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You're Basically A Mushroom

Original YouTube Video | SciShow Published on 2023-08-24 Level：99 Speed：54 maxwordlevel：16

Video vocabulary

scientifically

US / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

adverb
In an manner that follows the rules of science

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

hang

US / hæŋ /

•

UK / hæŋ /

verb
To attach a picture, photograph etc. onto a wall
To float, move softly, or remain in the air
To kill by putting a rope around neck and dropping
To remain undecided, unsolved or unclear

organelle

US / ˌɔ:gə'nel /

•

UK / ˌɔ:gə'nel /

noun
Specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ

couple

US / 'kʌpl /

•

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

noun
Two people in a romantic relationship
Two of something; two people; a pair
verb
To join something to something else
(Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
To put two people or things together

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

wonderful

US / ˈwʌndəfl /

•

UK / 'wʌndərfl /

adjecitve
Producing feelings of enjoyment or delight

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

heredity

US / həˈredəti /

•

UK / həˈrɛdɪti /

noun
Passing of features from parents to children

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

genetically

US / dʒə'netɪklɪ /

•

UK / dʒə'netɪklɪ /

adverb
Caused or controlled, or by genes

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

revise

US / rɪ'vaɪz /

•

UK / rɪˈvaɪz /

verb
To make changes or add something to improve
To study again in order to prepare for a test

characteristic

US / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

•

UK / ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Typical or distinctive

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

plankton

US / 'plæŋktən /

•

UK / ˈplæŋktən /

noun
Tiny plants and animals that fish eat in seas

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

drift

US / drɪft /

•

UK / drɪft /

verb
(Of sand, etc.) to be blown into heaps by the wind
(Of boats) to move without purpose on water
To move or live without a purpose or goal
To move slowly or effortlessly in water or air

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

version

US / ˈvə:ʃən /

•

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Different way that someone interprets something
New or different form of something
An updated form of some software

typically

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

adverb
In a normal or usual way

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

supermarket

US / ˈsju:pəˌmɑ:kit /

•

UK / ˈsupɚˌmɑrkɪt /

noun
Self-service store selling groceries etc.

screen

US / skri:n /

•

UK / skrin /

noun
Wire net in a door or window to keep insects out
Displays in a theater on which movies are shown
Flat surface on a computer or TV showing images
verb
To hide or block something from being seen
To examine to find something, e.g. best candidate

rearrange

US / ˌri:ə'reɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˌriəˈrendʒ /

verb
To rethink a plan, event for a time and place
To put into a new order for something to happen

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

phylogenetic

US / faɪləʊdʒə'netɪk /

•

UK / faɪloʊdʒə'netɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning the evolutionary development of organisms

excavate

US / ˈekskəveɪt /

•

UK / ˈɛkskəˌvet /

verb
To dig holes in the ground to discover something

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

aisle

US / aɪl /

•

UK / aɪl /

noun
Long narrow space between rows of seats

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

german

US / ˈdʒɜːmən /

•

UK / ˈdʒɜːrmən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Germany
noun
Person from Germany

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

particular

US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

adjecitve
One specific (one)
Having firm ideas about what is desirable
Being special or more than is typical

mostly

US / ˈməʊstli /

•

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

adverb
In large part; mainly or chiefly

nucleus

US / ˈnju:kliəs /

•

UK / ˈnu:kliəs /

noun
Center of an atom
Control center of a cell
Most important part of something larger

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

familiar

US / fəˈmɪliə(r) /

•

UK / fəˈmɪljɚ /

adjecitve
Well-known or easily recognized

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

slash

US / slæʃ /

•

UK / slæʃ /

noun
Line ( / ) used in writing
Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
verb
To cut violently with a sharp object
To decrease something by a large amount

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

congrat

US / /

•

UK / /

ancient

US / 'eɪnʃənt /

•

UK / ˈenʃənt /

adjecitve
Very old; having lived a very long time ago

trait

US / treɪt /

•

UK / tret /

noun
A particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

dozen

US / ˈdʌzn /

•

UK / ˈdʌzən /

noun
12 people or things

lie

US / laɪ /

•

UK / lai /

noun
An untrue statement, when you know it is not true
verb
To be in a horizontal or flat position
To say something that you know is not true

propose

US / prə'pəʊz /

•

UK / prəˈpoz /

verb
To make an offer of marriage
To offer or put forward an idea for consideration

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

chemistry

US / 'kemɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈkɛmɪstri /

noun
The study of the structure of substances

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

concept

US / 'kɒnsept /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌsɛpt /

noun
Abstract idea of something or how it works

predatory

US / 'predətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɛdəˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

adjecitve
Preying on the weak to gain an advantage

ton

US / tʌn /

•

UK / tʌn /

noun
Unit of weight; 907 kilograms (US); 1016 (UK)

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

whereas

US / ˌweərˈæz /

•

UK / hwɛrˈæz, wɛr- /

conjunction
Taking into consideration the fact that

ancestor

US / 'ænsestə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænˌsɛstɚ /

noun
A person from your family that lived in the past

biology

US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

•

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

noun
The study of living things

reign

US / reɪn /

•

UK / ren /

noun
Time during which a person runs an organization
Period of time when (e.g. king) rules a country
verb
To be present and felt or sensed by everyone there
(King or Queen) to rule a country

discover

US / dɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvɚ /

verb
To find something new that was not known before

vine

US / vaɪn /

•

UK / vaɪn /

noun
Long thin plant that climbs over something

shakeup

US / /

•

UK / /

noun

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

agree

US / əˈgri: /

•

UK / əˈɡri /

verb
To have the same opinion as someone else

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

immutable

US / ɪˈmju:təbl /

•

UK / ɪˈmjutəbəl /

adjecitve
Not capable of or susceptible to change

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

viewer

US / ˈvju:ə(r) /

•

UK / ˈvjuɚ /

noun
Special machine to look at pictures
Someone who watches, e.g. television

useful

US / ˈju:sfl /

•

UK / ˈjusfəl /

adjecitve
That can help with a particular task

list

US / lɪst /

•

UK / lɪst /

noun
Lean of a boat to one side
Series of written names, words or numbers
verb
To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
To present for sale for a specific price
To write a series of names, words, or numbers

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

scishow

US / /

•

UK / /

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

splitting

US / ˈsplɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsplɪtɪŋ /

verb
To become divided or broken along a straight line
To cause a cut in (lip, etc.)
To have difference of opinion in a group
To separate into two or more pieces
To divide something in an even or fair way

zoom

US / zu:m /

•

UK / zum /

noun
Camera lens used to magnify images
verb
To move along or go somewhere very quickly

eukaryote

US / jʊ'kærɪəʊt /

•

UK / ju:'kæri:oʊi:ət /

noun
Organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteri

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

attention

US / əˈtenʃn /

•

UK / əˈtɛnʃən /

noun
Taking notice of someone or something
(Soldiers) Standing with straight backs

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

general

US / 'dʒenrəl /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

adjecitve
Widespread, normal or usual
noun
Top ranked officer in the army

tunnel

US / 'tʌnl /

•

UK / ˈtʌnəl /

adjecitve
As if looking in a long hole
noun
Passage under the ground, often for cars or trains
verb
To dig a hole from one side to another

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

pronoun
Every person; everybody

april

US / ˈeɪprəl /

•

UK / ˈeɪprəl /

noun
4th month of the year
Person's name

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

theory

US / ˈθiəri /

•

UK / ˈθiəri, ˈθɪri /

noun
Ideas or principles that explain facts or events

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

update

US / ˌʌpˈdeɪt /

•

UK / ʌpˈdet /

noun
Addition of a current version of something
New information or data to make more current
verb
To download the latest version of software
To make more current or modern

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

algae

US / ˈældʒi: /

•

UK / ˈældʒi /

noun
Green organisms that live in still water

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

jumble

US / 'dʒʌmbl /

•

UK / ˈdʒʌmbəl /

noun
Mass of objects thrown together without order

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

microbial

US / maɪ'krəʊbɪəl /

•

UK / maɪ'kroʊbɪrl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving or caused by being microbes

otherwise

US / ˈʌðəwaiz /

•

UK / ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz /

adverb
In an additional or different way
Unless; or

bug

US / bʌɡ /

•

UK / bʌɡ /

noun
An insect
Problem in the functioning of computer code
Electronic device to spy on someone
verb
To bother someone
To hide an electronic device to spy on someone

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

miss

US / mɪs /

•

UK / mɪs /

noun
Action of not hitting something or someone
Form of address to unmarried girl or woman
verb
To be absent
To fail to hit something e.g. a ball
To do without something
To fail to see or sense something
To fail to understand someone's message
To be too late to ride on something e.g. train
To feel you want to see someone who is not there

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

swimming

US / ˈswɪmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈswɪmɪŋ /

noun
The act of moving through water
verb
To move through water by moving parts of the body

prune

US / pru:n /

•

UK / prun /

noun
A dried plum
verb
To cut off branches of trees to aid better growth
To reduce/decrease by removing unnecessary parts

section

US / 'sekʃn /

•

UK / ˈsɛkʃən /

noun
A part of a whole
Specific area or region within a larger place
Specific group of people from a larger group
Part of a book, newspaper, etc.
verb
To divide something into smaller parts

glide

US / ɡlaɪd /

•

UK / ɡlaɪd /

verb
To move smoothly and quietly as if without effort
(Plane) to fly without using the engines

technique

US / tekˈni:k /

•

UK / tɛkˈnik /

noun
Way of doing by using special knowledge or skill

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

extremely

US / ɪkˈstri:mli /

•

UK / ɪk'strimlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is much more than usual or expected

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

animal

US / ˈænɪml /

•

UK / ˈænəməl /

noun
A living creature that is not a plant or person

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

canopy

US / 'kænəpɪ /

•

UK / ˈkænəpi /

noun
Structure that hangs over something to shelter it
Tops of trees that shade the ground in forests

green

US / gri:n /

•

UK / ɡrin /

adjecitve
Color of young leaves
Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
Concerned about protecting the environment
The color of young leaves
Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
noun
Large grassy area
used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

messy

US / 'mesɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛsi /

adjecitve
Being complex or difficult to fix
Being untidy or dirty

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

depend

US / dɪˈpend /

•

UK / dɪˈpend /

verb
Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

limited

US / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪtɪd /

adjecitve
(Of a company) with a limit of financial liability
With restrictions; not broad in scope
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

evolve

US / ɪ'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

verb
To develop certain features
To develop or change slowly over time
To slowly change or develop into something better

smack

US / smæk /

•

UK / smæk /

verb
To slap or hit, e.g. with a resounding noise

fan

US / fæn /

•

UK / fæn /

noun
Thing you wave in front of your face to stay cool
Someone who admires a famous person, sport etc.
verb
To blow air upon a fire to make it stronger
To use a device to cool yourself, something

computer

US / kəmˈpju:tə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpjutɚ /

noun
Machine for storing data, accessing the internet

wrap

US / ræp /

•

UK / ræp /

noun
Piece of clothing worn loosely on the shoulders
Thin bread filled with food and rolled
verb
To be or move around something
To cover something with paper or a cloth e.g. gift

branch

US / brɑ:ntʃ /

•

UK / bræntʃ /

noun
Part of a family related to the same members
Part of organization with a specific function
Part of a tree growing outward from the trunk
One of several streams combining to create a river
Local office or store of a bank or large company
(Often secret) group or subgroup of a religion
Specific area of knowledge or study
verb
To separate away from the main part

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

math

US / mæθ /

•

UK / mæθ /

noun
Study or science of numbers and shapes

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

verb
To say to someone that you want something

memorize

US / ˈmeməraɪz /

•

UK / ˈmɛməˌraɪz /

verb
To study something so that you remember it

split

US / splɪt /

•

UK / splɪt /

adjecitve
No longer married or in a relationship
(Injured) by cutting it open, as in someone's lip
(Of a decision) when people cannot decide a winner
noun
Difference of opinion in a group causing a break
Separation or a break in something
verb
To become divided or broken along a straight line
To cause a cut in (lip, etc.)
To have difference of opinion in a group
To separate into two or more pieces
To divide something in an even or fair way

somewhere

US / 'sʌmweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

adverb
At or to an unknown or unnamed place

undergo

US / ˌʌndəˈgəʊ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈgoʊ /

verb
To experience or endure something (bad)

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

cool

US / ku:l /

•

UK / kul /

adjecitve
Steady and calm when facing difficulties
Almost cold; not warm or hot
Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
verb
To make something decrease in temperature
(Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

chromosome

US / ˈkrəʊməsəʊm /

•

UK / ˈkroʊməsoʊm /

noun
Cell structures that carry the genetic material

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

amazing

US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

adjecitve
Surprising in a pleasing way
verb
To cause wonder; to surprise completely

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

definitely

US / ˈdefɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈdefɪnətli /

adverb
Without question; beyond doubt

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

truly

US / 'tru:lɪ /

•

UK / ˈtruli /

adverb
In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

descent

US / dɪˈsent /

•

UK / dɪˈsɛnt /

noun
Movement downward; movement toward something bad
The origin of your family; your family before you

newly

US / ˈnu:li:, ˈnju:- /

•

UK / ˈnuli, ˈnju- /

adverb
Very recently; just done or made

clump

US / klʌmp /

•

UK / klʌmp /

noun
Mass or pile of something such as soil
Small group of trees, etc. growing near each other

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

flip

US / flɪp /

•

UK / flɪp /

noun
Act of turning your body in the air; somersault
Movement of something from one position to another
verb
To turn your body in the air, as in gymnastics
To move into a different position quickly
To move a button or switch to turn on or off

orphan

US / ˈɔ:fn /

•

UK / ˈɔ:rfn /

noun
Child whose parents have died

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

bakery

US / 'beɪkərɪ /

•

UK / ˈbekəri /

noun
Shop where foods, such as bread or cakes are sold

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

fungus

US / ˈfʌŋgəs /

•

UK / ˈfʌŋɡəs /

other
Plant, e.g. mushroom/mold, growing in damp places

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

newfound

US / 'nju:faʊnd /

•

UK / ˈnuˌfaʊnd, ˈnju- /

adjecitve
Newly discovered

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

surprised

US / səˈpraɪzd /

•

UK / sərˈpraɪzd /

adjecitve
Feeling a shock when something unexpected happens
verb
To do something that another person didn't expect

root

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, rʊt /

noun
Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
The origin or starting place of something
A number that is multiplied by itself
Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
verb
To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
(Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
To stop someone moving, as through fear

differently

US / 'dɪfrəntlɪ /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəntlɪ /

adverb
In another and different manner

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

ones

US / wʌnz /

•

UK / wʌnz /

number
Number 1, a single person or thing

genetic

US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

•

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

shop

US / ʃɒp /

•

UK / ʃɑ:p /

noun
Place to learn how to fix or make things; class
Place where things are fixed or repaired, e.g. cars
Place which sells things
verb
To look for or buy goods or services

physical

US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the body of a person
Concerning things that can be seen or touched
noun
Health check at the doctors' or hospital

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

partly

US / ˈpɑ:tli /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rtli /

adverb
In part; not completely

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

although

US / ɔ:lˈðəu /

•

UK / ɔlˈðo /

conjunction
Despite the fact that; however

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

separately

US / ˈseprətli /

•

UK / ˈsɛpərɪtlɪ /

adverb
Not with another person or thing

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

map

US / mæp /

•

UK / mæp /

noun
Diagram showing the geography of an area
verb
To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
To find points of similarity between things

solution

US / səˈlu:ʃn /

•

UK / səˈluʃən /

noun
Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
Way to solve or deal with a problem

supergroup

US / ˈsuːpəɡruːp /

•

UK / ˈsuːpərɡruːp /

noun
A musical band comprising many famous stars

mutation

US / mju:'teɪʃn /

•

UK / mjuˈteʃən /

noun
Change that changes genetic structure

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

subscription

US / səbˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / səbˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Regular payment for a service, magazine etc.

paleontology

US / ˌpælɪɒn'tɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˌpeliɑnˈtɑlədʒi /

noun
Study of fossils

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

frozen

US / 'frəʊzn /

•

UK / ˈfroʊzn /

adjecitve
Hard, solid because it is below zero degrees
verb
To store an item of food in a cold place
To make someone to not want to communicate
To stop moving and be still; stay the same

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

whose

US / hu:z /

•

UK / huz /

pronoun
Refers to the person who owns something

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

university

US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

noun
High-level educational institution; college

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

researcher

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

noun
Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

relative

US / ˈrelətɪv /

•

UK / ˈrɛlətɪv /

adjecitve
Measured or considered in comparison to another
(Grammar) referring to words that appear earlier
noun
Members of the family
Humans or animals sharing the same family history

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

classroom

US / ˈklɑ:sru:m /

•

UK / ˈklæsˌrum, -ˌrʊm /

noun
Room in a school where lessons take place

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

sar

US / sɑr /

•

UK / /

abbreviation
Search and rescue, an emergency service involving the detection and rescue of those who have met wit
Special Administrative Region (of the People's Republic of China).

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

rock

US / rɒk /

•

UK / rɑk /

noun
Type of popular music with a strong, loud beat
Strong, tough person who can be relied upon
Big stone; hard, solid substance forming mountains
verb
To be greatly upset by something, e.g. a death
To be extremely effective or pleasing
To play, sing along with, or dance to heavy music
To move back and forth or from side to side

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

analysis

US / əˈnæləsɪs /

•

UK / əˈnælɪsɪs /

noun
Careful study to better understand something

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

dna

US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

noun
Chemical in living cells with genetic information

protozoa

US / ˌprəʊtə'zəʊə /

•

UK / ˌproʊtə'zəʊə /

noun
Phylum constituted by tiny single-celled organisms

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

duke

US / dju:k /

•

UK / duk, djuk /

noun
Title given to a man below the rank of prince
Person's name

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

quest

US / kwest /

•

UK / kwɛst /

noun
Long and challenging journey to find something

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

bother

US / 'bɒðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbɑðɚ /

noun
Problems, concern or worry for someone
A disturbance; trouble
verb
To cause problems, concerns or worry for someone
To take the trouble to do something

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

sprout

US / spraʊt /

•

UK / spraʊt /

noun
New part of a plant that has just begun to grow
verb
To grow, produce, or develop e.g. ideas
(Of plants) to start to grow or produce leaves

algebra

US / ˈældʒɪbrə /

•

UK / ˈældʒəbrə /

noun
Math using letters or symbols in place of numbers

ultimately

US / ˈʌltɪmətli /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪtli /

adverb
Done or considered as the final and most important

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

interconnect

US / ˌɪntəkəˈnekt /

•

UK / ˌɪntərkəˈnekt /

verb
To join or be joined together (computers/theories)

closely

US / 'kləʊslɪ /

•

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

adverb
In a careful manner
Nearby; just next to

bunch

US / bʌntʃ /

•

UK / bʌntʃ /

noun
A group of things of the same kind
verb
To group people or things closely together
(Cloth) to gather/be gathered together in folds

accredit

US / əˈkredɪt /

•

UK / əˈkredɪt /

verb
To state that meets certain standards

sequence

US / 'si:kwəns /

•

UK / ˈsikwəns, -ˌkwɛns /

noun
Part of a movie showing one part of the story
verb
To arrange things in an order they should happen

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

lab

US / læb /

•

UK / læb /

noun
Short for 'laboratory'

tricky

US / 'trɪkɪ /

•

UK / ˈtrɪki /

adjecitve
Difficult, so needing skill to do or deal with
Likely to use tricks; dishonest or deceptive

dig

US / dɪg /

•

UK / dɪɡ /

verb
To move material to create a hole

action

US / 'ækʃn /

•

UK / ˈækʃən /

noun
Something that a person or thing does
verb
To act to do something

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

lesson

US / 'lesn /

•

UK / ˈlɛsən /

noun
Something done to learn or teach something; class
Wisdom or knowledge received from an experience

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

vision

US / 'vɪʒn /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒən /

noun
Ability to see; eyesight
Something you see in your imagination or dreams
Ability to plan for the future of something

egg

US / eg /

•

UK / ɛɡ /

noun
Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

snapshot

US / ˈsnæpʃɒt /

•

UK / ˈsnæpʃɑ:t /

noun
A photograph, especially an informal one

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

mix

US / mɪks /

•

UK / mɪks /

noun
A combination of more than two things
verb
To combine two or more things to make one
To meet and get along with others, e.g. at a party

understanding

US / ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ /

adjecitve
Being sympathetic
noun
When you get the meaning correctly; comprehension
Knowledge about something or someone
verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

bang

US / bæŋ /

•

UK / bæŋ /

noun
Sudden loud noise, as when a bomb explodes
A loud noise
verb
To strike something loudly or forcefully

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

slush

US / slʌʃ /

•

UK / slʌʃ /

adjecitve
Secret or additional (money)
noun
Melting snow

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

anymore

US / 'enɪmɔ: /

•

UK / ˌɛniˈmɔr, -ˈmor /

adverb
No longer; no more

eventually

US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

•

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

adverb
After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

cell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

noun
Smallest unit of living things in biology
Group of people - often from a secret organization
Prisoner's room in a jail
Shortened form of 'cellphone'

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

annual

US / ˈænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈænjuəl /

adjecitve
Happening once a year, or every year
noun
Book (in a series) released each year

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

bacteria

US / bæk'tɪərɪə /

•

UK / bækˈtɪriə /

noun
The very small creatures that can cause disease

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

chicago

US / ʃɪ'kɑ:gəʊ, -'kɔ:- /

•

UK / ʃɪ'kɑ:ɡoʊˌ -'kɔ:- /

proper noun
A city in northeastern Illinois, on Lake Michigan; population 2,853,114 (est. 2008). Chicago develop

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

chloroplast

US / 'klɒrəplɑ:st /

•

UK / 'klɔ:rəplæst /

noun
Plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

mitochondrial

US / ˌmaɪtəʊ'kɒndrɪəl /

•

UK / ˌmaɪtoʊ'kɒndrɪrl /

adjecitve
Referring to mitochondria

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

float

US / fləʊt /

•

UK / floʊt /

noun
Object designed to stay on the surface of water
Decorated truck used in a festival
verb
To sell the shares of a company publicly
To move slowly and easily through air
To rest on the surface of water without sinking

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

datum

US / ˈdeɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

noun
Item of factual information

premium

US / ˈpri:miəm /

•

UK / ˈprimiəm /

adjecitve
Having a higher than normal quality
noun
Money paid as a fee for insurance

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

group

US / ɡru:p /

•

UK / ɡrup /

noun
Two or more musicians who play music together
Number of people or things gathered together
verb
To combine or collect objects or people together

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

information

US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

noun
Collection of facts and details about something

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

organize

US / ˈɔ:gənaɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔ:rgənaɪz /

verb
To arrange and plan things, e.g. a party

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

draw

US / drɔ: /

•

UK / drɔ /

noun
Something that attracts people to visit a place
A lottery or prize
Result of a game, contest where the score is equal
verb
To attract attention to someone or something
To get closer to or approach something or someone
To influence a person's involvement in something
To move an object by pulling
To create an image using pen or pencil and paper
To take one thing out of a container, etc.
(Of 2 teams) to finish a game with the same score

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

hugely

US / ˈhju:dʒli /

•

UK / ˈhjuːdʒli /

adverb
Greatly; extremely

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

six

US / sɪks /

•

UK / sɪks /

number
6

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

interactive

US / ˌɪntərˈæktɪv /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈæktɪv /

adjecitve
Acting or influencing others

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

hear

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

verb
To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
To be told or find out information or facts
To consider or listen to a court case

decade

US / ˈdekeɪd /

•

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

noun
Period of 10 years

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

lizard

US / ˈlɪzəd /

•

UK / ˈlɪzərd /

noun
Reptile with scales and a long body and tail

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

planet

US / 'plænɪt /

•

UK / ˈplænɪt /

noun
One of the bodies that orbit the sun

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

brilliant

US / 'brɪlɪənt /

•

UK / ˈbrɪljənt /

adjecitve
Having a great amount of intelligence or talent
Being very bright, like a diamond; shining

host

US / həʊst /

•

UK / host /

noun
Mass; a great number
Person who entertains guests
Plant or animal on or in which parasites live
Presenter on a television or radio program
verb
To be the sponsor of an event, e.g. the Olympics
To lead or start a party, program, or other event
To lead a TV or radio show as the announcer

mold

US / məʊld /

•

UK / mold /

noun
Distinctive type of character or nature
Fungus growing on old food or in wet dark places
Container to shape material into a certain form
verb
To influence a person's character or behavior
To form something into a shape

tsar

US / zɑ:(r) /

•

UK / zɑr, tsɑr /

noun
Title of the emperor of Russia before 1917

reasoning

US / ˈri:zənɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈrizənɪŋ /

verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

online

US / ˌɒnˈlaɪn /

•

UK / ˌɑ:nˈlaɪn /

adjecitve
Connected to the internet

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

surprising

US / səˈpraɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / sərˈpraɪzɪŋ /

adjecitve
Making you feel a bit shocked because unexpected
verb
To do something that another person didn't expect

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

accumulate

US / əˈkju:mjəleɪt /

•

UK / əˈkjumjəˌlet /

verb
To gather or acquire so that you have more of it

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

creature

US / ˈkri:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkritʃɚ /

noun
Animal of any type

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

prefix

US / 'pri:fɪks /

•

UK / ˈpriˌfɪks /

noun
Part of a word added to the front, e.g. UNhappy

slime

US / slaɪm /

•

UK / slaɪm /

noun
Thick slippery substance, often rather disgusting

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

lump

US / lʌmp /

•

UK / lʌmp /

noun
Small swollen mass in body, e.g. showing disease
A small hard part of something smooth
verb
To combine things together in a group

physics

US / ˈfɪzɪks /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪks /

other
The study of heat, light, and energy on objects

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

platform

US / 'plætfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈplætˌfɔrm /

noun
Flat, raised structure that people stand on
Area from which you board a train at a station

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

ernst

US / ɛrnst /

•

UK / ɛrnst /

other
Painter (born in Germany, resident of France and the United States) who was a cofounder of dadaism;

seven

US / ˈsevn /

•

UK / ˈsɛvən /

number
Number 7

segment

US / ˈsegmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛɡmənt /

noun
Part divided from the other parts of something
verb
To separate something into different parts

member

US / ˈmembə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

noun
Part of the body of a human, animal
Person or thing belonging to a group or team

mushroom

US / ˈmʌʃrʊm /

•

UK / ˈmʌʃˌrum, -ˌrʊm /

noun
Short fungus shaped like an umbrella you can eat
verb
To increase in size or degree suddenly and quickly

trial

US / ˈtraɪəl /

•

UK / ˈtraɪəl, traɪl /

adjecitve
Being made or done as a test or experiment
noun
Hearing and judgment of a case in court
Act or process of testing or experimenting
verb
To be made or done as a test or experiment

dairy

US / ˈdeəri /

•

UK / ˈderi /

adjecitve
Concerning or made from milk
noun
Building for storing milk or making cheese/butter
Company that sells milk, cheese or butter

represent

US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

verb
To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
To show or describe something in a particular way
To act on behalf of others in government
To act or speak for another person or other people

sense

US / sens /

•

UK / sɛns /

noun
Certain mental feeling or emotion
Normal or clear state of mind
Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
verb
To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
To recognize the presence of something

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

membrane

US / 'membreɪn /

•

UK / ˈmɛmˌbren /

noun
Outside covering of a cell
A thin covering of tissue or of a cell

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

genome

US / ˈdʒi:nəʊm /

•

UK / ˈdʒi:noʊm /

noun
Complete set of genetic material in an organism

protein

US / ˈprəʊti:n /

•

UK / ˈprəʊˌtiːn /

noun
Group of molecules made from amino acids

darn

US / dɑ:n /

•

UK / dɑrn /

noun
Hole in a piece of cloth that has been repaired
verb
To repair a hole in a piece of cloth or clothing

equal

US / 'i:kwəl /

•

UK / ˈikwəl /

adjecitve
Same in shape, size, or number
verb
To add up or be the same as

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

scale

US / skeɪl /

•

UK / skel /

noun
Size, level, or amount when compared
Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
Device that is used to weigh a person or thing
Range of numbers from the lowest to the highest
Dimensions or size of something
verb
To change the size of but keep the proportions
To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
To remove the scales of a fish

skim

US / skɪm /

•

UK / skɪm /

verb
To remove fat, etc. from the top of a liquid
To read rapidly to find the main points or ideas
To fly over a surface without touching it

comparison

US / kəmˈpærɪsn /

•

UK / kəmˈpærɪsən /

noun
Act of comparing things

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

arrange

US / əˈreɪndʒ /

•

UK / əˈrendʒ /

verb
To write music for a particular instrument
To organize things or people in a particular way
To plan (an event) at a time and place
To organize events so they happen

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

embryology

US / ˌembriˈɒlədʒi /

•

UK / ˌembriˈɑ:lədʒi /

noun
Study of early development of living organisms

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

scoop

US / sku:p /

•

UK / skup /

noun
An amount of e.g. ice cream taken from a whole
An important news story broken for the first time
verb
To dig out for a hole with a tool or hands

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

resemble

US / rɪˈzembl /

•

UK / rɪˈzɛmbəl /

verb
To be similar to in looks or manner

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

truth

US / tru:θ /

•

UK / truθ /

noun
Real facts about something

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

processes

US / ˈprəʊsesɪz , prəˈsesɪz /

•

UK / ˈprɑːsesɪz , prəˈsesɪz /

other
Sets of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

divide

US / dɪ'vaɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈvaɪd /

verb
To split numbers by another number, e.g. 6 / 2 = 3
To separate something into equal pieces

ourselves

US / ɑ:ˈselvz /

•

UK / aʊrˈsɛlvz, ɑr- /

pronoun
(Showing speaker is affected by their own action)

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

seaweed

US / ˈsi:wi:d /

•

UK / ˈsiˌwid /

noun
Plant growing in the sea, especially marine algae

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

totally

US / ˈtəʊtəli /

•

UK / ˈtotl:ɪ /

adverb
In a complete way; completely; absolutely

stem

US / stem /

•

UK / stɛm /

noun
Long thin central part of a plant, bearing leaves
Long thin part supporting something e.g. a light
Main part of a word, e.g. 'use' in 'useful'
verb
To remove the stem of a flower or fruit
To start from or be the origin of
To stop something bad from spreading or developing

geometry

US / dʒiˈɒmətri /

•

UK / dʒiˈɑ:mətri /

noun
Mathematical study of shapes, surfaces, and space
Mathematical shape of something

naturalist

US / ˈnætʃrəlɪst /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəlɪst, ˈnætʃrə- /

noun
Person who studies plants and animals

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

poster

US / 'pəʊstə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpostɚ /

noun
A large, printed notice or picture
Someone who writes and shares messages on online

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

partnership

US / ˈpɑ:tnəʃɪp /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rtnərʃɪp /

noun
Shared business relationship with someone
Working with others for some purpose

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

switch

US / swɪtʃ /

•

UK / swɪtʃ /

noun
A change or shift from one method to another
Thing you move to turn electrical items on or off
Thin flexible piece of wood or stick
verb
To exchange or replace something for another thing

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

darwin

US / ˈdɑːwɪn /

•

UK / ˈdɑrwɪn /

proper noun
The capital of Northern Territory, Australia; population 120,652 (2008).

tool

US / tu:l /

•

UK / tul /

noun
Device used to make things, e.g. a hammer
verb
To provide a workshop with the right equipment

item

US / ˈaɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈaɪtəm /

noun
Single, brief piece of news or reporting
Distinct, individual thing, often part of a group

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

gene

US / dʒi:n /

•

UK / dʒin /

noun
Part of cell controlling development of a thing

code

US / kəʊd /

•

UK / kod /

noun
A password made of a set of letters or numbers
Set of rules for behavior
A secret language using secret symbols
Written part of a computer program
verb
To express information in a series of numbers
To write a secret message using secret symbols
To write programs using computer languages

shift

US / ʃɪft /

•

UK / ʃɪft /

adjecitve
(Of work) starting at a certain time, as at night
noun
A change in a persons plans, opinions or beliefs
Period of work starting at a certain time
verb
To change in position or direction
To move something from one place to another

skill

US / skɪl /

•

UK / skɪl /

noun
Ability to do something well

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

additional

US / əˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / ə'dɪʃənl /

adjecitve
Further or added

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

metaphor

US / ˈmetəfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɛtəˌfɔr, -fɚ /

noun
Imaginative use of words to reveal a similarity

freshwater

US / 'freʃwɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfrɛʃˌwɔtɚ, -ˌwɑtɚ /

noun
Water that is not salty

tail

US / teɪl /

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UK / tel /

noun
Extended part at the back of an animal's body
Back or last part of something e.g. shirt
verb
To be end of (a march or parade, line)
To follow someone secretly and watch what they do

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If I asked you, what is an animal?

You might start by saying it's something like a cat, or a dog, or a lizard, or a bug.

If I asked you to be more specific, you might come around to saying it's one of the major groups of organisms whose cells have a nucleus and organelles with membranes along with plants and fungi.

And that's where it gets interesting, because those old groups, the kingdoms of eukaryotes or nucleus-havers, are basically obsolete.

They're still in familiar use, but scientifically, the idea of the animal kingdom doesn't mean much.

How surprised you are to hear that might depend on how recently you've taken a biology class.

But even if you've graduated this year — congrats, by the way — what you learned about those groups is probably not what's up to date now.

The groups we sort eukaryotes into have changed hugely in the past 15 years or so.

And this is a feature, not a bug.

Science in action!

Updating what we know about organisms and their evolutionary relationships, and making our own place a little smaller all the time.

Scientists

Have been on a quest to create a map of life on this planet for more than a century.

We can use these so-called trees of life to map relationships both big and small.

But today, we're looking at those nucleus-having eukaryotes, and our relationship to everyone else in that group.

Pretty much ever since the eukaryote tree of life was created, it's been sprouting new branches, or losing them, or having those branches moved.

In 1859, Charles Darwin was one of the first to draw something resembling a tree to represent how life was interconnected by evolution.

But he used it more as a metaphor for understanding common descent than actually showing any real relationships between organisms.

German naturalist Ernst Haeckel was probably the first to map out how living creatures like plants, animals, and algae were related.

He used a mix of information from paleontology, embryology, and the physical features of the organisms themselves to create his tree, which he later revised several times.

Fast forward to the late 1960s, and you've got a tree that looks something like this, with eukaryotes clumped together into four groups — plants, fungi, animals, and algae or protists.

Now, this tree kind of skimmed over the whole evolution thing, instead grouping organisms based on how they got their energy.

But it did introduce the idea of kingdoms, or big groups that all organisms fell into.

We don't really talk about kingdoms today, partly because the word represents a time when we thought animals — and us, humans — reigned over all other creatures.

It's too much of a loaded term.

But the general concept of big groups, or supergroups, still dominates how the tree is organized.

Which is why this tree is starting to look pretty familiar.

Chances are you had a poster of something like this in your biology classroom.

But even organizing eukaryotes into these massive groupings hasn't been easy.

Around the early 2000s, supergroups were mostly based on a key characteristic that the groups shared, like chloroplasts for plants.

In those days, there were four supergroups that then became six as researchers added genetic information into the mix, and now we're looking at something like seven.

Basically, as scientists have discovered new organisms and figured out ever-cleverer ways of understanding how they're related, the tree gets switched up.

Which might make you wonder just how useful it actually is.

Scientists and teachers care about categories because they help us understand the world.

Dividing things into groups is a big part of how we help our own brains grasp relationships, heredity, and common descent.

Kind of like items in a supermarket.

Having the bakery, fresh produce, or frozen food sections helps when you're trying to check off your shopping list.

But sometimes putting things in those categories can be tricky.

Like why are eggs always lumped in with dairy?

Just like those signed to the top of the supermarket aisle, the eukaryote tree of life is a tool, not an immutable truth.

Having those groupings and arranging organisms in a way that shows how they evolved helps both scientists and us understand the evolutionary processes that made those organisms what they are today.

Plus, scientists can use these trees as a tool for studying cell biology, genomes, or how we went from single to multi-celled organisms.

So although the eukaryote tree has always been a bit of a work in progress, it still has a ton of use.

And in the last decade, there have been two major shakeups that have totally flipped the tree on its canopy.

The first is phylogenomics.

Scientists have been using genes to build eukaryote trees since the 1980s.

They were mostly doing phylogenetics, phylo being a prefix that refers to sorting things by type and genetics being genetics, so the word refers to grouping organisms by segments of genetic material they have in common.

Phylogenetics would typically use one gene coding for one particular protein, or even a smaller chunk of a gene, thanks to how limited sequencing was back in the day.

Now, phylogenetics already shook things up from what they were, since early trees were based on physical characteristics that organisms shared.

Which doesn't always help show evolutionary relationships, because those traits may have evolved separately a couple of times just from being in similar environments.

Whereas genes don't lie.

The reasoning goes, because as two organisms drift further apart from their common ancestor, the sequences of their shared genes accumulate mutations.

So more difference equals less closely related.

But one gene is one gene, and if you tunnel vision on it, you might miss something completely wild going on over there on chromosome 9. Phylogenomics builds on phylogenetics by creating trees using dozens to hundreds of genes.

Scientists still compare gene sequences between groups, but now they can see which whole sections of the genome have been added, taken away, or shifted around.

And it's kind of impossible to do those comparisons if you don't have the entire genome.

Otherwise, how would you know whether a section went missing or if it just hasn't been sequenced?

So the whole reason phylogenomics is even a thing is because more labs around the world are sequencing genomes from a bunch of organisms.

That's not something we've had the ability to do for all that long.

Remember that sequencing the human genome was a huge deal around the year 2000.

The second major shakeup is that scientists discovered a whole host of new organisms from what we used to think of as the protist group, or eukaryotes that aren't plants, animals, or fungi.

Partly, there wasn't a lot of information about that group because we just couldn't be bothered looking.

We were kind of wrapped up in ourselves and other animals.

But partly, it was because we couldn't find the darn things if we wanted to.

Lots of these newly discovered protists were found from scooping up tiny plankton in the ocean and sequencing these single-celled organisms floating in the slush.

And that became possible thanks to lab techniques that could screen for new organisms and ones that could sequence genomes from tiny amounts of genetic material.

Some of these new organisms were truly wild.

Some were gliding single cells with two tails, some were swimming amoebas, and some even had cells covered in hard scales.

But all these new protists had to go somewhere in the tree.

The question was where.

And when they were first discovered, scientists thought these protists didn't fit anywhere in the supergroups.

Eventually, after some more analysis, some of these newfound eukaryotes made their way into existing supergroups.

But some were still left on their own.

Researchers think some of these protists are really similar to the last common ancestor of eukaryotes, which means it's hard to compare them to more modern members who have undergone a ton of change.

But if we do figure out where they fit, it would mean a better understanding of how early eukaryotes evolved.

So after much rearranging, we've gone from a tree that looked like three vines to a tree that looks something like a fan.

Or at least, that's what it looks like for now.

Depending on who you ask, we're rocking around seven supergroups.

And here's what I mean by animals sort of not being a thing.

I mean, they are, once you zoom in enough, but they're definitely not, like, on top anymore.

Have a look there at the group Amorphia.

This group has the opisthokonts, which are animals, fungi, and some of their single-celled relatives, plus the amoeba and slime molds.

We're lumped in with mushrooms!

Slightly insulting, but also humbling to see how much more life there is outside of the familiar groups we're used to.

If you're looking for plants, let me direct your attention to Archaeoplastida, green algae, red algae, land plants, and a group of freshwater algae, who all have photosynthetic chloroplasts.

And there's so much more.

You've got TSAR, which stands for Telonimids, Stromenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhyzeria.

It makes up more than half of all eukaryotes, and includes microbial algae, large seaweeds, single-celled protozoa, and a group of microscopic, single-celled swimming organisms.

Or there's Hemimastigotes, a group of predatory protists that are extremely genetically different from anything else in the eukaryote tree.

That's made them the hardest to place, and so, for now at least, they're their own supergroup.

Now, this newest tree is far from perfect.

As you can see, there are still a bunch of orphan groups that don't seem to fit anywhere.

Some researchers think some of these groups might make up their own supergroup called excovits, but others don't agree.

We want to understand how these organisms are related genetically, and ultimately understand how we went from something resembling them to something resembling us.

And that means figuring out their place, not just lumping them in or hanging them on the tree somewhere.

So if there's going to be big pruning or growing of the tree in the future, chances are it'll come down to the supergroups.

This tree is also missing one really important feature, a root.

Like all good trees, the root grounds the whole thing and tells us where the eukaryotes came from, or, put differently, who their last common ancestor was.

A root would also show which groups in the tree are the most ancient, which traits eukaryotes picked up first, and how the supergroups are related to each other.

Since the rest of the tree has been jumbled around, it's probably not surprising that there have been a couple of different roots proposed as this went on.

In 2012, based on data from mitochondrial DNA, the root sat between Apistokons and Amoebazoa and Excavata and SAR, an earlier version of what's now called TSAR.

That theory was later supported based on DNA from proteins that were given to early eukaryotes by bacteria.

In 2014, other researchers used a similar, but different, set of genes to put the root between the Excavates and everything else.

They also sorted all the supergroups into megagroups.

Because more boxes!

It's fun!

And in April 2023, a team placed the root smack bang in the middle of Excavata, splitting this supergroup into four, and siding with the hypothesis that Excavata isn't a supergroup at all.

But finding the root is harder than just digging for it.

Scientists think that eukaryotes split from their last common ancestor some 2 billion years ago, so whatever genetic sign is left over in eukaryotes today is going to be pretty small.

The key will be finding organisms that split off from the root long ago, since they're the ones who will be most genetically similar, and getting enough good-quality genome analysis out of them.

And with every bit of additional data, we'll probably end up shaking up the tree all over again.

Trees of life are really just a snapshot of a solution at a given time.

Here's how we think the messy, wonderful, uncategorizable wonder that is life fits into categories.

So, you could go memorizing a list of supergroups, but it's pretty likely that the actual names and order will change next year, if not next week.

Still, it's amazing that there's just so much eukaryote life out there, and that scientists have ways of revising the eukaryote tree to accommodate them, even if it isn't perfect.

And every time they do, we learn something more about life and our place in it.

Categories are how we make sense of the world.

We have categories of life, like all the cool ones covered in this video.

Categories of math, like algebra, geometry, and calculus.

Categories of science, like physics, chemistry, and biology.

And categories for pretty much anything.

And you can learn more about each of those categories with Brilliant, an online learning platform with thousands of lessons in science, computer science, and math.

They have interactive courses created in partnership with Smarties at the University of Chicago, Duke, and other accredited universities that cover each of those categories.

You can start learning today at Brilliant.org slash SciShow, or in the link in the description down below.

That link also gives you a free 30-day trial and 20% off an annual Premium Brilliant subscription.

Thanks to Brilliant for supporting this SciShow video!