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Why Don't These Plants Need Seeds? (Moss and Ferns): Crash Course Botany #8

Original YouTube Video | crashcourse Published on 2023-07-20 Level：97 Speed：23 maxwordlevel：15

Video vocabulary

alternate

US / ɔ:lˈtɜ:nət /

•

UK / ˈɔ:ltərnət /

verb
To follow one thing after another repeatedly

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

belong

US / bɪ'lɒŋ /

•

UK / bɪˈlɔŋ /

verb
To be a welcomed as a new member of a group
To own something
To be in the right place or situation

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

reproduce

US / ˌri:prə'dju:s /

•

UK / ˌriprəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To make a copy of something
To have children/young; grow roots/new plants

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

US / rɪ'leɪtɪd /

•

UK / rɪˈletɪd /

adjecitve
Connected to; in association with
verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

wound

US / waʊnd /

•

UK / waʊnd /

noun
Sadness or displeasure caused by a bad memory
Physical injury, especially that suffered in war
verb
To rotate a part of say a watch to make it work
To hurt someone emotionally
To injure someone in a fight with a knife gun etc.

attach

US / ə'tætʃ /

•

UK / əˈtætʃ /

verb
To be associated or connected with

coat

US / kəʊt /

•

UK / koʊt /

noun
Clothing worn outside over your normal clothes
verb
To cover something thinly with something

hero

US / ˈhɪərəʊ /

•

UK / ˈhɪroʊ /

noun
Person of great courage/strength who saves others
Main male character in a book, play or story

flower

US / ˈflaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈflaʊɚ /

noun
Plant with a pretty head, e.g. a rose
verb
(Of flowers) to emerge into full shape; to bloom
To develop successfully or fully

fossil

US / 'fɒsl /

•

UK / ˈfɑsəl /

noun
Plant or animal that became rock after many years

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

slow

US / sləʊ /

•

UK / sloʊ /

adjecitve
Lacking activity, busyness or excitement
(Clock) showing time earlier than the actual time
Having difficulty understanding simple things
Moving or happening without speed; not fast
verb
To move, with less speed than before
To move or go without much speed

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

bryophyte

US / /

•

UK / /

other
Any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

internet

US / ˈɪn.tə.net /

•

UK / ˋɪntɚ͵nɛt /

noun
Worldwide computer network system

moist

US / mɔɪst /

•

UK / mɔɪst /

adjecitve
Being a little bit wet, often in a pleasing way

moss

US / mɒs /

•

UK / mɔs,mɑs /

noun
Soft green plant which grows on trees and stones

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

thin

US / θɪn /

•

UK / θɪn /

adjecitve
Flowing with ease; with a high percentage of water
(Of air) having little oxygen
Being or growing far apart in small amounts
Not thick; not wide in size
Having little flesh or fat on the body
Being weak or useless
verb
To make flow more easily by adding water or liquid

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

organ

US / 'ɔ:ɡən /

•

UK / ˈɔrɡən /

noun
Part of a person's body with a particular function
Large institution or body
Large wind instrument similar to a piano

march

US / mɑ:tʃ /

•

UK / mɑ:rtʃ /

noun
Walk by a group of soldiers who walk in time
3rd month of the year
Music played for soldiers to walk in time to
Progress towards a future time or place
Public walk by a group to demand change
verb
To force someone to walk somewhere
(Soldiers) to walk in time with others
To walk as a group to demand some kind of change
To walk somewhere quickly often in an angry manner

planet

US / 'plænɪt /

•

UK / ˈplænɪt /

noun
One of the bodies that orbit the sun

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

tall

US / tɔ:l /

•

UK / tɔl /

adjecitve
High in height

structure

US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

•

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

noun
The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
verb
To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

trendy

US / ˈtrendi /

•

UK / ˈtrɛndi /

adjecitve
In the latest style; up to the minute

angiosperm

US / ˌændʒɪəˌspɜ:m /

•

UK / ˌændʒɪrˌspɜ:m /

noun
Plants having seeds in a closed ovary

lurker

US / 'lɜ:kə /

•

UK / 'lɜ:kə /

other
Someone waiting in concealment

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

represent

US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

verb
To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
To show or describe something in a particular way
To act on behalf of others in government
To act or speak for another person or other people

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

multicellular

US / mʌltɪ'seljʊlə /

•

UK / ˌmʌltiˈsɛljəlɚ, -taɪ- /

adjecitve
Consisting of many cells

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

forest

US / 'fɒrɪst /

•

UK / ˈfɔrɪst, ˈfɑr- /

noun
Large area with many trees

misnomer

US / ˌmɪsˈnəʊmə(r) /

•

UK / mɪsˈnomɚ /

noun
Wrong or improper name

nest

US / nest /

•

UK / nɛst /

noun
Home, e.g. of twigs, made by a bird, insect etc.
Things designed to fit together
Place where you feel secure; home or own room
verb
To create or live in a nest
To fit together, inside or around each other

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

path

US / pɑ:θ /

•

UK / pæθ, pɑθ /

noun
Method of living leading to a particular result
Track made with stones, by walking over the ground

phenomenon

US / fə'nɒmɪnən /

•

UK / fɪˈnɑməˌnɑn, -nən /

noun
Unusual event, fact that can be studied
Interesting or unusual person, group
something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesti

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

sperm

US / spɜ:m /

•

UK / spə:m /

noun
Cell produced by men and needed for reproduction

tempting

US / ˈtemptɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈtɛmptɪŋ /

verb
To make someone want something even if it's bad

attribute

US / əˈtrɪbju:t /

•

UK / əˈtrɪbjut /

noun
Characteristic something has, e.g. size or color
Adjectives placed before the nouns they modify
verb
(Of books, art, music) to say it was composed by

ecosystem

US / ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈɛkoˌsɪstəm, ˈiko- /

noun
Types of plants and animals in an specific area

exquisite

US / ɪkˈskwɪzɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛkskwɪzɪt, ɪkˈskwɪzɪt /

adjecitve
Being very sensitive or detailed, e.g. of taste

fern

US / fɜ:n /

•

UK / fɜ:rn /

noun
Type of plant with long, thin leaves

houseplant

US / ˈhaʊsplɑːnt /

•

UK / ˈhaʊsplænt /

noun
A plant that is meant to be grown indoors

restore

US / rɪˈstɔ:(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈstɔr, -ˈstor /

verb
To return a thing to its original condition

peat

US / pi:t /

•

UK / pit /

noun
Acid black material used as soil for some plants

transport

US / ˈtrænspɔ:t /

•

UK / ˈtrænspɔ:rt /

noun
Very strong uncontrollable emotion, e.g. delight
Vehicle used to take soldiers to other places
verb
To carry things from one place to another
To cause to feel you are in a previous time

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

botany

US / ˈbɒtəni /

•

UK / ˈbɑ:təni /

noun
The science studies plant life

essential

US / ɪ'senʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely or most important and necessary

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

fuse

US / fju:z /

•

UK / fjuz /

noun
Device connected to and making a bomb explode
Electrical safety device
verb
(Metal) to become one through heat contact

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

liverwort

US / ˈlɪvəwɜːt /

•

UK / ˈlɪvərˌwɜːrt /

noun
Small green plants resembling green seaweed

parent

US / 'peərənt /

•

UK / ˈpɛrənt, ˈpær- /

noun
Person's, animal's mother or father
Something creating other things of the same kind

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

whose

US / hu:z /

•

UK / huz /

pronoun
Refers to the person who owns something

symbiotic

US / ˌsɪmbaɪ'ɒtɪk /

•

UK / ˌsɪmbaɪ'ɒtɪk /

adjecitve
In an interdependent relationship

climate

US / ˈklaɪmət /

•

UK / ˈklaɪmɪt /

noun
Typical weather conditions in a particular place

cling

US / klɪŋ /

•

UK / klɪŋ /

verb
To be dependent on
To stick or be attached to

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

fine

US / faɪn /

•

UK / faɪn /

adjecitve
Good, acceptable or satisfactory
Of high quality; made with great skill
In a careful or exact manner; into small pieces
Being of high quality
Good; okay; no problem
(Of weather) good; not raining
noun
Money you have to pay because you broke a rule
verb
To pay money because you broke a law

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

flourish

US / 'flʌrɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈflɚrɪʃ, ˈflʌr- /

noun
Fancy addition or decoration
verb
To show and direct attention by waving something
To add a fancy addition or decoration
To be healthy or successful

hydrate

US / 'haɪdreɪt /

•

UK / ˈhaɪˌdret /

verb
To give or add water to something or someone

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

patreon

US / 'peɪʃənts /

•

UK / 'peɪʃənts /

phone

US / fəʊn /

•

UK / foʊn /

noun
Machine used to talk to someone who is far away
verb
To talk to someone using a telephone

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

regrow

US / ri:greʊ /

•

UK / ri:greʊ /

verb
To continue growth after an injury or interruption

relative

US / ˈrelətɪv /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪv /

adjecitve
Measured or considered in comparison to another
(Grammar) referring to words that appear earlier
noun
Members of the family
Humans or animals sharing the same family history

rock

US / rɒk /

•

UK / rɑk /

noun
Type of popular music with a strong, loud beat
Strong, tough person who can be relied upon
Big stone; hard, solid substance forming mountains
verb
To be greatly upset by something, e.g. a death
To be extremely effective or pleasing
To play, sing along with, or dance to heavy music
To move back and forth or from side to side

root

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, rʊt /

noun
Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
The origin or starting place of something
A number that is multiplied by itself
Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
verb
To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
(Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
To stop someone moving, as through fear

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

gamete

US / ˈgæmi:t /

•

UK / ˈɡæmˌit, ɡəˈmit /

noun
Mature sexual reproductive cell

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

thingy

US / ˈθɪŋi /

•

UK / ˈθɪŋi /

noun
Something you cannot remember the name of

wet

US / wet /

•

UK / wɛt /

adjecitve
Concerning a bar that serves or sells alcohol
Having or experiencing a great deal of rain
Containing water or liquid; not dry
verb
To accidentally pee in clothes or a bed

alive

US / ə'laɪv /

•

UK / əˈlaɪv /

adjecitve
Living; not dead

extra

US / 'ekstrə /

•

UK / 'ekstrə /

adjecitve
More than necessary; additional
noun
Items more than you need; additional items
Person who has a small part in a movie
Special version of a newspaper

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

fossilize

US / ˈfɒsəlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈfɑ:səlaɪz /

verb
To change into a state from which it won't change

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

initially

US / ɪˈnɪʃəli /

•

UK / ɪˈnɪʃəli /

adverb
At first; originally

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

steady

US / 'stedɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɛdi /

adjecitve
Happening or developing at a regular rate
Continuing without stopping or changing over time
Firmly fixed or supported; not likely to fall over
noun
Your boyfriend or girlfriend
verb
To make constant, unchanging or staying the same
To hold something/someone so they stop moving

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

helper

US / 'helpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhɛlpɚ /

noun
A person who assists someone

homebody

US / ˈhəʊmbɒdi /

•

UK / ˈhoʊmbɑ:di /

noun
a person who likes spending time at home rather than going out with friends or travelling to differe

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

prime

US / praɪm /

•

UK / praɪm /

adjecitve
Concerning the highest in quality or value
Concerning the highest level of achievement
Most important, chief importance in value
verb
To get a person ready for; prepare someone
To coat with paint to prepare it for the main coat

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

bear

US / bɛː /

•

UK / bɛr /

noun
Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
Someone who expects stock market to fall
verb
To accept (responsibilities or duties)
To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
To keep moving left or right while going forward
To show (sign of something)
To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

horsetails

US / /

•

UK / /

other
Perennial rush-like flowerless herbs with jointed hollow stems and narrow tooth-like leaves that spr

film

US / fɪlm /

•

UK / fɪlm /

noun
Thin layer that covers something
Movie
verb
To record moving action with a camera

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

spike

US / spaɪk /

•

UK / spaɪk /

noun
The top point in a graph
Long, thin metal rod that ends in a point
verb
To go up to a point on a graph

group

US / ɡru:p /

•

UK / ɡrup /

noun
Two or more musicians who play music together
Number of people or things gathered together
verb
To combine or collect objects or people together

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

float

US / fləʊt /

•

UK / floʊt /

noun
Object designed to stay on the surface of water
Decorated truck used in a festival
verb
To sell the shares of a company publicly
To move slowly and easily through air
To rest on the surface of water without sinking

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

amateur

US / 'æmətə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæməˌtɚ /

adjecitve
Unskilled in an activity; not professional
noun
Someone doing an activity for pleasure, not a job

community

US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

noun
Group of people who share a common idea or area

curiosity

US / ˌkjʊərɪ'ɒsətɪ /

•

UK / ˌkjʊriˈɑsɪti /

noun
Something unusual and perhaps worthy of collecting
Eager desire to learn more about something

fool

US / fu:l /

•

UK / ful /

noun
An idiot; someone who does something stupid
Person kept by royalty to entertain with jokes
verb
To trick someone; to deceive

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

succulent

US / ˈsʌkjələnt /

•

UK / ˈsʌkjələnt /

adjecitve
(Of food) juicy and delicious
noun
Plant with thick soft leaves that store water

blossom

US / ˈblɒsəm /

•

UK / ˈblɑ:səm /

noun
Flower from a tree, often one appearing in spring
verb
(Of a plant) to produce flowers, e.g. in spring
To grow into a state of beauty and maturity

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

spore

US / spɔ:(r) /

•

UK / spɔr, spor /

noun
Tiny cell like dust that can reproduce itself

store

US / stɔ:(r) /

•

UK / stɔr, stor /

noun
Place where things are kept for future use
Place where you can go to buy things
verb
To put things in a place for later use

via

US / ˈvaɪə /

•

UK / ˈvaɪə, ˈviə /

preposition
By the means of using something
By going through, by way of

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

flashy

US / ˈflæʃi /

•

UK / ˈflæʃi /

adjecitve
Bright and fancy, but not tasteful

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

willow

US / 'wɪləʊ /

•

UK / ˈwɪlo /

noun
Tree with drooping branches often found near water

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

botanist

US / ˈbɒtənɪst /

•

UK / ˈbɑtnɪst /

noun
Scientist who focuses on the study of plant life

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

arctic

US / 'ɑ:ktɪk /

•

UK / ˈɑrktɪk, ˈɑrtɪk /

adjecitve
The regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole
Region 66.3 degrees latitude north of the equator

option

US / 'ɒpʃn /

•

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

noun
A choice
Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

sphagnum

US / ˈsfæɡnəm /

•

UK / ˈsfæɡnəm /

noun
Type of moss used in fertilizing plants

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

anchor

US / 'æŋkə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæŋkɚ /

noun
Metal hook on a rope used to stop boats moving
Person who presents a news program on TV
verb
To lower an anchor to hold a boat or ship in place

dioxide

US / daɪˈɒksaɪd /

•

UK / daɪˈɑksaɪd /

noun
An oxide containing two oxides per molecule

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

germinate

US / ˈdʒɜ:mɪneɪt /

•

UK / ˈdʒɜ:rmɪneɪt /

verb
To start to grow, develop, or come into existence

minimize

US / 'mɪnɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmɪnəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make something seem small or less important

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

update

US / ˌʌpˈdeɪt /

•

UK / ʌpˈdet /

noun
Addition of a current version of something
New information or data to make more current
verb
To download the latest version of software
To make more current or modern

ancestor

US / 'ænsestə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænˌsɛstɚ /

noun
A person from your family that lived in the past

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

gametophyte

US / gəˈmitəˌfaɪt /

•

UK / /

noun
Gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

otherwise

US / ˈʌðəwaiz /

•

UK / ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz /

adverb
In an additional or different way
Unless; or

seedless

US / ˈsi:dləs /

•

UK / ˈsidlɪs /

adjecitve
(Of a fruit) lacking seeds

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

attention

US / əˈtenʃn /

•

UK / əˈtɛnʃən /

noun
Taking notice of someone or something
(Soldiers) Standing with straight backs

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

nice

US / naɪs /

•

UK / naɪs /

adjecitve
Being attractive or of high quality or value
Good or enjoyable
Being kind or friendly

unlocked

US / ˌʌnˈlɒkt /

•

UK / ˌʌnˈlɑːkt /

verb
To use a key or code to open something

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

log

US / lɒg /

•

UK / lɔ:g /

noun
Detailed account of events and progress on journey
Piece of a tree that has fallen or been cut
verb
To move a certain distance or speed, as recorded
To leave a website or computer account
To record something in an official account
To cut trees down and take the wood to use it

observation

US / ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɑbzɚˈveʃən /

noun
Remark or comment on something you noticed
Practice of performing actions required by rules

monophyletic

US / ˌmɒnəʊfaɪˈletɪk /

•

UK / ˌmɑːnoʊfaɪˈletɪk /

adjecitve

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

lived

US / 'lɪvd /

•

UK / 'lɪvd /

verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

notably

US / ˈnəʊtəbli /

•

UK / ˈnoʊtəbli /

adverb
In a way that deserves notice; particularly

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

useful

US / ˈju:sfl /

•

UK / ˈjusfəl /

adjecitve
That can help with a particular task

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

absorb

US / əb'sɔ:b /

•

UK / əbˈsɔrb, -ˈzɔrb /

verb
To take up all attention / energy of something
To take in a liquid; soak up

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

pore

US / pɔ:(r) /

•

UK / pɔr, por /

noun
Small hole on skin, etc. allowing liquid to pass

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

journey

US / 'dʒɜ:nɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒɚni /

noun
Act of traveling from one place to another; trip
verb
To travel through a place

photosynthesis

US / ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs /

•

UK / ˌfotoˈsɪnθɪsɪs /

noun
Process of plants using the sun to make their food

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

unfortunate

US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənət /

•

UK / ʌnˈfɔrtʃənɪt /

adjecitve
Having bad luck; bringing a bad result

super

US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsupɚ /

adjecitve
Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

affinity

US / ə'fɪnətɪ /

•

UK / əˈfɪnɪti /

noun
A feeling of attraction or relationship

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

dna

US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

noun
Chemical in living cells with genetic information

egg

US / eg /

•

UK / ɛɡ /

noun
Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

fire

US / 'faɪə(r) /

•

UK / faɪr /

noun
Heat and the flame produced when burning
Intense energy for or about something
verb
To apply heat to something to make it hard
To make a person leave their job; dismiss
To shoot a gun or weapon
To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
To start working on something e.g. a project

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

orchid

US / ˈɔ:kɪd /

•

UK / ˈɔ:rkɪd /

noun
Color that is light purple
Showy plant, often with unusually shaped flowers

purify

US / ˈpjʊərɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈpjʊrɪfaɪ /

verb
To make pure by removing unwanted substances
To make someone feel pure by removing guilt

slowly

US / ˈsləʊli /

•

UK / ˈsloʊli /

adverb
In an unhurried or not speedy manner

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

bottom

US / 'bɒtəm /

•

UK / ˈbɑtəm /

adjecitve
Concerning the part under something, e.g. a vase
noun
The part of your body you sit on
Lowest position, often in a company or contest
Lowest part of something; part on which it rests
Lowest level, part or point of an object
The part under something, e.g. a vase
verb
To hit the lowest part of something

cell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

noun
Smallest unit of living things in biology
Group of people - often from a secret organization
Prisoner's room in a jail
Shortened form of 'cellphone'

chamber

US / 'tʃeɪmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtʃembɚ /

noun
Enclosed space that contains something
Large room that is used for official meetings

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

microscope

US / ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp /

•

UK / ˈmaɪkrəskoʊp /

noun
Scientific device making small things look bigger

language

US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

noun
Words or signs used to communicate messages

sporophyte

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations

typical

US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

adjecitve
Normal; usual; expected

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

eventually

US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

•

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

adverb
After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

gaseous

US / ˈgæsiəs /

•

UK / ˈɡæsiəs, ˈɡæʃəs /

adjecitve
Existing as or having characteristics of a gas

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

multigenerational

US / /

•

UK / /

adjecitve
(Of families) with many generations living together

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

thrive

US / θraɪv /

•

UK / θraɪv /

verb
To be or become healthy or successful

decompose

US / ˌdi:kəmˈpəʊz /

•

UK / ˌdi:kəmˈpoʊz /

verb
To cause (chemical) to separate into smaller parts
To gradually be destroyed by natural processes

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

flood

US / flʌd /

•

UK / flʌd /

noun
Large number of people or things arriving at once
Destruction when a river breaks its banks
verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

mighty

US / 'maɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈmaɪti /

adjecitve
Having great strength or great size
adverb
Very, extremely

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

offer

US / 'ɒfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

noun
Price you say you are willing to pay for something
Act of making a thing available to be accepted
verb
To suggest a price you are willing to pay
To give the opportunity to accept something
To say you are willing to do something
To give or say something as an act of worship

sensitive

US / 'sensətɪv /

•

UK / ˈsɛnsɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Taking offense easily; easily upset or hurt
(Private information) needing careful treatment
Concerning awareness of small differences
Able to recognize the feelings of others
Responsive to physical touch
Becoming unstable

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

snack

US / snæk /

•

UK / snæk /

noun
Small amount of food eaten between meals
verb
To eat a small amount outside of regular meal time

trusty

US / 'trʌstɪ /

•

UK / ˈtrʌsti /

adjecitve
Worthy of trust or belief

tend

US / tend /

•

UK / tɛnd /

verb
To move or act in a certain manner
To take care of
To regularly behave in a certain way

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

tissue

US / ˈtɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈtɪʃu /

noun
Substance formed by cells of living thing; flesh
Kind of thin, light paper used to pack objects
Thin soft paper for blowing the nose, etc.

winter

US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

adjecitve
(Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
noun
Time or season of idleness or decay
Coldest season of the year
verb
To spend the cold months at a certain place

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

alternation

US / ˌɔːltəˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɔːltərˈneɪʃn /

noun
Repeated change from one thing to another and back

environmentally

US / ɪnˌvaɪrən'mentəlɪ /

•

UK / ɪnˌvaɪrən'mentəlɪ /

adverb
So as to affect the environment/the natural world

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

primary

US / 'praɪmərɪ /

•

UK / ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri /

adjecitve
Most important, most basic or essential
Happening first; earliest
of or for the teaching of young children

stoma

US / ˈstəʊmə /

•

UK / ˈstoʊmə /

noun
Minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass

tropic

US / 'trɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtrɑpɪk /

noun
one of the two imaginary lines around the earth at approximately 23.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees

cousin

US / 'kʌzn /

•

UK / 'kʌzn /

noun
Child of your uncle or aunt
Something similar to or related to something else

baby

US / ˈbeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

adjecitve
Small in size; smaller than usual
noun
A very young child, who cannot yet speak
verb
To treat someone as if they were newly born

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

frond

US / frɒnd /

•

UK / frɑːnd /

noun
Large, long leaf divided into many narrow sections

hardly

US / ˈhɑ:dli /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:rdli /

adverb
Clearly or undoubtedly not; very little
Almost not; scarcely

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

bacteria

US / bæk'tɪərɪə /

•

UK / bækˈtɪriə /

noun
The very small creatures that can cause disease

directly

US / dəˈrektli /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktli, daɪ- /

adverb
In a frank and honest way
Right away; immediately

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

among

US / əˈmʌŋ /

•

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

preposition
In the center of several things

enhance

US / ɪn'hɑ:ns /

•

UK / ɛnˈhæns /

verb
To improve; make bigger or better

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

housing

US / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

noun
Homes; houses in general
Cover for a machine
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

meaning

US / ˈmi:nɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈminɪŋ /

noun
Idea or thing represented by words or sentences
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular intention or value

occupy

US / 'ɒkjʊpaɪ /

•

UK / ˈɑkjəˌpaɪ /

verb
To enter and take control of land/property
To fill a time, a space, or an area
To live in a particular building
To fill someone's thoughts or make a person busy

unsung

US / ˌʌnˈsʌŋ /

•

UK / ʌnˈsʌŋ /

adjecitve
Not famous or acclaimed

surround

US / səˈraʊnd /

•

UK / səˈraʊnd /

other
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
verb
To be all the way around something
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
To move closer on all sides of something

swim

US / swɪm /

•

UK / swɪm /

noun
Act of swimming in a pool or ocean
verb
To move through water by moving parts of the body

contain

US / kənˈteɪn /

•

UK / kənˈten /

verb
To keep something from spreading
To hold something inside something else

global

US / ˈgləʊbl /

•

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

gymnosperm

US / 'dʒɪmnəspɜ:m /

•

UK / 'dʒɪmnəˌspɜ:m /

noun
Plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary

habitat

US / 'hæbɪtæt /

•

UK / ˈhæbɪˌtæt /

noun
Natural place where a plant or animal lives

hofmeister

US / /

•

UK / /

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

stem

US / stem /

•

UK / stɛm /

noun
Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
verb
To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
To start from or be the origin of
To stop something bad from spreading or developing

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

vertically

US / 'vɜ:tɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˈvə:tɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In an up and down position

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

digital

US / ˈdɪdʒɪtl /

•

UK / ˈdɪdʒɪtl /

adjecitve
Using electronic signals or computers

integral

US / ˈɪntɪgrəl /

•

UK / ˈɪntɪɡrəl, ɪnˈtɛɡrəl /

adjecitve
Being an essential part of something; necessary

stalk

US / stɔ:k /

•

UK / stɔk /

noun
Thin part of a plant that allows it to stand
other
To follow a person or animal to catch them
verb
To secretly follow or watch a person/animal
To walk in an angry or proud way

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

episode

US / 'epɪsəʊd /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

noun
One separate event in a series of events
Show which is part of a larger story

guess

US / ɡes /

•

UK / ɡɛs /

noun
Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
verb
To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

liquid

US / ˈlɪkwɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪkwɪd /

adjecitve
(Of wealth) being able to be spent as cash
In a state of being uncertain
Moving in a flowing manner, like water or oil
noun
Something that is similar to the state of water

partnership

US / ˈpɑ:tnəʃɪp /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rtnərʃɪp /

noun
Shared business relationship with someone
Working with others for some purpose

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

club

US / klʌb /

•

UK / klʌb /

noun
Group of people who share an interest, as in sport
Place where people go to listen to music and dance
Long stick used for hitting things, as in golf
verb
To be grouped with others
To hit hard with a thick and heavy stick, weapon

cycling

US / 'saɪklɪŋ /

•

UK / 'saɪklɪŋ /

noun
Act of riding a bicycle
verb
To go through a series of events repeatedly
To ride on a bicycle

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

complicated

US / 'kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈkɑmplɪˌketɪd /

adjecitve
Difficult to do, understand or use
verb
To make more difficult to do, understand or use

beneficial

US / ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl /

•

UK / ˌbɛnəˈfɪʃəl /

adjecitve
Giving an advantage, having a helpful effect

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

carbon

US / 'kɑ:bən /

•

UK / ˈkɑrbən /

noun
Chemical element with an atomic number of 6

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

importantly

US / ɪmˈpɔːtntli /

•

UK / ɪmˈpɔːrtntli /

adverb
In an important way;

knowledge

US / ˈnɒlɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈnɑlɪdʒ /

noun
Information, understanding, or skill

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

bird

US / bɜ:d /

•

UK / bɜ:rd /

noun
Animal with feathers that uses wings to fly

complex

US / 'kɒmpleks /

•

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

adjecitve
Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
noun
Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
Psychological issue regarding self-image

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

arise

US / əˈraɪz /

•

UK / əˈraɪz /

verb
To stand up
To result or happen due to a particular event

hey

US / heɪ /

•

UK / he /

exclamation
What you say when you want someone's attention

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

phylogenetic

US / faɪləʊdʒə'netɪk /

•

UK / faɪloʊdʒə'netɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning the evolutionary development of organisms

smoothly

US / ˈsmu:ðli /

•

UK / smuðlɪ /

adverb
In an evenly flowing manner or movement
In an easy manner, with no problems

ton

US / tʌn /

•

UK / tʌn /

noun
Unit of weight; 907 kilograms (US); 1016 (UK)

popcorn

US / ˈpɒpkɔ:n /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:pkɔ:rn /

noun
Small-eared corn that burst in dry heat

join

US / dʒɔɪn /

•

UK / dʒɔɪn /

verb
To bring something close to another, to become one
To become a member of
To participate in an activity with others

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

scientifically

US / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

adverb
In an manner that follows the rules of science

perhaps

US / pəˈhæps /

•

UK / pɚˈhæps /

adverb
Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

release

US / rɪ'li:s /

•

UK / rɪ'li:s /

noun
Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
verb
To free someone from a responsibility or burden
To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
To let go of something you are holding

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

disaster

US / dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzæstɚ, -ˈsæs- /

noun
State of extreme ruin and misfortune

extinct

US / ɪkˈstɪŋkt /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɪŋkt /

adjecitve
(Of animal, etc.) having died out; with none left
(E.g. of volcano) not active

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

garden

US / ˈgɑ:dn /

•

UK / ˈgɑ:rdn /

noun
Yard; ground outside your house to grow plants
Public park in which visitors can see flowers
verb
To work in a yard to grow plants, vegetables

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

rude

US / ru:d /

•

UK / rud /

adjecitve
Being unkind or impolite to others; disrespectful
Offensive; ill-mannered
Being made in a simple way

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

forever

US / fər'evə(r) /

•

UK / fɔrˈɛvɚ, fə- /

adverb
For all future time; in the future

maintain

US / meɪn'teɪn /

•

UK / menˈten /

verb
To keep saying something a certain way
To keep (machine) working by checking, repairing
To keep, exist or continue without changing

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

pigment

US / 'pɪɡmənt /

•

UK / ˈpɪɡmənt /

noun
Substance that makes things have a certain color

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

typically

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

adverb
In a normal or usual way

version

US / ˈvə:ʃən /

•

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Different way that someone interprets something
New or different form of something
An updated form of some software

unfurl

US / ˌʌn'fɜ:l /

•

UK / ʌnˈfɚl /

verb
To open something that has been rolled up

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

picture

US / 'pɪktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɪktʃɚ /

noun
General situation or state of being
Mental image of what something is or looks like
Movie; film
Painting, drawing or photograph on paper or screen
verb
To understand or imagine something
To imagine someone or something in an image

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

estate

US / ɪˈsteɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈstet /

noun
A large piece of land, usually with a large house
Group of houses all built at the same time

hair

US / heə(r) /

•

UK / her /

noun
Long thin strands growing on your head or body
Short distance; a very small amount

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

seed

US / si:d /

•

UK / sid /

noun
A person's children; offspring
Part of a plant used to grow more on them
Source of a feeling or thought
Top-ranked person in a competition, e.g. in tennis
verb
(Of plants) to produce seeds for the future
To produce seeds, as a plant
To remove the center part from a fruit or vegetable
To be the source of a feeling or thought
To plant seeds in the ground

accurate

US / ˈækjərət /

•

UK / ˈækjərɪt /

adjecitve
With no mistake or error; Correct

diverse

US / daɪˈvɜ:s /

•

UK / dɪˈvɚs, daɪ-, ˈdaɪˌvɚs /

adjecitve
Being varied or different from each other
Very different from each other

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

chlorophyll

US / ˈklɒrəfɪl /

•

UK / ˈklɔ:rəfɪl /

noun
Green substance in plants that absorbs energy from sunlight to help them grow

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

secret

US / 'si:krət /

•

UK / 'si:krət /

adjecitve
That you don't want others to know; private
noun
Information you do not want others to know

arrive

US / əˈraɪv /

•

UK / əˈraɪv /

verb
To reach the place you are traveling to

capsule

US / 'kæpsju:l /

•

UK / ˈkæpsul /

adjecitve
Modifier a small version, with only key items
noun
Tube-shaped plastic casing filled with medicine
Part of a space craft where people live and work

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

beater

US / ˈbi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbitɚ /

noun
Hand machine that you use to beat eggs

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

characteristic

US / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

•

UK / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Typical or distinctive

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

literally

US / ˈlɪtərəli /

•

UK / ˈlɪtərəli /

adverb
So as to express the exact meaning of something
Used to say something is true, even if unlikely

lie

US / laɪ /

•

UK / lai /

noun
An untrue statement, when you know it is not true
verb
To be in a horizontal or flat position
To say something that you know is not true

studio

US / 'stju:dɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈstudio, ˈstju- /

noun
Place for painting, broadcasting, etc.

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

alga

US / ˈælgə /

•

UK / 'ælɡə /

noun
Green organisms that live in still water

diagram

US / 'daɪəɡræm /

•

UK / ˈdaɪəˌɡræm /

noun
A drawing intended to explain how something works
verb
To show or explain something by drawing a picture

disturb

US / dɪˈstɜ:b /

•

UK / dɪˈstɜ:rb /

other
To cause someone anxiety or fear
verb
To cause someone anxiety or fear
To stop someone from working or sleeping

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

hornwort

US / ˈhɔːnˌwɜːt /

•

UK / /

other
Any aquatic plant of the genus Ceratophyllum; forms submerged masses in ponds and slow-flowing strea
Liverworts with slender hornlike capsules

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

lower

US / 'ləʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊɚ, laʊr /

adjecitve
In a position more near the bottom
verb
To move something downward to the ground

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

soil

US / sɔɪl /

•

UK / sɔɪl /

noun
Conditions in which something develops
Mix of natural material in which plants grow
Land of a certain country
verb
To get or become dirty

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

botanical

US / bəˈtænɪkl /

•

UK / bəˈtænɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning plants or botany

dress

US / dres /

•

UK / drɛs /

noun
Women's garment with a top part and a skirt
Clothing suitable for a time period or occasion
verb
To prepare food (e.g. salad) before cooking or eating
To decorate something for display e.g. a mannequin
To put clothes on
To clean, care for and apply a cover to a wound

generation

US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

noun
Act or process of producing or causing something
People born and living at about the same time

molecule

US / ˈmɒlɪkju:l /

•

UK / ˈmɑlɪˌkjul /

noun
Two or more atoms chemically combined

nitrogen

US / ˈnaɪtrədʒən /

•

UK / ˈnaɪtrədʒən /

noun
A colorless chemical element without a smell

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

spend

US / spend /

•

UK / spɛnd /

verb
To use money to pay for something
To use time in order to do something
To use up something completely

protrusion

US / prəˈtru:ʒn /

•

UK / proʊˈtru:ʒn /

noun
Part that sticks/juts out; act of sticking out

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

wind

US / wɪnd /

•

UK / wɪnd /

adjecitve
(Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
noun
A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Something that has influence
verb
If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
To turn or cause something to turn
To twist around something

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

anyway

US / ˈeniweɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwe /

adverb
A word used to change the topic of a conversation

mutually

US / ˈmju:tʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈmjuːtʃuəli /

adverb
So as to be shared by two or more people/things

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

microwave

US / ˈmaɪkrəweɪv /

•

UK / ˈmaɪkrəˌwev /

noun
Cooking appliance using electromagnetic waves
Concerning electromagnetic radiation
verb
To heat or cook something in a microwave

nutrient

US / ˈnju:triənt /

•

UK / ˈnutriənt /

noun
A chemical living things needs to be healthy

training

US / ˈtreɪnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈtrenɪŋ /

noun
Act of educating someone to get better at
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

broaden

US / ˈbrɔ:dn /

•

UK / ˈbrɔdn: /

verb
To make something wider

bubble

US / ˈbʌbl /

•

UK / ˈbʌbəl /

noun
A small ball of air inside of a liquid
verb
(Of a liquid) to produce bubbles, as when boiling
To show intense emotion, e.g. excitement, anger

combination

US / ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑmbəˈneʃən /

noun
Series of letters or numbers needed to open a lock
Act or result of mixing things together

evolve

US / ɪ'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

verb
To develop certain features
To develop or change slowly over time
To slowly change or develop into something better

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

zygote

US / 'zaɪɡəʊt /

•

UK / ˈzaɪˌɡot /

noun
Diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism tha

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

animal

US / ˈænɪml /

•

UK / ˈænəməl /

noun
A living creature that is not a plant or person

cycle

US / ˈsaɪkl /

•

UK / ˈsaɪkəl /

noun
Series of regular and repeated actions
Bicycle, bike
verb
To go through a series of events repeatedly
To ride on a bicycle

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

monstera

US / mɒnˈstɪərə /

•

UK / /

other
Any plant of the genus Monstera; often grown as houseplants

purpose

US / 'pɜ:pəs /

•

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

noun
Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

tasty

US / ˈteɪsti /

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UK / ˈtesti /

adjecitve
Good tasting; having a lot of flavor

somewhere

US / 'sʌmweə(r) /

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UK / ˈsʌmˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

adverb
At or to an unknown or unnamed place

cool

US / ku:l /

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UK / kul /

adjecitve
Steady and calm when facing difficulties
Almost cold; not warm or hot
Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
verb
To make something decrease in temperature
(Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

branch

US / brɑ:ntʃ /

•

UK / bræntʃ /

noun
Part of a family related to the same members
Part of organization with a specific function
Part of a tree growing outward from the trunk
One of several streams combining to create a river
Local office or store of a bank or large company
(Often secret) group or subgroup of a religion
Specific area of knowledge or study
verb
To separate away from the main part

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

Subtitles section

When you picture a plant, what comes to mind?

Perhaps an exquisite orchid blossom or a majestic willow tree?

Or maybe a trendy houseplant like a monstera or a succulent?

Well, it's time to update and broaden that picture, because plants aren't only flashy and flowering.

Today, we're giving some attention to the unsung heroes of the botanical world, those essential plants that were the first to join the party, but that tend to lie low.

They help ecosystems thrive, offer us knowledge about plant evolution, and make great tree accessories.

We're talking bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, the categories that include mosses and ferns, liverworts, and more.

So let's get low to the ground, that is.

This is going to be mossome.

Hi, I'm Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.

Remember

That tiny alga whose tasty snacks started the development of all the plant life on Earth hundreds of millions of years ago?

Well, the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants were some of the first plants to arise from that event, and many of them still exist today.

In fact, some of the characteristics that are essential to plants as we know them first developed in these early plant types.

So bryophytes and seedless vasculars can tell us a lot about how plants evolved over time, like how an older relative can tell you what life was like before cell phones or the internet or microwave popcorn.

We can get a feel for how these plant types came to be by referring to the plant kingdom's phylogenetic tree, a diagram that shows us how organisms evolved over time.

The branches on the tree represent the major plant groups.

Let's start with the bryophytes, which occupy the lowest branch.

Time moves vertically here, which means that they evolved first, around 500 million years ago.

This might make it tempting to say that bryophytes are less evolved than the flowering plants, the highest branch.

But we do not use that kind of language on Crash Course.

It is rude.

And also not scientifically accurate.

The ancestors of today's bryophytes were here before the flowers.

But the bryophytes and flowers alive right now have been evolving for the same amount of time since they went their separate evolutionary ways at that bottom branch point.

Plants are not all on a slow and steady march toward evolving flowers.

Bryophytes are on their own path, and they are doing just fine, thank you very much.

And that path is represented by a single branch coming off of the tree.

Meaning that bryophytes are monophyletic.

They share a single common ancestor, and are all more closely related to each other than to any other plant group.

So what are bryophytes anyway?

Well, most notably, they don't have the typical organs that most plants have today, like stems, leaves, and roots.

And they don't contain vascular tissue, the water and transport system found in all other plants, which developed later with seedless vasculars.

You see, bryophytes were the first plants to start growing on land instead of in water.

Before that, there was pretty much no multicellular life on land at all.

Animals all lived in water because, well, that's where the food was.

We have the development of land plants to thank for all the land animals that exist, including humans.

But in order for bryophytes to survive on land, they needed to evolve ways to stay hydrated in the dry air.

So they developed root-like structures called rhizoids, and leaf-like structures called phyllids, which bryophytes still have today.

Unlike true roots, rhizoids' primary purpose is to anchor bryophytes to surfaces.

They don't absorb much water.

So moist surfaces are prime real estate for bryophytes.

You'll find them clinging to the ground, rocks, and larger plants to absorb water and nutrients directly through the surfaces of their phyllids.

The most common types of bryophytes are mosses, with about 12,000 species.

And one of the most important things that mosses contributed to the development of land plants is the stomata.

Those mouth-like pores that allow gases to move in and out of the plant.

These helped plants survive on land now that they were surrounded by gaseous air and not liquid water.

And today, mosses are super environmentally important.

Like peat, which is mostly made of sphagnum moss, stores 500 billion tons of carbon, which is essential for minimizing the amount of carbon dioxide that would otherwise be in our atmosphere, driving global climate change.

Let's be real, I could spend all day on mosses.

But they are just the first stop on our bryophyte journey.

The next branch on the phylogenetic tree is liverworts.

Despite their unfortunate name, liverworts do tons of cool, useful stuff, like helping rocks break down into soil, decomposing logs to return nutrients to the ground, and serving as materials for bird nests.

And then there are hornworts, the rarest bryophyte, with only a couple hundred species that typically live in the tropics.

They're named for, you guessed it, little horn-like protrusions.

And some can form symbiotic or mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria.

The hornworts provide housing, and the bacteria provide nitrogen, which is an important part of chlorophyll, the pigment involved in photosynthesis, among other things.

So while mosses, liverworts, and hornworts may be low to the ground, they are mighty.

They can survive extreme arctic winters, and they're often the first plants to regrow in ecosystems that have been disturbed by fire or floods.

You know those people who are the first to show up and help after a disaster?

They're like the bryophytes.

And while bryophytes are diverse, they do all have some things in common.

Like, they all create spores, single cells coated in a super-tough, armor-like molecule that are an integral part of the bryophyte life cycle.

In fact, when we learned about their life cycle, it unlocked some super important information about how all plants grow.

And that knowledge is thanks to the curiosity of an amateur botanist named Wilhelm Hofmeister.

He was born in 1824 in Germany, where he developed an affinity for plants in his father's garden.

And despite having no formal training in botany, Hofmeister's observations through his trusty microscope led him to discover a whole bryophyte life cycle.

Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

Check it out!

This moss is about to reproduce.

So it builds two chambers on the surface of its phyllids, or leaf-like thingies.

One contains an egg, and the other contains sperm, each with half the DNA needed to make a plant.

Now, the sperm swims from its chamber to the other, which it can do in a wet environment.

And to be clear, the sperm can belong to this moss, or it can swim over from another moss.

Once the sperm arrives, it fuses with the egg to make a zygote, a cell that contains all the DNA needed to make a baby, thanks to the combination of the two DNA halves.

The zygote then grows into a long, thin stalk with a capsule on top.

Not very moss-like at all.

And this homebody stays attached to its parent moss its whole life.

But when the baby grows up, the cells inside its capsule create spores, which are released to the wind.

When a spore lands somewhere nice and moist, it germinates and starts to grow, eventually building moss.

Hofmeister called this multigenerational life cycle the alternation of generations.

The cycle alternates between two different types of generations.

One with only half its DNA, called the gametophyte generation, because it makes gametes, or eggs and sperm.

And one with a full set of DNA, called the sporophyte generation, because it makes spores.

So if a parent plant made spores, its offspring would make gametes, then its offspring would make spores, and so on.

Thanks, Thought Bubble!

While Hofmeister initially studied this phenomenon in so-called lower plants like mosses, he later discovered that all plants on Earth do some version of this cycle.

Plants are way more complex than we knew, and they have complicated family lives.

We know from fossilized spores that bryophytes have existed for around 500 million years.

In other words, they were around way before dinosaurs.

But there were still many more plant attributes that had yet to evolve, one of them being vascular tissue.

So a few hundred million years later, a cousin of the bryophytes showed up, forming another branch on the plant family tree, seedless vascular plants.

They reproduced via spores, like the bryophytes, rather than seeds, which developed even later.

But they were the first plants to form true roots, stems, and leaves that contain vascular tissue.

So they are considered the first vascular plants.

And this evolutionary change was a big deal for the plant kingdom.

With the ability to transport water and nutrients more smoothly, plants could grow way bigger and could better survive the dry conditions on land.

On top of that, seedless vascular plants, and all plants that evolved after them, have a dominant sporophyte, meaning that what we tend to recognize as the plant is actually its sporophyte generation.

Having a dominant sporophyte introduced lots of advantages.

Like, while the spore-making generation of a bryophyte couldn't grow very far off the ground, the sporophytes of seedless vascular plants could grow much taller and larger, with more room for spore-producing organs.

So more spores could be spread across larger areas, enhancing plants' options for flourishing on land.

Although many of the early seedless vascular plants have gone extinct, you can still find some of them growing today.

Like, lycophytes were huge 300 million years ago.

Literally.

They were tree-sized.

Their fossils tell us about the first forests on the planet and the earliest root systems.

Today, some have names like club moss and spike moss, but don't be fooled by the misnomers.

They're not true mosses, because they have roots, stems, and leaves.

Another type of seedless vascular plant is ferns, also known as maniophytes.

Many types of ferns have large leaves called fronds that slowly unfurl over time.

But there are other kinds, too.

Some fern leaves are tiny and float on top of water, and others have hairs shaped like egg beaters.

And some ferns hardly make leaves at all, like whisk ferns and horsetails.

Plants like Boston ferns are great at purifying the air.

And ferns of all kinds help scientists study climate change because they're extra sensitive to temperature and precipitation changes.

But we're only just beginning to understand ferns' interactions with animals and their role in cycling nutrients through the environment.

As you can tell, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants are not simply low-to-the-ground lurkers.

Many are helpers in their environments, restoring and maintaining their habitats and providing homes for other organisms.

And their long evolutionary history reveals the secrets of our environment hundreds of millions of years ago.

So when you come across a sporing plant, stop to say, I appreciate you!

And most importantly, tell them you understand that it's not about the flowers, but the fronds you make along the way.

Next time, we'll be focusing on the other branches of plants' phylogenetic tree, gymnosperms and angiosperms, a.k.a.

The plants that took over the world.

Hey, before we go, let's branch out.

What bryophyte can be used to dress wounds?

Find the answer in the comments.

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Botany, which was filmed at the Demir Farizowicz Studio and made in partnership with PBS Digital Studios and Nature.

If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.

Why Don't These Plants Need Seeds? (Moss and Ferns): Crash Course Botany #8

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