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Architect Walks SoHo NYC, Exploring Its Distinctive Style | Walking Tour | Architectural Digest

Original YouTube Video | Archdigest Published on 2023-03-16 Level：99 Speed：94 maxwordlevel：29

Video vocabulary

bumpy

US / 'bʌmpɪ /

•

UK / ˈbʌmpi /

adjecitve
Being rough, or not smooth
(Of a time) having many difficulties

define

US / dɪ'faɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈfaɪn /

verb
To explain the meaning of words
To set or mark the limits of something

hunt

US / hʌnt /

•

UK / hʌnt /

noun
A search for animals to kill for food
Person's name
verb
To search for wild animals to kill (for food)
To look for very carefully; search for

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

steel

US / sti:l /

•

UK / stil /

adjecitve
Made of, or partly made of, a strong silvery metal
noun
Very strong or determined character in a person
Very strong metal made of iron, etc.
verb
To prepare yourself for something difficult

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

benefit

US / 'benɪfɪt /

•

UK / ˈbɛnəfɪt /

noun
Good result or effect, something advantageous
verb
To have a good effect or be helpful

ecole

US / ɪˈkoʊl /

•

UK / /

other

french

US / frentʃ /

•

UK / frentʃ /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of France
noun
Person's name

middle

US / 'mɪdl /

•

UK / ˈmidl /

adjecitve
Equal distance from extremes
noun
Place that is halfway between two things

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

wormy

US / ˈwɜːmi /

•

UK / ˈwɜːrmi /

adjecitve
Infested with or damaged by worms

arch

US / ɑ:tʃ /

•

UK / ɑ:rtʃ /

adjecitve
Chief; the most important or typical (of a type)
noun
Curved part of a structure (e.g. on a bridge)

fully

US / 'fʊlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʊli /

adverb
Completely or entirely

howard

US / ˈhaʊəd /

•

UK / ˈhaʊərd /

noun
English actor of stage and screen

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

manufacturing

US / ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ /

noun
The act of making things in factories
verb
To produce large numbers of products in a factory
To create a story or explanation that is not true

maurice

US / ˈmɒrɪs /

•

UK / /

motif

US / məʊ'ti:f /

•

UK / moˈtif /

noun
A distinctive form, shape or figure in a design

modern

US / ˈmɔdən /

•

UK / ˈmɑdən /

adjecitve
Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

precede

US / prɪ'si:d /

•

UK / prɪˈsid /

verb
To happen or come before something
To go somewhere before a person/thing

skinny

US / 'skɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈskɪni /

adjecitve
Too thin; very lean

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

disclosure

US / dɪs'kləʊʒə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈskloʒɚ /

noun
Making private information public

manufacture

US / ˌmænjʊ'fæktʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˌmænjəˈfæktʃɚ /

verb
To produce large numbers of products in a factory
To create a story or explanation that is not true

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

lower

US / 'ləʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊɚ, laʊr /

adjecitve
In a position more near the bottom
verb
To move something downward to the ground

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

tour

US / tʊə(r) /

•

UK / tʊr /

noun
A trip to several places to perform a show
A journey to visit several places for pleasure
verb
To travel to several places to perform a show
To visit several places for pleasure

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

chandelier

US / ˌʃændəˈlɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌʃændəˈlɪr /

noun
Decorative light fixture hanging from a ceiling

communicate

US / kə'mju:nɪkeɪt /

•

UK / kəˈmjunɪˌket /

verb
To give and exchange information

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

melt

US / melt /

•

UK / mɛlt /

verb
To disappear or to go away
To make, become soft or liquid due to heat
To become liquid through heating

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

street

US / stri:t /

•

UK / strit /

noun
Road in a city with buildings and places to walk

struggle

US / 'strʌɡl /

•

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

noun
Strong efforts made to do something difficult
verb
To try very hard to do something difficult

wrap

US / ræp /

•

UK / ræp /

noun
Piece of clothing worn loosely on the shoulders
Thin bread filled with food and rolled
verb
To be or move around something
To cover something with paper or a cloth e.g. gift

efficiently

US / ɪ'fɪʃntlɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that does not create waste

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

labor

US / 'leɪbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlebɚ /

noun
The people with work in a community
All of the workers in a country, specific company
verb
To struggle to do something because it's difficult
To work hard (often physically) for many hours

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

industrial

US / ɪnˈdʌstriəl /

•

UK / ɪnˈdʌstriəl /

adjecitve
Concerning making things in factories

rebrand

US / ˌriːˈbrænd /

•

UK / ˌriːˈbrænd /

verb
To change the identify or message of a brand

luxury

US / ˈlʌkʃəri /

•

UK / ˈlʌɡʒəri, ˈlʌkʃə- /

noun
Something expensive bought for pleasure
Something that gives great comfort and pleasure
Something useful, helpful but not always available

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

window

US / ˈwɪndəʊ /

•

UK / ˈwɪndoʊ /

noun
Opening in a wall or door to let in light
Opening in a wall through which people do business

coating

US / ˈkəʊtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈkoʊtɪŋ /

noun
Layers of e.g. paint on something
verb
To cover something thinly with something

column

US / ˈkɒləm /

•

UK / ˈkɑ:ləm /

noun
Regular series of articles in a newspaper/magazine
Strong vertical stone pillar that holds up a roof
Vertical line in a table or chart

exploit

US / ɪk'splɔɪt /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplɔɪt /

noun
Personal journey or series of events
verb
To selfishly take advantage of or treat badly
To use something in a very effective manner

interpret

US / ɪn'tɜ:prɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɚprɪt /

verb
To express so that others understand it
To translate what is said into another language

mass

US / mæs /

•

UK / mæs /

noun
Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
Large amount or number of something
Main or largest part of something
Large number of people considered as a whole
Amount of matter that an object has
verb
To gather people or things into a large group

replicate

US / 'replɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈrɛplɪˌket /

verb
To make one or more exact copies of itself
To repeat something (e.g. experiment, process)

ware

US / weə(r) /

•

UK / wɛr /

noun
Articles made of the stated substance or method

cornice

US / ˈkɔ:nɪs /

•

UK / ˈkɔ:rnɪs /

noun
Projecting molding on building

craft

US / krɑ:ft /

•

UK / kræft /

noun
Job requiring a worker to have specific skills
Vehicle that travels on water or through the air
verb
To make by hand and with much skill

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

cut

US / kʌt /

•

UK / kʌt /

noun
Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
verb
To reduce the size or amount of something
To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

conditioning

US / kənˈdɪʃnɪŋ , kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ /

•

UK / kənˈdɪʃnɪŋ , kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ /

noun
Act of making better or improving
Learning process dependent on stimulus
verb
To improve something to make it better
To cause to behave automatically in a certain way

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

stone

US / stəʊn /

•

UK / stoʊn /

noun
Hard, solid piece of rock
verb
To kill as a punishment, by throwing stones at

blue

US / blu: /

•

UK / blu /

adjecitve
Color of the clear sky
Feeling sad or down

embrace

US / ɪm'breɪs /

•

UK / ɛmˈbres /

noun
Act of holding someone closely
verb
To hold closely; cuddle, kiss or hug

compare

US / kəm'peə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpɛr /

verb
To consider how similar and different things are

horta

US / ˈhɔrtə /

•

UK / /

other
Belgian architect and leader in art nouveau architecture

favour

US / ˈfeɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfevɚ /

noun
What someone asks of you; helpful act; a kindness
verb
To prefer or promote over another

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

architect

US / ˈɑ:kɪtekt /

•

UK / ˈɑrkɪˌtɛkt /

noun
Person who designs and advises on buildings

camp

US / kæmp /

•

UK / kæmp /

noun
A (military) base
Exaggerated behavior meant to be funny
Place where people live for a short time in tents
verb
To live temporarily, e.g. in a tent or a vehicle

experimental

US / ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl /

•

UK / ɪkˌspɛrəˈmɛntl /

adjecitve
Using techniques that are different or untried

nick

US / nɪk /

•

UK / nɪk /

noun
Person's name
Scratches caused by accidentally knocking
verb
To make a scratch in
To steal

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

segment

US / ˈsegmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛɡmənt /

noun
Part divided from the other parts of something
verb
To separate something into different parts

repetition

US / ˌrepəˈtɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrɛpɪˈtɪʃən /

noun
When something occurs again
Saying something again

stonemason

US / ˈstəʊnmeɪsn /

•

UK / ˈstonˌmesən /

noun
Craftsman who works with stone or brick

color

US / 'kʌlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌlɚ /

noun
Quality of things you can see, e.g. red, blue
Pink or red in your face, e.g. after being ill
The shade of someone's skin e.g. black, or yellow
verb
To change or affect someone's opinion
To make something colorful using colored pencils

graffiti

US / grəˈfi:ti /

•

UK / ɡrəˈfiti /

noun
Writings and drawings on walls, often rude, funny

italian

US / ɪ'tælɪən /

•

UK / ɪˈtæljən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Italy
noun
Person from Italy

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

opening

US / ˈəʊpnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈoʊpnɪŋ /

noun
Free job; job you can apply for
Action of starting something, e.g. a new business
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

slump

US / slʌmp /

•

UK / slʌmp /

noun
Time when an economy becomes less successful
verb
To sit, lean or fall down because tired or ill
Sudden reduction in prices, profits or amounts
To decline suddenly by a large amount

texture

US / ˈtekstʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛkstʃɚ /

noun
Quality from different elements, as in music
Look and feel of a substance or material
verb
To give a particular look or feel to a surface

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

venice

US / ˈvenɪs /

•

UK / ˈvɛnɪs /

other
The provincial capital of Veneto; built on islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

bay

US / beɪ /

•

UK / be /

noun
Part of an ocean or lake partly surrounded by land

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

historically

US / hɪ'stɒrɪklɪ /

•

UK / hɪsˈtɔrɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In history; in the past

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

invention

US / ɪnˈvenʃn /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛnʃən /

noun
Something new that is different from other things
Power or ability to create new things
Process of creating a new device or idea

mercer

US / 'mɜ:sə /

•

UK / 'mɜ:sə /

other
A dealer in textiles (especially silks)

industrialization

US / ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪ'zeɪʃn /

•

UK / ɪnˌdʌstrɪələˈzeʃən /

noun
Process of creating and developing many businesses

thin

US / θɪn /

•

UK / θɪn /

adjecitve
Flowing with ease; with a high percentage of water
(Of air) having little oxygen
Being or growing far apart in small amounts
Not thick; not wide in size
Having little flesh or fat on the body
Being weak or useless
verb
To make flow more easily by adding water or liquid

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

mold

US / məʊld /

•

UK / mold /

noun
Distinctive type of character or nature
Fungus growing on old food or in wet dark places
Container to shape material into a certain form
verb
To influence a person's character or behavior
To form something into a shape

perform

US / pə'fɔ:m /

•

UK / pɚˈfɔrm /

verb
To carry out an action well or successfully
To entertain an audience by dancing, singing etc.

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

tall

US / tɔ:l /

•

UK / tɔl /

adjecitve
High in height

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

ornate

US / ɔ:ˈneɪt /

•

UK / ɔ:rˈneɪt /

adjecitve
Decorated with many fancy objects or patterns

scale

US / skeɪl /

•

UK / skel /

noun
Size, level, or amount when compared
Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
Device that is used to weigh a person or thing
Range of numbers from the lowest to the highest
Dimensions or size of something
verb
To change the size of but keep the proportions
To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
To remove the scales of a fish

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

chicago

US / ʃɪ'kɑ:gəʊ, -'kɔ:- /

•

UK / ʃɪ'kɑ:ɡoʊˌ -'kɔ:- /

proper noun
A city in northeastern Illinois, on Lake Michigan; population 2,853,114 (est. 2008). Chicago develop

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

explore

US / ɪk'splɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplɔr /

verb
To examine something in detail to learn about it
To travel to a place to discover more about it

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

sidewalk

US / ˈsaɪdwɔ:k /

•

UK / ˈsaɪdˌwɔk /

noun
Paved area for pedestrians, usually beside a road

wood

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

adjecitve
Living or existing in the woods
Made from the material from trees
noun
Person's name
Land covered with trees, smaller than a forest
Cut tree used for making fires or building things
verb
To plant an area of land with trees

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

mature

US / məˈtʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / məˈtʃʊr /

adjecitve
Behaving like an adult
Being fully developed physically
verb
(Wine, cheese) To age to improve its taste

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

pedal

US / ˈpedl /

•

UK / ˈpɛdl /

noun
Lever worked by the foot, e.g. the brakes of a car

repeat

US / rɪˈpi:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpit /

noun
Action that is done again
Musical passage that is to be played again
Radio or television program that was shown before
verb
To do something over again
To say something you have learned and memorized
To relate something you have been told by another
To say something again

classical

US / ˈklæsɪkl /

•

UK / ˈklæsɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture of ancient Greece or Rome
(Of music) serious and traditional in form
Concerning ideas considered to be traditional

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

machine

US / mə'ʃi:n /

•

UK / məˈʃin /

noun
Piece of equipment used to do work
Powerful group who control and organize things
verb
To shape, work on something, using a device

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

freedom

US / 'fri:dəm /

•

UK / ˈfridəm /

noun
State of being free, not being controlled

kitchen

US / ˈkɪtʃɪn /

•

UK / ˈkɪtʃən /

noun
Place where food is cooked

newness

US / nju:nəs /

•

UK / ˈnjunɪs /

noun
State of being fresh or unfamiliar

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

sculptural

US / 'skʌlptʃərəl /

•

UK / 'skʌlptʃərəl /

adjecitve
Concerning or consisting of sculpture

worm

US / wɜ:m /

•

UK / wɚm /

noun
Small thin tube-shaped animal without legs
verb
To remove worms from an animals stomach
To get information, etc. out of, by tricking them
To cause something to move slowly or weave through

art

US / ɑ:t /

•

UK / ɑrt /

noun
Creative skill using the imagination e.g. painting
A skill or talent you have

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

masonry

US / ˈmeɪsənri /

•

UK / ˈmesənri /

noun
Materials used to build brick or stone structures
Art or trade of building something stone or brick
Work done by a mason; stonework

plate

US / pleɪt /

•

UK / plet /

noun
Flat dish used for eating or serving food
Smooth, thin piece of metal applied in a layer
Small, flat piece of metal with information on it
verb
To put a layer of metal on something to protect it

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

shroud

US / ʃraʊd /

•

UK / ʃraʊd /

noun
Cover for a dead body
verb
To hide, as with secrecy; make it difficult to see

store

US / stɔ:(r) /

•

UK / stɔr, stor /

noun
Place where things are kept for future use
Place where you can go to buy things
verb
To put things in a place for later use

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

conversation

US / ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑnvɚˈseʃən /

noun
Talking with other people; discussion or chat

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

inventive

US / ɪnˈventɪv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛntɪv /

adjecitve
Having the ability to think up/create new things

ornateness

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Elaborate or excessive decoratiom

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

palace

US / ˈpæləs /

•

UK / ˈpælɪs /

noun
Official home of a ruler, such as a king or queen

panel

US / 'pænl /

•

UK / ˈpænəl /

noun
Group who answer questions or give opinions
Flat surface with controls and switches
Flat, thin piece of material, often made of wood
verb
To cover a wall with thin pieces of wood

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

treat

US / tri:t /

•

UK / trit /

noun
Something you buy for others as a surprise present
something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
verb
To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
To act in a certain way toward someone

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

eclectic

US / ɪˈklektɪk /

•

UK / ɪˈklɛktɪk /

adjecitve
Of a wide variety; not narrow or restricted

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

nouveau

US / nuːˈvəʊ /

•

UK / nuːˈvoʊ /

adjecitve
Nouveau riche newly rich and wanting to show it

nth

US / enθ /

•

UK / ɛnθ /

number
Last or greatest in an indefinitely large series

offsite

US / u:fsk'ri:n /

•

UK / u:fsk'ri:n /

capital

US / 'kæpɪtl /

•

UK / ˈkæpɪtl /

adjecitve
Main, or major
noun
Writing the first letter of a word in big letters
Official main city of a country, province or state
Collective name for money, shares, and assets
Money that is used for a business

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

dart

US / dɑ:t /

•

UK / dɑ:rt /

verb
To move suddenly away; race away

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

decoration

US / ˌdekəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdɛkəˈreʃən /

noun
Making something more attractive or beautiful
Act of awarding a medal to someone

invent

US / ɪnˈvent /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛnt /

verb
To create something such as a story or excuse
To create something useful for the first time

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

paris

US / 'pærɪs /

•

UK / ˈpærɪs /

other
Sometimes placed in subfamily Trilliaceae

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

soho

US / səuˈhəu /

•

UK / ˈsoˌho /

other
A city district of central London now noted for restaurants and nightclubs
A district in southwestern Manhattan noted for its shops and restaurants and galleries and artist's

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

school

US / sku:l /

•

UK / skul /

adjecitve
Being to do with schools and education
noun
Large group of fish that swim together
Education of a child
Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
A particular belief or idea about something
verb
To teach or train someone to know or do something

shop

US / ʃɒp /

•

UK / ʃɑ:p /

noun
Place to learn how to fix or make things; class
Place where things are fixed or repaired, e.g. cars
Place which sells things
verb
To look for or buy goods or services

stamp

US / stæmp /

•

UK / stæmp /

noun
Object used to mark a surface with a pattern
Sign of a particular quality
Piece of paper you pay to put on a letter you mail
Forceful step with your foot on the ground
verb
To press a seal on a document to make it official
To cause something to be remembered
To put a stamp on a letter
To make a loud sound with your foot, as when angry

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

hammer

US / ˈhæmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhæmɚ /

noun
Part of a gun that causes a bullet to shoot out
Heavy metal tool for hitting a nail into wood
verb
To bring severe damage, harm, or blame upon
To defeat someone easily and totally
To hit at repeatedly causing a lot of noise
To use a hammer to hit into a particular shape
To hit nails into something with a hammer

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

originally

US / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

adverb
At first; in the beginning
In a new and unique manner

purely

US / ˈpjʊəli /

•

UK / ˈpjʊrli /

adverb
For no other reason; only and completely

sperm

US / spɜ:m /

•

UK / spə:m /

noun
Cell produced by men and needed for reproduction

commercial

US / kəˈmə:ʃəl /

•

UK / kəˈmɚʃəl /

adjecitve
noun
Radio or television advertisement

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

slender

US / ˈslendə(r) /

•

UK / ˈslɛndɚ /

adjecitve
Being small or almost insufficient in amount
Being thin in an appealing and graceful way

rediscover

US / ˌriːdɪˈskʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˌriːdɪˈskʌvər /

verb
To find something that had been lost

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

technical

US / ˈteknɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɛknɪkəl /

adjecitve
Complex; difficult to understand
Of practical use of machine/science in industry

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

stretch

US / stretʃ /

•

UK / strɛtʃ /

noun
Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
A consecutive row of things
A period of time
verb
To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
To make something bigger by pulling on it

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

wall

US / wɔ:l /

•

UK / wɔl /

noun
High, flat side of a room or building

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

inventiveness

US / ɪn'ventɪvnəs /

•

UK / ɪn'ventɪvnəs /

noun
Power of creative imagination

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

shadow

US / 'ʃædəʊ /

•

UK / ˈʃædo /

noun
Person who follows another person to observe them
Area of darkness that is caused by blocked light
verb
To cover something with shade
To secretly follow a person

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

belgium

US / 'beldʒəm /

•

UK / 'beldʒəm /

noun
A monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Tr

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

herzog

US / 'herɪtɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ /

queen

US / kwi:n /

•

UK / kwin /

adjecitve
Big, female insect that is capable of laying eggs
noun
Person's name
Playing card, with the image of a queen on it
Piece in chess has the most freedom of movement
Big, female insect that is capable of laying eggs
Female royal ruler; the wife of a king
Very successful woman who is the best at something

podium

US / ˈpəʊdiəm /

•

UK / ˈpoʊdiəm /

noun
Small raised area you stand on to give a speech

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

mall

US / mɔ:l /

•

UK / mɔl, mæl /

noun
Large public area often covered with grass
Large shopping center with many individual stores

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

candle

US / ˈkændl /

•

UK / ˈkændl /

noun
Stick of wax with a string you light to make light

identity

US / aɪ'dentətɪ /

•

UK / aɪˈdɛntɪti /

noun
Collection of qualities that makes a person

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

broadway

US / ˈbrɔːdweɪ /

•

UK / ˈbrɔːdweɪ /

noun
A street in Manhattan that passes through Times Square; famous for its theaters

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

building

US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

noun
A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

skinniness

US / ˈskɪnɪnəs /

•

UK / skɪˈnaɪnəs /

noun
Condition of being skinny, or too thin

string

US / strɪŋ /

•

UK / strɪŋ /

noun
A line of connected objects
Thick thread; thin rope
verb
To tie or connect things together with a thread

tensile

US / ˈtensaɪl /

•

UK / ˈtensl /

adjecitve
Concerning tension

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

carve

US / kɑ:v /

•

UK / kɑ:rv /

verb
To cut a piece of cooked meat into thin slices
To make a cut in, e.g. to write your name on tree
To cut wood, etc., into a particular shape

curve

US / kə:v /

•

UK / kɚv /

noun
Smooth rounded line that is not straight
verb
To make something bend into a rounded shape

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

original

US / ə'rɪdʒənl /

•

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəl /

adjecitve
Being first made, thought or performed; fresh
Being unique or thinking differently from others

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

department

US / dɪˈpɑ:tmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈpɑ:rtmənt /

noun
Division of a larger part or organization

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

fluorescent

US / ˌflɔ:ˈresnt /

•

UK / flʊˈrɛsənt, flɔ-, flo- /

adjecitve
Having the property of fluorescence; brightly lit

introduce

US / ˌɪntrəˈdju:s /

•

UK / ˌɪntrəˈdus, -ˈdjus /

verb
To open an essay to set the scene
To guide or explain something, e.g. a town
To begin the use of a new thing or practice
To make someone known to another by name
To insert or put something inside another thing

expression

US / ɪk'spreʃn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsprɛʃən /

noun
Act of making your thoughts and feelings known
Group of words that have a specific meaning

length

US / leŋθ /

•

UK / leŋθ /

noun
Distance from one end of a pool to the other
Measurement of distance or of time

oppose

US / əˈpəʊz /

•

UK / əˈpoʊz /

verb
To fight against someone in a contest or game

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

rapid

US / ˈræpɪd /

•

UK / ˈræpɪd /

adjecitve
Moving or happening very quickly
noun
Rough and fast-moving part of a river

perforate

US / ˈpɜ:fəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɜ:rfəreɪt /

verb
To make a hole through something

polychrome

US / 'pɒlɪkrəʊm /

•

UK / 'pɒlɪˌkroʊm /

adjecitve
Piece of work composed of or decorated in many colors

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

heart

US / hɑ:t /

•

UK / hɑrt /

noun
A feeling of care for others; compassion
Courage, confidence, and emotional strength
Be cheerfully encouraging
Most essential, important, or central part
Referring to a promise or something important
State or feelings of affection or deep love
Core part of a vegetable, e.g. a lettuce
The part of the body that pumps blood
Place where emotions are believed to be felt
A shape that represents love

notably

US / ˈnəʊtəbli /

•

UK / ˈnoʊtəbli /

adverb
In a way that deserves notice; particularly

mixture

US / ˈmɪkstʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɪkstʃɚ /

noun
Something made by combining two or more things

victor

US / 'vɪktə(r) /

•

UK / ˈvɪktər /

noun
Person who wins a game or other competition

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

unexposed

US / 'ʌnɪks'pəʊzd /

•

UK / ˌʌnɪk'spoʊzd /

adjecitve
(Of camera film) not yet used

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

comfortable

US / ˈkʌmftəbl /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfətəbəl, ˈkʌmftəbəl /

adjecitve
Having more than enough e.g. money for your needs
Being relaxed, warm or happy

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

palazzo

US / pəˈlɑ:tsəu /

•

UK / pəˈlɑtso /

noun
Large impressive building, especially in Italy

rust

US / rʌst /

•

UK / rʌst /

noun
Reddish brown color
Disease causing red and brown spots on leaves
A red crust on old iron and steel objects
verb
To form a red crust on old iron and steel objects

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

buckle

US / 'bʌkl /

•

UK / 'bʌkl /

noun
Metal attachment or hook on the end of a belt
verb
To bend and lose strength when under pressure
To attach or close something with a buckle
To make bend or fall apart from heat or pressure
To give up, agree to do from being under pressure

crystal

US / 'krɪstl /

•

UK / ˈkrɪstəl /

noun
A solid formed by the solidification of a chemical
Rock with regularly repeating internal structure
Person's name

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

sewing

US / ˈsəʊɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsoʊɪŋ /

verb
To make something using a needle and thread

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

retail

US / 'ri:teɪl /

•

UK / ˈriˌtel /

adjecitve
Concerning the selling of goods to the public
adverb
Bought or sold in a store or shop
noun
Business of selling products to the public
verb
To sell at a particular price

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

paint

US / peɪnt /

•

UK / pent /

noun
Colored liquid you apply with a brush
verb
To make a picture with colored liquids
To describe as
To apply a color, oil or sealant with a brush

scheme

US / ski:m /

•

UK / skim /

noun
Plan (sometimes dishonest) to get or do something
Way something is organized, e.g. colors of a room
verb
To make secret plans to do something (often bad)

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

direct

US / də'rekt /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

adverb
Coming straight from something
verb
To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
To show the way by conducting or leading
To control the acting in a movie or play

extrude

US / ɪk'stru:d /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrud /

verb
To shape materials by forcing through a hole, etc.

flat

US / flæt /

•

UK / flæt /

adjecitve
Level; even; without curves or bumps
Lifeless; lacking energy or vitality
adverb
In a certain, direct or absolute manner
Against a surface without lifting or curving away
noun
Apartment; set of rooms for living in
The smooth or level part of something
Musical tone lower than another by a small degree
verb
To share an apartment with someone

decorative

US / ˈdekərətɪv /

•

UK / ˈdekəreɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Being attractive but not necessarily useful

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

industry

US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

noun
Hard work; being busy working
Factories or businesses that make certain products

reduction

US / rɪ'dʌkʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈdʌkʃən /

noun
Act of making something smaller
Amount that a price is decreased by

simplification

US / ˌsɪmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪmpləfəˈkeʃən /

noun
Act of making easier to do, use or understand

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

issue

US / 'ɪʃu: /

•

UK / ˈɪʃu /

noun
Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
Single edition of a magazine
verb
To make something available to be used or sold
To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

neighbourhood

US / ˈneɪbəhʊd /

•

UK / ˈneɪbərhʊd /

noun
Area of a town or city that people live in

insert

US / ɪnˈsɜ:t /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɜ:rt /

noun
Act of putting into a certain place or spot
verb
To put something into a certain place or spot

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

reemergence

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
The process of coming into sight or prominence once more.

riff

US / rɪf /

•

UK / rɪf /

noun
Short series of repeated notes in music

balcony

US / 'bælkənɪ /

•

UK / ˈbælkəni /

noun
Platform with a rail projecting out of a building

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

flame

US / fleɪm /

•

UK / flem /

noun
The red part you can see in fire
verb
To glow
To burn or glow in a fire
To glow (as in the sun or sunset)
To send angry messages over the Internet; to troll

houston

US / ˈhju:stən /

•

UK / ˈhjustən /

proper noun
An inland port of Texas, linked to the Gulf of Mexico by the Houston Ship Canal; population 2,242,19

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

temperature

US / ˈtemprətʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə- /

noun
When you your body heat is above normal
How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather

contemporary

US / kən'temprərɪ /

•

UK / kənˈtɛmpəˌrɛri /

adjecitve
Being modern, up -to-date, of this age
Happening in the same time period
noun
Person doing things at the same time as you

appropriate

US / ə'prəʊprɪət /

•

UK / əˈpropriɪt /

adjecitve
Right or suitable for some situation or purpose
verb
To set aside money for a specific later purpose
To take (money or goods) without permission

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

ernest

US / ˈɜːnɪst /

•

UK / ˈɜrnəst /

hide

US / haɪd /

•

UK / haɪd /

noun
The skin of an animal used for making leather
verb
To go to, or put a thing where it can't be found

occupant

US / ˈɒkjəpənt /

•

UK / ˈɑ:kjəpənt /

noun
Person who lives or is in a certain place e.g. car

pilaster

US / pɪˈlæstə(r) /

•

UK / pɪˈlæstər /

noun
Rectangular column that usually projects about a third of its width from the wall to which it is att

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

estate

US / ɪˈsteɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈstet /

noun
A large piece of land, usually with a large house
Group of houses all built at the same time

frame

US / freɪm /

•

UK / frem /

noun
Structure that holds a picture or photo
A person's body shape determined by their skeleton
Main part of structures supporting the other parts
verb
To make a person that is not guilty appear guilty
To put say or write something in a careful way
To put a picture in a protective structure

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

advertise

US / ˈædvətaɪz /

•

UK / ˈædvərtaɪz /

verb
To show how good a product is, to make people buy

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

company

US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

•

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

noun
Good feeling from being with someone else
A business that sells things or provides services
Guests, especially in your home
Being with another person rather than alone

experiment

US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

noun
Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
verb
To create and perform tests to research something
To try something new that you haven't tried before

fireproof

US / 'faɪəpru:f /

•

UK / ˈfaɪrˌpruf /

other
Impervious to damage by fire
Make resistant to fire

game

US / ɡeɪm /

•

UK / ɡem /

noun
Activity with rules that people play to have fun
Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
Match between two teams

floor

US / flɔ:(r) /

•

UK / flɔr, flor /

noun
Large area used for a particular purpose
Part of a room on which you stand
Particular level in a building; storey
verb
To hit or push someone to the ground
To surprise or confuse someone who can't respond

particular

US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

adjecitve
One specific (one)
Having firm ideas about what is desirable
Being special or more than is typical

relevant

US / ˈreləvənt /

•

UK / ˈrɛləvənt /

adjecitve
Having an effect on an issue; related or current

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

thinness

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Degree to which something is thin

renaissance

US / rɪˈneɪsns /

•

UK / ˈrenəsɑ:ns /

noun
Period of intense activity in art and science
Renewed interest in a particular field or subject

corner

US / 'kɔ:nə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɔrnɚ /

noun
Place where two lines, sides, corners etc. meet
Edges of something, e.g. eyes, boxing ring
verb
To force into a position impossible to escape from
To go around a bend in the road (often by driving)

eat

US / i:t /

•

UK / it /

verb
To put food in your mouth

component

US / kəmˈpəʊnənt /

•

UK / kəmˈponənt /

adjecitve
Being a part of something
noun
One of the parts that something is made up of

heat

US / hi:t /

•

UK / hit /

noun
State of anger, excitement, or arguing
Particular temperature at which to cook something
High temperature
One of series of races to find the finalists
Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
verb
To make hot or hotter

lightweight

US / ˈlaɪtweɪt /

•

UK / ˈlaɪtˌwet /

adjecitve
Weighing less compared to a similar thing

fabricate

US / ˈfæbrɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈfæbrɪˌket /

verb
To invent or create, especially to deceive, trick
To say things that are not true to trick someone
To manufacture things

obviously

US / ˈɒbviəsli /

•

UK / ˈɑːbviəsli /

adverb
In a way that is obvious/easy to see or understand

profile

US / 'prəʊfaɪl /

•

UK / ˈproˌfaɪl /

noun
A short description of a person or group
Shape of someone's head when viewed from the side
verb
To write a short description of a person or group

precedent

US / ˈpresɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈprɛsɪdənt /

noun
A similar action happening before now

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

bond

US / bɒnd /

•

UK / bɑnd /

noun
Rope, chain or other thing used to tie someone up
Closeness that is shared between people or groups
Loan that a government must buy back by a set date
Written agreement to pay back borrowed money
Joint or connection, often using glue
verb
To develop a close relationship with
To become joined or connected, e.g. using glue

historic

US / hɪˈstɒrɪk /

•

UK / hɪˈstɔrɪk, -ˈstɑr- /

adjecitve
(Of past event) having an effect on future; famous
Connected with the past

lintel

US / ˈlɪntl /

•

UK / ˈlɪntl /

noun
Horizontal beam over a door or window

realize

US / 'ri:əlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈriəˌlaɪz /

verb
To become aware of or understand mentally

skyscraper

US / 'skaɪskreɪpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈskaɪˌskrepɚ /

noun
Very tall building with many stories

sell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

verb
To exchange something for money
To persuade people to do, like or agree

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

walk

US / wɔ:k /

•

UK / wɔk /

noun
Journey on foot done for pleasure or exercise
verb
To move with your legs at a slowish pace

consider

US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

verb
To think carefully about something

brittle

US / 'brɪtl /

•

UK / ˈbrɪtl /

adjecitve
Easily broken, cracked, or snapped

emporium

US / emˈpɔ:riəm /

•

UK / ɛmˈpɔriəm, -ˈpor- /

noun
(Archaic) a center of trade; market

terracotta

US / ˌterəˈkɒtə /

•

UK / ˌterəˈkɑ:tə /

noun
Reddish-colored clay soil used to make ceramics

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

among

US / əˈmʌŋ /

•

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

preposition
In the center of several things

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

mimic

US / 'mɪmɪk /

•

UK / ˈmɪmɪk /

noun
Someone who tries to act like another person
verb
To copy a person's words/actions to amuse people
To look or act like something else

stuck

US / stʌk /

•

UK / stʌk /

adjecitve
Not able to move
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

surround

US / səˈraʊnd /

•

UK / səˈraʊnd /

other
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
verb
To be all the way around something
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
To move closer on all sides of something

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

modular

US / 'mɒdjələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɑdʒəlɚ /

adjecitve
Constructed with standardized units or dimensions

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

white

US / waɪt /

•

UK / hwaɪt, waɪt /

adjecitve
Belonging to a race of people with light skin
Of the color of fresh snow and milk
noun
Person's name
Lightest color; The color of fresh snow.

width

US / wɪdθ /

•

UK / wɪdθ, wɪθ, wɪtθ /

noun
Distance from one side of something to the other
Piece of cloth that has been measured and cut

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

curtain

US / 'kɜ:tn /

•

UK / ˈkɚtn /

noun
Piece of cloth used to cover a window

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

ultimate

US / ˈʌltɪmət /

•

UK / ˈʌltəmɪt /

adjecitve
Basic; original; most significant
Being the greatest example of something
Happening or coming at the end of process; final

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

afford

US / ə'fɔ:d /

•

UK / əˈfɔrd, əˈford /

verb
To make available, to provide
To have enough money to pay for something

develop

US / dɪ'veləp /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

verb
To explain something in steps and in detail
To create or think of something
To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
To make a photograph from film

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

superficially

US / ˌsju:pə'fɪʃəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈsupɚˈfɪʃəlɪ /

adverb
On the surface; only as seen by the eye

temple

US / 'templ /

•

UK / ˈtɛmpəl /

noun
A flat area on the side of the forehead
Place for worship in many religions

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

market

US / ˈmɑ:kɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:rkɪt /

noun
Need or demand for a particular product or service
Area or region where a certain product is sold
Public event where people sell goods on tables
Institution where stocks are bought and sold
verb
To publicize products to get you to buy; advertise

fairly

US / 'feəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɛrli /

adverb
Quite; pretty; between very and a little
In a manner that is right and acceptable

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

singer

US / ˈsɪŋə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɚ /

noun
Person who sings, often as a profession

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

emerge

US / ɪ'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To rise or appear out of some background

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

exhibit

US / ɪɡ'zɪbɪt /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪbɪt, ɛɡ- /

noun
Object put on public display, e.g. in a gallery
verb
To show something, such as an emotion
To put object on public display, e.g. in a gallery

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

language

US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

noun
Words or signs used to communicate messages

cheaply

US / ˈtʃi:pli /

•

UK / ˈtʃiplɪ /

adverb
In an inexpensive way

depth

US / depθ /

•

UK / dɛpθ /

noun
Distance below a surface

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

factory

US / ˈfæktri /

•

UK / ˈfæktəri /

noun
Building where things are made

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

primarily

US / praɪˈmerəli /

•

UK / praɪˈmɛrəli, -ˈmɛr- /

adverb
In the most basic or important way

proper

US / 'prɒpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɑpɚ /

adjecitve
Correct according to social or moral rules

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

filigree

US / ˈfɪlɪɡriː /

•

UK / ˈfɪlɪɡriː /

noun
Ornamental openwork of delicate, intricate design

fascinating

US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

adjecitve
Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
Very interesting
verb
To attract or interest greatly

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

affinity

US / ə'fɪnətɪ /

•

UK / əˈfɪnɪti /

noun
A feeling of attraction or relationship

egg

US / eg /

•

UK / ɛɡ /

noun
Hard-shelled thing from which a young bird is born

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

fire

US / 'faɪə(r) /

•

UK / faɪr /

noun
Heat and the flame produced when burning
Intense energy for or about something
verb
To apply heat to something to make it hard
To make a person leave their job; dismiss
To shoot a gun or weapon
To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
To start working on something e.g. a project

glass

US / ɡlɑ:s /

•

UK / ɡlæs /

adjecitve
Being made of glass
noun
Clear hard container used for drinking
A lens for eyewear
Hard see-through material used for making windows

imitate

US / ˈɪmɪteɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪmɪˌtet /

verb
To act, speak like someone or something else

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

iron

US / ˈaɪən /

•

UK / ˈaɪərn /

adjecitve
Being very tough, strong, and determined
noun
Heavy metal device heated to smooth clothes
Golf club with a metal head
Strong hard metal used to make steel
verb
To use a hot flat-based machine to smooth clothes

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

cast

US / kɑ:st /

•

UK / kæst /

noun
People who appear in a play or movie
Small amount of a particular color
Shape to pour hot metal in to create objects
Hard covering put around injured arm, leg etc.
verb
To give specific roles to actors in a movie, play
To describe someone's personality or character
To make objects using a mold
To be presented in a certain way
To send out or direct something
To throw something using a line, e.g. when fishing

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

york

US / jɔ:k /

•

UK / jɔrk /

proper noun
A city in northern England, on the Ouse River; population 136,900 (est. 2009).
A commercial and industrial city in southeastern Pennsylvania; population 40,097 (est. 2008).
The southwestern tip of Hayes Peninsula, on Baffin Bay in Greenland. It served as a base for US expl

anne

US / æn /

•

UK / æn /

noun
Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; daughter if James II and the last of the Stuart monarchs;

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

style

US / staɪl /

•

UK / staɪl /

noun
The (tasteful) way something is designed or done
verb
To shape or design something in a certain way

whenever

US / wenˈevə(r) /

•

UK / hwɛnˈɛvɚ /

adverb
At any or every time that

district

US / 'dɪstrɪkt /

•

UK / ˈdɪstrɪkt /

noun
Area of a country, city, or town

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

dead

US / ded /

•

UK / dɛd /

adjecitve
Not alive
Being bored or not interested
Unable to operate because electricity etc. ran out
Being unable to feel, physically or emotionally
adverb
Completely; absolutely

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon
verb
To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

Subtitles section

I'm Nick Potts, I'm an architect.

Today we are in Soho's Cast Iron District and we're going to be doing an architectural walking tour of the neighborhood.

So the word Soho to describe this neighborhood is actually a fairly recent invention from the 1960s where the real estate industry was looking to rebrand this neighborhood to describe an area that's south of Houston Street and create a new identity for it as a luxury residential neighborhood.

Before that, it was actually a much more industrial neighborhood.

And what you see here, these cast iron buildings are really the result of an exploration of a new building type.

Soho has the largest concentration of cast iron buildings, really, in the world.

A lot of that is the result of the rapid industrialization that happened here in the 1860s and 1870s.

And also the fact that the material in these cast iron buildings were invented and fabricated just several blocks further south in what's currently Tribeca.

So behind me is the Constable's Store at the corner of Mercer and Howard Streets.

It's a very early cast iron building.

Cast iron became popular because it could very cheaply and efficiently replicate stone.

And so what you see in the detailing of the podium of the Constable's Store is really iron imitating stone.

And on the corner, you can see right at the lintel level this kind of bumpy, wormy texture, which in the Renaissance, it would have been a carved stone.

It's called vermiculated.

It's almost meant to imitate wood that's been eaten away by worms.

So here we have something that interpreted wood, reinterpreted in iron.

With cast iron, you make the mold once and then you can kind of quickly replicate and create multiple pieces.

So for a commercial building like this, which was not an expensive building, but it needed to communicate luxury and the stone carving.

And so you could do this out of iron and do it cheaply and make 30 of them as opposed to making one.

And what do you see on the Constable's Store is the camp of it being treated as a detail.

The cast iron is really the first floor of the building where it was shop windows.

This building is also a new building type.

It was a dry goods emporium or a department store, which really didn't have precedent as a building type.

And the architects felt that they had some freedom to be inventive.

You know, what's the proper language for a department store?

The top parts of the building with these segmented arches are more French.

The lower floor with the full arches is more Italian.

And then the base of the building is almost more classical, pulling motifs from palaces and temples and assembling them almost at random as a piece of cut and paste.

So behind me is 488 Broadway, also known as the Howitz Building, which is named after the original occupant of the building.

It was a department store.

The building is really one of the most important cast iron buildings in this district, if not all of New York.

If we were talking about whether cast iron is a detail or a whole building, here it's an entire building.

And it looks superficially like a Renaissance palazzo.

It's almost a dead ringer in the window bay for the Marciano Library in Venice, obviously at a very different scale and a very different context.

And it's kind of a great exhibit of the struggle of these buildings to find an appropriate language.

You know, it looks like an historic building, but really this building, it's all about technology and embracing newness and fabrication and manufacturing.

So cast iron in a building of this scale, it was really a modular building type.

Each window bay, each component would have been made in a factory offsite and assembled offsite and then just stuck on the side of the building like a curtain wall building in a skyscraper is today.

So it's really a very modern, contemporary way of building.

The components themselves would have been designed by an architect, but the building itself really isn't the kind of thing that an architect would design.

So this struggle between history and technology is really at the heart of the 19th century and the heart of a building like this.

The reason why Venice was used here, obviously the buildings that it was based on were built out of stone, but they had a huge amount of glass.

This was before fluorescent light.

This is before air conditioning.

This is before any sort of the building technologies that we use to make our buildings comfortable.

So having huge windows, which the cast iron, because it can be built very skinny, lets you do.

It also means that there's a lot of light inside the building.

And this was a, you know, this was a place for work and it was a place for selling wares.

So being able to see the product inside the building without being surrounded by heavy stone walls was a huge benefit.

Now we're standing in front of 502 to 504 Broadway from 1860.

Unlike the Howitz building, this building really doesn't have an historic style.

In fact, full disclosure, it's actually not a cast iron building.

It's a stone building, but it's appropriating a language that was developed in cast iron buildings several years earlier, just a few blocks further South.

That motif is called the sperm candle style.

And that's really meant to describe the columns on the second and third floor, these very slender columns that kind of end in a flame.

People thought it looked like a candle, like the sperm whale candles that were used to light buildings at the time.

And this was a style that was developed a few years earlier on White Street.

There are quite a few examples and it was a purely cast iron sort of expression.

So what we have here is a stone building mimicking a cast iron style that emerged due to the technology and the thinness of cast iron, which is ironic considering that cast iron originally was developed as a building material because it could mimic stone.

So because the labor of having a stonemason be on site is so much more than what can be produced in a factory, there's an inventiveness to the detail and a simplification and a reduction in ornateness compared with what you could do in cast iron.

What you can see is both an inventiveness because they couldn't afford to do full Corinthian capitals.

The capitals of the columns are pretty flat and almost two-dimensional.

And the same thing with the cornice.

It's just this simple profile, almost as if it's been extruded, that repeats across the entire length of the cornice, as opposed to something that could be cast like an egg and dart molding, which would be repeated and would be much more expensive to have someone carve.

So behind me is 478 Broadway.

And if a lot of the cast iron buildings in Soho were designed without architects, this is really one of the few of that period that was designed by an architect.

So the architect of this, Richard Morris Hunt, studied in Paris.

He was actually the first American architect to be trained at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, which was the major architecture school at the time.

He was really trying to push and define the language for this new building type, taking the material of cast iron and exploiting its potential.

The way that you work with metal is it can be melted, it can be strung, it can be stretched, it can be pulled and made much taller and skinnier than what you could do in stone.

And what he's doing here with these pilasters and columns is exploiting the skinniness and the potential of the material to be thin and lightweight in a way that stone, which would have been the building material you would have used before that,

Can never do.

He was exploiting the decorative potential of the material and the castings that you can do in a molded material and created these perforated decorative elements over the tops of the windows.

One other interesting thing about this building is it brings up the whole conversation about paint.

In a proper stone building, which would have preceded this, the idea of paint just wasn't an element.

Cast iron, obviously unexposed, it'll rust.

And the whole idea of, you know, you need to take the material that the building is made of and put a coating over it to protect it, brings up really a whole set of issues that really hadn't been thought of in proper architecture before.

And this building originally would have been painted out in a polychrome, which is multiple colors to call out different pieces of the building in blues and reds.

And so, you know, this was a moment in architecture where there's a lot of maximalism and the paint scheme would have been something that the architect would have explored as part of the building.

This is also fairly late in the cast iron game.

You know, cast iron was really only popular for about 20 years, late 1850s until 1870s before it fell out of favor.

Because it's taller and skinnier and more stretched, it's kind of taking its material to the nth degree.

All right, right now we're outside of 513 to 519 Broadway.

This is a very late building and it's actually the kind of building that happened after cast iron had fallen out of favor.

Cast iron was originally marketed as something that was fireproof.

There were several huge fires in 1871 in Chicago and Boston that really brought that into question.

And people realized that iron at a very high temperature will buckle and melt.

So the whole fireproofing, build your whole building out of cast iron fireproofness kind of fell out of favor.

And you can see a reemergence of masonry, which is fireproofed and can protect metals, which don't perform so well in heat as we found out.

If cast iron started as a detail, became a building, here it's kind of going back into the shadows and going back to being a detail.

That said, if you look at the components, they're the same sort of cast iron columns like the architect design components that would have been used on a whole cast iron building.

But here they're inserted in a masonry frame and the style of the building, because of that is much more eclectic and it's a Queen Anne building really.

So Queen Anne style, really it's a catch-all for a lot of late 19th century exploration.

It's not really historically proper aside from Corinthian columns, but they're not in a proper order.

It's just an eclectic, almost kind of, you know, kitchen soup sort of style.

If you look at the polychrome masonry, the use of terracotta, kind of the mixture of Renaissance forms and more arts and crafts shapes, everything is still manufactured.

The terracotta panels that you see are cast in a mold, which is a, you know, there's not someone out carving stone.

It's still, it's a machine-made product, but bring back masonry is part of the language.

So cast iron became less and less relevant as buildings became more mature.

And steel, when it became popular, kind of took over cast iron because it's more lightweight, it's more replicable, it's less brittle.

Now, if you're doing a steel building, it has to be fireproof because we've realized that you can't build a metal building without fireproofing the metal.

So whenever steel is used, you never actually see it.

It's always hidden behind a shroud of other elements.

A lot of that originally started with wrapping cast iron in terracotta.

So this building has both elements of what would actually become a more kind of hidden technical sort of system.

Right now, we're outside of 40 Bond in Noho.

So even though we're outside of Soho proper, this is a really great example of a more contemporary building that takes a lot of the language that was developed just a few blocks further south and reinterprets it in fully contemporary materials.

So if cast iron was really the experimental material in the middle of the 19th century, today that material is really glass.

Here, there's a lot of different glass.

You have the plate glass of the windows and framements around the windows are a slumped glass.

So it's been heated and molded on a form to get that curved shape.

And here, Herzog and de Meuron, who designed this building, used glass in a lot of the same ways that cast iron was being experimented with and played with here.

We think about the cast iron columns and those punched openings and the depth of the facades.

Soho also shows up here in that it's the repetition of elements.

If you look across the building, you'll see the windows are different widths, but the pieces framing them are all the same component.

It's exactly the same shape repeated over and over and over.

So they only need to make the mold once and repeat it across the building.

It's really a very direct sort of relationship to the cast iron columns of pilasters in Soho.

You also notice the base of the building looks at cast metals.

So here, it's a cast aluminum, but it's looking at this whole casting process and doing something decorative with it.

Here, it's a graffiti motif.

So thinking about New York in the 80s and 90s and the whole language of street art and tagging.

Here, the ornament in the cast metal isn't classical, but it's riffing on contemporary street art.

So behind me is the Little Singer building.

This was designed by Ernest Flagg in 1903.

He was also the architect of the other Singer building down on Broadway, which at one time was the tallest building in the world.

This is long after cast iron has fallen out of favor and become decoration again.

But what's really fascinating here is how the materials kind of become purely decorative.

You look at these filigrees and these arches and the way that it's being really exploited to all of its sculptural and lightweight and perforated potential.

So notably, this building is the Singer building.

So after the Singer Sewing Machine Company, if you think about the base of the iconic Singer Sewing Machine, this cast iron pedal and base.

Here, though the building is wrought iron, it's using the material and using some of the language of the filigree and the base of the product to advertise the product through the architecture of the building.

So there's some affinity between the cast iron that's used on this building and the product that was sold and manufactured in this building.

So this is the closest thing to an Art Nouveau building that we see in the cast iron language.

And you can see components of a little bit of everything.

There's the terracotta that was introduced much later.

There are cast iron elements with the columns in between the windows.

There's also wrought iron, which is the same material, but with a different sort of fabrication process as the filigree at the balconies and at the arch at the top of the building.

If you look at a lot of the iconic Art Nouveau projects that were going on around the same time in this building, things like what Victor Horta was doing in Belgium or Hector Guimard in Paris, it's all about exploiting the tensile character of the iron and really stretching and curving and pretty good with wrought iron,

The way that it's hammered out and it creates these curves.

So you see a lot of that in this building.

The wrought iron in particular wants to be curved.

The cast iron wants to be stamped or very tall and slender.

So the Art Nouveau style is really taking the language of metal to its ultimate expression.

This part of Broadway, when it was first developed, it was a shopping street.

There were department stores.

Howitz was a department store that sold things like crystal and chandeliers.

When this became primarily manufacturing in the middle of the 20th century, that all went away, but you'll notice right now it's almost like a mall.

Like retail has come back in.

People have rediscovered these buildings and people like shopping among all these ornate buildings.

And so it's been a very natural thing to bring retail back to the first floor of these buildings for the same reasons they were built.

The light is great.

The ceilings are very high.

The sidewalks are wide.

It's really the perfect kind of environment for mass retail.