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Why We Study Art: Crash Course Art History #1

Original YouTube Video | crashcourse Published on 2024-04-11 Level：90 Speed：31 maxwordlevel：13

Video vocabulary

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

historian

US / hɪˈstɔ:riən /

•

UK / hɪˈstɔriən /

noun
Someone who studies the course of history

passenger

US / 'pæsɪndʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpæsəndʒɚ /

noun
Person who is traveling in a vehicle

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

successive

US / səkˈsesɪv /

•

UK / səkˈsɛsɪv /

adjecitve
Happening one after another in a series

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

arbitrary

US / ˈɑ:bitrəri /

•

UK / ˈɑrbɪˌtrɛri /

adjecitve
(Of decisions) unsupported; without any evidence

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

death

US / deθ /

•

UK / dɛθ /

noun
When someone dies; the end of life

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

reflect

US / rɪ'flekt /

•

UK / rɪˈflɛkt /

verb
To indicate or be a sign of something
To bounce back light, heat, sound from a surface
To show an image in glass, water, a mirror etc.
To think of something seriously and carefully

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

useful

US / ˈju:sfl /

•

UK / ˈjusfəl /

adjecitve
That can help with a particular task

anthropologist

US / ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst /

•

UK / ˌænθrəˈpɑ:lədʒɪst /

noun
Person who studies human origins and development

british

US / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of British

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

fourth

US / fɔ:θ /

•

UK / fɔ:rθ /

noun
4th

fill

US / fɪl /

•

UK / fɪl /

noun
Act of filling; amount used to make something full
verb
To make something full
To move into all parts of an area
To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
To use (time); to do something during

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

sandwich

US / ˈsænwɪtʃ /

•

UK / ˈsændwɪtʃ, ˈsæn- /

noun
Two pieces of bread with meat, cheese etc. in it
verb
To catch between two things

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

account

US / ə'kaʊnt /

•

UK / əˈkaʊnt /

noun
An advantage
Arrangement with a bank to keep your money for you
An invoice for things bought
Arrangement whereby you can use online services
A description, often written, of events; report

chapel

US / ˈtʃæpl /

•

UK / ˈtʃæpəl /

noun
Room to hold religious services

evidence

US / 'evɪdəns /

•

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

noun
Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

interview

US / 'ɪntəvju: /

•

UK / ˈɪntɚˌvju /

noun
Meeting to ask questions to get information
verb
To formally ask questions about a given topic

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

memorial

US / mə'mɔ:rɪəl /

•

UK / məˈmɔriəl, -ˈmor- /

noun
Ceremony or monument honoring dead person, people

mid

US / mɪd /

•

UK / mɪd /

adjecitve
At (or near) the middle point

len

US / ˈlemɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈlɛmɪŋ /

moctezuma

US / /

•

UK / /

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

african

US / ˈæfrɪkən /

•

UK / ˈæfrɪkən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Africa
noun
Person from Africa

believe

US / bɪ'li:v /

•

UK / bɪˈliv /

verb
To think or accept that something is true
To have a particular opinion about something

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

miss

US / mɪs /

•

UK / mɪs /

noun
Action of not hitting something or someone
Form of address to unmarried girl or woman
verb
To be absent
To fail to hit something e.g. a ball
To do without something
To fail to see or sense something
To fail to understand someone's message
To be too late to ride on something e.g. train
To feel you want to see someone who is not there

queen

US / kwi:n /

•

UK / kwin /

adjecitve
Big, female insect that is capable of laying eggs
noun
Person's name
Playing card, with the image of a queen on it
Piece in chess has the most freedom of movement
Big, female insect that is capable of laying eggs
Female royal ruler; the wife of a king
Very successful woman who is the best at something

twentieth

US / 'twentɪəθ /

•

UK / ˈtwɛntiɪθ, ˈtwʌn- /

noun
20th

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

artist

US / ˈɑ:tɪst /

•

UK / ˈɑrtɪst /

noun
A person skilled and creative in art e.g. painter

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

captain

US / 'kæptɪn /

•

UK / ˈkæptən /

noun
Title of a senior officer in the military
Person in charge of a team, a ship or an airplane
verb
To be in charge of a team, ship or airplane

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

plato

US / ˈpleɪtəʊ /

•

UK / ˈpleɪtoʊ /

proper noun
(c.429–c.347 BC), Greek philosopher. A disciple of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, he founded

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

celebrate

US / 'selɪbreɪt /

•

UK / ˈsɛləˌbret /

verb
To observe an event or occasion, e.g. a birthday
To lead or participate in a religious ceremony
To express praise or thanks for something

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

lega

US / /

•

UK / /

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

thirteen

US / ˌθɜ:'ti:n /

•

UK / θə:ˈtin /

number
13

swap

US / swɒp /

•

UK / swɑp /

noun
A trade or exchange of goods without using money
verb
To exchange goods without spending money; trade

credit

US / 'kredɪt /

•

UK / ˈkrɛdɪt /

adjecitve
Having a positive amount of money
noun
System to buy something and pay for it later
Points earned instead of money
Quality of having a good reputation for a reason
Points earned towards a university degree
verb
To add a certain amount of money to a total
To recognize someone's achievements or help

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

angle

US / ˈæŋgl /

•

UK / ˈæŋɡəl /

noun
Place where two lines or surfaces meet

criticism

US / ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm /

noun
Article or essay that judges quality
Negative judgment of something
Something negative that you say about something
School of thought

hollow

US / ˈhɒləʊ /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:loʊ /

adjecitve
(Of objects) having nothing inside; not solid
Lacking value, sincerity, or meaning
(E.g. of a laugh) lacking strength and emotion
(Sound) produced when something empty is hit
Appearing sunken or curved down
noun
Gap or indented surface
Area of land a little deeper than the surface
verb
To make a solid object have a large hole inside it

measure

US / ˈmeʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛʒɚ /

noun
Plan to achieve a desired result
Tool used to calculate the size of something
verb
To determine the value or importance of something
To calculate size, weight or temperature of

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

museum

US / mjuˈzi:əm /

•

UK / mjuˈziəm /

noun
Building to display art/science/history objects

arrange

US / əˈreɪndʒ /

•

UK / əˈrendʒ /

verb
To write music for a particular instrument
To organize things or people in a particular way
To plan (an event) at a time and place
To organize events so they happen

historical

US / /

•

UK / /

adjecitve
Connected with the past

incompetent

US / ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈkɑ:mpɪtənt /

adjecitve
Not having the skill or ability to do a thing well
noun
Person who is completely unable to do something

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

italian

US / ɪ'tælɪən /

•

UK / ɪˈtæljən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Italy
noun
Person from Italy

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

seventy

US / ˈsevnti /

•

UK / ˈsɛvənti /

number
70

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

africa

US / 'æfrɪkə /

•

UK / ˈæfrɪkə /

noun
Continent between the Atlantic and Indian oceans

book

US / bʊk /

•

UK / bʊk /

noun
Thing made of pages with writing on that you read
verb
(Police) to officially record someone's crimes
To reserve (hotel room, etc.) in advance
To produce a red or yellow card to a soccer player

eighteenth

US / ˌeɪ'ti:nθ /

•

UK / eˈtinθ /

noun
18th

renewal

US / rɪˈnju:əl /

•

UK / rɪˈnu:əl /

noun
Action of making something more modern or like new

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

seventeenth

US / ˌsevn'ti:nθ /

•

UK / ˌsɛvənˈtinθ /

noun
17th

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

weight

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

noun
How heavy something is
Metal object to measure how heavy something is
Importance, power, and influence person, thing has
A source of worry, sadness, or emotional stress

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

adverb
Normally; regularly

north

US / nɔ:θ /

•

UK / nɔ:rθ /

adjecitve
Coming from the opposite direction to the south
noun
Direction to your left when facing the rising sun

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

victoria

US / vikˈtɔ:riə /

•

UK / vɪkˈtɔriə, -ˈtor- /

noun
A light four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with a collapsible hood, seats for two passengers, and an
proper noun
A state of southeastern Australia; population 5,313,823 (2008); capital, Melbourne. Originally a dis
A port at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, capital of British Columbia; population 78,057 (2006
The capital of the Seychelles, a port on the island of Mahé; population 26,000 (est. 2007).
The administrative center of Hong Kong; population 981,700 (est. 2006).
A city in southern Texas; population 62,558 (est. 2008).
(1819–1901), queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1837–1901 and empress of India 1876–1901. She took a

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

fifty

US / 'fɪftɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪfti /

number
50

ghana

US / ˈgɑːnə /

•

UK / ˈgænə /

noun
A republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea

monarchy

US / 'mɒnəkɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɑnəki, -ˌɑr- /

noun
Nation that is ruled by a king or queen

weep

US / wi:p /

•

UK / wip /

noun
Small cry or shedding of tears
verb
To cry or shed tears often due to sadness

architect

US / ˈɑ:kɪtekt /

•

UK / ˈɑrkɪˌtɛkt /

noun
Person who designs and advises on buildings

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

cobble

US / 'kɒbl /

•

UK / ˈkɑbəl /

verb
To repair or mend shoes

content

US / 'kɒntent /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛnt /

adjecitve
Being happy or satisfied
noun
Information in something, e.g. book or computer

fifth

US / fɪfθ /

•

UK / fɪfθ /

noun
5th

financially

US / fə'nænʃəlɪ /

•

UK / faɪˈnænʃəlɪ /

adverb
From a financial point of view

king

US / kɪŋ /

•

UK / kɪŋ /

noun
Person considered the best or top at something
Playing card with the image of a king on it
Key piece in the game of chess
Royal male ruler of a country
Person's name

pride

US / praɪd /

•

UK / praɪd /

noun
Sense of your own importance and worth
verb
To be proud of something you did

record

US / 'rekɔ:d /

•

UK / ˈrekərd /

noun
Highest or most extreme level achieved
Round plastic disc on which music has been stored
History of a person's past actions or achievements
verb
To indicate a temperature, speed, etc.; register
To write down or say what happened
To put music, sounds onto a device to store it

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

ship

US / ʃɪp /

•

UK / ʃɪp /

noun
Large boat
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

democratic

US / ˌdeməˈkrætɪk /

•

UK / ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk /

adjecitve
(Of government) giving the people power, a vote
Having certain aspects of democracy

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

mexico

US / 'meksɪkəʊ /

•

UK / 'meksɪkoʊ /

proper noun
A country in southwestern North America, with extensive coastlines on the Gulf of Mexico and the Pac

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

clue

US / klu: /

•

UK / klu /

noun
Information that helps explain something; hint

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

subjective

US / səbˈdʒektɪv /

•

UK / səbˈdʒɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Using personal feelings and opinions not facts

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

senegal

US / ˌsenɪ'ɡɔ:l /

•

UK / ˌsenɪ'ɡɔ:l /

other
A republic in northwestern Africa on the coast of the Atlantic; formerly a French colony but achieve

walker

US / 'wɔ:kə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔkɚ /

noun
Person's name
Special kind of frame designed to help people walk
Person who is traveling on foot

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

colonial

US / kəˈləʊniəl /

•

UK / kəˈloʊniəl /

adjecitve
Of a system where one country controls another

consult

US / kənˈsʌlt /

•

UK / kənˈsʌlt /

verb
To ask the advice, opinion of a (paid) specialist
To discuss something to make a decision
To look at a book or map for information

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

item

US / ˈaɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈaɪtəm /

noun
Single, brief piece of news or reporting
Distinct, individual thing, often part of a group

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

zhang

US / 'zebrə /

•

UK / ˈzibrə /

conquer

US / 'kɒŋkə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɑŋkɚ /

verb
To take possession of (land, city) with an army
To beat something difficult, e.g. a fear; overcome

gender

US / 'dʒendə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛndɚ /

noun
State of being male or female

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

satisfied

US / ˈsætɪsfaɪd /

•

UK / ˈsætɪsˌfaɪd /

adjecitve
Happy because you got what you wanted; content
verb
To make someone happy because they got their wish
To do what is required in order to finish

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

artwork

US / ˈɑ:twə:k /

•

UK / ˈɑrtˌwɚk /

noun
the pieces of art, such as drawings and photographs, that are used in books, newspapers, and magazin

draft

US / drɑ:ft /

•

UK / dræft /

noun
Withdrawal of money from the bank
System for selecting people to join the military
Method of selecting players for sports teams
Cold wind coming through a door or window
First attempt at a piece of writing
verb
To order people to join the army in time of war
To select people for a task or team
To write something that will be edited later

feather

US / ˈfeðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfɛðɚ /

noun
One of the many light soft things on a bird's body
verb
To grow feathers
To cover something with feathers
To cut hair so that it lays in layers

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

episode

US / 'epɪsəʊd /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

noun
One separate event in a series of events
Show which is part of a larger story

ourselves

US / ɑ:ˈselvz /

•

UK / aʊrˈsɛlvz, ɑr- /

pronoun
(Showing speaker is affected by their own action)

painter

US / ˈpeɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpentɚ /

noun
Person who paints pieces of art; artist
Person who gets paid to paint things, e.g. houses

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

survivor

US / səˈvaɪvə(r) /

•

UK / sərˈvaɪvə(r) /

noun
Person, thing that continues to live or exist

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

historic

US / hɪˈstɒrɪk /

•

UK / hɪˈstɔrɪk, -ˈstɑr- /

adjecitve
(Of past event) having an effect on future; famous
Connected with the past

widely

US / ˈwaɪdli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdlɪ /

adverb
To a large degree; over a large range
By or among a large number of people

write

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

verb
To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
To invent or create a computer program
To create a song or piece of music

burn

US / bɜ:n /

•

UK / bɚn /

noun
Damage from fire or heat
verb
To destroy with fire
To feel pain and heat
To use as fuel for a fire to make light or heat
To overcook food with too much heat it goes black

conjure

US / ˈkʌndʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɑndʒɚ, kənˈdʒʊr /

verb
To make an image/idea to come into the imagination
To make something appear through a magic trick

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

scare

US / skeə(r) /

•

UK / sker /

noun
Act of making some feel frightened
Something causing people to be afraid
verb
To become frightened
To make someone feel frightened or worried

rescue

US / 'reskju: /

•

UK / ˈrɛskju /

verb
To save someone who is in danger or in trouble

occasional

US / əˈkeɪʒənl /

•

UK / əˈkeʒənəl /

adjecitve
Not happening often; irregular; rare

piano

US / piˈænəʊ /

•

UK / piˈæno, ˈpjæno /

adjecitve
In a soft and quiet manner (on the piano)
noun
Keyboard instrument used for playing music

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

violence

US / ˈvaɪələns /

•

UK / ˈvaɪələns /

noun
Strong physical force of nature
Use of physical force to harm someone

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

beautiful

US / 'bju:tɪfl /

•

UK / ˈbjutəfəl /

adjecitve
Having dome something well
Being very attractive or appealing physically

emperor

US / 'empərə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛmpəɚ /

noun
Man who rules an empire

reality

US / rɪ'ælətɪ /

•

UK / riˈælɪti /

noun
What is true, as opposed to what is imagined

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

true

US / tru: /

•

UK / tru: /

adjecitve
Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual

artefact

US / ˈɑ:tɪfækt /

•

UK / ˈɑrtəˌfækt /

noun
Man-made object, usually of historic importance

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

fold

US / fəʊld /

•

UK / fold /

noun
Pen where sheep are kept
Group of people who have a common belief
verb
To bend one part of something against another
(Of business) to fail or close down
To hold something together such as your two arms

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

race

US / reɪs /

•

UK / res /

noun
Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
People who share physical features or culture
verb
To take part in a running or swimming competition
To move or go at a very fast pace
To take someone, something to a place very quickly

portrait

US / ˈpɔ:trit /

•

UK / ˈpɔrtrɪt,-ˌtret,ˈpor- /

noun
Picture of a person's head and shoulders
Detailed representation of someone in film, etc.

respond

US / rɪ'spɒnd /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑnd /

verb
To answer something or someone
To have a good reaction to e.g. medical treatment

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

series

US / ˈsɪəri:z /

•

UK / ˈsɪriz /

noun
Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
other
Number of things that happen one after another

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

florence

US / 'flɔ:rəns, 'flɒr- /

•

UK / 'flɔ:rənsˌ 'flɑ:r- /

proper noun
A city in western central Italy, the capital of Tuscany, on the Arno River; population 365,659 (2008
An industrial and commercial city in northwestern Alabama, on the Tennessee River, east of Muscle Sh
A city in northern Kentucky, southwest of Covington; population 27,745 (est. 2008).
A commercial city in northeastern South Carolina; population 31,570 (est. 2008).

latin

US / ˈlætɪn /

•

UK / ˈlætn /

adjecitve
Of or typical of a Spanish-speaking culture
noun
Ancient Roman language affecting many languages

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

indigenous

US / ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs /

•

UK / ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs /

adjecitve
Being naturally from an area, not somewhere else

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

researcher

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

noun
Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

person

US / 'pɜ:sn /

•

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

noun
Man, woman or child

spanish

US / ˈspænɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈspænɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Spain

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

vary

US / ˈveəri /

•

UK / ˈveri /

verb
To change something and make it different
To be changeable, both up and down

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

construct

US / kənˈstrʌkt /

•

UK / kənˈstrʌkt /

noun
A thought, theory or hypothesis
verb
To build or create something
To create a sentence, story, argument or theory

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

trivium

US / 'trɪvɪəm /

•

UK / 'trɪvɪrm /

noun
Introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric; considere

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

flip

US / flɪp /

•

UK / flɪp /

noun
Act of turning your body in the air; somersault
Movement of something from one position to another
verb
To turn your body in the air, as in gymnastics
To move into a different position quickly
To move a button or switch to turn on or off

judge

US / dʒʌdʒ /

•

UK / dʒʌdʒ /

noun
Person who decides on the results of a contest
Person who has the power to make a decision
verb
To reach a decision about who won a contest
To form an opinion after careful consideration
To make a decision in court

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

nightmare

US / ˈnaɪtmeə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnaɪtˌmɛr /

noun
Frightening, difficult or displeasing experience
Frightening or upsetting dream while sleeping

tenochtitlan

US / /

•

UK / /

proper noun
The ancient capital of the Aztec empire, founded c.1320. In 1521 the Spanish conquistador Cortés des

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

cave

US / keɪv /

•

UK / kev /

noun
Large hole in the side of a cliff or hill
verb
To give in to pressure

creator

US / kriˈeɪtə(r) /

•

UK / kriˈetɚ /

noun
Person who makes something original or new

nineteenth

US / ˌnaɪn'ti:nθ /

•

UK / naɪnˈtinθ /

noun
19th

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

truly

US / 'tru:lɪ /

•

UK / ˈtruli /

adverb
In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

canon

US / 'kænən /

•

UK / ˈkænən /

noun
General rule of how to behave or do things
Literary works considered to be the most important

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

raft

US / rɑ:ft /

•

UK / ræft /

noun
Pieces of wood tied together as a kind of boat
Flat rubber boat filled with air so it floats

spain

US / speɪn /

•

UK / speɪn /

proper noun
A country in southwestern Europe, occupying the greater part of the Iberian peninsula; population 46

tragedy

US / 'trædʒədɪ /

•

UK / ˈtrædʒɪdi /

noun
Play that has a sad ending with many deaths
Very sad event that usually involves death

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

image

US / 'ɪmɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈɪmɪdʒ /

noun
Picture, sculpture or painting of something
General idea or opinion of something
verb
To obtain pictures by scanning them with a machine

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

sixteenth

US / ˌsɪks'ti:nθ /

•

UK / sɪkˈstinθ /

noun
16th

adrift

US / əˈdrɪft /

•

UK / əˈdrɪft /

adjecitve
Floating without direction; not anchored

famous

US / 'feɪməs /

•

UK / ˈfeməs /

adjecitve
Excellent
Widely known; recognized by many people

decoration

US / ˌdekəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdɛkəˈreʃən /

noun
Making something more attractive or beautiful
Act of awarding a medal to someone

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

masterpiece

US / ˈmɑ:stəpi:s /

•

UK / ˈmæstɚˌpis /

noun
Greatest work, e.g. of a famous artist

quote

US / kwəʊt /

•

UK / kwot /

noun
Written statement of the cost of something
The (often wise or famous) words of another person
verb
To tell someone how much a task will cost
To repeat precisely what a person said or wrote

patreon

US / 'peɪʃənts /

•

UK / 'peɪʃənts /

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

oop

US / ˈuːp /

•

UK / ˈuːp /

exclamation
Sound people make when they make a mistake

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

unspoken

US / ˌʌnˈspəʊkən /

•

UK / ʌnˈspokən /

adjecitve
Expressed without speech

fountain

US / 'faʊntən /

•

UK / ˈfaʊntən /

noun
Structure out of which a jet of water comes

michelangelo

US / ˌmaɪkəˈlændʒələʊ /

•

UK / ˌmaɪkəˈlændʒəˌloʊ /

proper noun
(1475–1564), Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet; full name Michelangelo Buonarroti. A le

draw

US / drɔ: /

•

UK / drɔ /

noun
Something that attracts people to visit a place
A lottery or prize
Result of a game, contest where the score is equal
verb
To attract attention to someone or something
To get closer to or approach something or someone
To influence a person's involvement in something
To move an object by pulling
To create an image using pen or pencil and paper
To take one thing out of a container, etc.
(Of 2 teams) to finish a game with the same score

educator

US / ˈedʒukeɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛdʒəˌketɚ /

noun
Someone who teaches

emotion

US / iˈməuʃən /

•

UK / ɪˈmoʃən /

noun
A feeling such as sadness, anger or love

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

strongly

US / strɒŋlɪ /

•

UK / ˈstrɔŋlɪ /

adverb
With strength or in a strong manner

clinch

US / klɪntʃ /

•

UK / klɪntʃ /

verb
To finalize a deal, etc.; prove a point

excellent

US / ˈeksələnt /

•

UK / ˈɛksələnt /

adjecitve
Extremely good

commission

US / kə'mɪʃn /

•

UK / kəˈmɪʃən /

noun
Money paid for a service, e.g. money exchanging
An official role or title in the military
Group officially put in charge of e.g. education
Order for a specific piece of work, usually of art
verb
To hire someone, order work to be done for payment

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

creepy

US / 'kri:pɪ /

•

UK / 'kri:pɪ /

adjecitve
Scary; annoying or unpleasant

procure

US / prəˈkjʊə(r) /

•

UK / prəˈkjʊr /

verb
To get something, by making an effort
To buy a prostitute for someone

sponsor

US / ˈspɒnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈspɑ:nsə(r) /

noun
Person that supports the passage of a new law
Person giving money for someone's education
verb
To support the passage of a new law
To help someone succeed by giving them money
To pay for an event, usually as an advertisement

social

US / ˈsəuʃəl /

•

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

adjecitve
Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
Liking being with other people; friendly
Living together and depending on each other

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

coast

US / kəʊst /

•

UK / kost /

noun
Land near the sea or ocean
verb
To progress in something without trying hard
(Of a vehicle) to move forward without power

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

juicy

US / 'dʒu:sɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒusi /

adjecitve
(Of a fruit) full of juice

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

western

US / ˈwestən /

•

UK / ˈwestərn /

adjecitve
Movies often about cowboys in the American West
Coming from, found in, or facing towards the west

accord

US / ə'kɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈkɔ:rd /

noun
Agreement or harmony
An agreement or treaty between countries
verb
To be in harmony or agreement; consent
To give (someone) the respect due to them

art

US / ɑ:t /

•

UK / ɑrt /

noun
Creative skill using the imagination e.g. painting
A skill or talent you have

boy

US / bɔɪ /

•

UK / bɔɪ /

noun
A young male person

document

US / 'dɒkjʊmənt /

•

UK / ˈdɑkjəmənt /

noun
Official (printed) record that gives information
verb
To support an opinion with recorded evidence

community

US / kə'mju:nətɪ /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪti /

noun
Group of people who share a common idea or area

ensemble

US / ɑ:nˈsɑ:mbl /

•

UK / ɑnˈsɑmbəl /

noun
Group of things, people working together

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

vasari

US / /

•

UK / /

group

US / ɡru:p /

•

UK / ɡrup /

noun
Two or more musicians who play music together
Number of people or things gathered together
verb
To combine or collect objects or people together

fifteenth

US / ˌfɪf'ti:nθ /

•

UK / fɪfˈtinθ /

noun
15th

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

makeshift

US / ˈmeɪkʃɪft /

•

UK / ˈmekˌʃɪft /

adjecitve
That only serves as something temporarily

wood

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

adjecitve
Living or existing in the woods
Made from the material from trees
noun
Person's name
Land covered with trees, smaller than a forest
Cut tree used for making fires or building things
verb
To plant an area of land with trees

unexpected

US / ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd /

•

UK / ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd /

adjecitve
Surprising because it was not expected

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

appearance

US / əˈpɪərəns /

•

UK / əˈpɪrəns /

noun
The way a person looks to others
The way that something looks

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

explore

US / ɪk'splɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplɔr /

verb
To examine something in detail to learn about it
To travel to a place to discover more about it

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

scene

US / si:n /

•

UK / sin /

noun
Incident where someone behaves angrily, badly
View that looks like a picture
Place where something particular happened
Part of an act in a play

uncover

US / ʌn'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ʌnˈkʌvɚ /

verb
To remove what is on top to show something
(Journalist) to discover some news to be reported

akan

US / ˈɑːkɑːn /

•

UK / ˈɑːˌkɑːn /

other
A Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

biography

US / baɪˈɒgrəfi /

•

UK / baɪˈɑ:grəfi /

noun
Story of a person's life as told by someone else

monument

US / 'mɒnjʊmənt /

•

UK / ˈmɑnjəmənt /

noun
Something built to remember an event or person

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

public

US / 'pʌblɪk /

•

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

adjecitve
Owned by the government
Concerning society in general
Being available or accessible to people in general
Known or able to be known by all people

timeline

US / 'taɪmlaɪn /

•

UK / 'taɪmlaɪn /

noun
Sequence of related events arranged in time order

film

US / fɪlm /

•

UK / fɪlm /

noun
Thin layer that covers something
Movie
verb
To record moving action with a camera

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

raise

US / reɪz /

•

UK / rez /

noun
Increase in a bet above another when playing cards
Pay increase
verb
To increase a bet above another when playing cards
To gather donations for a cause or charity
To bring up and educate a child to maturity
To bring a dead person to life
To increase a quantity, size, intensity or price
To lift (e.g. your hand) to a higher position
To mention a topic /issue for discussion; bring up
To increase (salary, etc.)
To grow or care for plants or animals

pal

US / pæl /

•

UK / pæl /

noun
Friend

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

sculptor

US / 'skʌlptə(r) /

•

UK / ˈskʌlptɚ /

noun
Artist who carves objects from marble, metal etc.

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

roughly

US / ˈrʌfli /

•

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

adverb
Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
In a manner that is violent or not careful
In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
In a basic, simple manner

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

fund

US / fʌnd /

•

UK / fʌnd /

noun
Money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
A specific account into which you put money
verb
To supply money for something

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

straightforward

US / ˌstreɪtˈfɔ:wəd /

•

UK / stretˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Easy to do or understand; not complicated

style

US / staɪl /

•

UK / staɪl /

noun
The (tasteful) way something is designed or done
verb
To shape or design something in a certain way

bicycle

US / ˈbaɪsɪkl /

•

UK / ˈbaɪsɪkl /

noun
2-wheeled vehicle ridden by pushing on foot pedals
verb
To ride a two-wheeled vehicle with pedals

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

confront

US / kən'frʌnt /

•

UK / kənˈfrʌnt /

verb
To make someone, e.g. who has lied, face the truth
(Of problem) to face someone who must deal with it

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

sick

US / sɪk /

•

UK / sɪk /

adjecitve
Having a physical or mental illness
Morally wrong; perverted

sea

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Very large group of people, similar-looking things
Large body of salty water with land around it

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

catch

US / kætʃ /

•

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

noun
Amount of something that has been caught
Trick or something trying to deceive
verb
To stop something flying and hold it
To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
To get sick or get a disease from someone else
To find someone to do something, a task
To get stuck on or in something
To be trapped so you can’t escape
To be able to understand what someone is saying

bunch

US / bʌntʃ /

•

UK / bʌntʃ /

noun
A group of things of the same kind
verb
To group people or things closely together
(Cloth) to gather/be gathered together in folds

dynasty

US / ˈdɪnəsti /

•

UK / ˈdaɪnəsti /

noun
Family that controls a country for a long time
Period of time that a family has ruled

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

kick

US / kɪk /

•

UK / kɪk /

noun
Feeling of enjoyment or excitement
verb
To hit or move something with the foot

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

bias

US / 'baɪəs /

•

UK / ˈbaɪəs /

noun
Preference to believe things even if incorrect
verb
To unfairly favor one view over another

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

congo

US / ˈkɔŋɡəu /

•

UK / ˈkɑŋɡo /

other
A major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic
A republic in central Africa; achieved independence from Belgium in
A republic in west-central Africa; achieved independence from France in

giorgio

US / ˈdʒɔrdʒioʊ /

•

UK / /

fight

US / faɪt /

•

UK / faɪt /

noun
An argument or quarrel
Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
A struggle to do a difficult task
verb
To argue or quarrel with someone about something
To try to hurt someone by hitting them
To struggle to do a difficult task

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

language

US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

noun
Words or signs used to communicate messages

inspire

US / ɪn'spaɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈspaɪr /

verb
To give someone an idea to do or make something
To make someone feel a certain emotion

kara

US / ˈkɛrə /

•

UK / /

noun
A steel bangle worn on the right wrist as one of the five distinguishing signs of the Sikh Khalsa.

prominent

US / ˈprɒmɪnənt /

•

UK / ˈprɑmənənt /

adjecitve
Being important or well known
Being easily noticeable
Sticking out beyond something

perspective

US / pə'spektɪv /

•

UK / pɚˈspɛktɪv /

noun
Artistic method of creating a sense of distance
Ability to understand what is important in life

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

baby

US / ˈbeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈbeɪbi /

adjecitve
Small in size; smaller than usual
noun
A very young child, who cannot yet speak
verb
To treat someone as if they were newly born

empire

US / ˈempaɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛmˌpaɪr /

noun
Group of countries controlled by one government

jump

US / dʒʌmp /

•

UK / dʒʌmp /

noun
Large sudden increase
An act of springing into the air
Bar or other thing that is jumped over
A sudden movement due to surprise
verb
To attack someone suddenly
To push your body into the air with your legs
To suddenly decide to do something
To make a sudden movement due to surprise

master

US / 'mɑ:stə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmæstɚ /

adjecitve
Being very skilled at doing something
Being the main or most important thing or part
noun
Someone who is very skilled at doing something
Holding a higher degree from a university
Male teacher
Owner of an animal, e.g. a dog
verb
To gain control over something
To learn to do something very well

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

aztec

US / ˈæztek /

•

UK / ˈæzˌtɛk /

noun
A member of the Nahuatl people who established an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in

belove

US / bɪˈlʌv /

•

UK / /

verb
To love. Frequently, and now usually, in passive, with by, of (formerly also † with).

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

eventually

US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

•

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

adverb
After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

label

US / 'leɪbl /

•

UK / ˈlebəl /

noun
A (luxury) brand owned by a company
A word or term used to describe a person, thing
A piece of paper or material to identify something
verb
To use a term to describe, often negatively
To attach material to identify something

lean

US / li:n /

•

UK / lin /

adjecitve
Having a low fat content
Efficient; well-designed with no waste
Thin; slim; skinny; with little fat on your body
verb
To balance against or on something for support
To have a tendency to do something; favor

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

storey

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

arrive

US / əˈraɪv /

•

UK / əˈraɪv /

verb
To reach the place you are traveling to

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

fifteen

US / ˌfɪfˈti:n /

•

UK / fɪfˈtin /

number
15

decorate

US / ˈdekəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛkəˌret /

verb
To make more attractive by adding designs/paint
To award a medal to someone

local

US / ˈləʊkl /

•

UK / ˈloʊkl /

adjecitve
Relating to a particular area, city, or town
noun
Bus or train, that stops at most stations
People who live in the area being discussed
The pub you most frequently go to

observe

US / əbˈzɜ:v /

•

UK / əbˈzɜ:rv /

verb
To celebrate a particular holiday/religious event
To obey or follow laws, rules, or customs
To watch carefully; to make a comment

renaissance

US / rɪˈneɪsns /

•

UK / ˈrenəsɑ:ns /

noun
Period of intense activity in art and science
Renewed interest in a particular field or subject

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

culture

US / 'kʌltʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌltʃɚ /

noun
Beliefs and customs of a particular group

guy

US / ɡaɪ /

•

UK / ɡaɪ /

noun
Man; boy; any person

critically

US / 'krɪtɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪklɪ /

adverb
As part of the process of judging something
In a way that is serious or dangerous; vitally

medusa

US / mɪ'dju:zə /

•

UK / mə'dju:sə /

other
One of two forms that coelenterates take: it is the free-swimming sexual phase in the life cycle of

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

ninth

US / naɪnθ /

•

UK / naɪnθ /

noun
9th

status

US / 'steɪtəs /

•

UK / ˈstetəs, ˈstætəs /

noun
Position or rank relative to others in a society
Legal position of a person or thing
Current state or position of a thing

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

ancient

US / 'eɪnʃənt /

•

UK / ˈenʃənt /

adjecitve
Very old; having lived a very long time ago

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

battle

US / 'bætl /

•

UK / ˈbætl /

noun
Military fight between armies
Working hard to stop something; struggle
verb
To fight or struggle against someone or something
To work hard to stop something; struggle

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

flag

US / flæɡ /

•

UK / flæɡ /

noun
Piece of cloth representing a team, country etc.
verb
To indicate something should get special attention
To work, run etc. more slowly or with less power

disastrous

US / dɪˈzɑ:strəs /

•

UK / dɪˈzæstrəs /

adjecitve
Having very unfortunate or terrible consequences

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

beyond

US / bɪ'jɒnd /

•

UK / biˈɑnd, bɪˈjɑnd /

adverb
On or to the farther side
In addition to
preposition
Later in time than
Out of the limits of

comprehensive

US / ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv /

•

UK / ˌkɑ:mprɪˈhensɪv /

adjecitve
Including most or all things

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

forever

US / fər'evə(r) /

•

UK / fɔrˈɛvɚ, fə- /

adverb
For all future time; in the future

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

paint

US / peɪnt /

•

UK / pent /

noun
Colored liquid you apply with a brush
verb
To make a picture with colored liquids
To describe as
To apply a color, oil or sealant with a brush

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

brand

US / brænd /

•

UK / brænd /

noun
A mark burned on an animal to show who owns it
Product made or designed by a named company
verb
To burn a mark on an animal to show who owns it
To describe someone as a liar, coward, etc.
To give a famous name to a product or service

connection

US / kəˈnekʃn /

•

UK / kəˈnɛkʃən /

noun
Something that joins things together; being joined
Person you know who can help you in some way
Changing vehicles when traveling

join

US / dʒɔɪn /

•

UK / dʒɔɪn /

verb
To bring something close to another, to become one
To become a member of
To participate in an activity with others

noose

US / nu:s /

•

UK / nus /

noun
Rope tied in a loop to go around an animal's neck

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

translate

US / trænsˈleɪt /

•

UK / trænsˈlet /

verb
To change something into a different state
To be equivalent to; equate to
To change a text, speech into a different language
To change words from one language into another

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

hang

US / hæŋ /

•

UK / hæŋ /

verb
To attach a picture, photograph etc. onto a wall
To float, move softly, or remain in the air
To kill by putting a rope around neck and dropping
To remain undecided, unsolved or unclear

decorative

US / ˈdekərətɪv /

•

UK / ˈdekəreɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Being attractive but not necessarily useful

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

screen

US / skri:n /

•

UK / skrin /

noun
Wire net in a door or window to keep insects out
Displays in a theater on which movies are shown
Flat surface on a computer or TV showing images
verb
To hide or block something from being seen
To examine to find something, e.g. best candidate

stack

US / stæk /

•

UK / stæk /

noun
A large number or amount of something
Large tube through which smoke exits a building
verb
To arrange cards in a certain order, to cheat
To put one thing on top of another, e.g. boxes

throughout

US / θru:ˈaʊt /

•

UK / θruˈaʊt /

adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

aristotle

US / ˈæristɔtl /

•

UK / ˈærɪˌstɑtl /

proper noun
(384–322 BC), Greek philosopher and scientist. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great,

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

interpret

US / ɪn'tɜ:prɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɚprɪt /

verb
To express so that others understand it
To translate what is said into another language

kill

US / kɪl /

•

UK / kɪl /

noun
Animal killed by a person or other animal
verb
To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
To end the life of a person or other living thing
To be very funny
To prevent something from continuing or operating
To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

opinion

US / əˈpɪnjən /

•

UK / əˈpɪnjən /

noun
Court judge's statement why a decision was made
A person's thoughts on a topic

sorry

US / ˈsɒri /

•

UK / ˈsɑ:ri /

exclamation
What you say to admit you were wrong
adjecitve
Causing others to feel pity; poor
Feeling regret or sympathy about wrong thing

subject

US / 'sʌbdʒɪkt /

•

UK / ˈsʌbdʒekt /

noun
Citizen of an area or country
The person or thing that does the action of a verb
People who take part in experiments or tests
An area of study at school, e.g. math, history
What a book, article etc. is about; theme
verb
To cause to suffer or experience something

board

US / bɔ:d /

•

UK / bɔrd, bord /

noun
Surface for posting or showing information
Group of persons who direct an organization
Long piece of material used for riding the waves
Long thin piece of wood, used for building; plank
verb
To enter a ship, plane, or other vehicle
To cover with long wooden strips of wood
To pay money to live in someone's house; lodge

evolve

US / ɪ'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

verb
To develop certain features
To develop or change slowly over time
To slowly change or develop into something better

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

under

US / ˈʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

adjecitve
In the same place as another thing, but lower
adverb
In a lower quantity or price than expected
preposition
According to the terms of an agreement or law
Managed or controlled by the authority of
Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
Influenced or affected by something or someone
Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

wealthy

US / ˈwelθi /

•

UK / ˈwɛlθi /

adjecitve
Having a great quantity of money or property

artistic

US / ɑ:ˈtɪstɪk /

•

UK / ɑ:rˈtɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Being able to paint, write music, etc.; creative

delightful

US / dɪˈlaɪtfl /

•

UK / dɪˈlaɪtfəl /

adjecitve
Greatly pleasing or entertaining

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

die

US / daɪ /

•

UK / daɪ /

noun
Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
verb
To cease to function or work
(Of a thing) to stop being used or done
(Of a person) to stop living

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

launch

US / lɔ:ntʃ /

•

UK / lɔntʃ, lɑntʃ /

noun
Starting a new project; introducing new product
Act of firing rockets into the air
verb
To start a new project; start selling a product
To put a rocket into the air
To put a ship into the water for the first time

medici

US / meditʃi: /

•

UK / ˈmɛdəˌtʃi, ˈmɛdi- /

other
Aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the th century

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

sketch

US / sketʃ /

•

UK / skɛtʃ /

noun
Brief account of something without many details
A drawing made quickly that lacks detail
Brief, funny scene as part of a performance
verb
To make a rough plan or idea of something
To draw images roughly with a pencil

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

conquest

US / ˈkɒŋkwest /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:ŋkwest /

noun
Land or a nation won or taken by force, an army

depend

US / dɪˈpend /

•

UK / dɪˈpend /

verb
Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

green

US / gri:n /

•

UK / ɡrin /

adjecitve
Color of young leaves
Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
Concerned about protecting the environment
The color of young leaves
Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
noun
Large grassy area
used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

irish

US / ˈaɪrɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈaɪrɪʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Ireland

memorize

US / ˈmeməraɪz /

•

UK / ˈmɛməˌraɪz /

verb
To study something so that you remember it

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

object

US / 'ɒbdʒɪkt /

•

UK / ˈɑbdʒɪkt /

noun
Something you can see or touch, but is not alive
Goal or purpose of a particular plan or activity
The thing that the action of a verb acts upon
verb
To disagree; to protest against an idea or plan

street

US / stri:t /

•

UK / strit /

noun
Road in a city with buildings and places to walk

basis

US / ˈbeɪsɪs /

•

UK / ˈbesɪs /

noun
Main ingredient or part of something
Starting situation, fact, idea to develop from

curator

US / kjʊəˈreɪtə(r) /

•

UK / kjʊˈreɪtə(r) /

noun
Person who is in charge of objects for exhibition

french

US / frentʃ /

•

UK / frentʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of France
noun
Person's name

gauguin

US / ɡeɪdʒ /

•

UK / ɡedʒ /

field

US / fi:ld /

•

UK / fild /

noun
Area of study, such as physics or biology
Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
Open area of land, especially without buildings
Grassed area where you play some sports
verb
To respond to something or answer a question
To catch or stop a ball during a game

forgot

US / fə'ɡɒt /

•

UK / fɚˈɡɑt, fɔr- /

julius

US / ˈnaʊədeɪz /

•

UK / ˈnaʊəˌdez /

ruffle

US / ˈrʌfl /

•

UK / ˈrʌfəl /

noun
A trimming of frilled fabric e.g. on a collar
verb
To disturb the smoothness of e.g. water
To upset the balance or status quo

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

personal

US / ˈpɜ:sənl /

•

UK / ˈpɚsənəl /

adjecitve
Done by or to a particular person; individual
Concerning a person's private life or feelings

control

US / kən'trəʊl /

•

UK / kənˈtrol /

noun
A device designed to operate a machine
Participant in experiment that is left untouched
Act to dominate or command; make manageable
A law limiting the growth or spread of something
A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
verb
To direct or influence the behavior of something

scrap

US / skræp /

•

UK / skræp /

adjecitve
Unneeded and thrown away
noun
A fight with someone
Small piece of something especially paper or cloth
other
Wasted things such as metal
verb
To fight with someone

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

chinese

US / /

•

UK / /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of China

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

letter

US / 'letə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlɛtɚ /

noun
One of the 26 parts of the English alphabet
Message you put in an envelope and send by post

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

japanese

US / ˌdʒæpəˈniːz /

•

UK / ˌdʒæpəˈniːz /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Japan

resort

US / rɪ'zɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪ'zɔ:rt /

noun
Act of choosing something to help with a problem
Vacation hotel or complex; area for holidays

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

text

US / tekst /

•

UK / tɛkst /

noun
Any form in which writing exists
Reading or audio passage, often a story or article
Written part of a book or other work
verb
To send a message by phone or other device

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

wrestle

US / 'resl /

•

UK / ˈrɛsəl /

verb
To fight someone by holding parts of their body
To struggle with a problem

victory

US / 'vɪktərɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɪktəri /

noun
Defeating or beating someone or something

virginia

US / və(:)ˈdʒinjə /

•

UK / vɚˈdʒɪnjə /

other
A state in the eastern United States; one of the original colonies; one of the Confederate States in

Subtitles section

Every piece of art tells a story, usually more than one.

I'll show you.

This is a biombo, a folding screen made in Mexico and inspired by Japanese decorative designs.

It existed before we had pianos or bicycles or even sandwiches.

This one would have decorated a wealthy Spaniard's home in late seventeenth century Mexico.

And while it might look like mere decoration, if you lean in, it'll tell you a story.

A story of a battle where Spain conquered Tenochtitlan, or modern day Mexico City, and the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II was killed by one of his own subjects.

But records from the indigenous people of Mexico tell a different story of the same event.

In their account, the Spanish killed the Aztec emperor as part of their conquest.

Historical events like this, and history itself, aren't exactly straightforward.

The story you get varies depending on which documents or artworks you look at, and who's doing the telling.

By studying this centuries old screen, we learn about more than just the object itself.

We learn about history, and how history, like art, is not something we discover, but something we create.

Hi, I'm Sarah Urist Green.

I'm a curator and art educator, and this is Crash Course Art History.

You might think that art history is a stuffy subject that's only useful for clinching a trivia night victory.

Or you might think it's just memorizing a bunch of names and dates.

with the occasional jump scare from a creepy long limbed baby.

But art history is really about thinking critically by observing closely.

It's the study of objects and images to understand the people, places, and time periods they come from.

Art reflects different perspectives and stories, but also reveals the ideas that connect people across the world.

And that three letter word, art, holds some big ideas.

It can include ancient cave paintings and pride flags, state funded monuments and street art, works designed for function, and works designed to ruffle feathers.

And since art is subjective, what's a beautiful sculpture to one person might be the stuff of nightmares to another.

Plus, ideas about what art is have changed and continue to change over time.

Not all cultures think of art the same way, or even have a word for art in their language.

Like the Lega people, from what's now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have a category of objects called masengo, which roughly translates to heavy things, and refers to items with great significance or weight.

As for you, when you hear art history, you might think of something like this.

Oops, sorry, I meant this, the well known Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo de Ludovico Buonarroti Simoni.

No clue why we call him by his first name.

But let's explore why that ceiling comes to mind when you think about art, and why you've heard of the guy who painted it.

Let's go to the drawing board.

The story of the Sistine Chapel doesn't actually begin with Michelangelo.

but with a wealthy Italian family called the Medicis.

The Medicis ruled Florence and later Tuscany from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries.

They also controlled the what, where, and how of the local art scene.

They financially supported several huge artists, including Michelangelo.

So with the Medici brand behind him, Michelangelo was basically one of Italy's biggest influencers.

He even caught the eye of Pope Julius II, who commissioned him to paint the now famous Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Now, the Medicis were also sponsors of the painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, who wrote a book called Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

It celebrated Michelangelo and other artists like him, and it gave the Medicis credit for supporting a historic, quote, rebirth.

In fact, before the French term Renaissance became prominent in the nineteenth century, Vasari described this artistic moment in time as Renascita,

Italian for renewal or rebirth.

So yeah, the book was basically sixteenth century sponsored content, and it became the bedrock of what we know now as art history.

It shaped not only the way art history would be written, but which artworks were considered important, talked about, and eventually memefied.

Of course, writing about art didn't start with Vasari.

By the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, Plato was wrestling with art's imitation of reality in his writings, and Aristotle was exploring how art can conjure emotions.

And in the ninth century, Zhang Yongyuan wrote famous paintings of successive dynasties, the oldest comprehensive written history of Chinese painting known to exist.

So there's evidence of art historical writings throughout the world and through much of recorded history.

But Vasari's series of biographies strongly shaped how the story of art would be told from then on, with a significant bias toward Western European art.

It was this text that became the basis of what is called the canon of art history.

a collection or timeline of artists and artworks believed to be truly great, to have furthered art's progress that get talked about again and again.

So yeah, who's in the canon and who's out is pretty arbitrary.

And because this is my series, and I don't think Vasari's going to mind, allow me to introduce my canon canon, with its help

I, according to my own whims, will launch people into my personal canon of beloved artists.

You better watch out, Gauguin.

I may also kick out a few, too.

Many of Vasari's chosen artists became known as the Old Masters, a kind of legendary status that later artists needed to measure up to.

Over time, art history continued to evolve, and the canon of greats grew to include new masterpieces and makers, and forgot about others.

By the eighteenth century, artworks began to be sorted by style, or groupings based on time periods, creators, or elements of their appearance.

With that sorting came new ways of judging, explaining, and interpreting art through the field of art criticism.

And by the mid twentieth century, race, class, and gender became recognized as important lenses through which to examine art, both in terms of who made it and who is looking at it.

So today, art historians analyze images and materials from multiple angles to explore what they can tell us about each other, ourselves, and the cultures that connect us.

Studying art helps us understand history as a constructed account, something that's built in its telling.

And it helps us remember that our own perspectives are always limited.

The more we learn about how other people see the world, the better we understand pretty much everything.

Like here's an artwork by Kara Walker, where one account of history confronts another.

It's called Fons Americanus, American Fountain in Latin.

And it's inspired by the Victoria Memorial in London, a monument celebrating the British Empire under Queen Victoria.

The Victoria Memorial tells a triumphant story about colonial rule in Africa and the Americas.

But Walker's monument tells another part of the story from a different view.

A weeping boy and a noose hanging from a tree, for example, give voice to the unspoken parts of the Victoria Memorial, the human toll of colonial violence and enslavement.

As Walker's work shows us, it's as important to think about what isn't included in art as what is.

And the same goes for history.

So yeah, let's launch her right into the canon.

And often what is remembered comes down to what materials have survived.

Take this painting, The Raft of the Medusa, painted by Théodore Géricault in the year of his death.

It's a massive artwork that tells an even bigger story.

In the year of his death, a French ship set off for the coast of Senegal, captained by a pal of King Louis XVIII, who hadn't been at sea in twenty years.

The results were disastrous.

The captain wrecked the ship, which didn't have enough lifeboats, so the crew cobbled together a raft to carry the remaining passengers.

About a hundred and fifty people were set adrift on the makeshift vessel, and during the next thirteen days at sea, they fought, killed, and even resorted to cannibalism.

When rescue finally arrived, only fifteen survivors remained, with five more dying before ever seeing land.

It took Géricault over a year to paint the scene, which we know from documents that have survived, sketches, drafts, and letters about his work.

He interviewed survivors of the Medusa, drew their portraits, and consulted a book that two of them wrote about what happened.

And he wrestled with how to paint it, arranging the scene until he was satisfied with the story it would tell.

We even know how the work was received by the public.

At the time, opinions on the French monarchy ranged widely,

So when Géricault depicted a tragedy caused by the king's incompetent leadership, many interpreted that as a sick burn.

The point is, we know so much about this one painting, because lots of material evidence about it has survived the past two hundred years.

But that's not the case for so many other works.

Like this drum, which sits in the British Museum.

We don't know exactly who made it or when.

What little we know right now is from museum records, which say an Irish scientist procured the drum in Virginia in the early eighteenth century.

The museum labeled it an American Indian drum made of a hollowed tree.

Then, over a hundred and fifty years later, an anthropologist noticed it looked a lot like drums made in West Africa.

But it took about seventy more years before researchers figured out the drum was made of wood from a West African species of tree.

It's likely that someone from the Akan culture, in what's now Ghana, made the drum.

In its original context, it would have been played as part of a whole ensemble.

But at some point, the drum probably ended up on a ship from Africa to North America.

We have stacks of information to help us understand the raft of the Medusa, but with the drum, we're piecing together a story from scraps.

Artifacts like these show us how much what survives our history shapes our understanding of it.

But the flip side is also true.

The more we uncover what's been lost, the more missing stories we fill in.

So throughout this series, we'll explore art history to discover how art reflects different perspectives, but also reveals unexpected connections across time,

space, and culture.

We'll see how art making is also meaning making, and how context can change everything we thought we knew.

We'll raise juicy questions about how history is created and told, how cultures swap ideas and materials, how artists respond to social issues, and so much more.

Next time, we'll learn about exactly how to carefully look at a work of art and uncover ideas beyond the surface.

I'll see you there.

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Art History, which was filmed at the Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields, and was made with the help of all of these delightful people.

If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.