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Your Body Killed Cancer 5 Minutes Ago

Video vocabulary

alive

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US / ə'laɪv /

UK / əˈlaɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Living; not dead

almost

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US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

cover

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US / 'kʌvə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • A different version of another song
  • Bed sheets; blankets
  • (Police or military) protection from attack
  • Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
  • Thing you put over something to close or hide it
  • Front and back part of a book or magazine
  • Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
  • verb
  • To record a different version of another song
  • To include as part of its area
  • To put something over something to hide it
  • To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
  • To form a layer over something so it is hidden
  • To have sufficient funds to pay for something
  • To include something within an agreed limit
  • To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
  • (Police or military) to protect from attack
  • To travel a certain distance in a given time
  • To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

information

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US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Collection of facts and details about something

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

mechanism

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US / 'mekənɪzəm /

UK / ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a machine that performs a certain function
  • System or process for achieving a certain result

presence

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US / ˈprezns /

UK / ˈprɛzəns /

A2
  • noun
  • The same place or area that a person is
  • Ability to reach a market, group of people etc.
  • Something not physically seen but felt to be there
  • Feeling a person gives by being noticeable

part

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US / pɑ:t /

UK / pɑ:rt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To some degree; half; not fully
  • noun
  • Division of a book
  • Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
  • A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
  • Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
  • Some, but not all of a specific thing
  • Role in causing something to happen
  • verb
  • To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
  • To move two things apart creating a space
  • To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

transfer

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US / træns'fɜ:(r) /

UK / trænsˈfɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Moving to a different place, job, or school
  • Act of giving the right to a property to another
  • Picture that is pressed to copy it onto something
  • Use of ideas or skills in a different situation
  • Ticket allowing you to get on another plane, bus
  • verb
  • To move to a different place, job or school
  • To give someone an illness through contact
  • To give someone your right to a property
  • To move something from one place to another
  • To use ideas or skills in a different situation
  • To get off a plane, bus etc. and get on another

without

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US / wɪˈðaʊt /

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

A1
  • preposition
  • Not with; not having

active

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US / ˈæktɪv /

UK / ˈæktɪv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Moving around a lot or doing many things

document

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US / 'dɒkjʊmənt /

UK / ˈdɑkjəmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Official (printed) record that gives information
  • verb
  • To support an opinion with recorded evidence

duty

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US / 'dju:tɪ /

UK / ˈduti, ˈdju- /

A2
  • noun
  • Work required by your job or position
  • A tax (on imported goods)

leads

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US / 'ledz /

UK / 'ledz /

A1
  • other
  • Wires for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve crimes
  • Ropes used to tie some things to stop it escaping
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game

specialized

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US / ˈspeʃəlaɪzd /

UK / ˈspɛʃəlˌaɪzd /

A2
  • verb
  • To focus on one area of a field or profession
  • To name something individually

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

handle

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US / 'hændl /

UK / ˈhændl /

A2
  • noun
  • The part of a door you hold to open it
  • Thing you hold to carry or open a bag, pan etc.
  • verb
  • To cope with or take responsibility for
  • To control a machine, car etc.
  • To control or be controlled /used in a certain way
  • To deal with a particular situation/person; manage
  • To buy, sell, or move materials or goods
  • To hold, control, or use something with the hands
  • To touch objects with the hands to look at them

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

moment

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US / 'məʊmənt /

UK / 'moʊmənt /

A1
  • noun
  • Very short or brief period of time
  • A particular period in time

quickly

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US / ˈkwɪkli /

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Without taking a lot of time; fast

sunscreen

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US / ˈsʌnskri:n /

UK / ˈsʌnˌskrin /

A1
  • noun
  • Cream spread on the skin to protect from sunburn

engineer

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US / ˌendʒɪ'nɪə(r) /

UK / ˌɛndʒəˈnɪr /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone whose job is designing machines, buildings
  • Someone whose job is to repair or maintain engines

sample

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US / ˈsɑ:mpl /

UK / ˈsæmpl /

A2
  • noun
  • A small quantity of something used as a taster
  • verb
  • To try (e.g. food, drink), to see if you like it

decade

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US / ˈdekeɪd /

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

B1
  • noun
  • Period of 10 years

increase

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US / ɪn'kri:s /

UK / ɪnˈkris /

A1
  • noun
  • Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
  • verb
  • To make or become larger in size or amount

notice

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US / 'nəʊtɪs /

UK / ˈnotɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
  • Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
  • verb
  • To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

recycle

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US / ˌri:'saɪkl /

UK / riˈsaɪkəl /

A2
  • verb
  • To use old ideas or concepts again
  • To send used things to be turned into new things

weak

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US / wi:k /

UK / wik /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not having a strong character
  • Less valuable compared to money of other countries
  • Ineffective; unconvincing; not strong
  • Having little power or ability
  • Not having the necessary or proper amount
  • Having little power; not strong; easy to break
  • (Of a drink) having lots of water and little taste

away

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US / ə'weɪ /

UK / əˈwe /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not present
  • adverb
  • Disappear completely
  • Doing something with a lot of energy
  • Not here; far from here; in a different direction
  • To a different area, location

collective

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US / kəˈlektɪv /

UK / kəˈlɛktɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Formed by working together as a group
  • noun
  • Business owned or controlled by its workers

hundred

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US / 'hʌndrəd /

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

A1
  • number
  • 100

month

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US / mʌnθ /

UK / mʌnθ /

A1
  • noun
  • One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

rapidly

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US / 'ræpɪdlɪ /

UK / ˈræpɪdlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • With great speed; quickly

unexpected

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US / ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd /

UK / ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Surprising because it was not expected

young

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US / jʌŋ /

UK / jʌŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • At an early stage of existence; not mature
  • Being recently created or started
  • noun
  • Babies in a group or family of animals

dangerous

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US / ˈdeɪndʒərəs /

UK / ˈdendʒərəs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving the chance of hurt or damage; risky

evil

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US / 'i:vl /

UK / ˈivəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Morally bad; causing harm to people
  • noun
  • Act considered morally bad
  • Value, condition, or conduct that causes suffering

intention

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US / ɪnˈtenʃn /

UK / ɪnˈtɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Aim or purpose

process

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US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

restraint

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US / rɪˈstreɪnt /

UK / rɪˈstrent /

B1
  • noun
  • Device that prevents physical movement
  • Quality of calm, controlled behavior under stress
  • Law, order, or principle that limits or controls

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

lose

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US / lu:z /

UK / luz /

A1
  • verb
  • To be unable to keep in check or control something
  • To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
  • To stop having certain qualities or abilities
  • To stop having or being entitled to
  • To fail to win something that is being contested
  • To be unable to find something you once had
  • To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

scan

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US / skæn /

UK / skæn /

B1
  • noun
  • A look inside the body with a special machine
  • verb
  • To look inside of the body with a special machine
  • To look at something very quickly for information
  • To look at all parts to find something
  • To make a digital copy of an image or a paper

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

itself

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US / ɪtˈself /

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Referring to it

mode

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US / məʊd /

UK / moʊd /

A2
  • noun
  • Fashion and design
  • Status or way of functioning

thousand

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US / ˈθaʊznd /

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1,000

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

absence

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US / ˈæbsəns /

UK / ˈæbsəns /

B1
  • noun
  • State of not being present, or not existing

contract

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US / 'kɒntrækt /

UK / 'kɑ:ntrækt /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal agreement, e.g. for doing work for money
  • Agreement to pay someone to kill a person
  • verb
  • To become ill as a result of getting a disease
  • To make an agreement for doing work for money
  • To reduce in size, length due to heat loss
  • To reduce the amount of

fortunately

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US / ˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

UK / ˈfɔ:rtʃənətli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Through good luck; luckily

story

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US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

A1
  • noun
  • One of many floors or levels in a building
  • Account or description of how something happened

survival

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US / səˈvaɪvl /

UK / sɚˈvaɪvəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of continuing to exist when facing difficulty

continue

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US / kən'tɪnju: /

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

A1
  • verb
  • To do something without stopping, or after pausing
  • To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

race

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US / reɪs /

UK / res /

A2
  • noun
  • Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
  • People who share physical features or culture
  • verb
  • To take part in a running or swimming competition
  • To move or go at a very fast pace
  • To take someone, something to a place very quickly

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

summary

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US / ˈsʌməri /

UK / ˈsʌməri /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Brief, complete and accurate
  • noun
  • Shorter statement of the most important parts

should

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US / ʃʊd /

UK / ʃʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

corner

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US / 'kɔ:nə(r) /

UK / ˈkɔrnɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Place where two lines, sides, corners etc. meet
  • Edges of something, e.g. eyes, boxing ring
  • verb
  • To force into a position impossible to escape from
  • To go around a bend in the road (often by driving)

divide

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US / dɪ'vaɪd /

UK / dɪˈvaɪd /

A2
  • verb
  • To split numbers by another number, e.g. 6 / 2 = 3
  • To separate something into equal pieces

imagine

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US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To think creatively about; form mental picture of

million

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US / ˈmɪljən /

UK / ˈmɪljən /

A1
  • number
  • 1,000,000

inside

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US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

matter

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US / 'mætə(r) /

UK / ˈmætɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Material all things are made of that fills space
  • Problem or reason for concern
  • verb
  • To be of great importance; to count

once

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US / wʌns /

UK / wʌns /

A1
  • adverb
  • One time; one instance
  • At a time in the past
  • conjunction
  • When; as soon as

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

code

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US / kəʊd /

UK / kod /

A2
  • noun
  • A password made of a set of letters or numbers
  • Set of rules for behavior
  • A secret language using secret symbols
  • Written part of a computer program
  • verb
  • To express information in a series of numbers
  • To write a secret message using secret symbols
  • To write programs using computer languages

healthy

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US / ˈhelθi /

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In good condition physically, or financially; well

mhc

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • abbreviation
  • Major histocompatibility complex.

normal

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US / 'nɔ:ml /

UK / ˈnɔrməl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Standard or regular way of doing something
  • Having standard mental or physical ability, health

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

immediately

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US / ɪˈmi:diətli /

UK / ɪˈmidiɪtli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Without any delay; straight away

programming

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US / ˈprəʊgræmɪŋ /

UK / ˈproʊgræmɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Writing computer code for a piece of software
  • TV or radio shows broadcast by a station
  • verb
  • To make someone act or think in a certain way
  • To write computer code for a piece of software

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

day

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US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

ever

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US / 'evə(r) /

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At any time; at all times in the future

develop

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US / dɪ'veləp /

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

A1
  • verb
  • To explain something in steps and in detail
  • To create or think of something
  • To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
  • To make a photograph from film

gene

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US / dʒi:n /

UK / dʒin /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of cell controlling development of a thing

third

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US / θɜ:d /

UK / θɜ:rd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 3rd: Number after second

switch

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US / swɪtʃ /

UK / swɪtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • A change or shift from one method to another
  • Thing you move to turn electrical items on or off
  • Thin flexible piece of wood or stick
  • verb
  • To exchange or replace something for another thing

ancient

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US / 'eɪnʃənt /

UK / ˈenʃənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very old; having lived a very long time ago

environment

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US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

A1
  • noun
  • Natural world in which plants and animals live
  • The entire surrounding conditions of something

hurt

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US / hɜ:t /

UK / hɚt /

A1
  • noun
  • Mental, emotional, or physical pain
  • verb
  • To cause pain, damage or injury

real

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US / rɪəl /

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Actually existing or happening, not imagined
  • Being important or special

smoking

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US / 'sməʊkɪŋ /

UK / ˈsmokɪŋ /

B1
  • noun
  • The act of enjoying cigarettes, pipes, cigars, etc.
  • The act of breathing smoke from cigarettes
  • verb
  • To give off a cloud of grey gas from burning
  • To add a taste to food by exposing it to a smoky fire
  • To breathe in through a cigarette, etc.

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

hide

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US / haɪd /

UK / haɪd /

A1
  • noun
  • The skin of an animal used for making leather
  • verb
  • To go to, or put a thing where it can't be found

nucleus

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US / ˈnju:kliəs /

UK / ˈnu:kliəs /

B2
  • noun
  • Center of an atom
  • Control center of a cell
  • Most important part of something larger

picture

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US / 'pɪktʃə(r) /

UK / ˈpɪktʃɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • General situation or state of being
  • Mental image of what something is or looks like
  • Movie; film
  • Painting, drawing or photograph on paper or screen
  • verb
  • To understand or imagine something
  • To imagine someone or something in an image

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

drink

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US / drɪŋk /

UK / drɪŋk /

A1
  • noun
  • A liquid that you put in your mouth
  • verb
  • To put water in your body through your mouth

direct

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US / də'rekt /

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

A2
  • adverb
  • Coming straight from something
  • verb
  • To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
  • To show the way by conducting or leading
  • To control the acting in a movie or play

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

majority

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US / mə'dʒɒrətɪ /

UK / məˈdʒɔrɪti, -ˈdʒɑr- /

B1
  • noun
  • Amount that is more than half of a group

robot

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US / ˈrəʊbɒt /

UK / ˈroʊbɑ:t /

B1
  • noun
  • Machine able perform more tasks that people can

anything

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US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • A thing of any kind

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

resource

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US / riˈsɔ:s /

UK / ˈriˌsɔrs, -ˌsors, -ˌzɔrs, -ˌzors, rɪˈsɔrs, -ˈsors, /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that can be used profitably; asset
  • An essential supply of something
  • Resourcefulness; ability to deal with problems
  • verb
  • To obtain (e.g. oil, gas) from its source

cancer

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US / 'kænsə(r) /

UK / ˈkænsɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Any growth caused by abnormal cell division

aggressive

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US / əˈgresɪv /

UK / əˈɡrɛsɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Using energy and determination to achieve a goal
  • Behaving in a hostile and threatening way

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

ten

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US / ten /

UK / tɛn /

A1
  • number
  • 10

trigger

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US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
  • Device that starts a process
  • verb
  • To start a process off e.g. a memory

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

help

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US / help /

UK / hɛlp /

A1
  • noun
  • Something given to enable a person to do something
  • Assistance given to someone in need
  • Someone who makes something easier or possible
  • verb
  • To act to enable a person to do something; assist
  • To make something better or less difficult

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

keep

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US / ki:p /

UK / kip /

A1
  • noun
  • Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
  • Money spent on you so you can live in a place
  • verb
  • To continue doing something; not to stop
  • To stop balls going in a goal in sports
  • To not give back or return something
  • (Of food) to not spoil or not rot
  • To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
  • To have and continue to hold something
  • To do something that you have promised or agreed
  • To stay in a certain place or condition
  • To maintain the rules

name

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US / neɪm /

UK / nem /

A1
  • noun
  • What something or someone is called
  • verb
  • To state what someone is called, e.g. John

quietly

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US / 'kwaɪətlɪ /

UK / ˈkwaɪətlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In a quiet manner; making little sound or fuss

something

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US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In some degree or measure
  • noun
  • a person or thing of some value or consequence
  • pronoun
  • Thing that is not yet known or named
  • Approximately

showcase

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US / ˈʃəʊkeɪs /

UK / ˈʃoʊkeɪs /

C1
  • noun
  • Cabinet to display objects or goods for sale
  • Setting to display something to best effect
  • verb
  • To display something to best effect

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

hair

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US / heə(r) /

UK / her /

A1
  • noun
  • Long thin strands growing on your head or body
  • Short distance; a very small amount

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

until

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US / ənˈtɪl /

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Up to; to a time when something happens
  • preposition
  • Before (a specific time)

suicide

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US / 'su:ɪsaɪd /

UK / ˈsuɪˌsaɪd /

B2
  • noun
  • Act of purposely killing yourself
  • Act that ruins a person's career, status etc.

venture

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US / 'ventʃə(r) /

UK / ˈvɛntʃɚ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Business activity) taking chances or risks
  • noun
  • (Business) activity involving calculated risks
  • verb
  • To risk something, such as money
  • To face the dangers, take the risk of something
  • To say something; to dare to speak your mind

scanner

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US / ˈskænə(r) /

UK / ˈskænɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Machine that copies, reads, or records data

cooperation

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US / kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn /

UK / koˌɑpəˈreʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Working together to get something done

arise

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US / əˈraɪz /

UK / əˈraɪz /

A2
  • verb
  • To stand up
  • To result or happen due to a particular event

anymore

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US / 'enɪmɔ: /

UK / ˌɛniˈmɔr, -ˈmor /

A2
  • adverb
  • No longer; no more

must

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US / məst /

UK / mʌst /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is necessary or required
  • other
  • (Used to state that something ought to be true)
  • Used to say something is required or necessary

slowly

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US / ˈsləʊli /

UK / ˈsloʊli /

A1
  • adverb
  • In an unhurried or not speedy manner

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

bunch

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US / bʌntʃ /

UK / bʌntʃ /

B1
  • noun
  • A group of things of the same kind
  • verb
  • To group people or things closely together
  • (Cloth) to gather/be gathered together in folds

number

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US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
  • Particular song or dance performed during a show
  • Total quantity or amount of things
  • verb
  • To put numbers on things
  • To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
  • To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

stay

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US / steɪ /

UK / ste /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal order to stop or delay an action
  • Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
  • Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
  • verb
  • To keep trying without giving up
  • To remain in the same place and not move away
  • To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

solve

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US / sɒlv /

UK / sɑ:lv /

A2
  • verb
  • To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

despite

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US / dɪˈspaɪt /

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

A2
  • preposition
  • Without being affected by something; in spite of

growth

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US / grəʊθ /

UK / groʊθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Improvement, development in a skill over time
  • A mass on the skin or body part related to illness
  • Act of growing

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

dangerously

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US / 'deɪndʒərəslɪ /

UK / ˈdendʒərəslɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a dangerous way; so that someone could be hurt

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

eventually

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US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

obese

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US / əʊˈbi:s /

UK / oˈbis /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Fat over a long period, so harming your health

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

threat

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US / θret /

UK / θrɛt /

A2
  • noun
  • Warning of probable trouble
  • A warning that you may be harmed

thrive

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US / θraɪv /

UK / θraɪv /

B2
  • verb
  • To be or become healthy or successful

second

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US / 'sekənd /

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 2nd; the one following first
  • noun
  • Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
  • Short period of time that you wait for someone
  • (Do) soon

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

emerge

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US / ɪ'mɜ:dʒ /

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒ /

A2
  • verb
  • To rise or appear out of some background

cell

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US / sel /

UK / sɛl /

A2
  • noun
  • Smallest unit of living things in biology
  • Group of people - often from a secret organization
  • Prisoner's room in a jail
  • Shortened form of 'cellphone'

example

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US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

fight

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US / faɪt /

UK / faɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • An argument or quarrel
  • Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
  • A struggle to do a difficult task
  • verb
  • To argue or quarrel with someone about something
  • To try to hurt someone by hitting them
  • To struggle to do a difficult task

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

each

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US / i:tʃ /

UK / itʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Every one of two or more things
  • pronoun
  • Per one person or thing

behave

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US / bɪˈheɪv /

UK / bɪˈhev /

A2
  • verb
  • To act correctly
  • To act in a particular way
  • To react in a particular way in a given case

exciting

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US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Creating interest, happiness or pleasurable fear
  • verb
  • To cause a reaction; make active
  • To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

dna

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US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

B2
  • noun
  • Chemical in living cells with genetic information

hard

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US / hɑ:d /

UK / hɑː(r)d /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult to do; difficult to understand
  • (Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
  • (Of alcohol) strong
  • Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
  • Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
  • Strong
  • (Of edge) clear; sharp
  • Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
  • adverb
  • With lots of force, power, or impact

present

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US / 'preznt /

UK / ˈprɛznt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in attendance; being there; having turned up
  • noun
  • Gift
  • Verb tense indicating an action is happening now
  • Current time; now
  • verb
  • To introduce someone to others
  • To host a program on television or radio
  • To give a speech or presentation
  • To show something to someone who will examine it
  • To appear or happen
  • To give an award or prize to someone

refresh

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US / rɪ'freʃ /

UK / rɪˈfrɛʃ /

B1
  • verb
  • To refill a person's glass with a drink
  • To restore strength and energy to; revive
  • To renew a webpage to show the latest information

roughly

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US / ˈrʌfli /

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
  • In a manner that is violent or not careful
  • In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
  • In a basic, simple manner

win

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US / wɪn /

UK / wɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • Success in beating the other team or competitors
  • Success in a game or contest
  • verb
  • To get something as a prize because of a success
  • To gain something you want because of your efforts
  • To succeed in a game or contest

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

hostile

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US / ˈhɔstail /

UK / ˈhɑstəl, -ˌtaɪl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Unwelcoming; showing ill will, as to an enemy
  • Very difficult to live due to harsh conditions

ingenious

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US / ɪnˈdʒi:niəs /

UK / ɪnˈdʒinjəs /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Very good at making things or solving problems

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

require

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US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

A2
  • verb
  • To demand that someone does something
  • To need to do something, to make it necessary

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

tumour

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US / ˈtju:mə(r) /

UK / ˈtuːmər /

B1
  • noun
  • Abnormal growth of cells; cancer

fix

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US / fɪks /

UK / fɪks /

A2
  • noun
  • Answer to a problem
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something
  • To attach something so it will not move or change
  • To dishonestly arrange the result of a game
  • To make an animal unable to produce young
  • To make something whole or able to work again

gate

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US / ɡeɪt /

UK / ɡet /

A2
  • noun
  • Place in a fence which can be opened or closed

incredibly

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US / ɪnˈkredəbli /

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəblɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • To a great degree; very; amazingly

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

maybe

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US / ˈmeɪbi /

UK / ˈmebi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

reproduce

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US / ˌri:prə'dju:s /

UK / ˌriprəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

B1
  • verb
  • To make a copy of something
  • To have children/young; grow roots/new plants

themselves

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US / ðəmˈselvz /

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Reflexive form of 'they'

survive

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US / sə'vaɪv /

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

A2
  • verb
  • To continue to live despite illness or trouble

whole

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US / həul /

UK / hol /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; all of
  • Being in a good condition
  • noun
  • Complete amount or sum; total

avoid

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US / ə'vɔɪd /

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

A2
  • verb
  • To prevent from happening
  • To stay away from

expect

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US / ɪk'spekt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

A1
  • verb
  • To believe something is probably going to happen

repair

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US / rɪˈpeə(r) /

UK / rɪˈper /

A2
  • noun
  • How well cared for a thing is; physical condition
  • Action to fix or restore something that is broken
  • verb
  • To fix or restore something that is broken
  • To fix or correct the damage that one has caused

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

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US / jet /

UK / jɛt /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a later time (used after ‘not’)
  • (Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
  • Eventually; at a future time
  • Until now; up to the present
  • conjunction
  • Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

usually

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US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Normally; regularly

video

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US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of a moving film, with sound
  • noun
  • Recording capturing action with sound
  • verb
  • To make a moving film of, with sound

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

category

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US / ˈkætəgəri /

UK / ˈkætɪˌɡɔri, -ˌɡori /

B1
  • noun
  • Groups of things that are similar in some way

copy

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US / ˈkɒpi /

UK / ˈkɑ:pi /

A1
  • noun
  • A counter for items that are the same
  • Fake product pretending to be an original
  • An imitation of an original
  • A duplicate of a paper printed in a photocopier
  • Written text for printing, use in ads, etc.
  • verb
  • To make something look the same as the original
  • To act in the exact same way as someone else
  • To read and then write down what you read

war

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US / wɔ:(r) /

UK / wɔr /

A2
  • noun
  • Situation where armies fight each other

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

save

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US / seɪv /

UK / sev /

A1
  • noun
  • Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
  • preposition
  • Except; not including
  • verb
  • To make your computer keep a file
  • To keep for future use
  • To make something unnecessary; prevent
  • To keep money so that you will have it later
  • To keep something for future use, such as money
  • To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
  • To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
  • To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

tiny

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US / 'taɪnɪ /

UK / ˈtaɪni /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very, very small

tune

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US / tju:n /

UK / tun, tjun /

A2
  • noun
  • Group of musical notes that make a pleasant sound
  • verb
  • To make adjustments to equipment to make it better
  • To adjust to be at the right musical pitch
  • To modify how something operates, looks, e.g. car

boom

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US / bu:m /

UK / bum /

B1
  • noun
  • Very fast increase in growth or popularity
  • A very loud and deep sound
  • verb
  • To experience a rapid increase in growth
  • To make a very loud and deep sound

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

ability

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US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • The power, resources or skill to do something

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

single

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US / 'sɪŋɡl /

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being one only, without others
  • Only; merely
  • Not married or in a relationship
  • noun
  • One run in cricket or a hit baseball
  • An individual song from a CD or album
  • Person who is not married or in a relationship

accumulate

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US / əˈkju:mjəleɪt /

UK / əˈkjumjəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To gather or acquire so that you have more of it

sense

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US / sens /

UK / sɛns /

A1
  • noun
  • Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • Normal or clear state of mind
  • Meaning of a particular word, phrase or text
  • verb
  • To perceive using sight, sound, taste touch etc.
  • To recognize the presence of something

support

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US / səˈpɔ:t /

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Assistance or advice given to someone
  • Evidence that helps prove something is true
  • A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
  • verb
  • To give assistance or advice to someone
  • To help prove or show that something is true
  • To hold up or prevent from falling down

luck

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US / lʌk /

UK / lʌk /

A1
  • noun
  • Accidental way things happen, often good things

please

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US / pli:z /

UK / pliz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used when you politely ask people for things
  • verb
  • To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
  • To make someone happy by doing something

amass

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US / ə'mæs /

UK / əˈmæs /

B2
  • verb
  • To collect a large amount of something

compete

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US / kəmˈpi:t /

UK / kəmˈpit /

A2
  • verb
  • To try to beat others at something, e.g. a race

organ

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US / 'ɔ:ɡən /

UK / ˈɔrɡən /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a person's body with a particular function
  • Large institution or body
  • Large wind instrument similar to a piano

mold

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US / məʊld /

UK / mold /

B1
  • noun
  • Distinctive type of character or nature
  • Fungus growing on old food or in wet dark places
  • Container to shape material into a certain form
  • verb
  • To influence a person's character or behavior
  • To form something into a shape

protein

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US / ˈprəʊti:n /

UK / ˈprəʊˌtiːn /

B1
  • noun
  • Group of molecules made from amino acids

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

arm

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US / ɑ:m /

UK / ɑrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Part of your body from your shoulder to your hand
  • A branch of another object e.g. company
  • The side part of a chair where your arms go
  • The influence or power an authority has
  • verb
  • To activate a weapon or bomb for use
  • To give a gun or other weapon to a person or group

consist

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US / kən'sɪst /

UK / kənˈsɪst /

A2
  • verb
  • To have as an essential, necessary or main part

free

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US / fri: /

UK / fri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Living, happening without being controlled
  • Costing no money
  • Not working; not busy
  • verb
  • To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

judge

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US / dʒʌdʒ /

UK / dʒʌdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who decides on the results of a contest
  • Person who has the power to make a decision
  • verb
  • To reach a decision about who won a contest
  • To form an opinion after careful consideration
  • To make a decision in court

inhabit

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US / ɪnˈhæbɪt /

UK / ɪnˈhæbɪt /

B1
  • verb
  • To live in a certain area or place

multicellular

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US / mʌltɪ'seljʊlə /

UK / ˌmʌltiˈsɛljəlɚ, -taɪ- /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Consisting of many cells

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

defence

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US / dɪˈfens /

UK / dɪˈfɛns /

B1
  • noun
  • The process of protecting something from attack

genetic

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US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

instruction

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US / ɪn'strʌkʃn /

UK / ɪnˈstrʌkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • A command for someone formally to do something
  • Act of teaching or explaining to others
  • Information about how to do or use something

problematic

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US / ˌprɒbləˈmætɪk /

UK / ˌprɑbləˈmætɪk /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being difficult to deal with or fix

deadly

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US / ˈdedli /

UK / ˈdɛdli /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Causing or capable of causing death
  • Being very accurate

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

ribosome

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US / 'raɪbəsəʊm /

UK / 'raɪbəsoʊm /

A1
  • noun
  • Organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNand move down it one codon at a time

turn

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US / tɜ:n /

UK / tɚn /

A1
  • noun
  • Place where changing of direction happens
  • Your time or chance to perform a duty
  • Your chance to play or do in say a game
  • Unexpected change, as in the weather
  • verb
  • To become (a particular age)
  • To become a different quality, color, etc.
  • To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
  • To move in an opposite direction or position
  • To shape metal with a spinning tool

won

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn, won /

A1
  • verb
  • To gain something you want because of your efforts
  • To succeed in a game or contest

follow

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US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

specific

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US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Precise; particular; just about that thing
  • Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

solution

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US / səˈlu:ʃn /

UK / səˈluʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Mix of a liquid and a solid or a gas
  • Way to solve or deal with a problem

body

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US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

prepared

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US / prɪˈpeəd /

UK / prɪˈpɛrd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being ready
  • verb
  • To make something ready for use

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

ones

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US / wʌnz /

UK / wʌnz /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1, a single person or thing

recklessly

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US / 'rekləslɪ /

UK / ˈrɛklɪslɪ /

B2
  • adverb
  • In a reckless manner

treat

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US / tri:t /

UK / trit /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you buy for others as a surprise present
  • something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
  • verb
  • To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
  • To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
  • To act in a certain way toward someone

division

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US / dɪ'vɪʒn /

UK / dɪˈvɪʒən /

B1
  • noun
  • How many times a number is contained in another
  • One part of an organization
  • Act of dividing or separating into parts
  • Something that acts as a separating line or point

forbid

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US / fəˈbɪd /

UK / fərˈbɪd /

B1
  • verb
  • To order someone not to do something

lead

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US / li:d /

UK / lid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the main part in movies or plays
  • noun
  • Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve a crime
  • Main part in a play or movie
  • Heavy, gray metal element
  • Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
  • Act of being at the front in a race or game
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game
  • To travel in front of; go in advance of others

little

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US / 'lɪtl /

UK / ˈlɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being short in length of time
  • Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
  • Being very young or younger than others
  • adverb
  • By an amount or degree that is not very much
  • Not often; rarely
  • noun
  • A person's name

natural

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US / ˈnætʃərəl /

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
  • Not made by humans; without human intervention

murder

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US / 'mɜ:də(r) /

UK / ˈmɚdɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is difficult or painful to do
  • Crime of deliberately killing a person
  • verb
  • To intentionally kill a person
  • To spoil, ruin something by doing it poorly

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

unfortunately

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US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

bad

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US / bæd /

UK / bæd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not good; wrong
  • Lacking in good morals; evil
  • No longer fresh; spoiled

immune

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US / ɪˈmju:n /

UK / ɪˈmjoon /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a special protection from, e.g. the law

three

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US / θri: /

UK / θri /

A1
  • number
  • Number 3

apoptosis

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US / ˌæpə'təʊsɪs /

UK / ˌæpə'toʊsɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • Type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suic

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

identify

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US / aɪ'dentɪfaɪ /

UK / aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ /

B1
  • verb
  • To indicate who or what someone or something is

live

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US / lɪv /

UK / liv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
  • Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
  • Glowing because burning; hot
  • Not yet killed (for food)
  • adverb
  • (Music, drama) as it is performed
  • verb
  • To be alive
  • To experience a particular type of life
  • To make your home in a house or town

mutation

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US / mju:'teɪʃn /

UK / mjuˈteʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Change that changes genetic structure

transparent

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US / trænsˈpærənt /

UK / trænsˈpærənt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being open to see and to public criticism
  • Able to be seen through
  • Being simple and easily understood

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

build

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US / bɪld /

UK / bɪld /

A1
  • noun
  • Your physical shape; physique
  • verb
  • To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
  • To construct a house, office, factory

building

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US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
  • verb
  • To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
  • To construct a house, office, factory

fill

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US / fɪl /

UK / fɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of filling; amount used to make something full
  • verb
  • To make something full
  • To move into all parts of an area
  • To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
  • To use (time); to do something during

womb

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US / wu:m /

UK / wum /

B2
  • noun
  • Place in a woman's body where a baby grows
  • Place where something begins and develops

constantly

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US / ˈkɒnstəntli /

UK / ˈkɑnstəntlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Frequently, or without pause

pretty

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US / 'prɪtɪ /

UK / ˈprɪti /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • adverb
  • Very; to a great degree

possible

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US / ˈpɒsəbl /

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
  • Having a chance of happening, or being true

rapid

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US / ˈræpɪd /

UK / ˈræpɪd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Moving or happening very quickly
  • noun
  • Rough and fast-moving part of a river

alcohol

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US / 'ælkəhɒl /

UK / ˈælkəˌhɔl,-ˌhɑl /

B1
  • noun
  • A colorless liquid that can catch fire (C2H5OH)
  • Drinks such as wine, whiskey, beer

simple

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US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

space

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US / speɪs /

UK / spes /

A1
  • noun
  • Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
  • Empty area with nothing in it
  • Area in the sky where the stars are
  • Area between written words on a page
  • verb
  • To make a certain distance or time between

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

virus

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US / 'vaɪrəs /

UK / ˈvaɪrəs /

B1
  • noun
  • File secretly put on computers to cause harm
  • Living organism that causes disease or sickness

background

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US / ˈbækgraʊnd /

UK / ˈbækˌɡraʊnd /

A2
  • noun
  • Images, color, or information behind the main one
  • Someone's personal work and educational history
  • A position not as important as the main event
  • Past events that influence things in the present

billion

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US / ˈbɪljən /

UK / ˈbɪljən /

A2
  • noun
  • Number 1,000,000,000

damage

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US / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

UK / ˈdæmɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Physical harm that is done to something
  • verb
  • To harm physically; to hurt or break something

error

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US / ˈerə(r) /

UK / ˈɛrɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is not correct; a mistake

indistinguishable

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US / ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃəbl /

UK / ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Exactly alike; not able to be seen as different

original

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US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
  • Being unique or thinking differently from others

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

crucial

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US / 'kru:ʃl /

UK / ˈkruʃəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Extremely important or necessary

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

killer

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US / ˈkɪlə(r) /

UK / ˈkɪlɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being appealing or funny
  • noun
  • Something that is a challenge to deal with
  • Person, thing or animal that kills

produce

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US / prə'dju:s /

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

A1
  • noun
  • Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
  • verb
  • To grow something naturally
  • To make something appear
  • To manufacture something using machines
  • To control the making a movie or television show

super

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US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

UK / ˈsupɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

bit

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US / bɪt /

UK / bɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • Small piece of something
  • verb
  • (E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

blind

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US / blaɪnd /

UK / blaɪnd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unable to see; with eyes that cannot see
  • Lacking in judgment or awareness
  • Be unable to see the truth about a situation
  • noun
  • Window covering that you can pull up and down
  • verb
  • To cause someone to lose the ability to see
  • To be unable to see the truth about a situation

effectively

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US / ɪˈfektɪvli /

UK / ɪˈfɛktɪvli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a way that produces the desired result

display

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US / dɪˈspleɪ /

UK / dɪˈsple /

A2
  • noun
  • Arrangement of objects so people can see or buy
  • verb
  • (Animals) to indicate readiness for sex
  • To show, e.g. your feelings, thoughts; demonstrate
  • To put so they can be seen or be bought

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

multiply

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US / ˈmʌltɪplaɪ /

UK / ˈmʌltəˌplaɪ /

B1
  • verb
  • To increase in number by reproducing/having babies
  • To increase something by a large quantity
  • To have increased by a large quantity
  • To calculate two numbers e.g. 2 x 4

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

viewer

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US / ˈvju:ə(r) /

UK / ˈvjuɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Special machine to look at pictures
  • Someone who watches, e.g. television

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

asbestos

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US / æsˈbestəs /

UK / æsˈbɛstəs, æz- /

B2
  • noun
  • Type of mineral with cancerous fibers

die

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US / daɪ /

UK / daɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
  • verb
  • To cease to function or work
  • (Of a thing) to stop being used or done
  • (Of a person) to stop living

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

harm

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US / hɑ:m /

UK / hɑrm /

A2
  • noun
  • Damage or injury
  • verb
  • To damage, injure, or hurt someone or something

patrol

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US / pə'trəʊl /

UK / pəˈtrol /

B1
  • noun
  • Person or group who checks an area is safe
  • verb
  • To survey an area to maintain safety and order

mutate

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US / mju:'teɪt /

UK / ˈmjutet,mjuˈtet /

B2
  • verb
  • To develop into another thing; change

source

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US / sɔ:s /

UK / sɔrs, sors /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
  • noun
  • Piece of information; a person giving information
  • Place from which something necessary comes
  • verb
  • To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

yourself

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US / jɔ:ˈself /

UK / jʊrˈsɛlf, jɔr-, jor-, jə- /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Reflexive form of 'you', used for an emphasis

within

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US / wɪˈðɪn /

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Inside the limits of an area, time or range
  • preposition
  • From the inside of something

breathing

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US / ˈbri:ðɪŋ /

UK / ˈbriðɪŋ /

A2
  • verb
  • To move air into and out of your lungs
  • To say something very softly
  • To stop moving so one can rest

check

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US / tʃek /

UK / tʃɛk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Decorated with squares made up of lines
  • noun
  • Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
  • Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
  • A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
  • Mark used to show that something is correct
  • Procedure to prevent errors or control something
  • verb
  • To confirm the details of something are correct
  • To leave your things with staff who look after it
  • To examine something to see if something is wrong
  • To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

convince

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US / kən'vɪns /

UK / kənˈvɪns /

A2
  • verb
  • To persuade someone, or make them feel sure

fray

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US / freɪ /

UK / fre /

B2
  • verb
  • To form loose threads at the edge of cloth
  • (Of temper, nerves, etc.) to become tense

highly

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US / ˈhaɪli /

UK / 'haɪlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In a manner that shows approval
  • More than usual; to a great degree

invisible

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US / ɪnˈvɪzəbl /

UK / ɪnˈvɪzəbəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being unable to be seen
  • Of money earned from services, instead of products

jury

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US / ˈdʒʊəri /

UK / ˈdʒʊri /

B1
  • noun
  • 12 citizens who decide if someone is guilty or not

vast

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US / vɑ:st /

UK / væst /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very large in size or amount

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

oncogene

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US / 'ɒŋkədʒi:n /

UK / 'ɒŋkəˌdʒi:n /

A1
  • noun
  • Gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells

selection

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US / sɪˈlekʃn /

UK / sɪˈlɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Process of choosing someone or something carefully
  • Something chosen carefully from a larger group
  • Range or variety of things you can choose from

somewhere

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US / 'sʌmweə(r) /

UK / ˈsʌmˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

A1
  • adverb
  • At or to an unknown or unnamed place

grant

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US / ɡrɑ:nt /

UK / ɡrænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Money given for education or research
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
  • To give or let someone do what they want

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

logic

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US / ˈlɒdʒɪk /

UK / ˈlɑ:dʒɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Proper, valid sensible reasoning
  • Scientific study of reasoning

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

therapy

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US / 'θerəpɪ /

UK / ˈθɛrəpi /

B2
  • noun
  • Treatment to help cure an illness

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

control

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US / kən'trəʊl /

UK / kənˈtrol /

A1
  • noun
  • A device designed to operate a machine
  • Participant in experiment that is left untouched
  • Act to dominate or command; make manageable
  • A law limiting the growth or spread of something
  • A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
  • verb
  • To direct or influence the behavior of something

destroy

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US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

A2
  • verb
  • To damage so badly that something no longer exists
  • To defeat someone or something easily
  • To kill a sick or unwanted animal

hunt

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US / hʌnt /

UK / hʌnt /

A2
  • noun
  • A search for animals to kill for food
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To search for wild animals to kill (for food)
  • To look for very carefully; search for

molecule

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US / ˈmɒlɪkju:l /

UK / ˈmɑlɪˌkjul /

B2
  • noun
  • Two or more atoms chemically combined

promise

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US / 'prɒmɪs /

UK / ˈprɑmɪs /

A1
  • verb
  • To say you will certainly do something

amazing

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US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Surprising in a pleasing way
  • verb
  • To cause wonder; to surprise completely

begin

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US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

job

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US / dʒɒb /

UK / dʒɑ:b /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that must be done
  • Regular work at which you earn money

kill

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US / kɪl /

UK / kɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal killed by a person or other animal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
  • To end the life of a person or other living thing
  • To be very funny
  • To prevent something from continuing or operating
  • To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

soon

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US / su:n /

UK / sun /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time not long from now

suppressor

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US / səˈpresə(r) /

UK / səˈprɛsɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Gene preventing the expression of other genes

vaccine

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US / 'væksi:n /

UK / vækˈsin,ˈvækˌsin /

B2
  • noun
  • Shot using weak disease cells to stop same disease

basis

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US / ˈbeɪsɪs /

UK / ˈbesɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • Main ingredient or part of something
  • Starting situation, fact, idea to develop from

determine

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US / dɪ'tɜ:mɪn /

UK / dɪˈtɚmɪn /

A2
  • verb
  • To control exactly how something will be or act
  • To establish the facts about; discover

special

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US / 'speʃl /

UK / ˈspɛʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being additional or extra
  • Different, better or greater than normal
  • noun
  • Heavily discounted sales item

corrupt

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US / kə'rʌpt /

UK / kəˈrʌpt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being damaged or spoiled
  • Misusing power, as by taking bribes, to get rich
  • verb
  • To persuade someone to act illegal or immorally
  • To cause to become damaged or spoiled
  • To lack integrity or be dishonest

few

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US / fju: /

UK / fju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Not many, a small number

labor

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US / 'leɪbə(r) /

UK / ˈlebɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • The people with work in a community
  • All of the workers in a country, specific company
  • verb
  • To struggle to do something because it's difficult
  • To work hard (often physically) for many hours

individual

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US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made for use by one single person
  • Having a distinct manner different from others
  • noun
  • Single person, looked at separately from others

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

specialize

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US / ˈspeʃəlaɪz /

UK / ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz /

A2
  • verb
  • To focus on one area of a field or profession
  • To change to fit your environment
  • To name something individually

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

window

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US / ˈwɪndəʊ /

UK / ˈwɪndoʊ /

A1
  • noun
  • Opening in a wall or door to let in light
  • Opening in a wall through which people do business
  • Subtitles section
  • Somewhere in your body, your immune system just quietly killed one of your own cells, stopping it from becoming cancer and saving your life.
  • It does that all the time.
  • The vast majority of cancer cells you develop will be killed without you ever noticing, which is an incredibly hard job because of what cancer cells are.
  • Parts of yourself that start to behave as individuals even if it hurts you.
  • What is cancer and how does your body kill it all the time?
  • Cancer is when corrupted cells multiply uncontrollably.
  • It can emerge from basically every type of cell in your body, so there's not just a single type of cancer, but hundreds.
  • Some grow slowly, others are aggressive, some can be treated effectively, others are deadly.
  • In a sense, a cell that becomes cancer turns into something ancient and something new.
  • Over billions of years, evolution has molded cells to survive and thrive in a hostile environment, fighting for space and resources, until a new and exciting way of life emerged.
  • Cooperation, a division of labor that allowed cells to specialize and become more successful together.
  • But cooperation requires sacrifices.
  • For a multicellular being to stay healthy, the well-being of the collective has to matter more than the survival of the individual cell.
  • Cancer cells stop being part of the collective and become individuals again.
  • Your body can handle a few rogue cells, but some cancer cells divide again and again, becoming a sort of new organism within you, taking resources you need to survive, competing for the space you inhabit,
  • Destroying the organs they were part of in the process.
  • Despite the harm they cause, cancer cells are not evil.
  • They don't want to hurt you, they don't want anything.
  • Cells are protein robots that just follow their programming, which unfortunately has been corrupted.
  • The Soul of the Cell In a nutshell, your cells have a nucleus filled with DNA.
  • It consists of genes, instructions for how to build proteins and when to make each one.
  • These building instructions are copied and transferred to ribosomes, where they're used to make proteins.
  • What kind of proteins your cells make determine what they can do.
  • The important thing here is that a corrupt gene means you get a corrupt protein, which will get important later.
  • Your DNA gets a tiny bit corrupted.
  • It mutates tens of thousands of times each day, most of the time without any special cause, just by being alive.
  • Almost all of these mutations are fixed very quickly or are not problematic.
  • Still, over time, as your cells make copies of themselves, damage is accumulating.
  • Imagine having to make copies from copies from copies for decades.
  • Maybe one day a hair got on the scanner or a corner got frayed.
  • Each new mistake becomes part of the new copies and all the copies that follow.
  • You can increase DNA damage by doing things like smoking, drinking alcohol, by being obese, breathing in asbestos, by not using sunscreen or contracting a virus like HPV.
  • But the simplest way to damage DNA and get cancer is to be alive long enough.
  • For many cancer cases, there is no cause other than bad luck.
  • The damage that leads to cancer We are simplifying, but roughly there are three categories of genes that need to be corrupted so cancer can arise.
  • The first key mutation is in the appropriately named tumor suppressor genes or TSGs.
  • These genes are a bunch of things.
  • For one, they produce control mechanisms that continuously scan your DNA for mistakes and copying errors and fix them right away.
  • And then they keep normal cells from multiplying recklessly.
  • If TSGs become damaged, your cells basically forget how to repair themselves and can reproduce unchecked.
  • The second crucial mutation can happen in your oncogenes.
  • When oncogenes are turned on, the cell is told to multiply rapidly.
  • They were super active when you were inside your mother's womb.
  • To turn a single original cell into trillions in months, it needs to divide and grow rapidly.
  • These rapid growth genes are turned off when there's enough of you.
  • When your oncogenes get corrupted, they basically turn on again.
  • The third crucial mutation is in your cell's suicide switch.
  • Most cells are constantly recycled and refreshed.
  • When cells amass too much damage, they usually notice, and special genes trigger a controlled suicide called apoptosis.
  • If the genes that control this process get damaged, cells are free to live on despite being dangerously corrupted.
  • So, if a cell becomes unable to fix the mistakes in its genetic code, loses the ability to destroy itself when it notices the damage, and begins to grow rapidly without restraint, it turns into a young cancer cell.
  • These cells have to be killed as quickly as possible.
  • While they are bad at this stage, they are still pretty weak and easy to kill.
  • But if they continue to mutate and increase in number, they can learn to avoid your defenses and become a real threat.
  • At any moment of your life, your immune system is hunting these cells.
  • But how do you identify and kill corrupted cells that seem indistinguishable from healthy ones?
  • Well, here we come back to the proteins your cells produce and the story they tell.
  • So, if, for example, your oncogenes switch back on, they make oncogene proteins.
  • Your immune system knows that they should not be present if you're an adult.
  • So, to know which cells are corrupt and which are healthy, your immune system needs to know what proteins they're making inside.
  • To solve this, Evolution came up with MHC class 1 molecules, a sort of display window that makes cells transparent.
  • Cells constantly take little samples of the proteins they make and put them into thousands of these MHC molecules to showcase what they're doing.
  • The selection is constantly refreshed, always giving an up-to-date picture.
  • There's a whole library of proteins that are highly dangerous and should not be made by healthy cells, and your immune system has them all on file.
  • It has billions of specialized cells called T-cells made to recognize specific proteins.
  • If a T-cell sees a forbidden protein in an MHC display window, it knows that the cell is corrupted and kills it immediately.
  • But there's a flaw in this system.
  • What if a cancer cell mutates and finds a way to circumvent this process?
  • All it needs to do is to stop making MHC class 1 molecules, and boom, it's invisible.
  • Without display windows, the immune system is blind and can't identify cancer anymore.
  • Fortunately, Evolution found an ingenious solution.
  • The natural killer cell.
  • A judge, jury, and executioner.
  • The killer.
  • At this very second, hundreds of millions of natural killer cells are patrolling your body, looking for cells that have already turned into cancer or are corrupted by a virus.
  • Natural killer cells go from cell to cell to check for one thing.
  • Does a cell have MHC class 1 molecules?
  • Does it have a display window, and is it doing its duty of showing off what's going on inside itself?
  • This is so amazing because it covers all of your bases.
  • While T-cells look for the presence of the unexpected, something that should not be here, natural killer cells look for the absence of the expected, the absence of something that should be here.
  • The logic is, if a cell does not have display windows, it wants to hide something.
  • And a cell that hides something must be killed.
  • What makes the natural killer cell even more metal is that it's always in murder mode.
  • It patrols your body, checking cell after cell with the intention of killing it.
  • Your healthy cells have to convince it that they should not die today.
  • And a way to do that is to have MHC class 1 molecules.
  • So, in summary, almost all young cancer cells you will ever develop in your life will be killed by your immune system.
  • Okay, but if your body is this prepared, why do we still get cancer?
  • Well, sometimes cancer cells mutate more and get much better at fighting back.
  • Cancer is a story of an arms race.
  • An arms race that we will win eventually, maybe with the help of natural killer cells.
  • Right now, a number of therapies are beginning to show amazing promise, from cancer-fighting vaccines to engineered T-cells and even natural killer cells.
  • We'll look at these therapies in future videos.
  • So, the war is not won yet, but we are on to cancer, and eventually, it will be eliminated once and for all.
  • Maybe, sooner than we think.
  • This video was made possible in part by direct viewer support, and in part through a grant by Gates Ventures.
  • Thanks a lot for their support, and stay tuned for part 2. Please check out our source document for more background and in-depth information.