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Why is Turkey's Military Everywhere?

Original YouTube Video | TLDRnewsGLOBAL Published on 2024-03-23 Level：90 Speed：43 maxwordlevel：26

Video vocabulary

policy

US / 'pɒləsɪ /

•

UK / ˈpɑlɪsi /

noun
Document stating terms of an insurance agreement
Course of action proposed by an organization, etc.

spring

US / sprɪŋ /

•

UK / sprɪŋ /

noun
Coil of metal that lessens impact, e.g. on cars
Sudden jump from one place to another
The time when plants start growing after winter
Place where water flows from beneath the ground
verb
To lessen the impact of something under pressure
To jump into the air

slash

US / slæʃ /

•

UK / slæʃ /

noun
Line ( / ) used in writing
Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
verb
To cut violently with a sharp object
To decrease something by a large amount

niger

US / ˈnaɪdʒə /

•

UK / ˈnaɪdʒər /

noun
A landlocked republic in West Africa; gained independence from France in; most of the country is dom

entirely

US / ɪnˈtaɪəli /

•

UK / ɪnˈtaɪərli /

adverb
Wholly; completely

romania

US / rʊ'meɪnɪə /

•

UK / rəʊˈmeɪnɪə /

proper noun
A country in southeastern Europe with a coastline on the Black Sea; population 19,500,000 (estimated

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

decisive

US / dɪˈsaɪsɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈsaɪsɪv /

adjecitve
Able to make choices quickly and confidently

neighbourhood

US / ˈneɪbəhʊd /

•

UK / ˈneɪbərhʊd /

noun
Area of a town or city that people live in

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

dozen

US / ˈdʌzn /

•

UK / ˈdʌzən /

noun
12 people or things

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

zone

US / zəʊn /

•

UK / zoʊn /

noun
Area of space designated for a particular use
verb
To divide an area for a particular reason

comprehensive

US / ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv /

•

UK / ˌkɑ:mprɪˈhensɪv /

adjecitve
Including most or all things

national

US / 'næʃnəl /

•

UK / ˈnæʃənəl, ˈnæʃnəl /

adjecitve
Concerning a nation as a whole
noun
A person of a particular country

soldier

US / 'səʊldʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsoldʒɚ /

noun
Person working in an army to fight

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

bulgaria

US / bʌl'ɡeərɪə /

•

UK / bʌl'ɡerɪr /

other
A republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

forty

US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔrti /

number
40

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

cooperation

US / kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / koˌɑpəˈreʃən /

noun
Working together to get something done

centre

US / ˈsentə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To place a focus on something

cross

US / krɒs /

•

UK / krɔs, krɑs /

adjecitve
Angry and upset
From one side of something to the other
noun
(Of animals) mixture of breeds in one animal
Person's name
verb
To put one thing over another e.g. arms
To breed one type of animal or plant with another
To not to agree with someone; oppose
To go from one side of something to the other
To meet at one point

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

press

US / pres /

•

UK / prɛs /

noun
Machine using pressure to shape, flatten, squeeze
General term for TV, radio, newspapers
A machine that prints books and newspapers
verb
To make clothes smooth using a heated iron; iron
To repeatedly ask someone to do something
To print something such as a book or newspaper
To push something against something else
To squeeze the liquid out of grapes, etc.

libya

US / 'lɪbɪə /

•

UK / 'lɪbɪr /

noun
A military dictatorship in northern Africa on the Mediterranean; consists almost entirely of desert;

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

factual

US / ˈfæktʃuəl /

•

UK / ˈfæktʃuəl /

adjecitve
Involving or being based upon evidence

spectrum

US / 'spektrəm /

•

UK / ˈspɛktrəm /

noun
The wavelengths of colors from red to violet
a range of different positions, opinions, etc. between two extreme points

offensive

US / əˈfensɪv /

•

UK / əˈfɛnsɪv /

adjecitve
Causing displeasure or anger
Being physically unpleasant
Attacking or intended to attack
noun
A military attack

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

drone

US / drəʊn /

•

UK / dron /

noun
A remote controlled flying device
A continually dull or monotonous voice
Male bee
verb
To talk in a continually dull or monotonous voice

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

regional

US / ˈri:dʒənl /

•

UK / ˈridʒənəl /

adjecitve
Of a particular area, not the whole of a country

syria

US / 'sɪrɪə /

•

UK / 'sɪrɪr /

other
An Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world

release

US / rɪ'li:s /

•

UK / rɪ'li:s /

noun
Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
verb
To free someone from a responsibility or burden
To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
To let go of something you are holding

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

ban

US / bæn /

•

UK / bæn /

noun
Official action preventing something happening
verb
To make something illegal or not allowed

landmark

US / ˈlændmɑ:k /

•

UK / ˈlændmɑ:rk /

noun
Event that marks a change or turning point
Easily recognizable structure that is easy to see

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

ethiopia

US / ˌi:θɪ'əʊpɪə /

•

UK / ˌi:θɪ'oʊpɪr /

noun
Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

monitor

US / ˈmɒnɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:nɪtə(r) /

noun
A senior student at school
Electronic screen on which you can see images
verb
To observe and keep a record of something

local

US / ˈləʊkl /

•

UK / ˈloʊkl /

adjecitve
Relating to a particular area, city, or town
noun
Bus or train, that stops at most stations
People who live in the area being discussed
The pub you most frequently go to

culminate

US / 'kʌlmɪneɪt /

•

UK / ˈkʌlməˌnet /

verb
To finally end (in some event or result)

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

unlimited

US / ʌnˈlɪmɪtɪd /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɪmɪtɪd /

adjecitve
Being free from limits, restrictions or rules

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

overview

US / ˈəʊvəvju: /

•

UK / ˈoʊvərvju: /

noun
A description of the main points; summary

conflict

US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

noun
Argument or struggle between two or more parties
verb
To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

agreement

US / əˈgri:mənt /

•

UK / əˈɡrimənt /

noun
Sharing the same opinion or reach a decision

europe

US / ˈjʊərəp /

•

UK / ˈjʊrəp /

noun
A continent including Germany, France and Spain
other
The second smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use 'Europe' to re

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

notch

US / nɒtʃ /

•

UK / nɑtʃ /

noun
Certain level (slightly higher or lower than)
Narrow pass between two mountains or hills
Cut in the shape of the letter V
verb
To cut a small V-shaped mark into something

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

region

US / 'ri:dʒən /

•

UK / ˈridʒən /

noun
Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

landscape

US / 'lændskeɪp /

•

UK / ˈlændˌskep /

noun
Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
Picture of natural scenery in a place
View of a (beautiful) country area or scene
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

influential

US / ˌɪnfluˈenʃl /

•

UK / ˌɪnfluˈɛnʃəl /

adjecitve
Having the power to cause change; having influence

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

november

US / nəʊˈvembə(r) /

•

UK / noˈvɛmbɚ /

noun
11th month of the year

superpower

US / ˈsu:pəpaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsu:pərpaʊə(r) /

noun
State powerful enough to influence world events

unprecedented

US / ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd /

•

UK / ʌnˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd /

adjecitve
Not having happened before, or to such a degree

establish

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

verb
To set or create something to last for a long time
To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

transform

US / træns'fɔ:m /

•

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

verb
To change the shape completely in a good way

africa

US / 'æfrɪkə /

•

UK / ˈæfrɪkə /

noun
Continent between the Atlantic and Indian oceans

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

signal

US / 'sɪɡnəl /

•

UK / ˈsɪɡnəl /

adjecitve
Most important or most noticeable
noun
Movement of a hand or other means to send messages
Act/sound that tells people to do/start something
Road-side lights that direct traffic to go or stop
Sound and light waves carrying TV and radio data
verb
To be evidence/an indication something will happen
To make a noise or motion to tell someone to start

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

host

US / həʊst /

•

UK / host /

noun
Mass; a great number
Person who entertains guests
Plant or animal on or in which parasites live
Presenter on a television or radio program
verb
To be the sponsor of an event, e.g. the Olympics
To lead or start a party, program, or other event
To lead a TV or radio show as the announcer

platform

US / 'plætfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈplætˌfɔrm /

noun
Flat, raised structure that people stand on
Area from which you board a train at a station

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

cyprus

US / ˈsaiprəs /

•

UK / ˈsaɪprəs /

other
A country on the island of Cyprus; % of the people are of Greek origin and % or Turkish origin
An island in the eastern Mediterranean

leader

US / ˈli:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈlidɚ /

noun
Person who is in charge of a group or task
Person or group who is currently winning

US / səb'skraɪb /

•

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

verb
To regularly pay to receive a service

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

expansion

US / ɪkˈspænʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænʃən /

noun
Making or becoming larger

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

please

US / pli:z /

•

UK / pliz /

adverb
Used when you politely ask people for things
verb
To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
To make someone happy by doing something

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

fifty

US / 'fɪftɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪfti /

number
50

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

member

US / ˈmembə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

noun
Part of the body of a human, animal
Person or thing belonging to a group or team

arab

US / ˈærəb /

•

UK / ˈærəb /

noun
Citizen of an Arabic speaking nation

iraq

US / ɪ'rɑ:k /

•

UK / ɪ'ræk /

noun
A republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the ar

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

semi

US / ˈsemi /

•

UK / ˈsɛmaɪ, ˈsɛmi /

noun
House that shares a wall with another house
prefix
A prefix meaning 'half'

presumably

US / prɪˈzju:məbli /

•

UK / prɪˈzu:məbli /

adverb
So as to be likely to be true or correct

turkey

US / ˈtɜ:ki /

•

UK / ˈtɜ:rki /

noun
Edible bird resembling a large chicken
other
An event that fails badly or is totally ineffectual
Flesh of large domesticated fowl usually roasted

vow

US / vaʊ /

•

UK / vaʊ /

noun
Very serious promise
verb
To make a serious, often a religious, promise

fellow

US / 'feləʊ /

•

UK / ˈfɛlo /

adjecitve
Being of the same kind
noun
Man or a boy
Student paid to study and teach after college

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

security

US / sɪ'kjʊərətɪ /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊrɪtisə'kjurətɪ /

noun
Department in a company in charge of protection
Financial document, like stocks, bonds and notes
Person paid to protect property and people
Things done to protect people, buildings etc.
Condition of being safe from danger or harm

angle

US / ˈæŋgl /

•

UK / ˈæŋɡəl /

noun
Place where two lines or surfaces meet

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

generally

US / /

•

UK / /

adverb
Usually; as a rule; by, to or for most people

deployment

US / dɪ'plɔɪmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈplɔɪmənt /

noun
Distribution of forces before battle or work

march

US / mɑ:tʃ /

•

UK / mɑ:rtʃ /

noun
Walk by a group of soldiers who walk in time
3rd month of the year
Music played for soldiers to walk in time to
Progress towards a future time or place
Public walk by a group to demand change
verb
To force someone to walk somewhere
(Soldiers) to walk in time with others
To walk as a group to demand some kind of change
To walk somewhere quickly often in an angry manner

assad

US / ˈæsæd /

•

UK / əˈsɑːd /

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

refugee

US / ˌrefjuˈdʒi: /

•

UK / ˌrɛfjʊˈdʒi /

noun
Person forced to leave their home e.g. due to war

notify

US / 'nəʊtɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈnotəˌfaɪ /

verb
To inform; to communicate specific information

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

fragmentation

US / ˌfræɡmen'teɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌfræɡmənˈteʃən, -mɛn- /

noun
Separating something into fine particles
Breaking up of a computer file so it does not work

outpost

US / 'aʊtpəʊst /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌpost /

noun
Outlying branch or position of a main organization

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

involvement

US / ɪnˈvɒlvmənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑːlvmənt /

noun
Act or process of joining in a particular activity

military

US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning the army or navy
noun
Army or armed forces

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

mogadishu

US / ˌmɔ:ɡɑ:ˈdi:ʃu: /

•

UK / ˌmɑɡəˈdɪʃu, -ˈdiʃu /

proper noun
The capital of Somalia, a port on the Indian Ocean; population 1,100,000 (est. 2007). Italian name M

outlet

US / 'aʊtlet /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌlɛt, -lɪt /

noun
Place in a wall to supply electricity to a device
A pipe, hole or wire through which something flows
Market or store that sells a product

pre

US / ˈpriː /

•

UK / ˈpriː /

prefix
A prefix meaning 'before'
In preparation or in advance

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

topic

US / 'tɒpɪk /

•

UK / ˈtɑpɪk /

noun
Subject or issue people talk or write about

miss

US / mɪs /

•

UK / mɪs /

noun
Action of not hitting something or someone
Form of address to unmarried girl or woman
verb
To be absent
To fail to hit something e.g. a ball
To do without something
To fail to see or sense something
To fail to understand someone's message
To be too late to ride on something e.g. train
To feel you want to see someone who is not there

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

announce

US / əˈnaʊns /

•

UK / əˈnaʊns /

verb
To make a public statement about a plan, decision

election

US / ɪ'lekʃn /

•

UK / ɪˈlɛkʃən /

noun
Process of choosing someone by voting

troop

US / tru:p /

•

UK / trup /

noun
Group of people
Group of mammals or birds
A group of soldiers
verb
To walk past in a group or large number
To move or gather in a crowd

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

minister

US / 'mɪnɪstə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɪnɪstɚ /

noun
An official who heads a government department
Person who performs Christian services

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

reportedly

US / rɪˈpɔ:tɪdli /

•

UK / rɪˈpɔ:rtɪdli /

adverb
According to information heard from some sources

territory

US / 'terətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

noun
Area of land defended by an animal
Area of particular knowledge or experience
Area owned or controlled by a government, person
Area of land with a specific defining feature

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

assist

US / əˈsɪst /

•

UK / əˈsɪst /

verb
To help

ongoing

US / ˈɒngəʊɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɑ:ngoʊɪŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing to exist or be in progress

effectively

US / ɪˈfektɪvli /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛktɪvli /

adverb
In a way that produces the desired result

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

country

US / ˈkʌntri /

•

UK / ˈkʌntri /

noun
An area of land that is controlled by a government
Open land that is away from towns and cities

devastate

US / 'devəsteɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛvəˌstet /

verb
To cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

geopolitical

US / ˌdʒi:əʊpə'lɪtɪkl /

•

UK / ˌdʒi:oʊpə'lɪtɪkl /

adjecitve
Concerning geopolitics

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

militant

US / 'mɪlɪtənt /

•

UK / ˈmɪlɪtənt /

adjecitve
Using strong forceful methods to achieve a goal
noun
People advocating force to achieve a goal

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

court

US / kɔ:t /

•

UK / kɔrt, kort /

noun
Place king or queen meet people, makes laws etc.
Place where legal cases are decided
Large, flat area, to play tennis or basketball
verb
To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
To encourage dangerous behavior
To pay attention to someone to get their support

iraqi

US / iˈrɑ:ki /

•

UK / ɪˈræki, ɪˈrɑki /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Iraq
noun
Person from Iraq

dollar

US / ˈdɒlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɑ:lə(r) /

noun
A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

article

US / 'ɑ:tɪkl /

•

UK / ˈɑrtɪkəl /

noun
Word such as 'a', 'an', or 'the' used before nouns
Piece of writing about a particular subject
Piece of something, e.g. clothing
Section of a business contract or law

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

china

US / ˈtʃaɪnə /

•

UK / ˈtʃaɪnə /

noun
A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the wo
other
High quality porcelain originally made only in China

succeed

US / sək'si:d /

•

UK / səkˈsid /

verb
To have achieved what you were trying to achieve
To take over position of one who has died or left
To come after or replace in a series

azerbaijan

US / ˌɑ:zəbaiˈdʒɑ:n /

•

UK / ˌæzəbaɪˈdʒɑn, ˌɑzə- /

other
A landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

vote

US / vəʊt /

•

UK / vot /

noun
Act of deciding who to choose in an election
verb
To make a choice for or against, as in an election

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

nato

US / ˈneɪtəʊ /

•

UK / ˈneɪtoʊ /

abbreviation
NATO is an acronym

background

US / ˈbækgraʊnd /

•

UK / ˈbækˌɡraʊnd /

noun
Images, color, or information behind the main one
Someone's personal work and educational history
A position not as important as the main event
Past events that influence things in the present

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

electorate

US / ɪˈlektərət /

•

UK / ɪˈlɛktərɪt /

noun
Group of people who may vote in an election

agree

US / əˈgri: /

•

UK / əˈɡri /

verb
To have the same opinion as someone else

act

US / ækt /

•

UK / ækt /

noun
What someone did; action; behavior
A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
verb
To behave in a certain way
To perform on a stage or in a movie

extensive

US / ɪkˈstensɪv /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnsɪv /

adjecitve
Large; full or complete

karabakh

US / /

•

UK / /

blind

US / blaɪnd /

•

UK / blaɪnd /

adjecitve
Unable to see; with eyes that cannot see
Lacking in judgment or awareness
Be unable to see the truth about a situation
noun
Window covering that you can pull up and down
verb
To cause someone to lose the ability to see
To be unable to see the truth about a situation

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

organization

US / ˌɔ:gənaɪˈzeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɔrɡənɪˈzeʃən /

noun
Group of people with a particular purpose

erdogan

US / dɪs'pætʃt /

•

UK / dɪs'pætʃt /

lean

US / li:n /

•

UK / lin /

adjecitve
Having a low fat content
Efficient; well-designed with no waste
Thin; slim; skinny; with little fat on your body
verb
To balance against or on something for support
To have a tendency to do something; favor

ukraine

US / ju:'kreɪn /

•

UK / ju:'kreɪn /

other
A republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian st

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

president

US / ˈprezɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈprɛzɪdənt,-ˌdɛnt /

noun
Person in charge of a country, or organization

mercenary

US / ˈmɜ:sənəri /

•

UK / ˈmɜ:rsəneri /

adjecitve
(Of soldiers) hired to fight for another country

neo

US / 'ni:əʊ /

•

UK / 'ni:oʊ /

noun
A prefix meaning 'recent' or 'new'

secure

US / sɪ'kjʊə(r) /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊr /

adjecitve
Being attached to something tightly and surely
(Place that is) locked, guarded and safe
verb
To get or achieve something with certainty
To firmly attach something to something else
To protect from danger or harm, keep things safe

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

woe

US / wəʊ /

•

UK / woʊ /

noun
Feeling of great pain or sadness; unhappiness

additionally

US / ə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

•

UK / ə'dɪʃənəlɪ /

adverb
Also; as well

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

storey

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

vision

US / 'vɪʒn /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒən /

noun
Ability to see; eyesight
Something you see in your imagination or dreams
Ability to plan for the future of something

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

ottoman

US / 'ɒtəmən /

•

UK / 'ɑ:təmən /

noun
A Turk (especially a Turk who is a member of the tribe of Osman I)
other
Of or relating to the Ottoman Empire or its people or its culture
The Turkish dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire from the th century to its dissolution after World
Thick cushion used as a seat

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

asia

US / ˈeɪʒə /

•

UK / ˈeɪʒə /

noun
Largest continent with Europe on the west to form Eurasia
other
Nations of the Asian continent collectively

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

expand

US / ɪk'spænd /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænd /

verb
To make something larger in size, number, amount

libyan

US / 'lɪbɪən /

•

UK / 'lɪbɪrn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Libya

corridor

US / ˈkɒrɪdɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɔrɪdɚ, -ˌdɔr, ˈkɑr- /

noun
Passageway between rooms in a buildings

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

win

US / wɪn /

•

UK / wɪn /

noun
Success in beating the other team or competitors
Success in a game or contest
verb
To get something as a prize because of a success
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

independent

US / ˌɪndɪˈpendənt /

•

UK / ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt /

adjecitve
Making your own decisions; acting by yourself
noun
A person not connected to a political party

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

roughly

US / ˈrʌfli /

•

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

adverb
Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
In a manner that is violent or not careful
In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
In a basic, simple manner

threat

US / θret /

•

UK / θrɛt /

noun
Warning of probable trouble
A warning that you may be harmed

cabinet

US / ˈkæbɪnət /

•

UK / ˈkæbənɪt /

noun
Piece of furniture resembling a cupboard
Group of advisors to a leader of a government

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

bashar

US / bəˈʃɑr /

•

UK / /

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

territorial

US / ˌterəˈtɔ:riəl /

•

UK / ˌtɛrɪˈtɔriəl, -ˈtor- /

adjecitve
Associated with the ownership of an area

political

US / pəˈlɪtɪkl /

•

UK / pəˈlɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Being active or interested in government matters
Diplomatic
Of the system of elections and government
Concerning government or public affairs
Involved in getting of power/influence in a group

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

coup

US / ku: /

•

UK / ku /

noun
Successful taking over of a thing; sudden success
Attempt to take control from the government

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

bias

US / 'baɪəs /

•

UK / ˈbaɪəs /

noun
Preference to believe things even if incorrect
verb
To unfairly favor one view over another

house

US / haʊs /

•

UK / haʊs /

noun
Place where a specific activity or business occurs
Building in which a family, person lives
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

warfare

US / ˈwɔ:fɛə /

•

UK / ˈwɔrˌfɛr /

noun
Methods used by those fighting in a war
Long, sometimes violent struggle between groups

emerge

US / ɪ'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To rise or appear out of some background

assistance

US / əˈsɪstəns /

•

UK / əˈsɪstəns /

noun
Act of helping someone

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

insistence

US / ɪn'sɪstəns /

•

UK / ɪn'sɪstəns /

noun
Continuing demands to do what you ask
Continued statement of your opinion

syrian

US / 'sɪrɪən /

•

UK / 'sɪrɪrn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Syria
noun
Person from Syria

empire

US / ˈempaɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛmˌpaɪr /

noun
Group of countries controlled by one government

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

offshoot

US / ˈɒfʃu:t /

•

UK / ˈɔ:fʃu:t /

noun
Stem or branch growing from a main stem

fight

US / faɪt /

•

UK / faɪt /

noun
An argument or quarrel
Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
A struggle to do a difficult task
verb
To argue or quarrel with someone about something
To try to hurt someone by hitting them
To struggle to do a difficult task

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

civil

US / ˈsɪvl /

•

UK / ˈsɪvəl /

adjecitve
Of citizens of a country; not military, criminal
Acting in a polite, but not truly friendly manner

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

assertive

US / əˈsɜ:tɪv /

•

UK / əˈsɜrtɪv /

adjecitve
Being confident and sure of yourself

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

index

US / ˈɪndeks /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌdɛks /

noun
Number showing how prices, wages changed over time
Written or printed (usually alphabetical) list
verb
To adjust a value/wages as other things change
To make a list of things in alphabetical order

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

sell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

verb
To exchange something for money
To persuade people to do, like or agree

deploy

US / dɪˈplɔɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈplɔɪ /

verb
To put into position (often a military operation)

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

strike

US / straɪk /

•

UK / straɪk /

noun
A punch or hit
Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
verb
To hit something
To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
To have an idea occur to you

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

heavily

US / ˈhevɪli /

•

UK / hɛvəli /

adverb
In a slow, loud manner
A lot or to a great degree
With great effort or force

shift

US / ʃɪft /

•

UK / ʃɪft /

adjecitve
(Of work) starting at a certain time, as at night
noun
A change in a persons plans, opinions or beliefs
Period of work starting at a certain time
verb
To change in position or direction
To move something from one place to another

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

revenue

US / 'revənju: /

•

UK / ˈrevənju /

noun
Money that is made by or paid to a business
Money a government collects from its people

autonomous

US / ɔ:ˈtɒnəməs /

•

UK / ɔ:ˈtɑ:nəməs /

adjecitve
Able to control or decide matters by itself

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

global

US / ˈgləʊbl /

•

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

egypt

US / 'i:dʒɪpt /

•

UK / 'i:dʒɪpt /

noun
A republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until; site of an ancient civili

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

sahel

US / /

•

UK / /

verb

qatar

US / 'kʌtɑ:(r) /

•

UK / 'kɑ:tɑ:r /

other
A peninsula extending northward from the Arabian mainland into the Persian Gulf

contain

US / kənˈteɪn /

•

UK / kənˈten /

verb
To keep something from spreading
To hold something inside something else

exclusive

US / ɪk'sklu:sɪv /

•

UK / ɪkˈsklusɪv /

adjecitve
Being available only to people with a lot of money
Available to only a particular person, group

domestic

US / dəˈmestɪk /

•

UK / dəˈmɛstɪk /

adjecitve
British informal fight between husband and wife
Concerning your own home or house
Concerning or made in your own country
noun
Someone paid to help with housework in your house

respond

US / rɪ'spɒnd /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑnd /

verb
To answer something or someone
To have a good reaction to e.g. medical treatment

mission

US / 'mɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɪʃən /

noun
A task or role someone is given to do
Special assignment given to a person or group
Group tasked with a specific duty
A task given to someone to gain or achieve
Religious group wishing to convert others
Housing for a religious group working overseas
Religious or charitable task in a foreign country

viable

US / ˈvaɪəbl /

•

UK / ˈvaɪəbəl /

adjecitve
Being capable of living, growing, and developing

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

route

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, raʊt /

noun
Way to get from one place to another place; path
Path or way that people often use
Method of achieving a certain result
verb
To send along a particular path or way

trade

US / treɪd /

•

UK / treid /

noun
A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
Action of buying and selling things in business
The buying and selling of goods and services
Exchanging something for something else
Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
verb
To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
To give something in return for something else

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

army

US / 'ɑ:mɪ /

•

UK / ˈɑrmi /

noun
Large group of soldiers organized to fight in wars

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

integrate

US / ˈɪntɪgreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪntɪˌɡret /

verb
To combine together; make into one thing

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

critical

US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Making a negative judgment of something
Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
Most important part

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

alternative

US / ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv /

•

UK / ɔlˈtɚnətɪv, æl- /

adjecitve
A different choice
noun
Something different you can choose

dispute

US / dɪ'spju:t /

•

UK / dɪˈspjut /

noun
Argument with someone about something
A question or doubt about something
verb
To argue with someone about something
To disagree about who owns or controls something
To question the truth or reality of something

bell

US / bel /

•

UK / bɛl /

noun
Metal object shaped like a cup that rings when hit
Electronic device that makes a ringing sound

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

arm

US / ɑ:m /

•

UK / ɑrm /

noun
Part of your body from your shoulder to your hand
A branch of another object e.g. company
The side part of a chair where your arms go
The influence or power an authority has
verb
To activate a weapon or bomb for use
To give a gun or other weapon to a person or group

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

uae

US / /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
United Arab Emirates.

pkk

US / /

•

UK / /

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

easily

US / ˈi:zəli /

•

UK / ˈizəli /

adverb
Clearly; without doubt; certainly
Without difficulty

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

transparent

US / trænsˈpærənt /

•

UK / trænsˈpærənt /

adjecitve
Being open to see and to public criticism
Able to be seen through
Being simple and easily understood

wane

US / weɪn /

•

UK / wen /

verb
To become smaller, weaker or less

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

isis

US / ˈaisis /

•

UK / ˈaɪsɪs /

proper noun
A goddess of fertility, wife of Osiris and mother of Horus. Her worship spread to western Asia, Gree
A name for the part of the River Thames that flows through Oxford, England.
A militant Islamic fundamentalist group active particularly in Syria and Iraq.

navy

US / ˈneɪvi /

•

UK / ˈnevi /

noun
Very dark shade of blue
Armed force consisting of ships, sailors etc.

clash

US / klæʃ /

•

UK / klæʃ /

noun
A conflict; disagreement
verb
To have a disagreement or fight over something
(Of colors) to not suit or match appealingly

vantage

US / ˈvɑːntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
(usually vantage point) A place or position affording a good view of something
A fairly high level of ability in a foreign language according to the Common European Framework

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

abroad

US / əˈbrɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈbrɔd /

adverb
In or to a foreign country

defence

US / dɪˈfens /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛns /

noun
The process of protecting something from attack

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

fourteen

US / ˌfɔ:ˈti:n /

•

UK / fɔrˈtin /

number
14

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

budget

US / 'bʌdʒɪt /

•

UK / ˈbʌdʒɪt /

adjecitve
Low cost; inexpensive
noun
Amount of money planned to be spent
verb
To make a plan for how to spend your money

investment

US / ɪnˈvestmənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛstmənt /

noun
Something purchased hoping its value will increase
Act of giving time, energy to see a future reward

newly

US / ˈnu:li:, ˈnju:- /

•

UK / ˈnuli, ˈnju- /

adverb
Very recently; just done or made

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

crack

US / kræk /

•

UK / kræk /

noun
Attempt to achieve a goal or objective
Unexpected and hard hit to the body
Joke or impolite comment about something
Sound that is short, unexpected and loud
Small gap between two things or parts of things
verb
To attempt to achieve a goal or objective
To hit someone or something hard and unexpectedly
To tell (a joke)
To solve a challenging problem or mystery
To make a sound that is short, unexpected and loud
To lose control, e.g. under pressure; break down
To break so lines appear, but it is not in pieces

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

coverage

US / ˈkʌvərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈkʌvərɪdʒ /

noun
Type of programs a radio or TV station broadcasts

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

mediterranean

US / ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən /

•

UK / ˌmɛdɪtəˈreniən, -ˈrenjən /

adjecitve
Describing the sea between Italy and Africa

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

apparently

US / əˈpærəntli /

•

UK / əˈpærəntlɪ /

adverb
According to what you heard; from what can be seen

quote

US / kwəʊt /

•

UK / kwot /

noun
Written statement of the cost of something
The (often wise or famous) words of another person
verb
To tell someone how much a task will cost
To repeat precisely what a person said or wrote

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

click

US / klɪk /

•

UK / klɪk /

noun
The sound a computer mouse makes when you press it
A short, slight, and sharp sound
verb
To work well with someone or something
To press a computer mouse
To make a short, slight, and sharp sound

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

identify

US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

verb
To indicate who or what someone or something is

transport

US / ˈtrænspɔ:t /

•

UK / ˈtrænspɔ:rt /

noun
Very strong uncontrollable emotion, e.g. delight
Vehicle used to take soldiers to other places
verb
To carry things from one place to another
To cause to feel you are in a previous time

reunite

US / ˌri:ju:ˈnaɪt /

•

UK / ˌrijuˈnaɪt /

verb
To cause to come together after being apart

broad

US / brɔ:d /

•

UK / brɔd /

adjecitve
General; not detailed
Wide; from the shorter two sides to the other

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

western

US / ˈwestən /

•

UK / ˈwestərn /

adjecitve
Movies often about cowboys in the American West
Coming from, found in, or facing towards the west

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

clan

US / klæn /

•

UK / klæn /

noun
Group of related families or people

presence

US / ˈprezns /

•

UK / ˈprɛzəns /

noun
The same place or area that a person is
Ability to reach a market, group of people etc.
Something not physically seen but felt to be there
Feeling a person gives by being noticeable

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

station

US / 'steɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈsteʃən /

noun
Building, area, place used for a specific reason
A person's place in society
Place where you can catch a train or a bus
Company that broadcasts radio or TV programs
verb
(Army) to be posted to a place to perform duties
To put a person in a certain place or position

flex

US / fleks /

•

UK / flɛks /

verb
To move a part of the body to stretch muscles

provider

US / prəˈvaɪdə(r) /

•

UK / prəˈvaɪdɚ /

noun
Person who supports a family
Company or group that offers a particular service

ypg

US / /

•

UK / /

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

economic

US / ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk /

•

UK / ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk, ˌikə- /

adjecitve
Concerning trade, industry, and money

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

increase

US / ɪn'kri:s /

•

UK / ɪnˈkris /

noun
Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
verb
To make or become larger in size or amount

interest

US / 'ɪntrəst /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪst, -tərɪst, -ˌtrɛst /

noun
Best or most advantageous thing for someone
Activity or subject one enjoys doing or learning
Fee for borrowing money
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

accelerate

US / əkˈseləreɪt /

•

UK / ækˈsɛləˌret /

verb
To cause to occur earlier than expected
To increase the speed or rate of something

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

plan

US / plæn /

•

UK / plæn /

noun
Drawing of how something should be done or made

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

instance

US / 'ɪnstəns /

•

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

noun
An example of something; case
verb
To give as an example of something else

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

muscle

US / 'mʌsl /

•

UK / ˈmʌsəl /

noun
Physical power
Body tissue that moves parts of the body
verb
To use or muscles of force to get what you want

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

turkish

US / ˈtɜ:kɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈtə:kɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Turkey

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

upgrade

US / ˌʌpˈgreɪd /

•

UK / ˈʌpˌɡred /

noun
Updated or better version of something
verb
To improve something in terms of quality

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

sponsor

US / ˈspɒnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈspɑ:nsə(r) /

noun
Person that supports the passage of a new law
Person giving money for someone's education
verb
To support the passage of a new law
To help someone succeed by giving them money
To pay for an event, usually as an advertisement

relation

US / rɪˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈleɪʃn /

noun
Connection between two or more things
A member of your family
Way in which two or more things are connected

somali

US / sə'ma:lɪ /

•

UK / sə'ma:lɪ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Somalia
noun
Person from Somalia

exporter

US / ekˈspɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ɪkˈsportɚ /

noun
Country, business selling goods to other countries

government

US / ˈgʌvənmənt /

•

UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /

noun
Group of people and system that rule a nation

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

warplane

US / ˈwɔ:pleɪn /

•

UK / ˈwɔ:rpleɪn /

noun
An aircraft designed and used for combat, fighting

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

group

US / ɡru:p /

•

UK / ɡrup /

noun
Two or more musicians who play music together
Number of people or things gathered together
verb
To combine or collect objects or people together

twelve

US / twelv /

•

UK / twɛlv /

number
12

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

website

US / ˈwebsaɪt /

•

UK / 'websaɪt /

noun
Collection of webpages in one location

strong

US / strɒŋ /

•

UK / strɔŋ /

adjecitve
(Of tea or beer) dark or thick
Having big muscles; physically powerful

such

US / sʌtʃ /

•

UK / sʌtʃ /

determiner
Being similar to
(Thing) as previously stated or referred to
adverb
(Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)

extend

US / ɪkˈstend /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnd /

verb
To offer something (help, friendship) to someone
To reach from one point to another
To straighten or stretch something out, e.g. leg
To make something last longer

escalate

US / ˈeskəleɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛskəˌlet /

verb
To increase in size, intensity, or scope
To become much worse or more severe

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

operation

US / ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɑpəˈreʃən /

noun
Business or company, or its activities
Functioning; use
Medical procedure involving surgery

report

US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

noun
Account of the necessary facts and information
The telling of news in the media
Official statement about something
verb
To submit a report or bill to the government
To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
To state something officially
To officially present yourself to an authority
To describe something by telling it to others

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

chinese

US / /

•

UK / /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of China

news

US / nju:z /

•

UK / nu:z /

noun
Broadcast on radio or TV about recent events
Information about recent events

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

extension

US / ɪkˈstenʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈstɛnʃən /

adjecitve
Adding extra length
noun
Addition to something, e.g. a house
Suffix code of a computer file, e.g. .pdf, .jpg
Telephone for individual person, e.g. In an office
Something added to the end of something
Extra time allowed to complete something

rebuild

US / ˌri:'bɪld /

•

UK / riˈbɪld /

verb
To get back something that was lost, e.g. trust
To repair something that was damaged or destroyed

skirmish

US / ˈskɜ:mɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈskɜ:rmɪʃ /

noun
Brief and usually unplanned fight
verb
To conduct a brief unplanned fight in a war

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

mandate

US / 'mændeɪt /

•

UK / ˈmænˌdet /

noun
Official command or order
verb
To order that something is done

field

US / fi:ld /

•

UK / fild /

noun
Area of study, such as physics or biology
Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
Open area of land, especially without buildings
Grassed area where you play some sports
verb
To respond to something or answer a question
To catch or stop a ball during a game

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

alliance

US / əˈlaɪəns /

•

UK / əˈlaɪəns /

noun
Group of people/organizations working together

eighth

US / eɪtθ /

•

UK / etθ, eθ /

noun
8th

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

launch

US / lɔ:ntʃ /

•

UK / lɔntʃ, lɑntʃ /

noun
Starting a new project; introducing new product
Act of firing rockets into the air
verb
To start a new project; start selling a product
To put a rocket into the air
To put a ship into the water for the first time

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

wing

US / wɪŋ /

•

UK / wɪŋ /

noun
Part of an animal's body that is used for flying
One of the two parts on the side of a plane, bird
verb
To fly to a place

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

gulf

US / gʌlf /

•

UK / ɡʌlf /

noun
Part of a sea partially surrounded by land
Wide separation or difference between two groups
Deep hole in the ground

pencil

US / ˈpensl /

•

UK / ˈpɛnsəl /

noun
Something you draw pictures with, or write with

diplomatic

US / ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk /

•

UK / ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning formal relationships between countries
Not being offensive

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

convince

US / kən'vɪns /

•

UK / kənˈvɪns /

verb
To persuade someone, or make them feel sure

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

representative

US / ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntətɪv /

adjecitve
Acting or speaking for other people
Typical of a particular group or thing
noun
Typical example of a particular category
Politician who acts on behalf of the people
A person who acts as an agent or sales person

player

US / ˈpleɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpleɚ /

noun
Machine that plays recorded material
Person who plays a musical instrument
Person who plays games on devices
Person who plays sports

ankara

US / ˈæŋkərə /

•

UK / ˈæŋkərə, ˈɑŋ- /

noun
A type of cotton cloth featuring brightly colored patterns produced by means of a wax-resist dye tec
proper noun
The capital of Turkey since 1923; population 3,763,600 (est. 2007). Prominent in Roman times as Ancy

intend

US / ɪnˈtend /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɛnd /

verb
To plan or want to do something

immediate

US / ɪˈmi:diət /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪt /

adjecitve
Being the very next to or just after
Done without delay; straight away

send

US / send /

•

UK / sɛnd /

verb
To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
To cause mail or packages to go to another place
To move something quickly in a particular way
To give information or greetings to someone

upcoming

US / ˈʌpkʌmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈʌpˌkʌmɪŋ /

adjecitve
Occurring soon; approaching

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

french

US / frentʃ /

•

UK / frentʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of France
noun
Person's name

somalia

US / səuˈmɑ:liə /

•

UK / soˈmɑliə, -ˈmɑljə /

other
A republic in extreme eastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; subject to tribal warfare

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

border

US / 'bɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈbɔrdɚ /

noun
Outer part or edge of something
Line separating one country, state from another
verb
To be right next to another country or state
To form the edge of something
To form the edge of (road, etc.)

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

counter

US / 'kaʊntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntɚ /

noun
A point in a discussion that puts an opposite view
A narrow table top for serving/preparing food
Person or device that adds the number of things
A token or flat piece used in games
prefix
Being opposite or against something
verb
To say or do something in opposition or resistance
To try to prevent, as by making a different point

sna

US / /

•

UK / /

other

Subtitles section

This video is brought to you by Ground News.

Ever since Erdogan came to power, Turkey has been steadily expanding its military footprint across its near abroad.

Today Turkish troops are stationed in twelve countries and the country hasn't had such an extensive military presence since the Ottoman Empire.

Since just the start of this year, Turkey has signed security deals with Iraq, Somalia, and its two fellow NATO members, Bulgaria and Romania, and has penciled in an unprecedented one hundred and fifty percent increase in its twenty twenty four defence budget.

So in this video, we're going to have a look at Turkey's foreign military operations in the last few years, where Turkey is flexing its military muscles today, and how these new military operations fit into President Erdogan's wider foreign policy.

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So let's start with some background.

According to Global Firepower's power index, Turkey's military is the eighth strongest in the world.

And with its force of four hundred and twenty five thousand soldiers, Turkey now has NATO's second largest army.

It's also quickly becoming one of the world's biggest arms exporters, selling stuff like Bioraktar drones to everyone from Ethiopia to Ukraine.

But how did Turkey's military get so influential?

Well, Turkey's military build up really began when Erdogan's ruling Justice and Development Party, who have sometimes been described as neo Ottoman, came to power in the year of the year.

Things stepped up a notch after the Arab Spring and start of the Syrian Civil War.

The AKP became more assertive in its foreign policy to respond to the increasing threat in its immediate neighbourhood.

During the Syrian Civil War for instance, Turkey was heavily involved in training troops in the Syrian National Army, or SNA, to fight against Syria's Bashar al Assad government and to counter the influence of the Kurdish militant group the YPG in Northern Syria.

Since then, the Turkish military have conducted multiple cross border military operations targeting the Kurdish militant groups in Iraq and Syria.

However, in the past few years or so, Turkey has stepped things up yet another notch, selling drones and deploying troops in places like Ukraine, the Gulf and East Africa, presumably in an attempt by Erdogan to take advantage of the accelerating geopolitical fragmentation we're seeing across the world today.

So let's look at where Turkey's military is involved today, starting in the Middle East, where Turkey recently announced plans to launch a major offensive in Iraq against the PKK this summer.

Kurdish militants are the main security risk to Turkey, and Turkish forces currently control roughly half of the Syrian territory bordering Turkey, and nearly all of the Iraqi territory bordering Turkey, which acts as a buffer zone between Turkey and Kurd controlled areas.

Things escalated late last year after dozens of Turkish soldiers clashed with PKK soldiers on Turkish outposts in Northern Iraq.

And there was yet another skirmish this week.

As a result, Erdogan has vowed that the military would step up its operations against both the PKK and the Syrian offshoot, the YPG.

To this end, last week, Turkish and Iraqi officials agreed a landmark security deal to crack down on Kurdish militants in Iraq's semi autonomous region.

Iraqi leaders have effectively banned the PKK, naming it a terrorist organisation after years of Turkish insistence.

The Turkish Defence Minister has stated that the country will create a buffer zone, eliminate the terrorist issue by the summer, and push the PKK south.

Turkey has even reportedly been trying to convince the Syrian government to support a possible operation of the Turkish military through Egypt and the UAE.

This would be in part about containing Kurdish troops, but also about developing the Iraq Development Road trade routes.

Not only is this trade route important for Turkey's vision to integrate Ankara to the Middle Corridor trade route running all the way east to China, but also connects Ankara with the Gulf, another region that Turkey's become a key player in, and intends to expand its military presence.

The Turkey Qatar alliance has been particularly robust over the past decade, culminating in Turkey opening its first base in the Middle East and signing an expanded security agreement in the year to come.

Qatar has since assisted Turkey's military operation in Somalia and assisted with humanitarian missions such as reuniting Gazan refugees with their families.

In Africa, as Western influence wanes and Chinese foreign investment declines, Turkey is stepping into the emerging geopolitical power vacuum, upgrading diplomatic relations, investing lots of money and selling weapons such as the Bayraktar TB II.

Somalia is a paradigm case for Turkey's military involvement in Africa.

Since the year of its founding, Somalia hosts Turkey's largest overseas military base in Mogadishu, where hundreds of Turkish troops have been training Somali soldiers under a broader Turkish plan to help rebuild the country, devastated by decades of clan warfare and Islamist insurgency.

Last month, the Somali cabinet signed a defence agreement with Turkey called the Framework Agreement for Defence and Economic Cooperation.

Turkey is going to help Somalia develop its own navy, which doesn't yet exist.

In return, Turkey will receive around thirty percent of the revenue from the Somali Exclusive Economic Zone.

Turkey's military assistance was also decisive in the Libyan war, and last November, Erdogan forwarded a motion to extend the mandate for Turkish forces deployed in Libya until the year of the war.

There are concerns that fighting may break out again, so Erdogan's extension of the mandate serves to protect Turkey's interests in Libya and the bordering Mediterranean, where Turkey has an ongoing territorial dispute over newly discovered gas fields in the region and a significant troop deployment in northern Cyprus.

There have also been reports that Ankara sent Syrian mercenaries to fight ISIS in Niger after the French withdrawal last year.

More generally, the coup in Niger last year signalled a shift away from Western influence towards Turkey, who is seen as a viable alternative security provider in the Sahel after their successful intervention in Libya.

Finally, in the Caucasus, Turkey played a critical role in Azerbaijan winning its recent war against Armenia over the disputed territory of Nagorno Karabakh.

Turkey is also pressed to help Azerbaijan secure the Zangezur Corridor, which Turkey wants to develop into a transport and energy corridor between Azerbaijan and Europe, which according to Turkish officials would benefit quote, the whole Turkic world.

All in all, Turkey's expansion of its military operations are apparently an effort to take advantage of power vacuums to establish itself as a middle power and secure different trade routes connecting Asia to Europe.

But there also could be a domestic angle ahead

Ahead of local elections on March the thirty first, Erdogan has been using these military operations and pre existing conflicts to court his nationalist voting base and convince the electorate that, despite his economic woes, he's making progress transforming Turkey into a regional superpower.

Whether Erdogan will succeed in the upcoming elections is another question entirely, and something we'll need to keep an eye on.

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