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Why Do We Use Cringey Words for Loved Ones? | Otherwords

Video vocabulary

reason

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US / 'ri:zn /

UK / ˈrizən /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
  • Explanation for why something occurred or was done
  • verb
  • To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

nickname

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US / ˈnɪkneɪm /

UK / ˈnɪkˌnem /

B2
  • noun
  • Name given by friends or family
  • verb
  • To give someone an informal name or title

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

either

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US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
  • adverb
  • (After negative statements) likewise, in addition
  • conjunction
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • determiner
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • pronoun
  • The one or the other

coin

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US / kɔɪn /

UK / kɔɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • A small, flat piece of metal used as money
  • verb
  • To make coins from metal
  • To invent a new word that becomes popular

nugget

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US / ˈnʌgɪt /

UK / ˈnʌɡɪt /

C1
  • noun
  • Small, solid lump (of gold, chicken, wisdom etc.)

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

appear

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US / ə'pɪə(r) /

UK / əˈpɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be seen, become visible; come into sight
  • To seem to be
  • To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

describe

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US / dɪ'skraɪb /

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

guess

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US / ɡes /

UK / ɡɛs /

A1
  • noun
  • Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
  • verb
  • To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

marriage

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US / ˈmærɪdʒ /

UK / ˈmærɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Relationship between a husband and a wife
  • A wedding ceremony
  • Close union between two things

relate

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US / rɪ'leɪt /

UK / rɪˈlet /

A2
  • verb
  • To demonstrate a logical relationship between
  • To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
  • To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

thousand

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US / ˈθaʊznd /

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1,000

develop

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US / dɪ'veləp /

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

A1
  • verb
  • To explain something in steps and in detail
  • To create or think of something
  • To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
  • To make a photograph from film

crossover

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US / 'krɒsəʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈkrɔsˌovɚ, ˈkrɑs- /

C2
  • noun
  • The use of a new style (especially in pop music)

intimacy

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US / 'ɪntɪməsɪ /

UK / ˈɪntəməsi /

B2
  • noun
  • The sharing of private and personal things

pile

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US / paɪl /

UK / paɪl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Surface) consisting of usually short threads
  • noun
  • Large amount of something
  • Group of things one on top of another
  • Long post used to support something
  • Carpet, rug consisting of usually short threads
  • verb
  • (E.g. of problems) to increase; get more or worse

tax

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US / tæks /

UK / tæks /

A2
  • noun
  • Money taken by a government from its people
  • verb
  • To require a lot of physical or mental effort
  • (Government) to take money from a country's people

third

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US / θɜ:d /

UK / θɜ:rd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 3rd: Number after second

zhou

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US / dʒəu /

UK / dʒo /

A1
  • other
  • Imperial dynasty of China from to BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism

ito

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US / ˈitoʊ /

UK / /

A1

beautiful

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US / 'bju:tɪfl /

UK / ˈbjutəfəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having dome something well
  • Being very attractive or appealing physically

popular

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US / ˈpɒpjələ(r) /

UK / ˈpɑ:pjələ(r) /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Liked or enjoyed by many people

someone

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US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person who is not known or named

bao

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US / 'beɪə /

UK / 'beɪə /

A1
  • noun
  • A Chinese steamed bread roll with a filling of meat or vegetables.

inside

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US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

reinforce

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US / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s /

UK / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:rs /

B2
  • verb
  • To send more troops/resources to support an army
  • To encourage or strengthen an idea or feeling
  • To strengthen a wall or building

vocabulary

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US / və'kæbjələrɪ /

UK / voˈkæbjəˌlɛri /

B1
  • noun
  • Words that have to do with a particular subject
  • The words that a person knows

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

bond

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US / bɒnd /

UK / bɑnd /

A2
  • noun
  • Rope, chain or other thing used to tie someone up
  • Closeness that is shared between people or groups
  • Loan that a government must buy back by a set date
  • Written agreement to pay back borrowed money
  • Joint or connection, often using glue
  • verb
  • To develop a close relationship with
  • To become joined or connected, e.g. using glue

kiddo

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US / 'kɪdəʊ /

UK / ˈkɪdo /

A1
  • noun
  • Used as a friendly or slightly condescending form of address.

meng

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US / men /

UK / mɛn /

A1

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

tesoro

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US / /

UK / /

A1

write

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • verb
  • To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
  • To invent or create a computer program
  • To create a song or piece of music

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

dive

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US / daɪv /

UK / daɪv /

B1
  • noun
  • Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
  • Rapid fall through air
  • A jump into water head-first from a high place
  • Rapid fall in the value or price of something
  • verb
  • To swim deep under water with an air supply
  • To rapid fall through air
  • To jump into water head-first
  • (Of prices) to rapidly fall

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

marry

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US / 'mærɪ /

UK / ˈmæri /

A1
  • verb
  • To become the husband or wife of someone
  • To perform a marriage ceremony

literally

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US / ˈlɪtərəli /

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to express the exact meaning of something
  • Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

sarcastic

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US / sɑ:ˈkæstɪk /

UK / sɑrˈkæstɪk /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Being rude and critical

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

andy

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US / 'ændɪ /

UK / 'ændɪ /

A1

affectionate

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US / əˈfekʃənət /

UK / əˈfɛkʃənɪt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having or displaying warmth or affection

another

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US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One more, but not this
  • determiner
  • One more added
  • pronoun
  • One more (thing)

girl

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US / gɜ:l /

UK / gɜ:rl /

A1
  • noun
  • A female child; a young woman

husband

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US / ˈhʌzbənd /

UK / ˈhʌzbənd /

A1
  • noun
  • Married man

real

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US / rɪəl /

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Actually existing or happening, not imagined
  • Being important or special

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

double

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US / 'dʌbl /

UK / ˈdʌbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or intended for use by two people
  • Two times the amount or degree; twice
  • Made of two parts that are the same, similar
  • noun
  • Person that is exactly like someone else
  • verb
  • To be used for two functions at the same time
  • To make or become twice as much

cross

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US / krɒs /

UK / krɔs, krɑs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Angry and upset
  • From one side of something to the other
  • noun
  • (Of animals) mixture of breeds in one animal
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To put one thing over another e.g. arms
  • To breed one type of animal or plant with another
  • To not to agree with someone; oppose
  • To go from one side of something to the other
  • To meet at one point

raj

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US / rɑ:dʒ /

UK / rɑ:dʒ /

A1
  • other
  • British dominion over India

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

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US / beɪs /

UK / bes /

A2
  • noun
  • Place military personnel live, train, and operate
  • Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
  • Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
  • Most important idea or ingredient to add others
  • Origin or start from which something came
  • Main place where an organization or a person works
  • verb
  • To use as the starting point or origin for
  • To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

culture

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US / 'kʌltʃə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌltʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Beliefs and customs of a particular group

dictionary

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US / ˈdɪkʃənri /

UK / ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛri /

A1
  • noun
  • Book with the spellings and meanings of many words

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

money

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US / 'mʌnɪ /

UK / ˈmʌni /

A1
  • noun
  • Coins or notes we use to pay for things

satisfaction

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US / ˌsætɪs'fækʃn /

UK / ˌsætɪsˈfækʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Happy feeling because of something that you did
  • Providing enough to make someone happy

sugar

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US / ˈʃʊgə(r) /

UK / ˈʃʊɡɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Substance which the body stores or uses for energy
  • Amount of sugar contained in a small spoon
  • Used to address someone you like or love
  • White sweet substance used to make foods sweeter
  • verb
  • To add, put on, or mix a food or drink with sugar

tone

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US / təʊn /

UK / toʊn /

A2
  • noun
  • Atmosphere or feeling in a message
  • Firmness and strength of the body's muscles
  • Difference in pitch between musical notes
  • Specific shade of color
  • Quality of sound created by a musical instrument
  • Sound of a voice that reveals emotion or meaning
  • verb
  • To increase the quality of muscles by exercise

along

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US / əˈlɒŋ /

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • As a companion; taken with someone
  • preposition
  • At a point on a line

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

mango

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US / 'mæŋɡəʊ /

UK / ˈmæŋɡo /

B1
  • noun
  • Tropical fruit with yellow flesh and a big stone

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

jewel

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US / 'dʒu:əl /

UK / ˈdʒuəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Precious stone like a diamond; gem

hate

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US / heɪt /

UK / het /

A1
  • noun
  • Severe, deep sense of dislike or anger
  • An object that you hate
  • verb
  • To have a very strong feeling of dislike for

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

kid

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US / kɪd /

UK / kɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made from young goat skin
  • noun
  • Child or young person
  • Young goat
  • verb
  • To make fun of someone in a gentle way; to tease

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

throughout

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US / θru:ˈaʊt /

UK / θruˈaʊt /

A2
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

bunny

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US / ˈbʌni /

UK / ˈbʌni /

B2
  • noun
  • Rabbits

german

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US / ˈdʒɜːmən /

UK / ˈdʒɜːrmən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Germany
  • noun
  • Person from Germany

connection

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US / kəˈnekʃn /

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that joins things together; being joined
  • Person you know who can help you in some way
  • Changing vehicles when traveling

hindi

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US / ˈhɪndi /

UK / ˈhɪndi /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in North of India; along with English

morph

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US / mɔ:f /

UK / mɔ:rf /

C2
  • verb
  • (Of computer animation) to gradually change shape

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

translate

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US / trænsˈleɪt /

UK / trænsˈlet /

A2
  • verb
  • To change something into a different state
  • To be equivalent to; equate to
  • To change a text, speech into a different language
  • To change words from one language into another

spring

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US / sprɪŋ /

UK / sprɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Coil of metal that lessens impact, e.g. on cars
  • Sudden jump from one place to another
  • The time when plants start growing after winter
  • Place where water flows from beneath the ground
  • verb
  • To lessen the impact of something under pressure
  • To jump into the air

sprinkle

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US / 'sprɪŋkl /

UK / ˈsprɪŋkəl /

B2
  • verb
  • To throw a little water on something
  • To scatter (e.g. salt) in drops using the fingers

carol

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US / 'kærəl /

UK / ˈkærəl /

B2
  • noun
  • Traditional song sung at Christmas

dad

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US / dæd /

UK / dæd /

A1
  • noun
  • Another word for father

couple

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US / 'kʌpl /

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Two people in a romantic relationship
  • Two of something; two people; a pair
  • verb
  • To join something to something else
  • (Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
  • To put two people or things together

familiar

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US / fəˈmɪliə(r) /

UK / fəˈmɪljɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Well-known or easily recognized

ita

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • abbreviation
  • ITA is an acronym

nineteen

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US / ˌnaɪnˈti:n /

UK / naɪnˈtin /

A1
  • number
  • 19

name

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US / neɪm /

UK / nem /

A1
  • noun
  • What something or someone is called
  • verb
  • To state what someone is called, e.g. John

big

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US / bɪɡ /

UK / bɪɡ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Popular
  • Serious
  • Large

aunt

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US / ɑ:nt /

UK / ænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Sister of your parent or the wife of your uncle

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

person

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US / 'pɜ:sn /

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

A1
  • noun
  • Man, woman or child

researcher

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US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

spanish

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US / ˈspænɪʃ /

UK / ˈspænɪʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Spain

xiao

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US / ʒaʊ /

UK / /

A1

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

chicken

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US / ˈtʃɪkɪn /

UK / ˈtʃɪkən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Acting like a coward
  • noun
  • A bird raised for its eggs and meat
  • Someone who is too afraid to do something

dialect

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US / ˈdaɪəlekt /

UK / ˈdaɪəˌlɛkt /

B2
  • noun
  • Way of speaking used by a group or in a region

italy

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US / 'ɪtəlɪ /

UK / 'ɪtəlɪ /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A country in southern Europe; population 59,800,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Rome; official langua

may

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US / meɪ /

UK / me /

A1
  • noun
  • 5th month of the year
  • other
  • Used to express a desire
  • Expresses permission, possibility or probability
  • Used to show that a thing could be true

pumpkin

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US / ˈpʌmpkɪn /

UK / ˈpʌmpkɪn, ˈpʌm-, ˈpʌŋ- /

B1
  • noun
  • Large roundish orange fruit that can be eaten

word

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US / wɜ:d /

UK / wɚd /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of language that has a meaning
  • Promise
  • Short remark or piece of information
  • verb
  • To express something by choosing particular words

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

standalone

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US / 'stændəˌləʊn /

UK / 'stændəˌloʊn /

A1
  • noun
  • Self-contained and usually independently operating

plant

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US / plɑ:nt /

UK / plænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Factory or a place where things are made
  • Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
  • verb
  • To firmly position something (in the ground)
  • To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

truly

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US / 'tru:lɪ /

UK / ˈtruli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

five

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US / faɪv /

UK / faɪv /

A1
  • number
  • 5

linguist

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US / ˈlɪŋgwɪst /

UK / ˈlɪŋɡwɪst /

B2
  • noun
  • Person who speaks several languages
  • Person who studies or teaches linguistics

lover

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US / 'lʌvə(r) /

UK / ˈlʌvɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Someone's romantic and often sexual partner
  • Someone having a great interest in something
  • Person who loves someone or is loved by someone

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

kitten

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US / ˈkɪtn /

UK / ˈkɪtn /

B1
  • noun
  • Young cat

squish

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US / skwɪʃ /

UK / skwɪʃ /

C2
  • verb
  • To walk through mud or puddles

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

peach

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US / pi:tʃ /

UK / pitʃ /

B2
  • noun
  • Round sweet furry fruit that grows on trees
  • Very good

originally

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US / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • At first; in the beginning
  • In a new and unique manner

specific

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US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Precise; particular; just about that thing
  • Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

valuable

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US / ˈvæljuəbl /

UK / ˈvæljuəbəl, ˈvæljə- /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being useful or important
  • Being worth a lot of money

boo

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US / bu: /

UK / bu /

B2
  • verb
  • To shout out 'boo', to express your disapproval

firstborn

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US / ˈfɜ:stbɔ:n /

UK / ˈfɜ:rstbɔ:rn /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • First in order of birth

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

john

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US / dʒɔn /

UK / dʒɑn /

A1
  • noun
  • A toilet.
  • A prostitute's client.
  • proper noun
  • (1165–1216), son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine; king of England 1199–1216; known as John Lack
  • The name of six kings of Portugal.

love

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US / lʌv /

UK / lʌv /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • A very strong feeling of affection
  • The person you care very deeply about
  • Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
  • verb
  • To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
  • To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
  • To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

sister

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • noun
  • Female you share a parent with
  • Full-time female member of a (Christian) religion

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

sweetheart

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US / ˈswi:thɑ:t /

UK / ˈswi:thɑ:rt /

B2
  • noun
  • Person loved by another person

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

convey

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US / kən'veɪ /

UK / kənˈve /

B1
  • verb
  • To carry or transport something
  • To make aware or tell others information
  • Law to transfer property legally between people

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

psychologist

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US / saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst /

UK / saɪˈkɑlədʒɪst /

C2
  • noun
  • An expert who studies the mind and behavior

phenomenon

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US / fə'nɒmɪnən /

UK / fɪˈnɑməˌnɑn, -nən /

B1
  • noun
  • Unusual event, fact that can be studied
  • Interesting or unusual person, group
  • something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesti

term

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US / tɜ:m /

UK / tɚm /

A1
  • noun
  • Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
  • Length of time something is expected to happen
  • Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
  • The (precise) name given to something
  • verb
  • To call; give a name to

eleven

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US / ɪˈlevn /

UK / ɪˈlɛvən /

A1
  • number
  • 11

endearment

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US / ɪnˈdɪəmənt /

UK / ɪnˈdɪrmənt /

B2
  • noun
  • Showing affection

susie

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US / tjʊ'nɪzɪə /

UK / tʊ'ni:ʒə /

A1

squishy

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US / ˈskwɪʃ.i /

UK / ˈskwɪʃ.i /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Soft when pressed

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

century

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US / 'sentʃərɪ /

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of 100 years

cover

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US / 'kʌvə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • A different version of another song
  • Bed sheets; blankets
  • (Police or military) protection from attack
  • Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
  • Thing you put over something to close or hide it
  • Front and back part of a book or magazine
  • Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
  • verb
  • To record a different version of another song
  • To include as part of its area
  • To put something over something to hide it
  • To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
  • To form a layer over something so it is hidden
  • To have sufficient funds to pay for something
  • To include something within an agreed limit
  • To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
  • (Police or military) to protect from attack
  • To travel a certain distance in a given time
  • To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

creativity

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US / ˌkri:eɪ'tɪvətɪ /

UK / ˌkrieˈtɪvətɪ /

A2
  • noun
  • Ability to imagine new ideas

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

popularity

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US / ˌpɒpjuˈlærəti /

UK / ˌpɑ:pjuˈlærəti /

A2
  • noun
  • State of being liked or supported by many people

oxford

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US / ˈɒksfəd /

UK / ˈɑ:ksfərd /

A1
  • other
  • A low shoe laced over the instep

part

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US / pɑ:t /

UK / pɑ:rt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To some degree; half; not fully
  • noun
  • Division of a book
  • Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
  • A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
  • Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
  • Some, but not all of a specific thing
  • Role in causing something to happen
  • verb
  • To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
  • To move two things apart creating a space
  • To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

boy

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US / bɔɪ /

UK / bɔɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • A young male person

onto

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US / ˈɒntə /

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

serve

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US / sɜ:v /

UK / sɚv /

A2
  • verb
  • To act in a particular position or office
  • To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
  • To be used for a particular purpose
  • To give someone food or drinks
  • To give a person or group a service that is needed
  • To spend a particular amount of time in prison
  • To help customers find products and making sales
  • To give an official paper to appear in court

bun

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US / bʌn /

UK / bʌn /

B2
  • noun
  • Woman's hairstyle of hair drawn into a round shape

beauty

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US / 'bju:tɪ /

UK / ˈbjuti /

A2
  • noun
  • Something attractive that produces great pleasure
  • Physically or visually attractive person

cringe

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US / krɪndʒ /

UK / krɪndʒ /

C1
  • verb
  • To crouch or move back suddenly, as in fear

cringey

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • adjective
  • Causing feelings of embarrassment or awkwardness.
  • Servile or timid; cringing.

his

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US / hɪz /

UK / hɪz /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Something belonging to a male person

mirror

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US / 'mɪrə(r) /

UK / ˈmɪrɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Thing with glass surface used to look at yourself
  • An accurate impression or picture of something
  • verb
  • To reflect (an image)
  • To have similar qualities to something else

recently

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US / ˈri:sntli /

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just a while ago; not long ago

social

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US / ˈsəuʃəl /

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
  • Liking being with other people; friendly
  • Living together and depending on each other

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

bear

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US / bɛː /

UK / bɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
  • Someone who expects stock market to fall
  • verb
  • To accept (responsibilities or duties)
  • To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
  • To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
  • To keep moving left or right while going forward
  • To show (sign of something)
  • To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

indicate

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US / ˈɪndɪkeɪt /

UK / ˈɪndɪˌket /

A2
  • verb
  • To show something; direct attention to; point out
  • To represent something using a symbol or sign

filipino

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US / ˌfɪlɪˈpi:nəʊ /

UK / ˌfɪləˈpino /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture, people of Philippines
  • noun
  • Person from the Philippines

cream

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US / kri:m /

UK / krim /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Pale color that is yellowish white
  • noun
  • Type of a thick beauty product used on the skin
  • Thick liquid rubbed into the skin
  • The top part of milk when left standing
  • verb
  • To defeat someone with ease
  • To have added cream
  • To mix together into a thick substance or liquid

lamb

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US / læm /

UK / læm /

B1
  • noun
  • Young sheep
  • verb
  • To give birth to a baby sheep

mini

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US / 'mɪnɪ /

UK / ˈmɪni /

B1
  • noun
  • Small British car
  • A very short skirt
  • prefix
  • Small

ninety

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US / 'naɪntɪ /

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

A1
  • number
  • 90

repeat

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US / rɪˈpi:t /

UK / rɪˈpit /

A2
  • noun
  • Action that is done again
  • Musical passage that is to be played again
  • Radio or television program that was shown before
  • verb
  • To do something over again
  • To say something you have learned and memorized
  • To relate something you have been told by another
  • To say something again

public

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US / 'pʌblɪk /

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Owned by the government
  • Concerning society in general
  • Being available or accessible to people in general
  • Known or able to be known by all people

trust

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US / trʌst /

UK / trʌst /

A2
  • noun
  • Wealth or property held by one person for another
  • The belief that someone is honest
  • Care or responsibility of a person
  • verb
  • To expect confidently
  • To have confidence or faith
  • To be confident someone is honest and reliable
  • To believe someone to be honest and reliable

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

fall

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US / fɔ:l /

UK / fɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
  • A drop in amount; decrease
  • Dropping from a standing position to the ground
  • verb
  • To drop in amount; to decrease
  • To come down from a higher position suddenly
  • To go from standing to the ground, by accident

twelve

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US / twelv /

UK / twɛlv /

A1
  • number
  • 12

connote

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US / kəˈnəʊt /

UK / kəˈnoʊt /

A1
  • other
  • Involve as a necessary condition of consequence; as in logic

hundred

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US / 'hʌndrəd /

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

A1
  • number
  • 100

peanut

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US / ˈpi:nʌt /

UK / ˈpiˌnʌt /

B2
  • noun
  • Edible small nut which grows under the ground

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

costly

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US / 'kɒstlɪ /

UK / ˈkɔstli /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being very expensive, often wasteful

carrie

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US / ˈkæri /

UK / ˈkɛri /

A1

honeymoon

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US / 'hʌnɪmu:n /

UK / ˈhʌniˌmun /

B1
  • noun
  • Holiday or trip taken by a newly married couple

action

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US / 'ækʃn /

UK / ˈækʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that a person or thing does
  • verb
  • To act to do something

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

prolific

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US / prəˈlɪfɪk /

UK / prəˈlɪfɪk /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Producing something in large quantities

egg

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US / eg /

UK / ɛɡ /

A2
  • noun
  • Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

endless

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US / ˈendləs /

UK / ˈɛndlɪs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having or appearing to have no end

during

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US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

A1
  • preposition
  • At some point in the course of an event or thing

family

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US / 'fæməlɪ /

UK / ˈfæmli /

A1
  • noun
  • Close group of people or organizations
  • A group of people who are related through blood
  • Group of related plants or animals

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

danish

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US / ˈdeiniʃ /

UK / ˈdenɪʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Denmark

dynasty

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US / ˈdɪnəsti /

UK / ˈdaɪnəsti /

B1
  • noun
  • Family that controls a country for a long time
  • Period of time that a family has ruled

skirt

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US / skɜ:t /

UK / skɜ:rt /

A2
  • noun
  • To go around the edge of an area
  • Loose piece of women's clothing for the lower body

thai

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US / taɪ /

UK / taɪ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Thailand
  • noun
  • Person from Thailand

puppy

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US / ˈpʌpi /

UK / ˈpʌpi /

B1
  • noun
  • Very young dog (and some other animals)

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

style

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US / staɪl /

UK / staɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • The (tasteful) way something is designed or done
  • verb
  • To shape or design something in a certain way

belove

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US / bɪˈlʌv /

UK / /

A1
  • verb
  • To love. Frequently, and now usually, in passive, with by, of (formerly also † with).

erika

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US / /

UK / /

A1

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

mom

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US / mɒm /

UK / mɑ:m /

A1
  • noun
  • A slang term for mother

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

storey

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US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

B1
  • noun
  • One of many floors or levels in a building

baby

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US / ˈbeɪbi /

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Small in size; smaller than usual
  • noun
  • A very young child, who cannot yet speak
  • verb
  • To treat someone as if they were newly born

append

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US / əˈpend /

UK / əˈpɛnd /

B1
  • verb
  • To add or attach something as an extra

cousin

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US / 'kʌzn /

UK / 'kʌzn /

A2
  • noun
  • Child of your uncle or aunt
  • Something similar to or related to something else

chang

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US / tʃɑːŋ /

UK / tʃæŋ /

A1

dynamic

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US / daɪˈnæmɪk /

UK / daiˈnæmik /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Always active or energetic; getting things done

insider

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US / ɪnˈsaɪdə(r) /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪdɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Company worker who tells others company secrets

least

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US / li:st /

UK / list /

A1
  • adverb
  • In the smallest or lowest way
  • noun
  • Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

precious

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US / 'preʃəs /

UK / ˈprɛʃəs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a youthful, cute, and pleasant appearance
  • Very little (time, money etc.)
  • Extremely loved and valued
  • Being very sensitive about something
  • Being of great value; highly prized

tempt

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US / tempt /

UK / tɛmpt /

A2
  • verb
  • To make someone want something, even if it's bad

value

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US / 'vælju: /

UK / ˈvælju /

A1
  • noun
  • Importance you attach to something
  • Some information expressed as a number
  • Stated price of something; worth
  • verb
  • To place a high importance on something
  • To say how much money something is worth

she

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US / ʃɪ /

UK / ʃi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Female person or animal mentioned before
  • (Refers to female person mentioned before)

cute

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US / kju:t /

UK / kjut /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Attractive in a pretty or endearing way

diminutive

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US / dɪˈmɪnjətɪv /

UK / dɪˈmɪnjətɪv /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Very small; (of a person) very short; tiny

each

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US / i:tʃ /

UK / itʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Every one of two or more things
  • pronoun
  • Per one person or thing

language

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US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Words or signs used to communicate messages

yeah

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US / jeə /

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

A1
  • exclamation
  • Another way of saying 'yes'

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

partner

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US / 'pɑ:tnə(r) /

UK / ˈpɑrtnɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • One you have a business/personal relationship with
  • Someone you have personal relationship with
  • verb
  • To join with others for work or other activity

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

sprout

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US / spraʊt /

UK / spraʊt /

B2
  • noun
  • New part of a plant that has just begun to grow
  • verb
  • To grow, produce, or develop e.g. ideas
  • (Of plants) to start to grow or produce leaves

description

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US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Explanation of what something is like, looks like

represent

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US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

A2
  • verb
  • To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
  • To show or describe something in a particular way
  • To act on behalf of others in government
  • To act or speak for another person or other people

romeo

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US / ˈrəumiəu /

UK / ˈromiˌo /

A1
  • other
  • An ardent male lover

choux

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US / tʃəʊz /

UK / tʃoz /

A1

friendship

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US / ˈfrendʃɪp /

UK / ˈfrɛndˌʃɪp /

B1
  • noun
  • Feeling of liking someone; good relationship

historical

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US / /

UK / /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Connected with the past

food

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US / fu:d /

UK / fud /

A1
  • noun
  • What people and animals eat to live
  • Things taken in by plants to maintain life
  • A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

maybe

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US / ˈmeɪbi /

UK / ˈmebi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

kitty

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US / /

UK / /

B2
  • noun
  • Amount of money a group of people share
  • Money contributed for expenses by group of people
  • Person's name

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

relationship

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US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

A2
  • noun
  • Connection between two or more people or things
  • Way people interact or live with each other
  • Romantic or loving friendship between two people

candy

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US / ˈkændi /

UK / ˈkændi /

B2
  • noun
  • Small sweet foods made mostly of sugar
  • verb
  • To coat food with sugar

usually

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US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Normally; regularly

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

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US / jet /

UK / jɛt /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a later time (used after ‘not’)
  • (Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
  • Eventually; at a future time
  • Until now; up to the present
  • conjunction
  • Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

cuteness

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US / kju:tnəs /

UK / kju:tnəs /

B2
  • noun
  • State of being attractive in a pretty way

friend

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US / frend /

UK / frɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Person who you like and enjoy being with

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

child

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US / tʃaɪld /

UK / tʃaɪld /

A1
  • noun
  • A very young person, between about 2 and 15

exalt

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US / ɪgˈzɔ:lt /

UK / ɪɡˈzɔlt /

C1
  • verb
  • To praise someone

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

timey

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US / ˈteriə(r) /

UK / ˈtɛriɚ /

A1

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

beanie

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US / ˈbi:ni /

UK / ˈbini /

C2
  • noun
  • Small round close fitting hat

enter

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US / 'entə(r) /

UK / ˈɛntɚ /

A1
  • verb
  • To start a career or an education
  • To become a competitor in a contest
  • To add or type information in a computer
  • To go into a room, building etc.

condescend

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US / ˌkɒndɪˈsend /

UK / ˌkɑ:ndɪˈsend /

A1
  • verb
  • To assume a superior air

king

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US / kɪŋ /

UK / kɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person considered the best or top at something
  • Playing card with the image of a king on it
  • Key piece in the game of chess
  • Royal male ruler of a country
  • Person's name

kao

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US / /

UK / /

A1

record

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US / 'rekɔ:d /

UK / ˈrekərd /

A1
  • noun
  • Highest or most extreme level achieved
  • Round plastic disc on which music has been stored
  • History of a person's past actions or achievements
  • verb
  • To indicate a temperature, speed, etc.; register
  • To write down or say what happened
  • To put music, sounds onto a device to store it

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

english

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US / ˈɪŋglɪʃ /

UK / ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of England
  • noun
  • Language of the UK, USA, Nigeria and elsewhere
  • Person's name

especially

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US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • More than usual; extremely

gato

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US / /

UK / /

A1

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

good

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US / ɡʊd /

UK / ɡʊd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper, appropriate or right
  • (Of an amount) enough; plenty
  • Excellent; high quality
  • Acting well or properly; of moral character
  • In a positive or happy emotional state
  • noun
  • Advantage or benefit

princess

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US / ˌprɪnˈses /

UK / ˈprɪnsɪs, -ˌsɛs, prɪnˈsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Daughter of a king and queen

phrase

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US / freɪz /

UK / frez /

A2
  • noun
  • Common expression or saying
  • Section of musical notes in a piece of music
  • A set of words used together
  • verb
  • To choose words to say what you mean clearly

royalty

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US / ˈrɔɪəlti /

UK / ˈrɔɪəlti /

B1
  • noun
  • Members of a royal family
  • Percentage of the sale price paid to author/singer

box

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US / bɒks /

UK / bɑ:ks /

A1
  • noun
  • A marked area of a baseball field
  • A container with four straight sides and a lid
  • Area of seating in a theater separated from others
  • A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
  • Entire amount of something inside a container
  • verb
  • To strike someone on the side of the head
  • To pack an object in a six-sided container
  • To fight with gloved hands as a sport

blue

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US / blu: /

UK / blu /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Color of the clear sky
  • Feeling sad or down

cheek

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US / tʃi:k /

UK / tʃik /

A2
  • noun
  • The soft part of your face that is below your eye and between your mouth and ear
  • verb
  • to be rude to someone

doggo

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US / ˈdɒɡəʊ /

UK / ˈdɔːɡoʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Quietly in concealment

marital

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US / ˈmærɪtl /

UK / ˈmærɪtl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning marriage

prefix

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US / 'pri:fɪks /

UK / ˈpriˌfɪks /

B2
  • noun
  • Part of a word added to the front, e.g. UNhappy

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

pick

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US / pɪk /

UK / pɪk /

A1
  • noun
  • Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
  • Item selected from a group of choices
  • verb
  • To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
  • To decide on a thing from various choices; select
  • To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

thesaurus

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US / θɪˈsɔ:rəs /

UK / θɪˈsɔrəs /

C1
  • noun
  • Book containing a classified list of synonyms

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

nephew

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US / ˈnefju: /

UK / ˈnɛfju /

B1
  • noun
  • Son of your brother or sister

muffin

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US / ˈmʌfɪn /

UK / ˈmʌfɪn /

C1
  • noun
  • Small sweet cake that often contains fruit

category

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US / ˈkætəgəri /

UK / ˈkætɪˌɡɔri, -ˌɡori /

B1
  • noun
  • Groups of things that are similar in some way

pattern

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US / 'pætn /

UK / ˈpætən /

A2
  • noun
  • Model to follow in making or doing something
  • Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
  • Regular repeated behavior
  • verb
  • To copy the way something else is made

begin

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US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

eight

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US / eɪt /

UK / et /

A1
  • number
  • 8

mama

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US / 'mæmə /

UK / ˈmɑmə /

B2
  • noun
  • A mother

mon

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • noun
  • Shortened form of Monday

sound

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US / saʊnd /

UK / saʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sensible, dependable and reliable
  • Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
  • Firm or solid in structure
  • Sane; not mentally ill
  • Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
  • noun
  • Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
  • Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
  • verb
  • To seem or appear to be, from what was said
  • To say in a clear deliberate manner
  • To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

such

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US / sʌtʃ /

UK / sʌtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Being similar to
  • (Thing) as previously stated or referred to
  • adverb
  • (Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

hamlet

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US / ˈhæmlət /

UK / ˈhæmlɪt /

B2
  • noun
  • Very small village

vegetable

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US / ˈvedʒtəbl /

UK / ˈvɛdʒtəbəl, ˈvɛdʒɪtə- /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Made from plants such as tomato, lettuce, carrots
  • noun
  • Plant that is raised and eaten as food

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

unique

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US / jʊ'ni:k /

UK / juˈnik /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unlike other things; being the only one like it

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

set

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US / set /

UK / sɛt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Prepared for something; ready
  • noun
  • Complete group of something
  • Place where a television show or movie is filmed
  • Group of games in a tennis match
  • Device that receives radio or television signals
  • verb
  • To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
  • To decide upon or choose something
  • To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
  • To decide on a price for something
  • To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
  • To be located in a specific place or time
  • To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
  • To put someone in a certain condition or state
  • (Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

doodle

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US / ˈdu:dl /

UK / ˈdudl /

A1
  • noun
  • Aimless or casual scribble, design, or sketch

cake

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US / keɪk /

UK / keɪk /

A1
  • noun
  • Sweet baked food made from flour, eggs, fat, sugar
  • verb
  • To cover with a thing that becomes hard when dried
  • To become dried into a hardened mass

few

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US / fju: /

UK / fju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Not many, a small number

sugary

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US / ˈʃʊgəri /

UK / ˈʃʊɡəri /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Too sweet; insincere
  • Containing or having a taste like sugar

usage

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US / ˈju:sɪdʒ /

UK / ˈjusɪdʒ, -zɪdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Amount something is used
  • Way something is actually used

under

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US / ˈʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In the same place as another thing, but lower
  • adverb
  • In a lower quantity or price than expected
  • preposition
  • According to the terms of an agreement or law
  • Managed or controlled by the authority of
  • Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
  • Influenced or affected by something or someone
  • Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

communicate

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US / kə'mju:nɪkeɪt /

UK / kəˈmjunɪˌket /

A2
  • verb
  • To give and exchange information

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

trace

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US / treɪs /

UK / tres /

B1
  • noun
  • Very small quantity of something
  • verb
  • To make an outline to determine a shape
  • To find someone or something that has disappeared
  • To draw the outline of an image through thin paper

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

text

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US / tekst /

UK / tɛkst /

A1
  • noun
  • Any form in which writing exists
  • Reading or audio passage, often a story or article
  • Written part of a book or other work
  • verb
  • To send a message by phone or other device

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

animal

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US / ˈænɪml /

UK / ˈænəməl /

A1
  • noun
  • A living creature that is not a plant or person

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

report

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US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Account of the necessary facts and information
  • The telling of news in the media
  • Official statement about something
  • verb
  • To submit a report or bill to the government
  • To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
  • To state something officially
  • To officially present yourself to an authority
  • To describe something by telling it to others

pet

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US / pet /

UK / pɛt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Favorite
  • noun
  • Animal kept by a person for company and friendship
  • A favorite thing or person
  • verb
  • To gently touch an animal or person; stroke
  • To kiss and cuddle, sometimes in a sexual way

purpose

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US / 'pɜ:pəs /

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

A2
  • noun
  • Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

talk

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US / tɔ:k /

UK / tɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Style of speaking
  • Discussion between two countries
  • Giving information in front of people; lecture
  • Saying things or ideas to someone with words
  • verb
  • To make a formal speech about something
  • To say things or ideas to someone with words

eighty

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US / 'eɪtɪ /

UK / ˈeti /

A1
  • number
  • 80

face

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US / feɪs /

UK / fes /

A1
  • noun
  • Side or outer surface of something
  • An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
  • Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
  • Characteristics you show in public
  • verb
  • To cover a surface with something like paint
  • To deal with a problem or responsibilities
  • To look toward; point in a certain direction

stuff

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US / stʌf /

UK / stʌf /

A1
  • noun
  • Generic description for things, materials, objects
  • verb
  • To push material inside something, with force

sweet

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US / swi:t /

UK / swit /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a gentle, likable nature
  • Making one feel happy, pleased or content
  • Cute in appearance
  • Tasting like sugar; containing sugar
  • noun
  • Piece of candy, or other food containing sugar

treasure

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US / 'treʒə(r) /

UK / ˈtrɛʒɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Valuable things collected, and often hidden
  • Someone or something that is worth a lot
  • verb
  • To value something you keep very much
  • To take great care of because you love/value it

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

edible

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US / ˈedəbl /

UK / ˈɛdəbəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being safe to eat

french

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US / frentʃ /

UK / frentʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of France
  • noun
  • Person's name

lexicon

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US / ˈleksɪkən /

UK / ˈlɛksɪˌkɑn /

B2
  • noun
  • All the words used in a particular language

joke

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US / dʒəʊk /

UK / dʒoʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • A funny or amusing statement
  • Something or someone not taken seriously
  • verb
  • To say or do things that are meant to be funny

middle

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US / 'mɪdl /

UK / ˈmidl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Equal distance from extremes
  • noun
  • Place that is halfway between two things

personal

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US / ˈpɜ:sənl /

UK / ˈpɚsənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Done by or to a particular person; individual
  • Concerning a person's private life or feelings

romantic

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US / rəʊˈmæntɪk /

UK / roʊˈmæntɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Relating to courtship or love
  • Being impractical, unrealistic, or idealistic
  • Of or involving the ideas or values of romanticism
  • noun
  • People who like love, candlelit dinners, etc.
  • Person living in a fantasy-like world not reality

puff

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US / pʌf /

UK / pʌf /

B1
  • noun
  • Sweet baked food filled with cream or jam
  • Small cloud of air/smoke that can be seen or felt
  • verb
  • To breath in and out quickly
  • To produce a small cloud of smoke, steam etc.
  • To breath smoke from a pipe, etc. in and out

neel

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US / 'ni:dlɪŋ /

UK / 'ni:dlɪŋ /

A1

darling

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US / 'dɑ:lɪŋ /

UK / ˈdɑrlɪŋ /

A2
  • noun
  • Dearly loved person

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

everyone

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US / ˈevriwʌn /

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Every person; everybody

evoke

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US / ɪ'vəʊk /

UK / ɪˈvok /

B1
  • verb
  • To bring forth a certain feeling or memory

fridge

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US / frɪdʒ /

UK / frɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • An electric cool box for keeping food fresh

common

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US / 'kɒmən /

UK / ˈkɑmən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
  • Typical, normal; not unusual
  • noun
  • Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
  • Field near a village owned by the local community

suffix

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US / ˈsʌfɪks /

UK / ˈsʌfɪks /

B2
  • noun
  • Part of a word after the root, e.g. -ment, -ly

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

build

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US / bɪld /

UK / bɪld /

A1
  • noun
  • Your physical shape; physique
  • verb
  • To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
  • To construct a house, office, factory

butt

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US / bʌt /

UK / bʌt /

B2
  • noun
  • (Informal) fleshy part of your body you sit on
  • verb
  • To share a boundary by being next to

eighteen

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US / ˌeɪˈti:n /

UK / eˈtin /

A1
  • number
  • 18

cowrie

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US / ˈkaʊri /

UK / 'kaʊrɪ /

C2
  • noun
  • Highly polished usually brightly marked shell

gain

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US / ɡeɪn /

UK / ɡen /

A2
  • noun
  • An increase in something, such as weight
  • verb
  • To increase in something, such as weight
  • To get something wanted, needed or valued

honey

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US / ˈhʌni /

UK / ˈhʌni /

A2
  • noun
  • Sweet, thick golden liquid that is made by bees
  • Darling; used to refer to express love

ladybird

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US / ˈleɪdibɜ:d /

UK / ˈleɪdibɜ:rd /

C2
  • noun
  • British small round red/yellow spotted beetle

old

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US / əʊld /

UK / old /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having existed for a long time, not young or new
  • Age of a person since birth

bella

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US / ˈsaɪnɪdʒ /

UK / ˈsaɪnɪdʒ /

A1

dessert

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US / dɪˈzɜ:t /

UK / dɪˈzɜ:rt /

B2
  • noun
  • Sweet food usually eaten at the end of a meal

communication

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US / kəˌmju:nɪ'keɪʃn /

UK / kəˌmjunɪˈkeʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Talking to people; giving information to people

daughter

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US / ˈdɔ:tə(r) /

UK / ˈdɔtɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of a company) being a subsidiary of another firm
  • noun
  • A female child of someone

list

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US / lɪst /

UK / lɪst /

A1
  • noun
  • Lean of a boat to one side
  • Series of written names, words or numbers
  • verb
  • To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
  • To present for sale for a specific price
  • To write a series of names, words, or numbers

mid

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US / mɪd /

UK / mɪd /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • At (or near) the middle point

pretty

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US / 'prɪtɪ /

UK / ˈprɪti /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • adverb
  • Very; to a great degree

ago

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US / əˈgəʊ /

UK / əˈgoʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a specified length of time in the past

elephant

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US / ˈelɪfənt /

UK / ˈɛləfənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Large gray animal with a long nose and two tusks

linguistic

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US / lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk /

UK / lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of or relating to language

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

yes

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US / jes /

UK / jɛs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Way to say you agree or will do something

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

alignment

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US / əˈlaɪnmənt /

UK / əˈlaɪnmənt /

B2
  • noun
  • Agreement to work together on a common goal

everything

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US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • All of the things mentioned

reference

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US / 'refrəns /

UK / ˈrɛfərəns, ˈrɛfrəns /

A2
  • noun
  • A letter of recommendation, e.g. for a job
  • Note in a book, etc. giving source of information
  • A location on a map
  • verb
  • To cite a piece of research in speech or writing

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

prawn

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US / prɔ:n /

UK / prɔn /

C1
  • noun
  • Largish edible shellfish with ten legs

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

add

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US / æd /

UK / æd /

A1
  • verb
  • To include as well
  • To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

smallness

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US / smɔ:lnəs /

UK / smɔ:lnəs /

B2
  • noun
  • Property of having a relatively small size

son

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US / sʌn /

UK / sʌn /

A1
  • noun
  • Male child; friendly way of addressing a boy

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

wealth

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US / welθ /

UK / wɛlθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of money or possessions you own, e.g. large
  • Great quantity, amount, or number of something

bit

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US / bɪt /

UK / bɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • Small piece of something
  • verb
  • (E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

pay

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US / peɪ /

UK / pe /

A1
  • noun
  • Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
  • verb
  • To give money for goods or work done
  • To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
  • To be punished or suffer for something you did
  • To make (a visit) to a person or place

speaker

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US / 'spi:kə(r) /

UK / ˈspikɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Electronic device for making or broadcasting sound
  • Person who makes a speech before a group

susu

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • noun
  • West African people of Guinea, Sierra Leone

sweetie

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US / ˈswiːti /

UK / ˈswiːti /

B1
  • noun
  • Person loved by someone; boyfriend, girlfriend

bug

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US / bʌɡ /

UK / bʌɡ /

B1
  • noun
  • An insect
  • Problem in the functioning of computer code
  • Electronic device to spy on someone
  • verb
  • To bother someone
  • To hide an electronic device to spy on someone

ina

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • suffix
  • Denoting feminine names and titles.
  • Denoting names of musical instruments.
  • Denoting names of plant and animal groups.

cabbage

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US / ˈkæbɪdʒ /

UK / ˈkæbɪdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Round green vegetable with tightly packed leaves
  • Subtitles section
  • What cute nicknames do you call each other?
  • We both call each other Squish.
  • Yeah.
  • Oh, that's a new one.
  • It was one of the first stuffed animals I got her.
  • It was like a little octopus.
  • It was like a beanie baby.
  • Yeah, beanie baby.
  • His nickname was Squish.
  • My partner, for some reason, I always used to call him Boo.
  • Say, I love you, Boo.
  • My Squoosh, my Squishy.
  • There's Piar, there's Mohabbat, there's John, there's Ishk.
  • KG, Gryffindor, Griffy, little Griffy Boo Boo.
  • TG what?
  • Tootie butt!
  • I call him dad and he hates it.
  • I'm your husband, I'm not your dad!
  • Why do we use such unusual words for the people we love?
  • From kitty to cutie, two thirds of American adults refer to their romantic partners by a pet name.
  • And we've been doing this for a long time.
  • The historical thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary traces terms of endearment, in the English language at least, over a thousand years.
  • While old timey pet names like Hardikin and Lambchop have come and gone, Darling, which appears in written records as early as the eight hundred and eighty eight CE, is one term of endearment we still use today.
  • But where do all these pet names come from?
  • And why is it so tempting to call our partners my sweetest little pumpkin pie instead of using their actual name?
  • I'm Dr. Erika Brzozowski, and this is Otherwords.
  • A lot of our common terms of endearment are using words for things to describe people.
  • Linguists note that many of these terms of endearment fall into one of these categories.
  • Any other nicknames that you all have?
  • Curry.
  • Yeah.
  • And where did that come from?
  • Her name's Mary.
  • My name's Carrie, and I just kind of morphed into curry.
  • I get called peanut a lot.
  • Sugar pie.
  • Honey, sweetheart.
  • My little chicken nugget.
  • Muffin, sugar plum, baby cakes, honey bun.
  • There's an endless list of desserts you can call your beloved.
  • It's also a cross cultural phenomenon, from Arabic's asal, meaning honey, to Japan's tamago gato no kao, meaning egg shaped face.
  • So like gulab jamun is like an Indian sweet.
  • It's like a little brown, like sugary sweet, which is really, really good.
  • But sometimes when you have like a little boy and like he has his cheeks and then you'll say he's like a little gulabu because he like has the little cheeks.
  • One of the earliest edible epithets is sweetheart, which shows up in Middle English texts as early as twelve ninety.
  • However, it would take over five hundred more years to show up on a box of Valentine's candy.
  • My name, like, Neel, it means blue in Hindi, and my middle name means mango, so some people call me Blue Mango.
  • And I love mangoes, too.
  • Who doesn't?
  • Truly.
  • There's a lot of crossover between food related pet names in another popular category, plants.
  • Think pumpkin pie or mon petit choux in French, which speakers say translates either to my little cabbage or my little cream puff.
  • My cousin would go by Meng Meng.
  • Meng is like sprouting, like when spring comes, everything starts to sprout, so Meng is that action, so we go by Meng Meng.
  • But using a vegetable as a term of endearment likely came later than nicknames like honey or sugar.
  • Pumpkin first shows up in descriptions of the American dialect in nineteen hundred, gaining popularity through the mid century, when along with sweetheart, peaches, and other pet names, it picked up a sarcastic or condescending usage as well.
  • I love you, pumpkin.
  • I love you, honey bunny.
  • Do you have a nickname?
  • What do we call you?
  • Monkey.
  • Big cat.
  • Mama bear.
  • A third category of pet names is literally pets.
  • Animal names like kitten and love bug are popular nicknames today, but in the late eighteen hundreds, you might have called your lover a prawn.
  • Thai speakers have their chang noi, or little elephant, and German partners might call each other Mausabär, because referencing just one cute animal wasn't enough.
  • And while we've covered Shakespeare's linguistic creativity before, linguist Julia Landman notes that he was also prolific with pet names, sprinkling animal based terms of endearment like dove, ladybird, and lamb throughout Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
  • What nicknames did your family call you?
  • Over the years, I've been everything from a Sioux, to a Susie, to a Susu, to a Dudu.
  • My family calls me Renren.
  • I think it's a very Filipino thing to double name like that.
  • My mom calls me Mijita, which means daughter.
  • Many terms of endearment fall under the category of diminutives.
  • Instead of standalone words, diminutives are affixes added to the beginning or end of words to connote smallness or cuteness.
  • Every language has their own unique diminutives.
  • There's ito and ita in Spanish, et or let in French.
  • English has diminutive prefixes like mini as in mini fridge or mini skirt, as well as suffixes like e as in plushie or puppy and ling as in duckling or darling.
  • So my mom is from Italy.
  • She used to call me Bellina Piccolina.
  • Bella means pretty or beautiful.
  • Ina is the diminutive that's appended onto the end of a word to make it small.
  • And then piccola is small.
  • And then she added ina also onto the end of piccola.
  • So I guess if you were like literally translating it, it would be small, small, small beauty.
  • In addition to indicating smallness, diminutives can also give speech an affectionate or familiar tone.
  • If you called your mom's sister auntie as a child, it wasn't because she was smaller than you.
  • It's because you loved her.
  • The use of o as an affectionate diminutive has recently become popular as in kiddo and doggo.
  • Growing up, my mom called me xiao meimei.
  • Meimei means little girl or little sister and xiao also means little, so my pet name was a double diminutive.
  • But diminutives show up in romantic relationships too.
  • Calling someone baby, or sweetie, or even adding the E sound to the end of their name, like Andy or Katie, is a way to convey that you think they're a real, well, cutie.
  • I have two nephews.
  • One is eleven, one is one.
  • We'll call them Da Bao and Xiao Bao.
  • Bao is treasure.
  • Da is big, Xiao is small, so it's basically big treasure and small treasure.
  • Many terms of endearment represent wealth or value, like princess, treasure, or jewel.
  • One of China's most popular pet names, first recorded more than two thousand years ago, is Baobei, which translates literally to precious shell, referring to the cowrie shells used as coins during the Zhou dynasty.
  • And in Danish, a common term of endearment is sket, which means treasure, but can also translate to taxes.
  • Even the word dyr originally meant costly or expensive, as in, you'll pay dearly for this.
  • Are there any terms of endearment based on things like royalty or wealth?
  • Yeah, so the firstborn son is usually called Raj or Raju.
  • And that actually comes from what Hindi is, the king.
  • So the highest one, the prince, the king, the most exalted person.
  • And in the same way that Raj is used, Rani is used for a girl.
  • So Rani is a princess.
  • Maybe like princessa.
  • My aunts will say tesoro, which means treasure.
  • Around the world, calling your beloved a name that evokes piles of money communicates that they are precious or valuable to you.
  • But why use these unusual terms of endearment at all?
  • Family dynamics researcher Carol Brees found that terms of endearment are part of a larger linguistic phenomenon that couples engage in.
  • When we enter a relationship with someone, we form a culture of two by mirroring each other's vocabulary and speech patterns and coming up with nicknames to indicate alignment with each other.
  • I want to give everyone a nickname.
  • It's like, it makes your connection with them like a little bit more personal.
  • Researchers find that this style of idiosyncratic communication is especially important in newer relationships.
  • Couples who've been married for fewer than five years and who haven't yet had kids report using pet names the most.
  • Because what better way to communicate that you might be more than friends than calling someone by a name that not even their friends will use?
  • But even after the honeymoon is over, the insider lexicon we use in our relationship still serves an important purpose.
  • Couples that use pet names and baby talk in their relationships report higher marital satisfaction than those who cringe at the sound of boo or baby.
  • This may be because idiosyncratic language is a way of reinforcing one's social bond while setting it apart from our other friendships or family relationships.
  • Over time, we develop what TikTokers might call marriage language or what linguists call famileps.
  • And social psychologists say these specific and sometimes cringey words and phrases we use inside relationships are part of building intimacy and trust.
  • These familects are made up of inside jokes, stories too embarrassing to repeat in public, and yes, terms of endearment.
  • So really, calling your partner cutie pie or doodle bug is just a way of saying you're the only one for me, and I think that's pretty sweet.
  • And while we've covered Shakespeare's linguistic creativity before, linguist Julia Landman notes that he was also prolific with pet names.
  • You're so cute.