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Why an Iran-Israel war now looks (relatively) unlikely

Original YouTube Video | TLDRnewsGLOBAL Published on 2024-04-20 Level：96 Speed：50 maxwordlevel：26

Video vocabulary

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

critic

US / 'krɪtɪk /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪk /

noun
Person who judges (e.g. art) and gives opinions

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

preoccupy

US / priˈɒkjupaɪ /

•

UK / priˈɑ:kjupaɪ /

verb
To cause to be absorbed in thinking about a thing

unpopular

US / ʌnˈpɒpjələ(r) /

•

UK / ʌnˈpɑpjəlɚ /

adjecitve
Disliked by many people

displace

US / dɪs'pleɪs /

•

UK / dɪsˈples /

verb
To cause someone to move from their usual place
To substitute something with something else

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

nebula

US / ˈnebjələ /

•

UK / ˈnɛbjələ /

noun
Cloud of dust and gas in outer space

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

centre

US / ˈsentə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To place a focus on something

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

isolation

US / ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌaɪsəˈleʃən /

noun
Condition of being in a distinct, separate place
Process of separating things from other things

deeply

US / ˈdi:pli /

•

UK / ˈdiplɪ /

adverb
To a significant degree
To a great, intense or extreme extent

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

syria

US / 'sɪrɪə /

•

UK / 'sɪrɪr /

other
An Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world

thursday

US / ˈθɜːzdeɪ /

•

UK / ˈθɜːrzdeɪ /

noun
Fourth day of the week; the day after Wednesday

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

behalf

US / bɪˈhɑːf /

•

UK / bɪˈhæf /

bode

US / bəʊd /

•

UK / boʊd /

verb
To be an omen for (good or bad events)

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

dive

US / daɪv /

•

UK / daɪv /

noun
Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
Rapid fall through air
A jump into water head-first from a high place
Rapid fall in the value or price of something
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

drone

US / drəʊn /

•

UK / dron /

noun
A remote controlled flying device
A continually dull or monotonous voice
Male bee
verb
To talk in a continually dull or monotonous voice

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

decide

US / dɪ'saɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈsaɪd /

verb
To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
To make a legal judgment in court
to affect the result of something

reopen

US / ˌri:'əʊpən /

•

UK / riˈopən /

verb
To open again or anew

secretary

US / 'sekrətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛkrɪˌtɛri /

noun
Office worker who makes appointments, etc.
Official in charge of a governmental department

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

aftermath

US / ˈɑ:ftəmæθ /

•

UK / ˈæftərmæθ /

noun
The bad result/situation after an event

consulate

US / ˈkɒnsjələt /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:nsələt /

noun
Residence or office premises of a counsel

ben

US / ben /

•

UK / bɛn /

noun
A mountain or tall hill

cameron

US / 'kæmərəz /

•

UK / 'kæmərəz /

dilemma

US / dɪ'lemə /

•

UK / dɪˈlɛmə /

noun
Position in which you must make difficult choices

invasion

US / ɪnˈveɪʒn /

•

UK / ɪnˈveʒən /

noun
Entry into a place to cause harm

incorrect

US / ˌɪnkəˈrekt /

•

UK / ˌɪnkəˈrɛkt /

adjecitve
Being wrong or inaccurate

increasingly

US / ɪnˈkri:sɪŋli /

•

UK / ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli /

adverb
More and more; in greater degree or amount

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

netanyahu

US / /

•

UK / /

regional

US / ˈri:dʒənl /

•

UK / ˈridʒənəl /

adjecitve
Of a particular area, not the whole of a country

significantly

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfəkəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is important or noticeable
In a way that is meaningful

variety

US / və'raɪətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

noun
Particular type of thing or person

cite

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

verb
To officially order someone to appear in court
To officially praise someone, e.g. for bravery
To reference the work of others in your writing

brand

US / brænd /

•

UK / brænd /

noun
A mark burned on an animal to show who owns it
Product made or designed by a named company
verb
To burn a mark on an animal to show who owns it
To describe someone as a liar, coward, etc.
To give a famous name to a product or service

nonetheless

US / ˌnʌnðəˈles /

•

UK / ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs /

adverb
In spite of that; nevertheless

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

retaliation

US / rɪˌtælɪˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / rɪˌtælɪˈeʃən /

noun
Revenge for something harmful or wrong

release

US / rɪ'li:s /

•

UK / rɪ'li:s /

noun
Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
verb
To free someone from a responsibility or burden
To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
To let go of something you are holding

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

baghdad

US / ˈbægˌdæd /

•

UK / ˈbæɡˌdæd /

proper noun
The capital of Iraq, on the Tigris River; population 6,194,800 (est. 2009).

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

criterion

US / kraɪ'tɪərɪən /

•

UK / kraɪˈtɪriən /

noun
Standard used to make judgments or decisions

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

forty

US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔrti /

number
40

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

conflict

US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

noun
Argument or struggle between two or more parties
verb
To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

mess

US / mes /

•

UK / mɛs /

noun
Something that is untidy, dirty or unclean
verb
To make something untidy or dirty

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

slash

US / slæʃ /

•

UK / slæʃ /

noun
Line ( / ) used in writing
Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
verb
To cut violently with a sharp object
To decrease something by a large amount

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

among

US / əˈmʌŋ /

•

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

preposition
In the center of several things

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

provoke

US / prəˈvəʊk /

•

UK / prəˈvoʊk /

verb
To deliberately annoy to make someone aggressive

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

mute

US / mju:t /

•

UK / mjut /

adjecitve
Not willing or being unable to speak
(Of a letter) not pronounced when saying a word
noun
Device used to make trombone, etc. sound quieter
verb
To cause a sound to be quieter or silent
To make softer or weaker, e.g. bright color

silence

US / 'saɪləns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪləns /

noun
State of being quiet and not talking for a time
When there is not sound or noise; complete quiet
Refusal to discuss or talk about an issue
verb
To stop the noise that something is making
To prevent someone from expressing thoughts

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

northwest

US / 'nɔ:θ'west /

•

UK / nɔrθˈwɛst, nɔrˈwɛst /

adjecitve
Being between west and north
Coming from the northwest, e.g. a northwest wind

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

respond

US / rɪ'spɒnd /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑnd /

verb
To answer something or someone
To have a good reaction to e.g. medical treatment

series

US / ˈsɪəri:z /

•

UK / ˈsɪriz /

noun
Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
other
Number of things that happen one after another

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

worried

US / ˈwʌrid /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:rid /

adjecitve
Feeling troubled or concerned
verb
To cause concern or trouble over something
To feel concerned or troubled about something

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

calibrate

US / ˈkælɪbreɪt /

•

UK / ˈkæləˌbret /

verb
To adjust an instrument to take exact measurements

recap

US / 'ri:kæp /

•

UK / riˈkæp /

noun
Brief description of something that had been said
verb
To describe or summarize the main points

posture

US / 'pɒstʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɑstʃɚ /

noun
Attitude someone adopts regarding a subject
The position of the body when standing or sitting
verb
To be insincere in order to gain favor

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

US / ˈpri:viəs /

•

UK / ˈpriviəs /

adjecitve
Existing or happening before the present time

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

barrage

US / 'bærɑ:ʒ /

•

UK / ˈbɑrɪdʒ /

noun
Continued fire of weapons or verbal utterances

afford

US / ə'fɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈfɔrd, əˈford /

verb
To make available, to provide
To have enough money to pay for something

deny

US / dɪ'naɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈnaɪ /

verb
To refuse to allow or accept something

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

meme

US / mi:m /

•

UK / mi:m /

noun
Idea, value or pattern of behavior in a culture

revenue

US / 'revənju: /

•

UK / ˈrevənju /

noun
Money that is made by or paid to a business
Money a government collects from its people

strike

US / straɪk /

•

UK / straɪk /

noun
A punch or hit
Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
verb
To hit something
To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
To have an idea occur to you

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

wedding

US / ˈwedɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈwɛdɪŋ /

noun
A marriage of two people
verb
To combine and join two things together as one

economy

US / ɪ'kɒnəmɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈkɑnəmi /

noun
Using money, resources in a careful, effective way
Total of all goods, services and wages in an area

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

satisfy

US / ˈsætɪsfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈsætɪsˌfaɪ /

verb
To make someone happy because they got their wish
To do what is required in order to finish

publish

US / 'pʌblɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪʃ /

verb
To prepare and make available a book magazine etc.
To release information to the general public

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

attack

US / ə'tæk /

•

UK / əˈtæk /

noun
Act intended to hurt someone physically, mentally
verb
To try to destroy, beat, or injure

exclusive

US / ɪk'sklu:sɪv /

•

UK / ɪkˈsklusɪv /

adjecitve
Being available only to people with a lot of money
Available to only a particular person, group

strategic

US / strəˈti:dʒɪk /

•

UK / strəˈtidʒɪk /

adjecitve
Concerned with strategy; well thought out

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

write

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

verb
To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
To invent or create a computer program
To create a song or piece of music

jerusalem

US / dʒə'ru:sələm /

•

UK / dʒə'rʊsələm /

proper noun
The holy city of the Jews, sacred also to Christians and Muslims, lying in the Judaean hills about 2

cbs

US / ˌsiː biː ˈes /

•

UK / ˌsiː biː ˈes /

abbreviation
Columbia Broadcasting System.

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

fire

US / 'faɪə(r) /

•

UK / faɪr /

noun
Heat and the flame produced when burning
Intense energy for or about something
verb
To apply heat to something to make it hard
To make a person leave their job; dismiss
To shoot a gun or weapon
To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
To start working on something e.g. a project

friday

US / ˈfraɪdeɪ /

•

UK / ˈfraɪdeɪ /

noun
Fifth day of the week; the day after Thursday

sanction

US / 'sæŋkʃn /

•

UK / ˈsæŋkʃən /

noun
Official support or approval
Action taken to force a country to obey laws
verb
To allow or approve something

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

unresponsive

US / ˌʌnrɪˈspɒnsɪv /

•

UK / ˌʌnrɪˈspɑ:nsɪv /

adjecitve
Not responding; unconscious; indifferent

claim

US / kleɪm /

•

UK / klem /

noun
Demand for something that is believed to be due
Something said to be true when others don't agree
verb
To demand something that is believed to be due
To cause someone's life to come to an end
To say something is true when others may not agree

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

eventually

US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

•

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

adverb
After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

lean

US / li:n /

•

UK / lin /

adjecitve
Having a low fat content
Efficient; well-designed with no waste
Thin; slim; skinny; with little fat on your body
verb
To balance against or on something for support
To have a tendency to do something; favor

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

rafa

US / /

•

UK / /

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

symbolism

US / ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪmbəˌlɪzəm /

noun
System of signs or representations

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

storey

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

fundamentally

US / ˌfʌndəˈmentəli /

•

UK / ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl:ɪ /

adverb
In a basic and important way

dynamic

US / daɪˈnæmɪk /

•

UK / daiˈnæmik /

adjecitve
Always active or energetic; getting things done

iranian

US / ɪ'reɪnɪən /

•

UK / ɪˈreniən, ɪˈrɑ-, aɪˈre- /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Iran
noun
Person from Iran

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

refuse

US / rɪ'fju:z /

•

UK / ˈrefjus /

noun
Garbage, waste
verb
To not accept, allow, or give something

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

firm

US / fɜ:m /

•

UK / fɚm /

adjecitve
Fairly hard or solid, not soft
Unchanging and strong
noun
Company that sells goods or services
verb
To make something become more solid or durable

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

directly

US / dəˈrektli /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktli, daɪ- /

adverb
In a frank and honest way
Right away; immediately

exciting

US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

adjecitve
Creating interest, happiness or pleasurable fear
verb
To cause a reaction; make active
To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

president

US / ˈprezɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈprɛzɪdənt,-ˌdɛnt /

noun
Person in charge of a country, or organization

win

US / wɪn /

•

UK / wɪn /

noun
Success in beating the other team or competitors
Success in a game or contest
verb
To get something as a prize because of a success
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

deter

US / dɪˈtɜ:(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈtə: /

verb
To stop people doing a thing; stop from happening

biden

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

primary

US / 'praɪmərɪ /

•

UK / ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri /

adjecitve
Most important, most basic or essential
Happening first; earliest
of or for the teaching of young children

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

rhetoric

US / ˈretərɪk /

•

UK / ˈrɛtərɪk /

noun
The study of public speaking or writing techniques

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

criticize

US / ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪz /

verb
To assess the work of others
To say that someone or something is bad

emerge

US / ɪ'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To rise or appear out of some background

cabinet

US / ˈkæbɪnət /

•

UK / ˈkæbənɪt /

noun
Piece of furniture resembling a cupboard
Group of advisors to a leader of a government

forewarn

US / fɔːˈwɔːn /

•

UK / fɔːrˈwɔːrn /

verb
To warn or give early warning in advance

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

province

US / 'prɒvɪns /

•

UK / ˈprɑvɪns /

noun
Subject that a person has a good knowledge of
Area a country is divided into outside the capital

unsurprisingly

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
In an expected manner; predictably

annual

US / ˈænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈænjuəl /

adjecitve
Happening once a year, or every year
noun
Book (in a series) released each year

anyone

US / ˈeniwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Any person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

partner

US / 'pɑ:tnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɑrtnɚ /

noun
One you have a business/personal relationship with
Someone you have personal relationship with
verb
To join with others for work or other activity

restrain

US / rɪ'streɪn /

•

UK / rɪˈstren /

verb
To limit, restrict, or keep under control

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

weekend

US / ˌwi:kˈend /

•

UK / ˈwi:kend /

noun
Saturday and Sunday, after the normal working week

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

apparently

US / əˈpærəntli /

•

UK / əˈpærəntlɪ /

adverb
According to what you heard; from what can be seen

creator

US / kriˈeɪtə(r) /

•

UK / kriˈetɚ /

noun
Person who makes something original or new

egyptian

US / ɪ'dʒɪpʃn /

•

UK / ɪˈdʒɪpʃən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Egypt
noun
Person from Egypt

emmanuel

US / /

•

UK / /

proper noun
The name given to Christ as the deliverer of Judah prophesied by Isaiah (Isa. 7:14, 8:8; Matt. 1:23)

denial

US / dɪˈnaɪəl /

•

UK / dɪˈnaɪəl /

noun
Statement which claims that something is not true

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

problematic

US / ˌprɒbləˈmætɪk /

•

UK / ˌprɑbləˈmætɪk /

adjecitve
Being difficult to deal with or fix

suspect

US / sə'spekt /

•

UK / səˈspɛkt /

adjecitve
(Of a thing) causing doubt; suspicious
noun
Person thought to have committed a crime
verb
To consider someone is the one guilty of a crime
To doubt or lack trust

whose

US / hu:z /

•

UK / huz /

pronoun
Refers to the person who owns something

truly

US / 'tru:lɪ /

•

UK / ˈtruli /

adverb
In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

verse

US / vɜ:s /

•

UK / vɚs /

noun
Writing with words that rhyme or are rhythmic
A section of writing, e.g. from the Bible
Section of a poem or song

birthday

US / ˈbɜ:θdeɪ /

•

UK / ˈbɚθˌde /

noun
Date each year on which you were born

coverage

US / ˈkʌvərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈkʌvərɪdʒ /

noun
Type of programs a radio or TV station broadcasts

click

US / klɪk /

•

UK / klɪk /

noun
The sound a computer mouse makes when you press it
A short, slight, and sharp sound
verb
To work well with someone or something
To press a computer mouse
To make a short, slight, and sharp sound

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

bell

US / bel /

•

UK / bɛl /

noun
Metal object shaped like a cup that rings when hit
Electronic device that makes a ringing sound

capital

US / 'kæpɪtl /

•

UK / ˈkæpɪtl /

adjecitve
Main, or major
noun
Writing the first letter of a word in big letters
Official main city of a country, province or state
Collective name for money, shares, and assets
Money that is used for a business

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

conditional

US / kənˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / kənˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Depending (on)
noun
Clause or sentence beginning with 'if' or 'unless'

insist

US / ɪn'sɪst /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɪst /

verb
To demand that someone do something
To strongly state your opinion without changing it

love

US / lʌv /

•

UK / lʌv /

noun
Person's name
A very strong feeling of affection
The person you care very deeply about
Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
verb
To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

quote

US / kwəʊt /

•

UK / kwot /

noun
Written statement of the cost of something
The (often wise or famous) words of another person
verb
To tell someone how much a task will cost
To repeat precisely what a person said or wrote

overwhelming

US / ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌovɚˈhwɛlmɪŋ, -ˈwɛl- /

adjecitve
Having too much to handle (e.g. work)
verb
To defeat something or someone completely
To affect someone emotionally in a strong way
To cause to have too much to handle (e.g. work)

remarkably

US / rɪ'mɑ:kəblɪ /

•

UK / rɪˈmɑrkəblɪ /

adverb
In an interesting or unexpected manner

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

alone

US / ə'ləʊn /

•

UK / əˈlon /

adjecitve
Apart from others
Without equal
adverb
Without anyone or anything else

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

palestinians

US / ˌpælɪˈstɪnɪənz /

•

UK / ˌpælɪˈstɪniənz /

other
People from Palestine

seek

US / si:k /

•

UK / sik /

verb
To ask someone for help
To search for; try to find or do; look for
To try to achieve something

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

treat

US / tri:t /

•

UK / trit /

noun
Something you buy for others as a surprise present
something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
verb
To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
To act in a certain way toward someone

advance

US / əd'vɑ:ns /

•

UK / ædˈvæns /

noun
Forward movement by an army
An attempt to seduce someone
verb
(Of an army) to move forward
To change or improve
To increase in price or value
To move forward in a certain direction
To try to seduce someone

bellicose

US / ˈbelɪkəʊs /

•

UK / ˈbelɪkoʊs /

adjecitve
Aggressive; wanting to fight

outline

US / ˈaʊtlaɪn /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌlaɪn /

noun
Line around the outer edge of something
A summary of the important points of a plan, etc.
verb
To draw around the outer edges of something
To summarize the important points of a plan, etc.

university

US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

noun
High-level educational institution; college

british

US / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of British

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

apparent

US / ə'pærənt /

•

UK / əˈpærənt, əˈpɛr- /

adjecitve
Easy to see or clearly understand
Seeming to exist or be true, but may not be

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

dinner

US / ˈdɪnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɪnɚ /

noun
Main meal of the day, often eaten in the evening

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

post

US / pəʊst /

•

UK / post /

noun
Message delivered or shared in an online group
Piece of wood, metal in the ground for support
Job or position within an organization or company
Place where a soldier, etc. is ordered to go
verb
To send a letter or package using stamps
To share a message on an internet discussion group
To send a soldier somewhere to do a job
To put a message in public for everyone to see

department

US / dɪˈpɑ:tmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈpɑ:rtmənt /

noun
Division of a larger part or organization

loom

US / lu:m /

•

UK / lum /

noun
Device with a frame used to make cloth from thread
verb
To appear in a large, unclear, or threatening form
(Of unpleasant thing) to be close to happening

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

damage

US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

noun
Physical harm that is done to something
verb
To harm physically; to hurt or break something

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

neither

US / ˈnaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈniðɚ, ˈnaɪ- /

adjecitve
Not one or the other not either none of two things
adverb
Similarly not, also not
conjunction
Not in either case
determiner
Not one or the other
pronoun
Not either one

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

telegraph

US / ˈtelɪgrɑ:f /

•

UK / ˈtelɪgræf /

noun
Messaging system using wires and electric signals
verb
To signal to someone without speaking
To send messages using electric wires

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

consensus

US / kənˈsensəs /

•

UK / kənˈsɛnsəs /

noun
A decision that is shared by most of a group

enrichment

US / ɪn'rɪtʃmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈrɪtʃmənt /

noun
Making someone's life richer

ongoing

US / ˈɒngəʊɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɑ:ngoʊɪŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing to exist or be in progress

military

US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning the army or navy
noun
Army or armed forces

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

territory

US / 'terətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

noun
Area of land defended by an animal
Area of particular knowledge or experience
Area owned or controlled by a government, person
Area of land with a specific defining feature

vocal

US / ˈvəʊkl /

•

UK / ˈvoʊkl /

adjecitve
Expressing an opinion publicly in a loud way
Concerning the voice

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

deliberately

US / dɪˈlɪbərətli /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪbərɪtlɪ /

adverb
In a careful, considered manner; on purpose
Purposely; on purpose

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

iraqi

US / iˈrɑ:ki /

•

UK / ɪˈræki, ɪˈrɑki /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Iraq
noun
Person from Iraq

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

responsibility

US / rɪˌspɒnsə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / rɪˌspɑnsəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Job, task or thing you are expected to look after
A thing to be done because it is morally correct
State of being dependable or reliable

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

refuge

US / 'refju:dʒ /

•

UK / ˈrɛfjudʒ /

noun
Somewhere you can find safety or hide

super

US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsupɚ /

adjecitve
Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

aggressively

US / ə'ɡresɪvlɪ /

•

UK / əˈɡrɛsɪvlɪ /

adverb
Using energy and determination to achieve a goal
In a violent, angry or threatening manner

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

agree

US / əˈgri: /

•

UK / əˈɡri /

verb
To have the same opinion as someone else

israel

US / 'ɪzreɪl /

•

UK / 'ɪzreɪl /

noun
Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine

section

US / 'sekʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛkʃən /

noun
A part of a whole
Specific area or region within a larger place
Specific group of people from a larger group
Part of a book, newspaper, etc.
verb
To divide something into smaller parts

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

ayatollah

US / ˌaɪəˈtɒlə /

•

UK / ˌaɪəˈtoʊlə /

noun
Important religious or political leader in Iran

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

newspaper

US / ˈnju:zpeɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnuzˌpepɚ, ˈnjuz- /

noun
Sheets of paper (or online) containing the news

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

society

US / sə'saɪətɪ /

•

UK / səˈsaɪɪti /

noun
A group who meet to share values or interests
Group of people living together
Upper class of a community

airspace

US / ˈeəspeɪs /

•

UK / ˈɛrˌspes /

noun
Area in the sky controlled by a country

approve

US / əˈpru:v /

•

UK / əˈpruv /

verb
To formally accept something or grant permission
To have a positive opinion of someone or something

country

US / ˈkʌntri /

•

UK / ˈkʌntri /

noun
An area of land that is controlled by a government
Open land that is away from towns and cities

dovishness

US / /

•

UK / /

other
Any political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

outlet

US / 'aʊtlet /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌlɛt, -lɪt /

noun
Place in a wall to supply electricity to a device
A pipe, hole or wire through which something flows
Market or store that sells a product

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

appease

US / əˈpi:z /

•

UK / əˈpiz /

verb
To give in to someone's demands to avoid conflict

hawkish

US / ˈhɔ:kɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈhɔːkɪʃ /

adjecitve
Wanting to go to war using the military

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

radio

US / ˈreɪdiəʊ /

•

UK / ˈreɪdioʊ /

adjecitve
Concerning the broadcasting of sound
noun
System of sending/receiving signals through air
Device to listen to broadcast programs, messages
verb
To broadcast a message to be heard by radio

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

announcement

US / əˈnaʊnsmənt /

•

UK / əˈnaʊnsmənt /

noun
Act of informing people about something publicly

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

expect

US / ɪk'spekt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

verb
To believe something is probably going to happen

presumably

US / prɪˈzju:məbli /

•

UK / prɪˈzu:məbli /

adverb
So as to be likely to be true or correct

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

ally

US / 'ælaɪ /

•

UK / 'ælaɪ /

noun
Someone who supports, helps, or defends you
verb
To join a group to offer or receive support

explanation

US / ˌekspləˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɛkspləˈneʃən /

noun
Details or reasons given to make something clear

iraq

US / ɪ'rɑ:k /

•

UK / ɪ'ræk /

noun
A republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the ar

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

US / səb'skraɪb /

•

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

verb
To regularly pay to receive a service

unwilling

US / ʌnˈwɪlɪŋ /

•

UK / ʌnˈwɪlɪŋ /

adjecitve
Not wanting to do

content

US / 'kɒntent /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛnt /

adjecitve
Being happy or satisfied
noun
Information in something, e.g. book or computer

entail

US / ɪn'teɪl /

•

UK / ɛnˈtel, ɪn- /

verb
To have as a necessary part or result

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

decision

US / dɪ'sɪʒn /

•

UK / dɪˈsɪʒən /

noun
Choice made after thinking; final judgment
Ability to make quick and confident choices

notify

US / 'nəʊtɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈnotəˌfaɪ /

verb
To inform; to communicate specific information

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

arab

US / ˈærəb /

•

UK / ˈærəb /

noun
Citizen of an Arabic speaking nation

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

bookmark

US / ˈbʊkmɑ:k /

•

UK / ˈbʊkmɑ:rk /

noun
Marker placed between the pages of a book

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

iran

US / ɪˈrɑːn /

•

UK / ɪ'ræn /

noun
A theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient e

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

brilliant

US / 'brɪlɪənt /

•

UK / ˈbrɪljənt /

adjecitve
Having a great amount of intelligence or talent
Being very bright, like a diamond; shining

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

member

US / ˈmembə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

noun
Part of the body of a human, animal
Person or thing belonging to a group or team

please

US / pli:z /

•

UK / pliz /

adverb
Used when you politely ask people for things
verb
To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
To make someone happy by doing something

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

confuse

US / kənˈfju:z /

•

UK / kənˈfjuz /

verb
To make something unclear or hard to understand

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

plan

US / plæn /

•

UK / plæn /

noun
Drawing of how something should be done or made

polarize

US / ˈpəʊləraɪz /

•

UK / ˈpoʊləraɪz /

verb
To divide opinions into two extremes

substance

US / 'sʌbstəns /

•

UK / ˈsʌbstəns /

noun
Essence of; most basic or central qualities
Particular type of material
Having material form; existing
Quality of truth, importance, or meaningfulness

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

western

US / ˈwestən /

•

UK / ˈwestərn /

adjecitve
Movies often about cowboys in the American West
Coming from, found in, or facing towards the west

conspicuously

US / kən'spɪkjʊəslɪ /

•

UK / kən'spɪkjʊrslɪ /

adverb
So as to attract attention; obviously

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

prospective

US / prəˈspektɪv /

•

UK / prəˈspɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Likely to happen or be something in the future

relatively

US / ˈrelətɪvli /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a manner comparing something to something else

blow

US / bləʊ /

•

UK / blo /

noun
Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
Act of making air come out of your mouth
A hit or strike from an object
verb
To move something using air
To make air come quickly out of your mouth
To clear something by forcing air through it

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

macron

US / ˈmækrɒn /

•

UK / ˈmeɪkrɑːn /

other
A diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

senior

US / 'si:nɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsinjɚ /

adjecitve
Being older than another person
Concerning the needs or activities of older people
(Student) in the final year of school
noun
Person who has usually reached a specific old age
Person who is older than someone else
Person with higher status or authority than
Student who is in the final year of school

tactical

US / ˈtæktɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtæktɪkəl /

adjecitve
Doing things to get the result you want; planned

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

dodgy

US / 'dɒdʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈdɑdʒi /

adjecitve
Slightly dishonest; not quite right

gaza

US / 'ɪzreɪl /

•

UK / 'ɪzreɪl /

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

public

US / 'pʌblɪk /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

adjecitve
Owned by the government
Concerning society in general
Being available or accessible to people in general
Known or able to be known by all people

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

willing

US / 'wɪlɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈwɪlɪŋ /

adjecitve
Act of making a choice
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

trust

US / trʌst /

•

UK / trʌst /

noun
Wealth or property held by one person for another
The belief that someone is honest
Care or responsibility of a person
verb
To expect confidently
To have confidence or faith
To be confident someone is honest and reliable
To believe someone to be honest and reliable

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

conscious

US / ˈkɒnʃəs /

•

UK / ˈkɑnʃəs /

adjecitve
Aware of what is going on around you

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

unlikely

US / ʌnˈlaɪkli /

•

UK / ʌnˈlaɪkli /

adjecitve
Not seeming suitable for a particular purpose
adverb
Not likely to happen; not likely to be the truth

weak

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

adjecitve
Not having a strong character
Less valuable compared to money of other countries
Ineffective; unconvincing; not strong
Having little power or ability
Not having the necessary or proper amount
Having little power; not strong; easy to break
(Of a drink) having lots of water and little taste

analyst

US / ˈænəlɪst /

•

UK / ˈænəlɪst /

noun
Someone who is skilled at studying details of data

government

US / ˈgʌvənmənt /

•

UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /

noun
Group of people and system that rule a nation

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

furiously

US / 'fjʊərɪəslɪ /

•

UK / ˈfjʊərɪəslɪ /

adverb
In a wild and stormy manner

handful

US / 'hændfʊl /

•

UK / ˈhændˌfʊl /

noun
an amount of something that can be held in one hand; small quantity or amount of people or things
A thing requiring great effort to control, manage

instance

US / 'ɪnstəns /

•

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

noun
An example of something; case
verb
To give as an example of something else

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

restraint

US / rɪˈstreɪnt /

•

UK / rɪˈstrent /

noun
Device that prevents physical movement
Quality of calm, controlled behavior under stress
Law, order, or principle that limits or controls

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

southern

US / ˈsʌðən /

•

UK / ˈsʌðərn /

adjecitve
Concerning a region in the south
Being in or toward the south

social

US / ˈsəuʃəl /

•

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

adjecitve
Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
Liking being with other people; friendly
Living together and depending on each other

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

confusion

US / kən'fju:ʒən /

•

UK / kənˈfjuʒən /

noun
Not knowing what to do; state of disorder

israeli

US / ɪz'reɪlɪ /

•

UK / ɪzˈreli /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Israel

curate

US / ˈkjʊərət /

•

UK / ˈkjʊrət /

verb
To take care of objects, e.g. at a museum

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

nuclear

US / ˈnju:kliə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnukliɚ, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Concerning or involving the center of an atom

launch

US / lɔ:ntʃ /

•

UK / lɔntʃ, lɑntʃ /

noun
Starting a new project; introducing new product
Act of firing rockets into the air
verb
To start a new project; start selling a product
To put a rocket into the air
To put a ship into the water for the first time

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

convince

US / kən'vɪns /

•

UK / kənˈvɪns /

verb
To persuade someone, or make them feel sure

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

news

US / nju:z /

•

UK / nu:z /

noun
Broadcast on radio or TV about recent events
Information about recent events

shoot

US / ʃu:t /

•

UK / ʃut /

noun
Emerging new part of a plant
verb
To kick or throw a ball at a goal
To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
To (cause to) fly away forcefully
To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

escalation

US / ˌeskə'leɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌeskə'leɪʃn /

noun
An increase in severity

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

immediate

US / ɪˈmi:diət /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪt /

adjecitve
Being the very next to or just after
Done without delay; straight away

resort

US / rɪ'zɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪ'zɔ:rt /

noun
Act of choosing something to help with a problem
Vacation hotel or complex; area for holidays

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

worth

US / wɜ:θ /

•

UK / wɚθ /

other
the financial, practical or moral value of somebody/something
having a particular value, especially in money

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

exchange

US / ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / ɪksˈtʃendʒ /

noun
Sharing/directing a look, etc. at someone else
Short discussion or talk
The place you can change money to another currency
Place where things or services are exchanged
Act of returning something to a store
Act of giving a thing in return for another thing
verb
To share (a look, a few words etc.)
To sell one currency to get another
To return something to a store
To give things of similar value to each other

fully

US / 'fʊlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʊli /

adverb
Completely or entirely

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

khomeini

US / koʊˈmeɪni /

•

UK / /

other
Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

report

US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

noun
Account of the necessary facts and information
The telling of news in the media
Official statement about something
verb
To submit a report or bill to the government
To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
To state something officially
To officially present yourself to an authority
To describe something by telling it to others

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

selection

US / sɪˈlekʃn /

•

UK / sɪˈlɛkʃən /

noun
Process of choosing someone or something carefully
Something chosen carefully from a larger group
Range or variety of things you can choose from

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

anxious

US / ˈæŋkʃəs /

•

UK / ˈæŋkʃəs /

adjecitve
Afraid of what may happen; worried and nervous
Wanting something badly

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

eighth

US / eɪtθ /

•

UK / etθ, eθ /

noun
8th

escalate

US / ˈeskəleɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛskəˌlet /

verb
To increase in size, intensity, or scope
To become much worse or more severe

kill

US / kɪl /

•

UK / kɪl /

noun
Animal killed by a person or other animal
verb
To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
To end the life of a person or other living thing
To be very funny
To prevent something from continuing or operating
To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

opinion

US / əˈpɪnjən /

•

UK / əˈpɪnjən /

noun
Court judge's statement why a decision was made
A person's thoughts on a topic

prompt

US / prɒmpt /

•

UK / prɑmpt /

adjecitve
Fast; in a quick manner; without delay
noun
Message on a computer requiring attention
Encouragement to ask someone else to talk
verb
To display a message to requires a user to act
To say something to encourage someone else to talk
To remind an actor of his or her lines (words)
To cause something to occur; be the cause of

smart

US / smɑ:t /

•

UK / smɑ:rt /

adjecitve
Fashionable; well-dressed; well-groomed
Looking clean, neat and stylish
(Of phones, weapons) with clever features
Associated with rich, popular and stylish people
Clever; with intelligence
adverb
Energetic or quick in motion or movement
In a clever way; with intelligence
noun
Feeling of being hurt and upset
Sharp, burning pain
verb
To feel hurt or upset
To hurt with an unexpected sharp or burning pain

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

financial

US / faɪˈnænʃl /

•

UK / faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l /

adjecitve
Involving money

explicitly

US / ɪk'splɪsɪtlɪ /

•

UK / ɪk'splɪsɪtlɪ /

adverb
Clearly; specifically

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

oil

US / ɔɪl /

•

UK / ɔɪl /

noun
A liquid used for frying foods
Thick, black liquid in the ground used as fuel
verb
To add a liquid for frying foods
To put liquid in a machine so it will run smoothly

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

eighty

US / 'eɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈeti /

number
80

commander

US / kəˈmɑ:ndə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈmændə(r) /

noun
Person with authority who commands or controls

diplomatic

US / ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk /

•

UK / ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning formal relationships between countries
Not being offensive

hour

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

noun
60 minutes
Particular time of the day
Fixed, regularly occurring time

urge

US / ɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / ɚdʒ /

noun
A strong desire for something
Strong pressure on someone to do something
verb
To drive something forward
To ask or encourage someone to do something

anyway

US / ˈeniweɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwe /

adverb
A word used to change the topic of a conversation

crisis

US / 'kraɪsɪs /

•

UK / ˈkraɪsɪs /

noun
Unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty

french

US / frentʃ /

•

UK / frentʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of France
noun
Person's name

hebrew

US / ˈhi:bru: /

•

UK / ˈhibru /

noun
Ancient Semitic language now spoken in Israel

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

scope

US / skəʊp /

•

UK / skoʊp /

noun
Opportunity for action or thought
Range of things included or dealt with
Instrument that you use to look at things
verb
to look at especially for the purpose of evaluation —usually used with out

Subtitles section

This video is brought to you by Nebula.

In the early hours of Friday morning something happened in Iran.

We're not entirely sure what because Israeli and Iranian officials are currently saying different things.

But it looks like at least a handful of Israeli drones were shot down in the Iranian province of Isfahan, which is home to both Iran's eighth tactical air base and the Natanz nuclear site, Iran's primary enrichment facility.

At the time of writing however, it looks like no damage has been done.

Which bodes well for anyone worried about an escalation or a regional war in the Middle East.

So in this video we're going to look at what's happened over the last forty eight hours or so.

Why these events suggest that a regional war is now relatively unlikely and why that still leaves the US with a difficult dilemma.

Before we start if you haven't already please consider subscribing and ringing the bell to stay in the loop and be notified when we release new videos.

So let's start with a super quick recap.

Last weekend Iran fired hundreds of drones and missiles at Israel in retaliation against a suspected Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Syria which killed one of the IRGC's top military commanders.

The consensus among well versed analysts seems to be that Iran was escalating in order to eventually de escalate.

In other words, Iran felt it had to do something to deter further escalation by Israel and appease the more hawkish elements of the Iranian public.

But their response was calibrated to satisfy these two criteria without provoking a further escalation from Israel.

This is why Iran's attack was big on symbolism.

It was the first ever direct attack on Israeli territory, and it involved a massive number of drones and missiles, but relatively small on substance.

Only a handful of missiles made it through, and the strikes were telegraphed well in advance.

There were even reports that Iran explicitly forewarned the Israeli military about the strikes, which Israel refused to deny.

This is fundamentally because, for reasons we've outlined in previous videos, Iran can't afford a war at the moment.

Despite rising oil revenues, its economy is in a mess, and its leadership is deeply unpopular with the Iranian public, which is especially problematic given the looming succession crisis once the the the the the eighty five year old Ayatollah Khomeini, whose birthday was actually on Friday, finally steps down.

Anyway, conscious of these dynamics and anxious about the risk of a regional war in the Middle East, Israel's allies quickly began urging restraint in the aftermath of the attack.

In the immediate aftermath, US President Joe Biden called for a quote diplomatic response and said Netanyahu should treat it as a win given how little damage was actually done.

A few days later, British Foreign Secretary Lord Cameron, who's recently emerged as one of the more vocal Western critics of Israel, urged Netanyahu to be quote, smart, and said the UK wouldn't support a retaliatory strike against Iran.

The day after Cameron's intervention, French President Emmanuel Macron called for quote, a limit to avoid an escalation, and said the Western response to Iran's attack should be centred around sanctions and diplomatic isolation, rather than resorting to military means.

Unsurprisingly, this talk didn't go down too well with Netanyahu, or his government, who insist that they would make their own decision when it came to how they'd respond.

And in the early hours of Friday morning, we found out what they'd decided.

At the time of writing on Friday morning, it looks like Israel launched a series of limited strikes against Iranian targets, mostly around the city of Isfahan.

with a couple more around the city of Tabriz in the northwest.

There were also reports of strikes against Iran linked targets in southern Syria and the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.

There's some confusion over the type of strike involved.

ABC and CBS reported that Israel had used missiles in the attack, citing US officials, but Iranian state media claimed it was only a drone attack and all the drones were shot down.

This might be because the US officials are talking about the strikes in Syria and Iraq, while Iranian officials are only talking about the strikes in Iran.

But whatever happened exactly, it's clear that this was very much a restrained response from Israel.

Iranian media is claiming that all the drones were shot down and no damage was done, and IRGC officials are apparently currently posting memes about the size of Israel's drones on their social media.

Iranian airspace has already fully reopened, and the Financial Times is reporting that Western officials are privately claiming that the attack was deliberately limited to avoid further escalation.

Israel's response so far has also been remarkably muted, with lots of no comments, and an Israeli official even told the Jerusalem Post that they wouldn't take responsibility for the attack, quote, for strategic reasons.

This is conspicuously different to the forward leaning strategic posture we've come to expect from Israel.

You'd usually expect these sorts of strikes to be followed with a whole load of furiously bellicose rhetoric from Israeli officials.

And the fact that Netanyahu is demanding radio silence suggests that Israel doesn't want to go any further.

While this response might not satisfy the more hawkish elements of Israeli society, Itamar Ben Gavir, for instance, has already criticised it as weak.

Its limited scope does mean that the chance of further escalation, let alone a regional war, between Israel and Iran now look significantly lower than they did a week ago.

So, what explains this apparent dovishness on Israel's behalf?

Why was Netanyahu willing to escalate and blow up an Israeli consulate last month, but unwilling to escalate as aggressively this month?

Well, it could be the response from Israel's allies, who made it clear that they wouldn't support a further military escalation.

It could just be the Israeli government responding to public opinion.

Polling carried out by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem this week found that the country shouldn't respond at all to Iran's drone and missile barrage.

Presumably because they want Netanyahu to focus on the ongoing war in Gaza.

But neither of these explanations are one hundred percent convincing.

Because, well, Netanyahu has thus far been pretty much unresponsive to both international pressure and Israeli public opinion.

Another potential explanation worth mentioning is that Netanyahu and Biden have done a slightly dodgy deal over Rafa, the city in South Gaza where something like a million displaced Palestinians are currently taking refuge.

On Thursday, a Qatari newspaper, The New Arab, citing senior Egyptian officials, reported that America had agreed to approve Netanyahu's prospective invasion of Rafah in exchange for a limited response by Israel against Iran.

The report has since been published by a number of Israeli news outlets,

prompting a firm but nonetheless conditional denial from the State Department, who said late on Thursday that the U.S.

would not support any invasion of Rafah that does not factor in the one million people seeking refuge there.

Nonetheless, even if the report is incorrect and the U.S.

haven't signed off on anything,

An invasion of Rafah still now looks more likely than it did, both because Israel is no longer preoccupied with Iran, and because Netanyahu will feel under pressure to do something to appease the more hawkish elements of his cabinet.

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