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Why are so many rape and sexual assault cases dropped by alleged victims in Britain? - BBC Newsnight

Video vocabulary

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

be

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US / bɪ /

UK / bi /

A1
  • verb
  • Being

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

do

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US / du: /

UK / du /

A1
  • other
  • Question words for 'do' verbs
  • verb
  • To act; to perform actions
  • To be enough; to be acceptable
  • To have a certain effect on something or someone

there

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US / ðɛə /

UK / ðɛr /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to illustrate the existence of something
  • In a particular respect
  • In that place or position, at that location

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to

go

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US / ɡəʊ /

UK / ɡo /

A1
  • noun
  • A turn in a game
  • verb
  • To attend or be at a place
  • To do an activity
  • To function properly
  • To move or travel to another place

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

your

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US / jɔ: /

UK / jʊr, jɔr, jor,jə /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to you; belonging to the other person

when

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US / wen /

UK / wɛn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or during the time something happens
  • adverb
  • Word you use to ask about the time, or day
  • conjunction
  • Although
  • In the event that; if
  • pronoun
  • Which time

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

say

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US / seɪ /

UK / se /

A1
  • noun
  • Power to decide or greatly influence something
  • verb
  • To indicate or give information using language
  • To use words to tell your message
  • To ask someone to give information to others

more

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US / mɔ:(r) /

UK / mɔr, mor /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In addition; extra
  • Greater in amount, number, or size
  • adverb
  • To a greater degree; in greater quantity
  • For a longer period of time
  • determiner
  • Additional quantity
  • pronoun
  • A greater or additional number

because

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US / bɪ'kɒz /

UK / bɪˈkɔz, -ˈkʌz /

A1
  • conjunction
  • For a reason

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

some

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US / səm /

UK / sʌm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Remarkable; very good (or very bad) in a way
  • Concerning a certain unclear degree, quantity
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to an unspecified amount or number
  • pronoun
  • Number of persons, things in a group, but not all

good

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US / ɡʊd /

UK / ɡʊd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper, appropriate or right
  • (Of an amount) enough; plenty
  • Excellent; high quality
  • Acting well or properly; of moral character
  • In a positive or happy emotional state
  • noun
  • Advantage or benefit

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

thing

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US / θɪŋ /

UK / θɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • (Used to introduce the reason for something)
  • Something you cannot remember the name of

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

these

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US / ði:z /

UK / ðiz /

A1
  • determiner
  • People, things, or ideas near you
  • pronoun
  • The objects near the speaker

let

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US / let /

UK / lɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To allow someone to do something
  • Introducing a suggestion to do something together
  • To rent a house, etc. to others

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

which

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US / wɪtʃ /

UK / hwɪtʃ,wɪtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Question word to ask about a person's choice
  • pronoun
  • (Used to describe something previously mentioned)
  • Question word to decide either, or

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

need

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US / ni:d /

UK / nid /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing you must have and cannot not have e.g. air
  • Thing you must have and cannot manage without
  • verb
  • To be unable to manage without something; require

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

day

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US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

still

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US / stɪl /

UK / stɪl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Quiet; without sound
  • adverb
  • (Used of an action or condition that is ongoing)
  • noun
  • Machine or device for making alcohol
  • Photograph (not a video or moving image)

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

around

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US / ə'raʊnd /

UK / əˈraʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Close to someone or something
  • adverb
  • Located on every side, or along something
  • With a motion that moves in a circle or a curve
  • Going here and there within (a place)
  • Turned or turning in the opposite direction
  • preposition
  • Roughly; approximately

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • determiner
  • Constituting nearly all of something
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

should

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US / ʃʊd /

UK / ʃʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

great

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US / ɡreɪt /

UK / ɡret /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very large in size
  • Very important
  • Very good; fantastic; wonderful
  • adverb
  • Very good; better than before
  • noun
  • Successful and well-admired person

last

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US / lɑ:st /

UK / læst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most recent; the latest
  • The one before
  • adverb
  • Final; with nothing following; after all others
  • Most recent; the latest
  • determiner
  • The one at the end
  • verb
  • To remain or continue for a certain period of time

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

another

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US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One more, but not this
  • determiner
  • One more added
  • pronoun
  • One more (thing)

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

every

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US / 'evrɪ /

UK / ˈɛvri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening at equal specified intervals/distance
  • determiner
  • Including each person or thing in a group

long

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US / lɒŋ /

UK / lɔŋ, lɑŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Large distance from one end to the other
  • Having many parts, e.g. a book with many chapters
  • adverb
  • For a large amount of time
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To have a strong desire for something or someone

she

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US / ʃɪ /

UK / ʃi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Female person or animal mentioned before
  • (Refers to female person mentioned before)

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

help

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US / help /

UK / hɛlp /

A1
  • noun
  • Something given to enable a person to do something
  • Assistance given to someone in need
  • Someone who makes something easier or possible
  • verb
  • To act to enable a person to do something; assist
  • To make something better or less difficult

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

point

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US / pɔɪnt /

UK / pɔɪnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An item to be discussed
  • Small spot or dot
  • Fact or detail
  • Feature of something
  • The size of the text on a page or screen
  • A certain time or stage in a process
  • Certain position in time or space
  • Idea or fact you try to convince people about
  • Measurement of scores in a game, sport
  • Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
  • verb
  • To face a certain direction, e.g. north
  • To indicate something with your finger to others

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

move

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US / mu:v /

UK / muv /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
  • An action; doing something
  • Step taken to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to have certain emotions
  • To cause something to change to a different place
  • To change where people live or a business operates
  • To take action to do or achieve something

live

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US / lɪv /

UK / liv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
  • Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
  • Glowing because burning; hot
  • Not yet killed (for food)
  • adverb
  • (Music, drama) as it is performed
  • verb
  • To be alive
  • To experience a particular type of life
  • To make your home in a house or town

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

second

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US / 'sekənd /

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 2nd; the one following first
  • noun
  • Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
  • Short period of time that you wait for someone
  • (Do) soon
  • verb
  • To agree to support a proposal at a meeting

hard

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US / hɑ:d /

UK / hɑː(r)d /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult to do; difficult to understand
  • (Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
  • (Of alcohol) strong
  • Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
  • Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
  • Strong
  • (Of edge) clear; sharp
  • Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
  • adverb
  • With lots of force, power, or impact

hear

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
  • To be told or find out information or facts
  • To consider or listen to a court case

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

top

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US / tɒp /

UK / tɑp /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good or great; excellent
  • Being the most in degree or quality
  • noun
  • Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
  • A cover or lid
  • Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
  • Highest or upper part or point of something
  • Best or highest status or position
  • Flat upper surface or edge of an object
  • Child's toy that spins on its point
  • Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
  • Winning in a sport or contest
  • verb
  • To be higher or larger than a specific value
  • To arrive at the highest point of something
  • To put a cover or layer or over something
  • To kill; murder
  • To hold the highest position on a list
  • To be more important, successful or better than
  • To beat someone or win at a game

real

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US / rɪəl /

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Actually existing or happening, not imagined
  • Being important or special

wait

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US / weɪt /

UK / wet /

A1
  • verb
  • To delay or not do something until later
  • To spend time until an expected thing happens
  • To remain in a place until a thing happens

able

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US / 'eɪbl /

UK / ˈebəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Skilled; good at something
  • Having the ability to do something

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

close

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US / kləʊz /

UK / kloʊz /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Almost; near
  • (Of a friend) well-known; liked by others
  • Being near or related
  • Similar; nearly the same
  • verb
  • To come progressively nearer to something
  • To end; to bring to an end
  • To make something shut; stop from being open

number

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US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
  • Particular song or dance performed during a show
  • Total quantity or amount of things
  • verb
  • To put numbers on things
  • To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
  • To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

head

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US / hed /

UK / hɛd /

A1
  • noun
  • Counter for the number of cattle
  • Natural mental ability or intelligence
  • Leader or person with the greatest authority
  • Mind; mental ability; mental state
  • Side of a coin with a head on it
  • Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
  • Starting point of something, e.g. a river
  • verb
  • To hit a ball with your head in a game
  • To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
  • To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
  • To become the leader of something
  • To lead or be responsible for something

four

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US / fɔ:(r) /

UK / fɔr, for /

A1
  • number
  • 4

idea

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US / aɪ'dɪə /

UK / aɪˈdiə /

A1
  • noun
  • Belief, thought, suggestion, opinion or plan

five

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US / faɪv /

UK / faɪv /

A1
  • number
  • 5

believe

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US / bɪ'li:v /

UK / bɪˈliv /

A1
  • verb
  • To think or accept that something is true
  • To have a particular opinion about something

almost

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US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

reason

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US / 'ri:zn /

UK / ˈrizən /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
  • Explanation for why something occurred or was done
  • verb
  • To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

minute

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US / 'mɪnɪt /

UK / ˈmɪnɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very very small
  • noun
  • Notes taken at a meeting to record what was said
  • Short period of time
  • Unit of time equal to 60 seconds
  • verb
  • To record in writing what is said at a meeting

until

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US / ənˈtɪl /

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Up to; to a time when something happens
  • preposition
  • Before (a specific time)

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

line

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US / laɪn /

UK / laɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • Border that divides two places or regions
  • Long crease in the skin, often from age
  • Mark that is long, straight and very thin
  • Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
  • Telephone connection
  • People waiting one behind the other; queue
  • Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
  • verb
  • To put material along the inside of something

behind

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US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a later or slower time than expected
  • Being in a losing position in a sporting event
  • Being in the past; old fashioned
  • adverb
  • Remaining
  • noun
  • The part of the body that one sits on
  • preposition
  • At or toward the back of someone or something
  • Supporting or helping someone

month

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US / mʌnθ /

UK / mʌnθ /

A1
  • noun
  • One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

either

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US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
  • adverb
  • (After negative statements) likewise, in addition
  • conjunction
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • determiner
  • Used as the first of two connected things
  • pronoun
  • The one or the other

stand

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US / stænd /

UK / stænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Effort to fight against something
  • Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
  • Place in a stadium where spectators watch
  • Table where things are sold at a fair or market
  • verb
  • To be a candidate in an election
  • To be able to accept someone, something; bear
  • To last for a long time
  • To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
  • To place something in a particular position; place
  • To be (as stated)
  • To still be valid
  • To have an opinion about something

front

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US / frʌnt /

UK / frʌnt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
  • noun
  • Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
  • Area where fighting in a war is happening
  • Place where air of different temperatures meets
  • verb
  • To have the forward part facing something
  • To lead a group of people, usually a band

speak

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US / spi:k /

UK / spik /

A1
  • verb
  • To be able to use a certain language
  • To use words to tell information, express thoughts

ago

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US / əˈgəʊ /

UK / əˈgoʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a specified length of time in the past

six

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US / sɪks /

UK / sɪks /

A1
  • number
  • 6

include

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US / ɪnˈklu:d /

UK / ɪnˈklud /

A1
  • verb
  • To make someone, something part of a group

sometimes

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US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1
  • adverb
  • Only at certain times; occasionally

drop

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US / drɒp /

UK / drɑp /

A1
  • noun
  • Distance between a higher and a lower level
  • Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
  • A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
  • Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
  • verb
  • To drive someone to a place and then drive away
  • To let something fall from your hand
  • To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
  • To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
  • To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality

send

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US / send /

UK / sɛnd /

A1
  • verb
  • To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
  • To cause mail or packages to go to another place
  • To move something quickly in a particular way
  • To give information or greetings to someone

pull

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US / pʊl /

UK / pʊl /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
  • Force something has that draws other things to it
  • Using your hands to move something to you
  • verb
  • To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
  • To hold something and move it toward you
  • To remove something by force

cut

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US / kʌt /

UK / kʌt /

A1
  • noun
  • Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
  • Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
  • A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
  • verb
  • To reduce the size or amount of something
  • To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

support

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US / səˈpɔ:t /

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Assistance or advice given to someone
  • Evidence that helps prove something is true
  • A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
  • verb
  • To give assistance or advice to someone
  • To help prove or show that something is true
  • To hold up or prevent from falling down

piece

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US / pi:s /

UK / pis /

A1
  • noun
  • A counter in a board game
  • Small part of something larger
  • verb
  • To put items together to assemble something

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

issue

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US / 'ɪʃu: /

UK / ˈɪʃu /

A2
  • noun
  • Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
  • Single edition of a magazine
  • verb
  • To make something available to be used or sold
  • To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner

forward

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US / 'fɔ:wəd /

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Toward what is ahead; in front
  • Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
  • adverb
  • Toward the front in place; in front
  • Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
  • verb
  • To send something to another address or person

imagine

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US / ɪ'mædʒɪn /

UK / ɪˈmædʒɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To think creatively about; form mental picture of

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

ones

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US / wʌnz /

UK / wʌnz /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1, a single person or thing

list

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US / lɪst /

UK / lɪst /

A1
  • noun
  • Lean of a boat to one side
  • Series of written names, words or numbers
  • verb
  • To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
  • To present for sale for a specific price
  • To write a series of names, words, or numbers

group

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US / ɡru:p /

UK / ɡrup /

A1
  • noun
  • Two or more musicians who play music together
  • Number of people or things gathered together
  • verb
  • To combine or collect objects or people together

reach

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US / ri:tʃ /

UK / ritʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Power or control someone has over something
  • verb
  • To come to or arrive at a goal or destination
  • To be long enough to get to a certain place
  • To extend a hand or arm to touch or take something

difficult

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US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

woman

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US / ˈwʊmən /

UK / ˈwʊmən /

A1
  • noun
  • Adult female human being

hang

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US / hæŋ /

UK / hæŋ /

A2
  • verb
  • To attach a picture, photograph etc. onto a wall
  • To float, move softly, or remain in the air
  • To kill by putting a rope around neck and dropping
  • To remain undecided, unsolved or unclear

agree

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US / əˈgri: /

UK / əˈɡri /

A1
  • verb
  • To have the same opinion as someone else

anymore

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US / 'enɪmɔ: /

UK / ˌɛniˈmɔr, -ˈmor /

A2
  • adverb
  • No longer; no more

social

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US / ˈsəuʃəl /

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
  • Liking being with other people; friendly
  • Living together and depending on each other

serious

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US / ˈsɪəriəs /

UK / ˈsɪriəs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Giving something great energy or sincerity
  • Needing thought or concentration; important; grave
  • Being sincere about something; not joking

cause

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US / kɔ:z /

UK / kɔz /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • Reason for
  • verb
  • To make something happen; create effect or result

alone

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US / ə'ləʊn /

UK / əˈlon /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Apart from others
  • Without equal
  • adverb
  • Without anyone or anything else

street

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US / stri:t /

UK / strit /

A1
  • noun
  • Road in a city with buildings and places to walk

provide

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US / prə'vaɪd /

UK / prəˈvaɪd /

A1
  • verb
  • To make available; to supply for use
  • To make certain something will happen or be done
  • To offer or give something that is wanted, needed

report

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US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Account of the necessary facts and information
  • The telling of news in the media
  • Official statement about something
  • verb
  • To submit a report or bill to the government
  • To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
  • To state something officially
  • To officially present yourself to an authority
  • To describe something by telling it to others

date

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US / deɪt /

UK / det /

A1
  • noun
  • A romantic meeting between (usually two) people
  • Brown sweet fruit from a tree from the Middle East
  • A day in the calendar such as January 3rd
  • verb
  • To have become old-fashioned
  • To meet for a romantic time together e.g. a movie
  • To record or write down what day it is
  • To be from a particular period in time

charge

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US / tʃɑ:dʒ /

UK / tʃɑrdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • An attack by running quickly toward someone
  • A price for a service or goods
  • When a battery has a certain amount of electricity
  • Amount of money you pay for a service
  • verb
  • To run quickly toward someone to attack them
  • To ask for money as a price for a service or goods
  • To put electricity in a battery
  • To give responsibility to take care of or manage
  • To state that someone has committed a crime

remain

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US / rɪˈmeɪn /

UK / rɪˈmen /

A2
  • verb
  • To be left behind; to continue to exist
  • To stay in a place when other people have gone
  • To be left undone (after other things changed)

general

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US / 'dʒenrəl /

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Widespread, normal or usual
  • noun
  • Top ranked officer in the army

available

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US / əˈveɪləbl /

UK / əˈveləbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Present and able to be used
  • Able to be used at a scheduled time

increase

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US / ɪn'kri:s /

UK / ɪnˈkris /

A1
  • noun
  • Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
  • verb
  • To make or become larger in size or amount

major

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US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
  • Important, serious, or large in scope, size
  • noun
  • High-ranking officer in the army
  • Main subject you study at university
  • verb
  • To study a particular subject at university

nobody

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US / ˈnəʊbədi /

UK / ˈnoʊbədi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • No person; no one; not any person

throughout

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US / θru:ˈaʊt /

UK / θruˈaʊt /

A2
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

service

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US / 'sɜ:vɪs /

UK / 'sɝvɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • Work that a person does to assist others
  • Ceremony for religious purposes
  • Work or help that is provided by a company
  • Job that is performed by members of the military
  • Maintenance of machinery so it runs well, e.g. car
  • verb
  • To help or do work for someone, e.g. in a store
  • To maintain a piece of machinery so it runs well

government

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US / ˈgʌvənmənt /

UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of people and system that rule a nation

protect

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US / prə'tekt /

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

A1
  • verb
  • To defend someone or something from harm or danger

prove

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US / pru:v /

UK / pruv /

A2
  • verb
  • To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

shut

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US / ʃʌt /

UK / ʃʌt /

A2
  • verb
  • To stop being open for business
  • To close something, e.g. a door

currently

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US / ˈkʌrəntli /

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

A2
  • adverb
  • Happening or being in the present time

multiple

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US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having or involving more than one of something
  • noun
  • Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
  • Shop with many branches

prepare

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US / prɪˈpeə(r) /

UK / prɪˈper /

A1
  • verb
  • To make something ready for use

bar

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US / bɑ:(r) /

UK / bɑ:r /

A2
  • noun
  • Piece of (soap, chocolate etc.)
  • Professional organization of lawyers and judges
  • String of musical notes
  • Place to meet friends and buy alcoholic drinks
  • Long solid round piece of metal shaped like a pipe
  • verb
  • To prevent entry, exit or an action

impact

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US / 'ɪmpækt /

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

A2
  • noun
  • A striking effect or result to hit with force
  • Very strong influence
  • Act or force of one thing hitting something else
  • verb
  • To hit or strike someone or something with force

among

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US / əˈmʌŋ /

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the center of several things

attempt

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US / ə'tempt /

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

A2
  • noun
  • Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
  • verb
  • To try to do something challenging or difficult

edge

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US / edʒ /

UK / ɛdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • An advantage you have over others
  • Cutting side of a sharp object
  • Boundary of a surface
  • verb
  • To cut something to make the blade sharp
  • To move slowly and carefully alongside something
  • To go around the boundary of something

average

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US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
  • noun
  • Total of numbers divided by the number of items
  • verb
  • To add numbers then divide by the number of items

target

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US / 'tɑ:ɡɪt /

UK / ˈtɑrɡɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • A goal or amount you are trying to achieve
  • Group you are trying to sell to or influence
  • Something shot at to practice shooting
  • verb
  • To try to influence; direct a message toward
  • (Army) to aim an attack at something

recent

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US / 'ri:snt /

UK / ˈrisənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or beginning not long ago

deliver

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US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

A2
  • verb
  • To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
  • To save someone from a problem or crisis
  • To keep a promise; do what you say you would
  • To present something to a group, as a speech
  • To take something to a person or place

strike

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US / straɪk /

UK / straɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • A punch or hit
  • Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
  • Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
  • verb
  • To hit something
  • To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
  • To have an idea occur to you

law

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US / lɔ: /

UK / lɔ /

A1
  • noun
  • Field of study that relates to the legal profession
  • A rule made and enforced by a government
  • System or rules made by the government

twice

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US / twaɪs /

UK / twaɪs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Two times

datum

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US / ˈdeɪtəm /

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

B1
  • noun
  • Item of factual information

distance

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US / 'dɪstəns /

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Lack of friendliness toward another person
  • Amount of space between two places or things
  • verb
  • To make it clear that you are not involved

response

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US / riˈspɔns /

UK / rɪˈspɑns /

A2
  • noun
  • Something said/written as an answer to something
  • Reaction to something that has occurred
  • Reply to part of a song or reading, as in church

reduce

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US / rɪ'dju:s /

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

A2
  • verb
  • To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
  • To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
  • To make something smaller in size, amount, level

court

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US / kɔ:t /

UK / kɔrt, kort /

A2
  • noun
  • Place king or queen meet people, makes laws etc.
  • Place where legal cases are decided
  • Large, flat area, to play tennis or basketball
  • verb
  • To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
  • To encourage dangerous behavior
  • To pay attention to someone to get their support

judge

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US / dʒʌdʒ /

UK / dʒʌdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who decides on the results of a contest
  • Person who has the power to make a decision
  • verb
  • To reach a decision about who won a contest
  • To form an opinion after careful consideration
  • To make a decision in court

potentially

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US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • That could happen or become reality

various

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US / ˈveəriəs /

UK / ˈvɛriəs, ˈvær- /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Several; consisting of different things or types

suffer

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US / 'sʌfə(r) /

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

A2
  • verb
  • To experience pain, illness, or injury

evidence

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US / 'evɪdəns /

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

stretch

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US / stretʃ /

UK / strɛtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Making arm, leg muscles longer to ease them
  • A consecutive row of things
  • A period of time
  • verb
  • To make your arm, leg muscles long to ease them
  • To make something bigger by pulling on it

admit

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US / əd'mɪt /

UK / ædˈmɪt /

A2
  • verb
  • To acknowledge that something is true or right
  • To allow someone to enter
  • To go to hospital for a few days
  • To agree that you did something bad; to own up

defend

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US / dɪ'fend /

UK / dɪˈfɛnd /

B1
  • verb
  • To protect and explain your position in court
  • To protect against an attack
  • To try to prevent another team from scoring

society

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US / sə'saɪətɪ /

UK / səˈsaɪɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • A group who meet to share values or interests
  • Group of people living together
  • Upper class of a community

blame

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US / bleɪm /

UK / blem /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of saying someone did something bad
  • verb
  • To say someone is responsible for something bad

mental

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US / ˈmentl /

UK / ˈmɛntl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the mind

confidence

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US / 'kɒnfɪdəns /

UK / ˈkɑnfɪdəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Feeling that you can do well at something
  • Feeling you can trust someone

pandemic

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US / pæn'demɪk /

UK / pænˈdɛmɪk /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • (of a disease) existing in almost all of an area or in almost all of a group of people, animals, or
  • noun
  • a pandemic disease

trial

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US / ˈtraɪəl /

UK / ˈtraɪəl, traɪl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being made or done as a test or experiment
  • noun
  • Hearing and judgment of a case in court
  • Act or process of testing or experimenting
  • verb
  • To be made or done as a test or experiment

cap

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US / kæp /

UK / kæp /

B1
  • noun
  • Covering for the end or top of something
  • Small, soft hat often with a front visor or shade
  • An upper limit on the amount of (e.g. budget)
  • verb
  • To cover the top or end of an object
  • To limit the amount of usage of something

legal

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US / 'li:ɡl /

UK / ˈliɡəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the law; allowed by law

justice

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US / 'dʒʌstɪs /

UK / ˈdʒʌstɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • Quality of being fair, equal, or just
  • Person in a court who judges criminal cases

victim

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US / ˈvɪktɪm /

UK / ˈvɪktɪm /

B1
  • noun
  • Person/thing affected by an unpleasant event
  • Person/animal killed and offered as a sacrifice
  • Person feeling helpless in times of bad luck
  • Person who is tricked or made to suffer

deny

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US / dɪ'naɪ /

UK / dɪˈnaɪ /

A2
  • verb
  • To refuse to allow or accept something

initial

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US / ɪ'nɪʃl /

UK / ɪˈnɪʃəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Existing or occurring at the beginning
  • noun
  • First letter of your given name
  • verb
  • To authorize something by writing your initials

arrest

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US / əˈrest /

UK / əˈrɛst /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of catching people who committed crimes
  • verb
  • To attract someone's attention and hold interest
  • (Police) to catch and keep criminals
  • To stop or slow something that is happening

nightmare

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US / ˈnaɪtmeə(r) /

UK / ˈnaɪtˌmɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Frightening, difficult or displeasing experience
  • Frightening or upsetting dream while sleeping

delay

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US / dɪˈleɪ /

UK / dɪˈle /

A2
  • noun
  • Action of being late or happening later
  • verb
  • To wait some amount of time before doing something
  • To do something later than is planned or expected
  • To stop something from happening for a time

criminal

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US / ˈkrɪmɪnl /

UK / ˈkrɪmənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Involving illegal activity; relating to crime
  • Not justifiable; shameful
  • noun
  • Person who commits a crime

suspect

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US / sə'spekt /

UK / səˈspɛkt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of a thing) causing doubt; suspicious
  • noun
  • Person thought to have committed a crime
  • verb
  • To consider someone is the one guilty of a crime
  • To doubt or lack trust

improvement

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US / ɪmˈpru:vmənt /

UK / ɪmˈpruvmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Addition or change that makes something better

consequence

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US / ˈkɔnsikwəns /

UK / ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Importance of a person or thing
  • Outcome of an event; result

abuse

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US / ə'bju:s /

UK / əˈbjuz /

A2
  • noun
  • Improper/dishonest/excessive use of something
  • Insulting someone, e.g. by swearing at them
  • verb
  • To mistreat or be cruel towards someone
  • To use in an inappropriate or excessive way
  • To use something wrongly or dishonestly
  • To insult someone or swear at them

conclusion

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US / kənˈklu:ʒn /

UK / kənˈkluʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • End of something; finish
  • Judgment or opinion after thinking for a while
  • Opinion or final judgment at end of book, essay

collapse

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US / kə'læps /

UK / kəˈlæps /

B1
  • verb
  • To fold (e.g. a stroller) down to make it smaller
  • To suddenly fall down or break apart into pieces
  • To fall down suddenly due to being ill or tired

facility

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US / fəˈsɪləti /

UK / fəˈsɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Piece of equipment or buildings with a special use
  • Skill to do something with ease

lawyer

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US / ˈlɔ:jə(r) /

UK / ˈlɔjɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Professional who helps people with the law

desperate

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US / ˈdespərət /

UK / ˈdɛspərɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being beyond hope; prepared to do anything
  • State of urgently wanting to go to the toilet

sexual

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US / ˈsekʃuəl /

UK / ˈsɛkʃuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Relating to men and women and their relationships
  • Of the physical activity that can produce babies

assault

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US / əˈsɔ:lt /

UK / əˈsɔlt /

B1
  • noun
  • An attack on someone physically or emotionally
  • verb
  • To attack someone physically or emotionally

critic

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US / 'krɪtɪk /

UK / ˈkrɪtɪk /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who judges (e.g. art) and gives opinions

principle

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US / ˈprɪnsəpl /

UK / ˈprɪnsəpəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Moral rule or belief governing a person's behavior
  • Natural law that explains how things work

complaint

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US / kəmˈpleɪnt /

UK / kəmˈplent /

B1
  • noun
  • Saying something is wrong and should be changed
  • Official charge against a person by the police
  • A medical problem with your body; illness

analysis

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US / əˈnæləsɪs /

UK / əˈnælɪsɪs /

B1
  • noun
  • Careful study to better understand something

ordinary

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US / 'ɔ:dnrɪ /

UK / ˈɔ:rdneri /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Normal or usual

mentally

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US / ˈmentəli /

UK / ˈmɛntl:ɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • With or in the mind and thoughts

torture

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US / 'tɔ:tʃə(r) /

UK / ˈtɔrtʃɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Hurting someone to force them to give information
  • Painful suffering or distress
  • verb
  • To painfully hurt someone to get information
  • To cause someone to suffer greatly; torment

association

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US / əˌsəʊʃɪ'eɪʃn /

UK / əˌsoʊʃi'eɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Organization of people with the same interest

funding

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US / ˈfʌndɪŋ /

UK / ˈfʌndɪŋ /

A2
  • verb
  • To supply money for something

preparation

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US / ˌprepəˈreɪʃn /

UK / ˌprɛpəˈreʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Cream or substance applied onto the skin
  • Act of making ready for a purpose or activity

obtain

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US / əbˈteɪn /

UK / əbˈtein /

A2
  • other
  • To get something through your efforts
  • verb
  • To be given or to earn something through efforts

advocate

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US / 'ædvəkeɪt /

UK / ˈædvəˌket /

B1
  • noun
  • A lawyer who protects a clients interests
  • Person who supports a movement for changes
  • verb
  • To request change
  • To publicly support a belief

cope

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US / kəʊp /

UK / koʊp /

A2
  • verb
  • To deal with something in spite of difficulties

allege

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US / əˈledʒ /

UK / əˈlɛdʒ /

B1
  • verb
  • To state without proof

specialist

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US / 'speʃəlɪst /

UK / ˈspɛʃəlɪst /

B1
  • noun
  • Person who works in one specific area or field

bail

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US / beɪl /

UK / bel /

B2
  • noun
  • Money given to ensure prisoner returns to a court
  • verb
  • To obtain release of a prisoner by giving money
  • To throw water out of a boat to prevent it sinking

guideline

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US / ˈgaɪdlaɪn /

UK / ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • General rule or instruction how to do a thing

reopen

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US / ˌri:'əʊpən /

UK / riˈopən /

A2
  • verb
  • To open again or anew

withdraw

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US / wɪð'drɔ: /

UK / wɪðˈdrɔ, wɪθ- /

B1
  • verb
  • To take money out of a bank account
  • To pull back; move away or backward from something
  • To remove something from its place or position
  • To stop taking a strong, usually illegal, drug
  • To take something back that was given or offered

rape

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US / reɪp /

UK / rep /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of forcing someone to have sex
  • Plant used as a source of an edible oil
  • verb
  • To force someone to have sex against their will

outrage

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US / 'aʊtreɪdʒ /

UK / ˈaʊtˌredʒ /

B1
  • noun
  • Very wrong or cruel act which causes great anger
  • verb
  • To cause anger to due to wrong or cruel acts

efficiently

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US / ɪ'fɪʃntlɪ /

UK / ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a way that does not create waste

modest

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US / ˈmɒdɪst /

UK / ˈmɑdɪst /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not large in amount, size, etc.; moderate
  • Not being very large or great, as in effect
  • Being very proper in dress, manner, and thought

completion

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US / kəmˈpli:ʃn /

UK / kəmˈpliʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Point at which something is finished or achieved

prosecutor

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US / ˈprɒsɪkju:tə(r) /

UK / ˈprɑ:sɪkju:tə(r) /

B2
  • noun
  • Lawyer who tries to prove a person's guilt

offence

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US / əˈfens /

UK / əˈfɛns /

B1
  • noun
  • Breaking of a rule or law

horrendous

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US / hɒˈrendəs /

UK / hɔˈrɛndəs, hə- /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Causing horror; awful; very bad

prolong

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US / prə'lɒŋ /

UK / prəˈlɔŋ, -ˈlɑŋ /

B2
  • verb
  • To make continue for a longer amount of time

extraordinarily

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US / ɪk'strɔ:dnrəlɪ /

UK / ɪkˈstrɔrdn:ˌɛrɪlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Extremely

innocence

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US / ˈɪnəsns /

UK / ˈɪnəsəns /

B2
  • noun
  • Lack of guilt or responsibility for a crime

prosecute

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US / 'prɒsɪkju:t /

UK / ˈprɑsɪˌkjut /

B2
  • verb
  • To try to prove someone legally guilty of a crime
  • To proceed with something, such as a transaction

prosecution

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US / ˌprɒsɪˈkju:ʃn /

UK / ˌprɑ:sɪˈkju:ʃn /

B2
  • noun
  • Lawyers acting to prove a defendant guilty

defendant

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US / dɪˈfendənt /

UK / dɪˈfɛndənt /

B1
  • noun
  • Person accused or sued in a legal case

quadruple

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US / kwɒ'dru:pl /

UK / kwɑˈdrupəl, -ˈdrʌpəl, ˈkwɑdrʊpəl /

C1
  • verb
  • To make or become four times bigger in number

exacerbate

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US / ɪɡ'zæsəbeɪt /

UK / ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbet /

B2
  • verb
  • To increase the severity or bitterness of

unimaginable

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US / ˌʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəbl /

UK / ˌʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəbl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • That cannot be imagined; unthinkable

perpetrator

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US / ˈpɜ:pətreɪtə(r) /

UK / ˌpə:pəˈtretɚ /

C1
  • noun
  • Someone who commits a crime

floater

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US / ˈfləʊtə(r) /

UK / ˈfloʊtə(r) /

B1
  • noun
  • Drinks with different layers

backer

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US / ˈbækə(r) /

UK / ˈbækɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Person supporting another person, often with money

backlog

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US / ˈbæklɒg /

UK / ˈbæklɔ:g /

C1
  • noun
  • Amount of unfinished work or unfilled orders

reschedule

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US / ˌri:'ʃedju:l /

UK / riˈskɛdʒul /

B1
  • verb
  • To arrange a new time and place for an event

watchdog

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US / ˈwɔtʃˌdɔ:g, -ˌdɔg /

UK / ˈwɑtʃˌdɔɡ, -ˌdɑɡ /

A1
  • noun
  • Dog trained to guard property

barrister

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US / ˈbærɪstə(r) /

UK / ˈbærɪstɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Professional representing people in court; lawyer

complainant

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US / kəmˈpleɪnənt /

UK / kəmˈpleɪnənt /

B2
  • noun
  • Person who brings an action in a court of law
  • Introduction to Video Content
  • Rape and sexual assault cases in Britain have seen a high number of alleged victims withdrawing their complaints, leading to dropped cases. The lengthy delays in these cases have taken a heavy toll on both the victims and the defendants. The emotional and psychological burden of waiting for justice for months, even years, has driven some victims to contemplate suicide. In one case, a woman shares her experience of attempting suicide after her case was repeatedly delayed. The mental preparation required to speak about traumatizing experiences in court is horrifying, and the uncertainty of when or if the trial will proceed adds to the torture. This ordeal is often seen as another form of abuse. Recent statistics obtained by Newsnight reveal that more than 1,600 rape and serious sexual assault cases collapsed over a five-year period due to complainants withdrawing their allegations. In these cases, the defendants had already been charged. Experts believe that one of the main factors contributing to the withdrawal of complaints is the extensive delays in the legal system. It is not unusual for victims to wait several years for their trial to reach its conclusion, causing significant disruption to their lives. The Criminal Bar Association and the Law Society are in agreement that the delays in the system are a major reason for people dropping out of these prosecutions.
  • Subtitles section
  • It's a nightmare of almost unimaginable consequences, rape or sexual assault.
  • But then imagine on top of that, having to wait months, even years for justice.
  • The same goes for a defendant desperate to prove their innocence.
  • For some, that wait is just too much.
  • Throughout this piece, we'll be hearing from this woman who says she's a rape victim.
  • She says she attempted to take her own life after her case was delayed multiple times.
  • It was the second delay that sent me over the edge because it had been 18 months-ish from arrest and then I just couldn't see a way forward.
  • I thought twice I prepared to go to court and speak about things that you don't even want to think about, let alone speak about.
  • And the mental preparation is horrendous.
  • And then twice to know that you're going to have to do that again or you don't know when it will be again or if it will be delayed again is, it's like torture.
  • It is another form of sort of abuse, really.
  • New data obtained by Newsnight shows more than 1,600 rape and serious sexual assault cases have collapsed over five years after alleged victims have withdrawn their complaints.
  • In these cases, the defendant had been charged.
  • I think one of the major reasons that we're seeing people pulling out of rape and serious sexual offences prosecutions now is because of the impact of the delays.
  • We're looking at not just a year or two years, but sometimes four, five, six years for people to wait for their trial to go from initial complaint to conclusion of the criminal trial.
  • And that's an extraordinarily long time for people to have this hanging over them and not being able to move on with their lives.
  • The Criminal Bar Association and the Law Society agree, saying one of the reasons behind people dropping out is the delays in the system.
  • The CBA says there are no longer enough barristers to prosecute and defend.
  • I am not thinking about a date anymore because if I think about a date and I get that in my head, I can't mentally cope.
  • So now, until it happens, I'm not going to even prepare for it to sort of happen because I don't believe it will happen, really.
  • It could be delayed again and again.
  • Nobody knows.
  • I don't have much confidence in the system in general, really.
  • Newsnight analysis of the most recent data shows it took an average of almost five years for a rape case where a defendant is on bail to go from offence to completion.
  • This is more than a year longer than it took five years ago, an increase of 30%.
  • Some lawyers blame delays on funding cuts.
  • Criminal barristers have given us various reasons for the delays, including a cap that was put on by the government on the number of days judges can work back in 2019.
  • Then came the pandemic and all courts were closed.
  • Even when they reopened, the smaller ones had to remain shut because of social distancing guidelines.
  • Then we had the barrister strikes.
  • All of that, they say, has exacerbated an already stretched system.
  • The woman we spoke to says complainants withdrawing their evidence could mean more perpetrators on the streets.
  • You go to do what you think is for the greater good.
  • You want to protect other women and you want to do the right thing and it doesn't happen.
  • And it's a really hard thing to get your head around that this is happening and it's happening to lots of different people.
  • And that's why a lot of people either pull out or pull out further down the line because they can't cope with it.
  • So there's a lot of people on the streets that shouldn't be there.
  • There's currently a backlog of more than 68,000 cases.
  • The government has a target of cutting that backlog to 53,000 by early 2025, which critics point out is a very modest target.
  • Well, every trial for rape or for a serious sexual assault needs to be heard in front of a specialist judge, prosecuted by a specialist prosecutor and defended by a specialist advocate.
  • So specialist rape courts in principle are a great idea.
  • The real issue that we have throughout the criminal justice system, as always, is funding.
  • And where the funding isn't available, it's difficult to see how these specialist rape courts can help to reduce the backlog when we haven't even got the facility to have these trials in ordinary courts as things stand.
  • The government says it's delivering real improvements in the response to rape, including quadrupling funding for victim services, but admitted more needs to be done.
  • It told us that last year alone, the number of suspects charged has increased by 54% and over 40% more cases are reaching court.
  • Last year, a government watchdog report said that rape cases were still being listed as backers and floaters, meaning that they can be moved or rescheduled at the last minute.
  • This caused outrage among some victim support groups.
  • The legal system is there to provide justice.
  • If it doesn't work efficiently, justice delayed is justice denied, potentially prolonging the suffering of both the defendant and complainant.