(r) /

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

A1
  • verb
  • To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
  • To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
  • To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

bit

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US / bɪt /

UK / bɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • Small piece of something
  • verb
  • (E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

believe

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US / bɪ'li:v /

UK / bɪˈliv /

A1
  • verb
  • To think or accept that something is true
  • To have a particular opinion about something

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

viewer

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US / ˈvju:ə(r) /

UK / ˈvjuɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Special machine to look at pictures
  • Someone who watches, e.g. television

background

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US / ˈbækgraʊnd /

UK / ˈbækˌɡraʊnd /

A2
  • noun
  • Images, color, or information behind the main one
  • Someone's personal work and educational history
  • A position not as important as the main event
  • Past events that influence things in the present

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

everything

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US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • All of the things mentioned

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

change

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US / tʃeɪndʒ /

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Exchange of one set of clothes for another
  • Money in the form of coins instead of paper
  • Money returned after giving too much
  • Act of making or becoming something else
  • verb
  • To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • To exchange one kind of money for another
  • To replace something with another thing
  • To make or become something else
  • To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

simple

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US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

evidence

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US / 'evɪdəns /

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

perceptual

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US / pəˈseptʃuəl /

UK / pərˈseptʃuəl /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Relating to immediate sensory experience

paper

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US / ˈpeɪpə(r) /

UK / ˈpeɪpər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not existing in reality, or done infrequently
  • Made from the material that we use to make books
  • noun
  • Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
  • Written test
  • Newspaper
  • Pages of a book are made from this

spark

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US / spɑ:k /

UK / spɑrk /

B1
  • noun
  • Small piece of burning material produced by fire
  • Tiny, brief bit of light caused by electric energy
  • First small part of an idea or feeling
  • verb
  • To make tiny, brief bits of light
  • To start something new; To set in motion, activate

unrecognized

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US / ʌnˈrekəɡnaɪzd /

UK / ʌnˈrekəɡnaɪzd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not yet well-known for something

ambient

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US / 'æmbɪənt /

UK / ˈæmbiənt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or in the surrounding area or air

naturally

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US / ˈnætʃrəli /

UK / ˈnætʃərəli, ˈnætʃrə- /

A2
  • adverb
  • In the expected or usual way
  • Without the aid of someone or something

throw

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US / θrəʊ /

UK / θroʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
  • Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
  • Forcibly putting someone on the ground
  • verb
  • To use your arm to make something fly in the air
  • To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
  • To confuse or upset someone
  • (E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
  • To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

constitute

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US / 'kɒnstɪtju:t /

UK / ˈkɑnstɪˌtut, -ˌtjut /

B1
  • verb
  • To become a group of
  • To establish or form a government, etc.
  • To be similar or equal to something

else

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US / els /

UK / ɛls /

A1
  • adverb
  • Otherwise; if you fail to
  • (Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

figure

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US / ˈfiɡə /

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Your body shape
  • Numbers in a calculation
  • Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
  • Picture or diagram giving information in a text
  • Person who is very important or famous
  • Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
  • Amount that is expressed in numbers
  • verb
  • To appear in a game, play or event
  • To calculate how much something will cost
  • To understand after thinking; work out

huge

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US / hju:dʒ /

UK / hjudʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very very large

move

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US / mu:v /

UK / muv /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
  • An action; doing something
  • Step taken to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to have certain emotions
  • To cause something to change to a different place
  • To change where people live or a business operates
  • To take action to do or achieve something

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

useful

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US / ˈju:sfl /

UK / ˈjusfəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • That can help with a particular task

yes

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US / jes /

UK / jɛs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Way to say you agree or will do something

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

common

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US / 'kɒmən /

UK / ˈkɑmən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
  • Typical, normal; not unusual
  • noun
  • Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
  • Field near a village owned by the local community

correctly

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US / kə'rektlɪ /

UK / kəˈrɛktlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In an accurate or correct manner

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

particularity

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US / pəˌtɪkjuˈlærəti /

UK / pərˈtɪkjuˈlærəti /

B2
  • noun
  • Unusual or specific feature or characteristic

produce

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US / prə'dju:s /

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

A1
  • noun
  • Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
  • verb
  • To grow something naturally
  • To make something appear
  • To manufacture something using machines
  • To control the making a movie or television show

top

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US / tɒp /

UK / tɑp /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good or great; excellent
  • Being the most in degree or quality
  • noun
  • Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
  • A cover or lid
  • Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
  • Highest or upper part or point of something
  • Best or highest status or position
  • Flat upper surface or edge of an object
  • Child's toy that spins on its point
  • Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
  • Winning in a sport or contest
  • verb
  • To be higher or larger than a specific value
  • To arrive at the highest point of something
  • To put a cover or layer or over something
  • To kill; murder
  • To hold the highest position on a list
  • To be more important, successful or better than
  • To beat someone or win at a game

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

bring

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US / brɪŋ /

UK / brɪŋ /

A1
  • verb
  • To take or go with someone to a place

project

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US / prəˈdʒekt /

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

A1
  • noun
  • A planned piece of work for specific purpose
  • Group of homes built by government for poor people
  • verb
  • To predict what will happen in the future
  • To show something on a screen using light
  • To stick out past the edge of something

link

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US / lɪŋk /

UK / lɪŋk /

A2
  • noun
  • Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
  • Connection between two or more things or people
  • Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
  • verb
  • To join or connect together

naive

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US / naɪˈi:v /

UK / nɑˈiv /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Unsophisticated; innocent and unknowing

shadow

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US / 'ʃædəʊ /

UK / ˈʃædo /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who follows another person to observe them
  • Area of darkness that is caused by blocked light
  • verb
  • To cover something with shade
  • To secretly follow a person

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

spot

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US / spɒt /

UK / spɑt /

A2
  • noun
  • A certain place or area
  • A difficult time; awkward situation
  • Place or ranking on a list
  • A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
  • Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
  • verb
  • To see someone or something by chance

room

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US / ru:m /

UK / rum, rʊm /

A1
  • noun
  • All of the people inside a particular room
  • Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
  • Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
  • verb
  • To share a home with someone

blue

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US / blu: /

UK / blu /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Color of the clear sky
  • Feeling sad or down

cognitively

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US / /

UK / /

C1
  • adverb
  • With regard to cognition

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

understand

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US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

A1
  • verb
  • To know the meaning of language, what someone says

study

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US / 'stʌdɪ /

UK / ˈstʌdi /

A1
  • noun
  • Room that a person studies or reads in
  • Piece of research
  • Topic or subject you research or learn about
  • verb
  • To focus on learning something usually at school

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

explanation

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US / ˌekspləˈneɪʃn /

UK / ˌɛkspləˈneʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Details or reasons given to make something clear

platform

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US / 'plætfɔ:m /

UK / ˈplætˌfɔrm /

B1
  • noun
  • Flat, raised structure that people stand on
  • Area from which you board a train at a station

register

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US / 'redʒɪstə(r) /

UK / ˈrɛdʒɪstɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Till; machine used add up things you buy
  • Range of notes of a person's (singing) voice
  • verb
  • To record your name on an official list; sign up
  • To show an amount on a measurement device
  • (Of feelings) to show or make visible

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

subscribe

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US / səb'skraɪb /

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

B1
  • verb
  • To regularly pay to receive a service

toy

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US / tɔɪ /

UK / tɔɪ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Something small in size compared to an original
  • noun
  • Things children play with, as dolls or small cars
  • verb
  • To play with (your food, someone's feelings)

somebody

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US / 'sʌmbədɪ /

UK / ˈsʌmˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi, -bədi /

A1
  • noun
  • Important well-respected person
  • pronoun
  • Person who is not known or named

potentially

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US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • That could happen or become reality

book

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US / bʊk /

UK / bʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing made of pages with writing on that you read
  • verb
  • (Police) to officially record someone's crimes
  • To reserve (hotel room, etc.) in advance
  • To produce a red or yellow card to a soccer player

currently

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US / ˈkʌrəntli /

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

A2
  • adverb
  • Happening or being in the present time

expect

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US / ɪk'spekt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

A1
  • verb
  • To believe something is probably going to happen

presumably

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US / prɪˈzju:məbli /

UK / prɪˈzu:məbli /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to be likely to be true or correct

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

belief

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US / bɪˈli:f /

UK / bɪˈlif /

A1
  • noun
  • Being sure that something exists or is true
  • Trust in an idea or set of ideas
  • A particular opinion about something

color

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US / 'kʌlə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌlɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Quality of things you can see, e.g. red, blue
  • Pink or red in your face, e.g. after being ill
  • The shade of someone's skin e.g. black, or yellow
  • verb
  • To change or affect someone's opinion
  • To make something colorful using colored pencils

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

maybe

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US / ˈmeɪbi /

UK / ˈmebi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

quite

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US / kwaɪt /

UK / kwaɪt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not very; fairly
  • Very; In a complete or total manner

whole

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US / həul /

UK / hol /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; all of
  • Being in a good condition
  • noun
  • Complete amount or sum; total

experience

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US / ɪk'spɪərɪəns /

UK / ɪkˈspɪriəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing a person has done or that happened to them
  • An event at which you learned something
  • Knowledge gained by living life, doing new things
  • verb
  • To gain knowledge by doing things

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

yellow

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US / ˈjeləʊ /

UK / ˈjeloʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Color of lemons or the sun
  • Lacking in courage; cowardly (used as an INSULT)
  • verb
  • To turn yellow, often due to being old

syllable

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US / 'sɪləbl /

UK / ˈsɪləbəl /

B2
  • noun
  • Part of a word containing a vowel

abound

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US / ə'baʊnd /

UK / əˈbaʊnd /

B2
  • verb
  • To exist in large amounts or numbers; be plentiful

cloud

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US / klaʊd /

UK / klaʊd /

A1
  • noun
  • A mass of smoke or mist hanging in the air
  • verb
  • To confuse the mind/judgment of a person
  • (Of the sky) to get darker and fill with clouds
  • To make (glass, etc.) difficult to see through
  • To make an activity less pleasant or enjoyable
  • (Of person's face, etc.) to show worry/anger

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

effect

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US / ɪ'fekt /

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

A1
  • noun
  • An advantage, benefit
  • Change brought about by a cause; result

perception

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US / pəˈsepʃn /

UK / pɚˈsɛpʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Way in which one sees or understands something

pessimistic

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US / ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk /

UK / ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having negative feelings about the future

philosophically

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US / ˌfɪlə'sɒfɪklɪ /

UK / ˌfɪləˈsɑfɪkl:ɪ /

C1
  • adverb
  • In a calm, reasonable way, even if things are bad

whether

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US / ˈweðə(r) /

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

A1
  • conjunction
  • If something will happen or not

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

demonstrate

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US / 'demənstreɪt /

UK / ˈdɛmənˌstret /

A2
  • verb
  • To display a feeling or ability openly
  • To protest about something often as a group
  • To prove or make clear by reasoning or evidence
  • To show how something works (e.g. product)

automatic

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US / ˌɔ:tə'mætɪk /

UK / ˌɔtəˈmætɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Done without conscious thought
  • Operating by itself, without an operator
  • noun
  • Car that is able to change gears by itself

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

google

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US / 'ɡu:ɡl /

UK / 'ɡu:ɡl /

A1
  • noun
  • A widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important
  • other
  • Search the internet (for information) using the Google search engine

orangey

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US / 'ɒrɪndʒɪ /

UK / 'ɒrɪndʒɪ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Slightly orange in color
  • Introduction to Video Content
  • This article explores the topic of optical visual illusions and their implications for our understanding of consciousness. The video subtitles introduce the concept of illusions as a way to demonstrate that our perception of reality is not a direct reflection of what is actually there. The brain encodes expectations, such as perceiving objects in shadow as darker than they are, which influences how we experience shading and color. The removal of contextual information can drastically alter our perception of colors. The subtitles then describe a famous visual illusion involving a cylinder casting a shadow on a checkerboard. Despite both squares being the same shade in the image, our brain makes the square in the shadow appear darker due to the association with shadow. The subtitles introduce the term 'cognitively impenetrable' to describe the inability to unsee the illusion even when one is aware of the trickery. The article emphasizes that these illusions are not failures of our perceptual system, but rather a result of our eyes and brains interpreting information to best understand the situation at hand. The overall perception of the scene, including the presence of the cylinder and checkerboard, remains accurate despite the peculiar effect with colors. Through examining optical illusions, neuroscientists gain insights into the intricacies of human consciousness.
  • Subtitles section
  • Optical visual illusions, they're perhaps the easiest way to show that what we experience is really not a direct reflection of what's there.
  • And these can range from very simple things like our brain encodes expectations that things in shadow appear darker than they are.
  • And so we can show that that really changes how we experience shading and color.
  • And we take the context away, and suddenly the colors all look different.
  • Yeah, that wonderful famous image which, for viewers, I can put on screen.
  • For listeners, we'll have to do with the explanation.
  • It's sort of a generated image of a cylinder producing a shadow on a checkerboard.
  • And the light square in the shadow and the dark square outside of the shadow look like different colors.
  • But in fact, they are, in the image, the exact same shade.
  • But because our brain sees that the one is under a shadow, or at least it appears to be in the image, it's the illusion, our brain just makes it look darker.
  • And you describe this kind of illusion as, what's the word you use, like cognitively impenetrable or something?
  • Yeah, that's right.
  • Even when you know what's going on, you can't help.
  • You can't unsee it.
  • You can't unsee it.
  • So it's hardwired into our perceptual system.
  • And it's not a failure of our perceptual system.
  • Our eyes and brains were not intended to be light meters.
  • They're intended to figure out, most likely, what's actually going on.
  • And so given that particular sensory information, we see the situation kind of accurately.
  • Yes, there's a cylinder and a checkerboard.
  • And that's the situation.
  • So it kind of doesn't matter, given our overall perceptual take, that there's this funny effect with colors going on.
  • The other, perhaps more interesting implication that has relevance for everyday lives, too, is that we will all see the same world slightly differently, even if we don't recognize that we do.
  • And this, too, is a bit counterintuitive.
  • If we start from the kind of naive realism view that we see things, hear things as they are, then, of course, we would just naturally expect, assume without thinking, that somebody else sharing the same environment,
  • We're in the same room here, is going to be experiencing things in exactly the same way, because we all experience things as they are.
  • And the character of our experience is like that, too.
  • It really seems as though I'm seeing the world as it is, in a way that's independent of my own brain and mind.
  • But if that's not the case, as I think it's not the case, then just as we all have different bodies and skin color and height and so on, we all have different brains.
  • So we're going to exhibit a kind of inner diversity just as much as we exhibit this external diversity.
  • We're going to have a perceptual diversity.
  • And that is something we're currently studying, because a lot's known about it.
  • And I would say when the diversity gets sufficiently large that we slap a label on it and say, this is autism or this is schizophrenia.
  • But there's this whole middle range where I think most people just assume that we have the same subjective encounter with things.
  • Sometimes it's, this is thrown into doubt, there was that social media meme of the dress, which half the world saw one way and half the world saw the other way.
  • Yes, and you saw black and blue.
  • I saw black and blue.
  • I also saw and see black and blue and struggled to see white and gold.
  • Again, a simple Google search for anybody listening, but I'll put it up on screen.
  • You'll probably remember this if you weren't living under a rock at the time.
  • Fascinating, you talk in the book about how people started doing experiments.
  • Because I mean, presumably it has something to do with the fact that in this image, you don't know what color the lights are.
  • So, you know, if you've ever taken a camera, most cameras will do this automatically, like the camera on your phone.
  • But if you take a professional camera and you don't set the white balance, then, you know, the cameras that we have on us right now, if I've set them correctly, make us look sort of, you know, roughly the color that we actually are in the room.
  • But if we were to move into a room lit with yellow lights, we'd suddenly look really orange on the camera.
  • Even though to our eyes, we look the same because, you know, the camera doesn't have a brain that can make that projection, right?
  • The camera is seeing just what it's presented with.
  • It just sort of becomes orange because the lights change.
  • But if we go into a separate room, we appear, everything still appears the same color, which I guess is further evidence that what we're seeing is in part what our brain is projecting.
  • But in the case of the black and white dress, it's like, depending on how the white balance of the camera was set and depending on what color the lights were, it would sort of change how it appears on camera.
  • So you talk about people like looking at the image and then running outside to change the lights to see if it will sort of change their perception.
  • I don't know if there are many cases of people who were able to sort of flip between the two.
  • I think there are a few, I've never been able to do it.
  • I mean, I can see it differently if I change the background enough because yeah, you're absolutely right.
  • It seems to be, so we have this basically biological automatic white balancing happening all the time.
  • So if you take this, and I've got a piece of white paper in front of me here, it looks white.
  • If I take it outside, it still looks white.
  • But the light coming into my eyes would have changed massively because indoors it's a relatively orangey ambient light from the artificial lights we have.
  • And outdoors, it's gonna be relatively bluish.
  • It's a sunny day.
  • And our brains automatically compensate for that.
  • And so we see white.
  • And that's a useful thing for us to do.
  • You could make the argument that the camera, of course it doesn't subjectively see anything, but it's more accurate in registering what's there.
  • But that's not very useful.
  • Imagine if our perceptual experiences just changed all the time, depending on whether the sun went behind a cloud or whether we walked from one room to another.
  • That would be a very, very maladaptive way of encountering the world.
  • So all that stuff is hidden from us.
  • And the example of the dress showed that this particular process of biological white balancing actually varies a little bit from person to person.
  • And it just by happenstance, serendipity, found this sweet spot where some people's white balancing was such that they saw it one way and others such that they saw it another way.
  • And the kind of vociferousness of the arguments that it sparked about, no, it's really got to be blue and black and I don't know what you're talking about.
  • That for me was the interesting part of it because it really surfaced that we do bring to bear this kind of naive realism about our experiences.
  • So that it's very hard for us to even concede or conceptualize that somebody else might experience the same thing, reality seen differently.
  • Audio illusions are interesting too.
  • I mean, it seems to me that those are easier to potentially switch between.
  • Have you heard the brainstorm green needle one?
  • That's one of my favorites because there's also the Yanni and Laurel one.
  • That one people tend to say, I sort of hear one or the other, but the reason I love the brainstorm green needle thing is because you can just hear one or the other depending on what you're expecting.
  • I'll play it for the people listening as well.
  • So it's from some kind of toy or something.
  • I imagine it's actually saying brainstorm, but I'll play it, I'll splice it in here.
  • So if you listen to this audio, I'll play it sort of three times in a row and you listen for the word brainstorm, I'll play the sound now.
  • You listen for the word brainstorm, you hear brainstorm, but if you listen to it again, but this time listen for the words green needle, I'll play it again.
  • Then you hear the other one.
  • You can sort of rewind that.
  • I'll just play it one more time.
  • Listen for whichever one you want and you'll hear it.
  • And it's just whatever you're expecting to hear, you hear.
  • What's remarkable about that, I think, is it's not just like hearing brainstorm and then hearing something like shame's form.
  • Green needle, if you write the words down, they look entirely different.
  • Like what phonetically or linguistically do these things have in common?
  • Green needle and brainstorm.
  • I spent ages sat there trying to figure out like which syllable matches onto the other one.
  • You know, how it is that you can hear one or the other, but you're quite right.
  • It's like completely and utterly opposite.
  • And I think that really does underline that the power of our expectations to constitute what we experience.
  • It's not just some sort of like mild fussing around on the top.
  • You know, it's really foundational because we can experience these two very different things purely by expecting to hear something.
  • Yeah, I mean, there can't really be an opposite of a word, phonetically speaking.
  • But if there were such thing as the opposite of brainstorm, it would probably be something like green needle.
  • Like you say, what we expect to hear changes what we actually in fact hear.
  • And when we listen to something, we think, no, that's what it is because I can hear it.
  • My perception is being caused by the object.
  • That must be what it is.
  • But this demonstrates that our perceptions or our expectations shape how we view the world.
  • And to me, I think this must have huge implications for worldview and for philosophy.
  • If you expect to find in the world evidence everywhere abounding that God exists, then you'll find it.
  • If you expect the world to be a pessimistic place full of suffering and misery, then that's what you find.
  • Similarly, I suppose, if you have an optimistic worldview and you expect the world to actually, you know, feed that back to you, then that's what you receive.
  • So, I mean, surely this can explain a lot about people's political and religious dogmatism that you meet somebody else and you just don't understand how they see the world that way.
  • How can you possibly think this is how the world works?
  • It's because that's what we've been taught to expect, right?
  • I think that's exactly right.
  • And you mentioned earlier that we might bring to bear some kind of unrecognized arrogance in our ways of seeing, because we don't recognize that they are dependent on our own particularities of our own minds,
  • Brains, and bodies.
  • And so, part of the value, I think, of this work, part of the implications politically, philosophically, sociologically, is in deflating some of that arrogance and cultivating, in its stead, a kind of humility about our own individual perceptual takes on the world.
  • And it's a humility that doesn't dive all the way down into total relativism and idealism.
  • We've talked about this already.
  • There is a world, and evolution has made damn sure that we see it in ways that, for most of us, most of the time are useful.
  • They're not going to be fully accurate.
  • They're not going to be completely identical.
  • And cultivating that humility at the level of something that seems so natural as perception, and my hope is, it's a bit of a hope, is that that can provide a bit of a platform for cultivating a parallel humility when it comes to our beliefs about things.
  • If we recognize that we can literally see things, the same thing differently, then maybe that gives us a bit of pause for thought about the things we believe, and how to at least begin to understand that other people can believe something that seems so contrary to our own ways of thinking.
  • The full conversation that the clip you just watched was taken from is available via the link that's on your screen.
  • Don't forget to subscribe.
  • Thank you for watching, and I'll see you in the next one.