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The rise and fall of the Mughal Empire - Stephanie Honchell Smith

Video vocabulary

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

be

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US / bɪ /

UK / bi /

A1
  • verb
  • Being

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

more

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US / mɔ:(r) /

UK / mɔr, mor /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In addition; extra
  • Greater in amount, number, or size
  • adverb
  • To a greater degree; in greater quantity
  • For a longer period of time
  • determiner
  • Additional quantity
  • pronoun
  • A greater or additional number

when

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US / wen /

UK / wɛn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or during the time something happens
  • adverb
  • Word you use to ask about the time, or day
  • conjunction
  • Although
  • In the event that; if
  • pronoun
  • Which time

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

some

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US / səm /

UK / sʌm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Remarkable; very good (or very bad) in a way
  • Concerning a certain unclear degree, quantity
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to an unspecified amount or number
  • pronoun
  • Number of persons, things in a group, but not all

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

say

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US / seɪ /

UK / se /

A1
  • noun
  • Power to decide or greatly influence something
  • verb
  • To indicate or give information using language
  • To use words to tell your message
  • To ask someone to give information to others

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

these

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US / ði:z /

UK / ðiz /

A1
  • determiner
  • People, things, or ideas near you
  • pronoun
  • The objects near the speaker

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

down

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US / daʊn /

UK / daʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being sad, sick, or unhappy
  • Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
  • adverb
  • In a sitting or lying position
  • Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
  • Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
  • noun
  • A period of play in American Football
  • The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
  • preposition
  • Along something's path, course, or direction
  • Going from a higher position to a lower position
  • verb
  • To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

which

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US / wɪtʃ /

UK / hwɪtʃ,wɪtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Question word to ask about a person's choice
  • pronoun
  • (Used to describe something previously mentioned)
  • Question word to decide either, or

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

off

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US / ɒf /

UK / ɔ:f /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of event) canceled; no longer occurring
  • Not having on; not wearing
  • Being somewhat wrong
  • adverb
  • Separated, removed, or away from a place or route
  • (Of a machine) no longer turned on or operating
  • (Of light, computer) no longer attached/connected
  • Far away in terms of time or space
  • preposition
  • Away or free from work
  • (Of foods, drink) old and bad to eat, drink
  • Extending or leading from something
  • No longer in or on some transport or vehicle

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

his

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US / hɪz /

UK / hɪz /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Something belonging to a male person

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • determiner
  • Constituting nearly all of something
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

around

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US / ə'raʊnd /

UK / əˈraʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Close to someone or something
  • adverb
  • Located on every side, or along something
  • With a motion that moves in a circle or a curve
  • Going here and there within (a place)
  • Turned or turning in the opposite direction
  • preposition
  • Roughly; approximately

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

next

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US / nekst /

UK / nɛkst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Immediately after the previous one
  • First occurrence after the present one
  • adverb
  • The one that follows another in time or order
  • At a time or place directly after the present one
  • noun
  • The one that follows after

last

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US / lɑ:st /

UK / læst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most recent; the latest
  • The one before
  • adverb
  • Final; with nothing following; after all others
  • Most recent; the latest
  • determiner
  • The one at the end
  • verb
  • To remain or continue for a certain period of time

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

long

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US / lɒŋ /

UK / lɔŋ, lɑŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Large distance from one end to the other
  • Having many parts, e.g. a book with many chapters
  • adverb
  • For a large amount of time
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To have a strong desire for something or someone

he

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US / hɪ /

UK / hi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Object form of a male person you are talking about
  • Refer to a person whose sex is not stated or known

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

she

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US / ʃɪ /

UK / ʃi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Female person or animal mentioned before
  • (Refers to female person mentioned before)

three

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US / θri: /

UK / θri /

A1
  • number
  • Number 3

turn

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US / tɜ:n /

UK / tɚn /

A1
  • noun
  • Place where changing of direction happens
  • Your time or chance to perform a duty
  • Your chance to play or do in say a game
  • Unexpected change, as in the weather
  • verb
  • To become (a particular age)
  • To become a different quality, color, etc.
  • To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
  • To move in an opposite direction or position
  • To shape metal with a spinning tool

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

away

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US / ə'weɪ /

UK / əˈwe /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not present
  • adverb
  • Disappear completely
  • Doing something with a lot of energy
  • Not here; far from here; in a different direction
  • To a different area, location

bring

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US / brɪŋ /

UK / brɪŋ /

A1
  • verb
  • To take or go with someone to a place

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

man

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US / mæn /

UK / mæn /

A1
  • noun
  • Humans in general, including male and female
  • An adult male human being
  • Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
  • verb
  • To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
  • To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

though

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US / ðəu /

UK / ðo /

A1
  • adverb
  • Although, despite the fact that

high

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US / haɪ /

UK / haɪ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Excited or relaxed from taking drugs
  • Being of excellent quality or excellent standards
  • Larger than usual in number, amount or degree
  • Holding an important or powerful position
  • With a sound close to the top of the musical scale
  • Rising upward a great distance
  • adverb
  • At or to a place far above the ground
  • At a great value, amount or price
  • In a way that shows a lot of wealth
  • noun
  • (Weather) area of increased pressure

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

stop

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US / stɒp /

UK / stɑ:p /

A1
  • noun
  • Action of finishing moving
  • Place to rest (often on a journey)
  • verb
  • To block or close something
  • To finish moving or to come to an end
  • To no longer do an activity; finish

home

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US / həʊm /

UK / hom /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A sports team's own field or place of play
  • adverb
  • Into the correct or intended position
  • noun
  • House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
  • Institution for sick or elderly people
  • Place where a person or a family lives
  • Country where a person lives or was born
  • Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
  • verb
  • To move towards a particular target location

break

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US / breɪk /

UK / brek /

A1
  • noun
  • Time you stop an activity before continuing
  • End of a relationship
  • An escape from a place such as a jail
  • (Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
  • Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
  • Change in the weather
  • verb
  • To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
  • To form a crack in something
  • To burst or become damaged
  • To end a relationship
  • To escape from a place such as a jail
  • To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
  • To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
  • To act against a law, rule, or promise
  • To become known suddenly, as in the news
  • To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
  • To solve a crime, or answer a problem
  • To stop functioning properly
  • To suddenly start, open or commence
  • To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
  • To fall on the shore, as in waves
  • To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
  • To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

once

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US / wʌns /

UK / wʌns /

A1
  • adverb
  • One time; one instance
  • At a time in the past
  • conjunction
  • When; as soon as

four

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US / fɔ:(r) /

UK / fɔr, for /

A1
  • number
  • 4

face

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US / feɪs /

UK / fes /

A1
  • noun
  • Side or outer surface of something
  • An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
  • Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
  • Characteristics you show in public
  • verb
  • To cover a surface with something like paint
  • To deal with a problem or responsibilities
  • To look toward; point in a certain direction

stay

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US / steɪ /

UK / ste /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal order to stop or delay an action
  • Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
  • Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
  • verb
  • To keep trying without giving up
  • To remain in the same place and not move away
  • To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

such

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US / sʌtʃ /

UK / sʌtʃ /

A1
  • adverb
  • (Used to emphasize the quality of an adjective)
  • determiner
  • Being similar to
  • (Thing) as previously stated or referred to

open

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US / 'əʊpən /

UK / ˈopən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Available for use; accessible
  • Not being hidden; available for others to see
  • Being available for customers to enter or use
  • Allowing everyone to use or take part in
  • Not secret anymore
  • Not closed or shut
  • Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
  • noun
  • Name for a tennis or golf competition
  • verb
  • To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
  • To start the activities or services of a business
  • To make a space or hole appear in something
  • To move or change so that it is no longer closed
  • To start something, e.g. a new business

follow

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US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

create

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US / krɪ'eɪt /

UK / kriˈet /

A1
  • verb
  • To make, cause, or bring into existence

stand

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US / stænd /

UK / stænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Effort to fight against something
  • Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
  • Place in a stadium where spectators watch
  • Table where things are sold at a fair or market
  • verb
  • To be a candidate in an election
  • To be able to accept someone, something; bear
  • To last for a long time
  • To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
  • To place something in a particular position; place
  • To be (as stated)
  • To still be valid
  • To have an opinion about something

lead

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US / li:d /

UK / lid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the main part in movies or plays
  • noun
  • Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve a crime
  • Main part in a play or movie
  • Heavy, gray metal element
  • Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
  • Act of being at the front in a race or game
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game
  • To travel in front of; go in advance of others

include

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US / ɪnˈklu:d /

UK / ɪnˈklud /

A1
  • verb
  • To make someone, something part of a group

pay

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US / peɪ /

UK / pe /

A1
  • noun
  • Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
  • verb
  • To give money for goods or work done
  • To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
  • To be punished or suffer for something you did
  • To make (a visit) to a person or place

build

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US / bɪld /

UK / bɪld /

A1
  • noun
  • Your physical shape; physique
  • verb
  • To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
  • To construct a house, office, factory

kill

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US / kɪl /

UK / kɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal killed by a person or other animal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
  • To end the life of a person or other living thing
  • To be very funny
  • To prevent something from continuing or operating
  • To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

house

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US / haʊs /

UK / haʊs /

A1
  • noun
  • Place where a specific activity or business occurs
  • Building in which a family, person lives
  • verb
  • To give someone a place to live
  • To contain or store something

send

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US / send /

UK / sɛnd /

A1
  • verb
  • To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
  • To cause mail or packages to go to another place
  • To move something quickly in a particular way
  • To give information or greetings to someone

power

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US / 'paʊə(r) /

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal or official right to perform certain actions
  • Ability to move forcefully and quickly
  • Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
  • Mathematical way to multiply a number
  • Condition of being in political control
  • Physical force, energy, and strength
  • verb
  • To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
  • To move something forcefully and quickly

six

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US / sɪks /

UK / sɪks /

A1
  • number
  • 6

during

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US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

A1
  • preposition
  • At some point in the course of an event or thing

die

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US / daɪ /

UK / daɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
  • verb
  • To cease to function or work
  • (Of a thing) to stop being used or done
  • (Of a person) to stop living

support

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US / səˈpɔ:t /

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Assistance or advice given to someone
  • Evidence that helps prove something is true
  • A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
  • verb
  • To give assistance or advice to someone
  • To help prove or show that something is true
  • To hold up or prevent from falling down

write

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • verb
  • To compose letters and words on paper or a screen
  • To invent or create a computer program
  • To create a song or piece of music

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

control

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US / kən'trəʊl /

UK / kənˈtrol /

A1
  • noun
  • A device designed to operate a machine
  • Participant in experiment that is left untouched
  • Act to dominate or command; make manageable
  • A law limiting the growth or spread of something
  • A place which overseas or manages e.g. a factory
  • verb
  • To direct or influence the behavior of something

state

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US / steɪt /

UK / stet /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning region within a country
  • noun
  • Region within a country, with its own government
  • Situation or condition something is in
  • verb
  • To say; declare as fact

force

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US / fɔ:s /

UK / fɔrs, fors /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of persons trained for military action; army
  • Pressure; attraction
  • The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
  • verb
  • To use physical strength or violence to persuade

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

seven

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US / ˈsevn /

UK / ˈsɛvən /

A1
  • number
  • Number 7

company

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US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

A1
  • noun
  • Good feeling from being with someone else
  • A business that sells things or provides services
  • Guests, especially in your home
  • Being with another person rather than alone

release

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US / rɪ'li:s /

UK / rɪ'li:s /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
  • Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
  • Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
  • Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
  • verb
  • To free someone from a responsibility or burden
  • To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
  • To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
  • To let go of something you are holding

red

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US / red /

UK / rɛd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the color of blood

building

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US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
  • verb
  • To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
  • To construct a house, office, factory

example

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US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

rather

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US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Somewhat; fairly; not that much

view

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US / vju: /

UK / vju /

A1
  • noun
  • Opinion, belief, or idea about something
  • Things you are able to see from a specific place
  • verb
  • To have a particular opinion or idea about
  • To watch or see something, e.g. show on television

city

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US / 'sɪtɪ /

UK / ˈsɪti /

A1
  • noun
  • Area with many buildings, roads and people

offer

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US / 'ɒfə(r) /

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Price you say you are willing to pay for something
  • Act of making a thing available to be accepted
  • verb
  • To suggest a price you are willing to pay
  • To give the opportunity to accept something
  • To say you are willing to do something
  • To give or say something as an act of worship

social

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US / ˈsəuʃəl /

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
  • Liking being with other people; friendly
  • Living together and depending on each other

fill

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US / fɪl /

UK / fɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of filling; amount used to make something full
  • verb
  • To make something full
  • To move into all parts of an area
  • To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
  • To use (time); to do something during

death

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US / deθ /

UK / dɛθ /

A2
  • noun
  • When someone dies; the end of life

position

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US / pəˈzɪʃn /

UK / pəˈzɪʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's opinion or attitude about something
  • Specific location where someone or something is
  • Where you play or your role on a sports team
  • Person's job or status level
  • Set of conditions affecting what you can (not) do
  • verb
  • To put in a particular location or direction

party

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US / 'pɑ:tɪ /

UK / ˈpɑrti /

A1
  • noun
  • Social event often with food, drinks and dancing
  • Group of people who travel, do something together
  • One side in a legal action or conflict
  • Official political group
  • verb
  • To attend, meet, gather at an event to have fun

rule

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US / ruːl /

UK / ruːl /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is normal and usually happens
  • Governmental control or power over a region
  • Statement that says how things should be
  • verb
  • To decide legally, especially in court
  • To have control or influence
  • To mark with a straight line

member

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US / ˈmembə(r) /

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Part of the body of a human, animal
  • Person or thing belonging to a group or team

increase

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US / ɪn'kri:s /

UK / ɪnˈkris /

A1
  • noun
  • Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
  • verb
  • To make or become larger in size or amount

track

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US / træk /

UK / træk /

A2
  • noun
  • A circular course for running
  • Course or way someone takes, e.g. in education
  • Path in a field or a forest made by walkers
  • Often circular course laid out for car racing
  • One of multiple musical recordings on an album
  • Band surrounding the wheels of a tank
  • Metal lines that trains ride on
  • verb
  • To use marks to follow a wild animal
  • To move a certain way/follow a particular course
  • To record and examine the progress of something

government

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US / ˈgʌvənmənt /

UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of people and system that rule a nation

massive

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US / ˈmæsɪv /

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Very big; large; too big

throughout

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US / θru:ˈaʊt /

UK / θruˈaʊt /

A2
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over/across an entire place/thing; in every part

nearly

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US / ˈniəli /

UK / ˈnɪrli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not completely; almost

access

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US / 'ækses /

UK / ˈæksɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
  • verb
  • To be able to use or have permission to use

connect

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US / kə'nekt /

UK / kəˈnɛkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To associate a thing with something else
  • To join or attach things together
  • To become friends with another person
  • To transfer from one part of a trip to another

attention

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US / əˈtenʃn /

UK / əˈtɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Taking notice of someone or something
  • (Soldiers) Standing with straight backs

war

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US / wɔ:(r) /

UK / wɔr /

A2
  • noun
  • Situation where armies fight each other

struggle

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US / 'strʌɡl /

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Strong efforts made to do something difficult
  • verb
  • To try very hard to do something difficult

general

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US / 'dʒenrəl /

UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Widespread, normal or usual
  • noun
  • Top ranked officer in the army

eventually

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US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

ride

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US / raɪd /

UK / raɪd /

A1
  • noun
  • Machine at an amusement park for riding on for fun
  • Trip on a bicycle or a horse
  • verb
  • To travel in a particular vehicle as a passenger
  • To sit on and control a horse or vehicle

battle

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US / 'bætl /

UK / ˈbætl /

A2
  • noun
  • Military fight between armies
  • Working hard to stop something; struggle
  • verb
  • To fight or struggle against someone or something
  • To work hard to stop something; struggle

recently

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US / ˈri:sntli /

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just a while ago; not long ago

powerful

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US / ˈpauəful /

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having control or influence over
  • Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

among

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US / əˈmʌŋ /

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the center of several things

attempt

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US / ə'tempt /

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

A2
  • noun
  • Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
  • verb
  • To try to do something challenging or difficult

gain

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US / ɡeɪn /

UK / ɡen /

A2
  • noun
  • An increase in something, such as weight
  • verb
  • To increase in something, such as weight
  • To get something wanted, needed or valued

leader

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US / ˈli:də(r) /

UK / ˈlidɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person who is in charge of a group or task
  • Person or group who is currently winning

arrive

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US / əˈraɪv /

UK / əˈraɪv /

A1
  • verb
  • To reach the place you are traveling to

modern

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US / ˈmɔdən /

UK / ˈmɑdən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Of the present time; up to date; contemporary

response

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US / riˈspɔns /

UK / rɪˈspɑns /

A2
  • noun
  • Something said/written as an answer to something
  • Reaction to something that has occurred
  • Reply to part of a song or reading, as in church

wife

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US / waɪf /

UK / waɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • Married woman

direct

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US / də'rekt /

UK / dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ- /

A2
  • adverb
  • Coming straight from something
  • verb
  • To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
  • To show the way by conducting or leading
  • To control the acting in a movie or play

global

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US / ˈgləʊbl /

UK / ˈgloʊbl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
  • Of, affecting, or involving the entire world

paint

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US / peɪnt /

UK / pent /

A1
  • noun
  • Colored liquid you apply with a brush
  • verb
  • To make a picture with colored liquids
  • To describe as
  • To apply a color, oil or sealant with a brush

replace

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US / rɪ'pleɪs /

UK / rɪˈples /

A2
  • verb
  • To use instead of something else
  • To return an item to its original location

gold

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US / gəʊld /

UK / goʊld /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Dark yellow color often seen in sunsets
  • noun
  • Soft yellow metal that is very valuable
  • Person's name

successful

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US / səkˈsesfl /

UK / səkˈsɛsfəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having the desired effect or result
  • Having achieved wealth, respect, or social status

fourth

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US / fɔ:θ /

UK / fɔ:rθ /

A1
  • noun
  • 4th

quarter

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US / 'kwɔ:tə(r) /

UK / ˈkwɔrtɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • 25 cents
  • 3-month period of time for businesses, etc.
  • One of four equal parts of something
  • One of the four time periods in a school calendar
  • One of four equal periods of play in some sports
  • Area of a town or city defined by its inhabitants
  • verb
  • To split something into four equal parts
  • To give a soldier a place to live for a short time

political

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US / pəˈlɪtɪkl /

UK / pəˈlɪtɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being active or interested in government matters
  • Diplomatic
  • Of the system of elections and government
  • Concerning government or public affairs
  • Involved in getting of power/influence in a group

contain

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US / kənˈteɪn /

UK / kənˈten /

A2
  • verb
  • To keep something from spreading
  • To hold something inside something else

host

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US / həʊst /

UK / host /

A2
  • noun
  • Mass; a great number
  • Person who entertains guests
  • Plant or animal on or in which parasites live
  • Presenter on a television or radio program
  • verb
  • To be the sponsor of an event, e.g. the Olympics
  • To lead or start a party, program, or other event
  • To lead a TV or radio show as the announcer

capture

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US / 'kæptʃə(r) /

UK / ˈkæptʃɚ /

B1
  • verb
  • To attract and hold e.g. interest, attention
  • To record, tape, or film something
  • To catch and prevent from being free
  • To take control of a place or object by force

defend

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US / dɪ'fend /

UK / dɪˈfɛnd /

B1
  • verb
  • To protect and explain your position in court
  • To protect against an attack
  • To try to prevent another team from scoring

threat

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US / θret /

UK / θrɛt /

A2
  • noun
  • Warning of probable trouble
  • A warning that you may be harmed

aim

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US / eɪm /

UK / em /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of pointing something at a target
  • Purpose or goal
  • verb
  • To point something at a target
  • To intend to get a thing or for a thing to happen

subject

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US / 'sʌbdʒɪkt /

UK / ˈsʌbdʒekt /

A1
  • noun
  • Citizen of an area or country
  • The person or thing that does the action of a verb
  • People who take part in experiments or tests
  • An area of study at school, e.g. math, history
  • What a book, article etc. is about; theme
  • verb
  • To cause to suffer or experience something

majority

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US / mə'dʒɒrətɪ /

UK / məˈdʒɔrɪti, -ˈdʒɑr- /

B1
  • noun
  • Amount that is more than half of a group

swear

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US / sweə(r) /

UK / swɛr /

B1
  • verb
  • To say bad or impolite words to someone
  • To make a serious promise to do something

military

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US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the army or navy
  • noun
  • Army or armed forces

marry

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US / 'mærɪ /

UK / ˈmæri /

A1
  • verb
  • To become the husband or wife of someone
  • To perform a marriage ceremony

influence

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US / 'ɪnflʊəns /

UK / ˈɪnfluəns /

A2
  • noun
  • The power to affect what happens, to persuade etc.
  • verb
  • To affect or change something indirectly

expand

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US / ɪk'spænd /

UK / ɪkˈspænd /

A2
  • verb
  • To make something larger in size, number, amount

daughter

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US / ˈdɔ:tə(r) /

UK / ˈdɔtɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of a company) being a subsidiary of another firm
  • noun
  • A female child of someone

copy

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US / ˈkɒpi /

UK / ˈkɑ:pi /

A1
  • noun
  • A counter for items that are the same
  • Fake product pretending to be an original
  • An imitation of an original
  • A duplicate of a paper printed in a photocopier
  • Written text for printing, use in ads, etc.
  • verb
  • To make something look the same as the original
  • To act in the exact same way as someone else
  • To read and then write down what you read

century

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US / 'sentʃərɪ /

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of 100 years

campaign

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US / kæm'peɪn /

UK / kæmˈpen /

A2
  • noun
  • Series of actions meant to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To work in an organized, active way towards a goal

population

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US / ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn /

UK / ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Number of people who live in a country, area etc.

region

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US / 'ri:dʒən /

UK / ˈridʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

epic

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US / 'epɪk /

UK / ˈɛpɪk /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Going on for a long time; awe-inspiring
  • noun
  • A long story, often about many people and events

exercise

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US / 'eksəsaɪz /

UK / ˈɛksɚˌsaɪz /

A2
  • noun
  • Physical activity to increase health and strength
  • Set of questions in a text book
  • verb
  • To work out to become stronger and healthier
  • To retain your ability or practice your skills

crisis

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US / 'kraɪsɪs /

UK / ˈkraɪsɪs /

B1
  • noun
  • Unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty

economic

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US / ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk /

UK / ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk, ˌikə- /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning trade, industry, and money

pool

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US / pu:l /

UK / pul /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount collected, e.g. money, for some purpose
  • Small body of still water
  • Game of hitting balls on a table with long sticks
  • Small area of water for swimming bound by walls
  • verb
  • (Of a liquid) to collect into a small area
  • To make a collection of (resources, money etc.)

rank

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US / ræŋk /

UK / ræŋk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete and total; very obvious
  • Growing out of control
  • (Of a smell) very bad; pungent; stinking
  • noun
  • Group of people with a certain level of status
  • Level or position, as in society/sport competition
  • A place for taxis to wait for customers
  • Row in which people stand side by side, as in army
  • verb
  • To rate or class things
  • To assign a level or status, as of importance, to
  • To put items into a sequence, e.g. of importance

fashion

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US / 'fæʃn /

UK / ˈfæʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Style of dress or activity popular at some time
  • Industry that creates new styles of clothes
  • Way of behaving; manner
  • Trend that is popular at a given time
  • Way of doing something; manner
  • verb
  • To make things into a particular shape

establish

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US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

A2
  • verb
  • To set or create something to last for a long time
  • To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

refuse

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US / rɪ'fju:z /

UK / ˈrefjus /

A2
  • noun
  • Garbage, waste
  • verb
  • To not accept, allow, or give something

debate

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US / dɪ'beɪt /

UK / dɪˈbet /

A2
  • noun
  • General public discussion of a topic
  • A formal event where two sides discuss a topic
  • verb
  • To consider options before making a decision
  • To take part in a formal discussion

ocean

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US / 'əʊʃn /

UK / ˈoʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Large body of salt water; a large sea

hunt

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US / hʌnt /

UK / hʌnt /

A2
  • noun
  • A search for animals to kill for food
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To search for wild animals to kill (for food)
  • To look for very carefully; search for

british

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US / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

UK / ˈbrɪtɪʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of British

central

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US / 'sentrəl /

UK / ˈsɛntrəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in the middle
  • Most significant or important

reflect

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US / rɪ'flekt /

UK / rɪˈflɛkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To indicate or be a sign of something
  • To bounce back light, heat, sound from a surface
  • To show an image in glass, water, a mirror etc.
  • To think of something seriously and carefully

husband

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US / ˈhʌzbənd /

UK / ˈhʌzbənd /

A1
  • noun
  • Married man

generate

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US / ˈdʒenəreɪt /

UK / ˈdʒɛnəˌret /

A2
  • verb
  • To create or be produced or bring into existence
  • To create electricity, heat, energy and power

army

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US / 'ɑ:mɪ /

UK / ˈɑrmi /

A2
  • noun
  • Large group of soldiers organized to fight in wars

transition

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US / trænˈzɪʃn /

UK / trænˈzɪʃən, -ˈsɪʃ- /

B1
  • noun
  • Change from one state, movement, place to another
  • verb
  • To change state, movement, place, or subject

reward

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US / rɪ'wɔ:d /

UK / rɪˈwɔrd /

A2
  • noun
  • Money given for information about criminals
  • verb
  • To give something because of someone's good work
  • To give someone money for helping the police
  • To give someone satisfaction for what they did

port

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US / pɔ:t /

UK / pɔrt, port /

B1
  • noun
  • City where ships can shelter during a storm
  • Left side of a ship when facing forward
  • Opening in a computer where wires can be connected
  • Sweet wine that is produced in Portugal
  • verb
  • To move data from one computer system to another

protection

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US / prəˈtekʃn /

UK / prəˈtɛkʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Being kept from harm
  • Something that defends against harm or danger

camp

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US / kæmp /

UK / kæmp /

A2
  • noun
  • A (military) base
  • Exaggerated behavior meant to be funny
  • Place where people live for a short time in tents
  • verb
  • To live temporarily, e.g. in a tent or a vehicle

horse

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US / hɔ:s /

UK / hɔ:rs /

A2
  • noun
  • Large animal with 4 legs used for riding
  • Stand or frame used to support something
  • verb
  • To fool around stupidly

failure

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US / ˈfeɪljə(r) /

UK / 'feɪljər /

A1
  • noun
  • When things go wrong; lack of function
  • Act or result of not achieving your goals

contribute

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US / kən'trɪbju:t /

UK / kənˈtrɪbjut /

A2
  • verb
  • To be a factor in causing something to happen
  • To donate, give (money) or help to something
  • To write articles for a magazine or newspaper

ancient

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US / 'eɪnʃənt /

UK / ˈenʃənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very old; having lived a very long time ago

tax

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US / tæks /

UK / tæks /

A2
  • noun
  • Money taken by a government from its people
  • verb
  • To require a lot of physical or mental effort
  • (Government) to take money from a country's people

enable

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US / ɪˈneɪbl /

UK / ɛˈnebəl /

A2
  • verb
  • To make it possible to do something

disappointed

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US / ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd /

UK / ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Feeling you did not meet expectations
  • verb
  • To not meet the expectations of others or yourself

silver

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US / 'sɪlvə(r) /

UK / ˈsɪlvɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being the shiny gray color of mercury
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Shiny gray color
  • Near white color metal with high value
  • Objects made from silver, such as dishes, forks
  • verb
  • To coat something with a layer of silver
  • To polish silver objects to make them shine

internal

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US / inˈtə:nəl /

UK / ɪnˈtɚnəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being or happening in the body
  • Being, happening in a country, state, organization
  • Within or inside; interior; not external

east

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US / i:st /

UK / i:st /

A1
  • noun
  • Direction where the sun rises
  • Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

translate

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US / trænsˈleɪt /

UK / trænsˈlet /

A2
  • verb
  • To change something into a different state
  • To be equivalent to; equate to
  • To change a text, speech into a different language
  • To change words from one language into another

explosion

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US / ɪkˈspləʊʒn /

UK / ɪkˈsploʒən /

B1
  • noun
  • Loud and sudden expression of emotion
  • Sudden increase of something
  • Violent release of energy (e.g. from a bomb)

faith

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US / feɪθ /

UK / feθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief in a god or gods; religion
  • Belief that that something is true without proof
  • Person's name

village

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US / 'vɪlɪdʒ /

UK / ˈvɪlɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Small town in the country

territory

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US / 'terətrɪ /

UK / ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

B1
  • noun
  • Area of land defended by an animal
  • Area of particular knowledge or experience
  • Area owned or controlled by a government, person
  • Area of land with a specific defining feature

convert

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US / kən'vɜ:t /

UK / kənˈvɚt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person switching from one belief system to another
  • verb
  • To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
  • To change form, character, or function to another

brutal

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US / 'bru:tl /

UK / ˈbrutl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Extremely violent or mean

wine

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US / waɪn /

UK / waɪn /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Dark red color
  • noun
  • Alcoholic drink made from the juice of grapes

kilometre

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US / ˈkɪləmi:tə(r) /

UK / ˈkɪləmiːtər /

A1
  • noun
  • A metric unit of length equal to 1000 metres

northern

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US / ˈnɔːðən /

UK / ˈnɔːrðərn /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • In or toward the north

alcohol

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US / 'ælkəhɒl /

UK / ˈælkəˌhɔl,-ˌhɑl /

B1
  • noun
  • A colorless liquid that can catch fire (C2H5OH)
  • Drinks such as wine, whiskey, beer

crop

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US / krɒp /

UK / krɑp /

B1
  • noun
  • Plants grown on a farm for food, e.g. corn or rice
  • Section of short, thick hair
  • verb
  • To cut something to a shorter length or size

sixth

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US / sɪksθ /

UK / sɪksθ /

A1
  • noun
  • 6th

european

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US / ˌjʊərəˈpiːən /

UK / ˌjʊrəˈpiːən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Europe
  • noun
  • Person from Europe

rally

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US / 'rælɪ /

UK / ˈræli /

B1
  • noun
  • Public meeting to support or oppose something
  • verb
  • To meet publicly to support or oppose something
  • To race cars in the countryside

restore

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US / rɪˈstɔ:(r) /

UK / rɪˈstɔr, -ˈstor /

B1
  • verb
  • To return a thing to its original condition

troop

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US / tru:p /

UK / trup /

B1
  • noun
  • Group of people
  • Group of mammals or birds
  • A group of soldiers
  • verb
  • To walk past in a group or large number
  • To move or gather in a crowd

religious

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US / rɪˈlɪdʒəs /

UK / rɪˈlɪdʒəs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Following the rules and beliefs of a faith

construct

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US / kənˈstrʌkt /

UK / kənˈstrʌkt /

A2
  • noun
  • A thought, theory or hypothesis
  • verb
  • To build or create something
  • To create a sentence, story, argument or theory

wealth

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US / welθ /

UK / wɛlθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of money or possessions you own, e.g. large
  • Great quantity, amount, or number of something

chinese

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US / ˌtʃaɪˈniːz /

UK / ˌtʃaɪˈniːz /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of China

recall

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US / rɪˈkɔ:l /

UK / rɪˈkɔl /

A2
  • noun
  • (Company) asking for the return of faulty goods
  • Act of remembering events or details of the past
  • verb
  • (Company) to ask for the return of faulty goods
  • To remember events or details of the past

resist

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US / rɪ'zɪst /

UK / rɪˈzɪst /

A2
  • verb
  • To not be affected by e.g. a force or an effect
  • To fight or prevent something from happening
  • To refuse to accept something new or different
  • To stop yourself from doing, e.g. eating something

distribute

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US / dɪˈstrɪbju:t /

UK / dɪˈstrɪbjut /

A2
  • verb
  • To hand out or give to people
  • To send products to stores to sell
  • To spread something over an area

founder

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US / ˈfaʊndə(r) /

UK / ˈfaʊndɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Person establishing an organization, school etc.
  • verb
  • (Of business, idea, etc.) to fail
  • (Of a ship) To be sinking after hitting rocks

prince

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US / prɪns /

UK / prɪns /

A2
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • Son of a king

environmental

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US / ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl /

UK / ɛnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntl:, -ˌvaɪən /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of the natural world of plants and animals

diverse

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US / daɪˈvɜ:s /

UK / dɪˈvɚs, daɪ-, ˈdaɪˌvɚs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being varied or different from each other
  • Very different from each other

stability

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US / stəˈbɪləti /

UK / stəˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Quality or state of being even or consistent

colorful

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US / 'kʌləfəl /

UK / 'kʌləfəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being exciting or interesting; lively
  • Having a lot of color or colors

wealthy

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US / ˈwelθi /

UK / ˈwɛlθi /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having a great quantity of money or property

negotiate

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US / nɪˈgəʊʃieɪt /

UK / nɪˈgoʊʃieɪt /

B1
  • verb
  • To have a formal discussion to reach an agreement
  • To manage a difficult task or path successfully

ambitious

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US / æmˈbɪʃəs /

UK / æmˈbɪʃəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having the desire to be successful in life, work

empire

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US / ˈempaɪə(r) /

UK / ˈɛmˌpaɪr /

B1
  • noun
  • Group of countries controlled by one government

newly

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US / ˈnu:li:, ˈnju:- /

UK / ˈnuli, ˈnju- /

A2
  • adverb
  • Very recently; just done or made

elephant

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US / ˈelɪfənt /

UK / ˈɛləfənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Large gray animal with a long nose and two tusks

commission

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US / kə'mɪʃn /

UK / kəˈmɪʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Money paid for a service, e.g. money exchanging
  • An official role or title in the military
  • Group officially put in charge of e.g. education
  • Order for a specific piece of work, usually of art
  • verb
  • To hire someone, order work to be done for payment

addiction

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US / əˈdɪkʃn /

UK / əˈdɪkʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Lack of control the overuse of something e.g. drugs

cannon

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US / 'kænən /

UK / ˈkænən /

B2
  • noun
  • Large wheeled gun that fires heavy metal balls
  • verb
  • To hit and bounce off

depict

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US / dɪ'pɪkt /

UK / dɪˈpɪkt /

B1
  • verb
  • To represent or describe something using words

regional

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US / ˈri:dʒənl /

UK / ˈridʒənəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Of a particular area, not the whole of a country

frequent

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US / ˈfri:kwənt /

UK / ˈfrikwənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Happening often
  • verb
  • To go to a place regularly

plague

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US / pleɪɡ /

UK / pleɡ /

B1
  • noun
  • (Deadly) disease passing rapidly between people
  • verb
  • To cause to have continual problems with something

throne

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US / θrəʊn /

UK / θron /

B1
  • noun
  • Special elaborate chair on which king/queen sits

tiger

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US / ˈtaɪgə(r) /

UK / ˈtaɪɡɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Large wild cat with orange fur and black lines

ambition

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US / æmˈbɪʃn /

UK / æmˈbɪʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Desire to win or be successful in life, work

masterpiece

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US / ˈmɑ:stəpi:s /

UK / ˈmæstɚˌpis /

B2
  • noun
  • Greatest work, e.g. of a famous artist

magnificent

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US / mæɡ'nɪfɪsnt /

UK / mæɡˈnɪfɪsənt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Splendid; brilliant; extremely good

descend

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US / dɪˈsend /

UK / dɪˈsɛnd /

B1
  • verb
  • To go down; to move from a higher to a lower place

india

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US / 'ɪndɪə /

UK / ˈɪndɪə /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A country in southern Asia that occupies the greater part of the Indian subcontinent; population 1,3

participant

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US / pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpənt /

UK / pɑrˈtɪsəpənt /

B1
  • noun
  • Person involved or included in something

indian

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US / ˈɪndiən /

UK / ˈɪndiən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of India
  • noun
  • Person from India

palace

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US / ˈpæləs /

UK / ˈpælɪs /

B1
  • noun
  • Official home of a ruler, such as a king or queen

productivity

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US / ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti /

UK / ˌprɑ:dʌkˈtɪvəti /

B1
  • noun
  • Rate at which people or machines produce

intellectual

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US / ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl /

UK / ˌɪntlˈɛktʃuəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things
  • other
  • a person who is well educated and enjoys activities in which they have to think seriously about thin

appoint

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US / ə'pɔɪnt /

UK / əˈpɔɪnt /

A2
  • verb
  • To officially choose a person for a job, position

ruler

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US / ˈru:lə(r) /

UK / ˈrulɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Someone who has control over a country or area
  • Straight instrument used for measuring things

poem

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US / ˈpəʊɪm /

UK / ˈpoʊəm /

A2
  • noun
  • A written composition in verse, not prose

harbour

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US / 'hɑ:bə(r) /

UK / ˈhɑrbɚ /

B2
  • noun
  • Area of water protected by land and used by ships
  • Place providing comfort and shelter from danger
  • verb
  • To contain, hold, include, or hide something
  • To feel certain thoughts/emotions for a long time
  • To have a thought/feeling without expressing it
  • To hide or give shelter to (when in danger)
  • To secretly give shelter/protection to a criminal

noble

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US / 'nəʊbl /

UK / 'noʊbl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being admirable and honorable in character
  • Concerning or being a member a high social class
  • Being large, beautiful or impressive in appearance
  • noun
  • Titled peer of the realm e.g. a lord, duke

respective

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US / rɪˈspektɪv /

UK / rɪˈspektɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Belonging to each of two or more persons or things

embark

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US / ɪmˈbɑ:k /

UK / ɪmˈbɑ:rk /

B2
  • verb
  • To begin a journey; get on a ship or plane

intervene

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US / ˌɪntəˈvi:n /

UK / ˌɪntərˈvi:n /

B1
  • verb
  • To get involved to try to prevent trouble

asia

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US / ˈeɪʒə /

UK / ˈeɪʒə /

A1
  • noun
  • Largest continent with Europe on the west to form Eurasia
  • other
  • Nations of the Asian continent collectively

miniature

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US / ˈmɪnətʃə(r) /

UK / ˈmɪniəˌtʃʊr, -tʃɚ, ˈmɪnə- /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Made to be much smaller than normal
  • noun
  • Small model of something larger
  • Very small painting, picture or portrait

fort

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US / fɔ:t /

UK / fɔ:rt /

B1
  • noun
  • Group of military buildings with high walls

coup

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US / ku: /

UK / ku /

B2
  • noun
  • Successful taking over of a thing; sudden success
  • Attempt to take control from the government

merit

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US / ˈmerɪt /

UK / ˈmɛrɪt /

B1
  • noun
  • State of being high quality or valuable
  • other
  • To earn something, such as praise or a reward
  • verb
  • To earn something, such as praise or a reward

bride

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US / braɪd /

UK / braɪd /

B1
  • noun
  • Woman who is, or who will get married soon

emperor

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US / 'empərə(r) /

UK / ˈɛmpəɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Man who rules an empire

lemonade

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US / ˌleməˈneɪd /

UK / ˌlɛməˈned /

B2
  • noun
  • Drink that has a lemon flavor

terrorize

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US / ˈterəraɪz /

UK / ˈtɛrəˌraɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To frighten by saying you will hurt or kill

poet

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US / ˈpəʊɪt /

UK / ˈpoʊət /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who writes poems

lively

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US / 'laɪvlɪ /

UK / ˈlaɪvli /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Full of life and energy; merry; animated

trader

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US / 'treɪdə(r) /

UK / ˈtredɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone who buys and sells stocks

muslim

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US / ˈmʊzlɪm /

UK / ˈmʌzləm, ˈmʊz-, ˈmʌs-, ˈmʊs- /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or relating to Islam

turmoil

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US / ˈtɜ:mɔɪl /

UK / ˈtɚˌmɔɪl /

B2
  • noun
  • Very confused situation where things are not clear

descendant

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US / dɪˈsendənt /

UK / dɪˈsɛndənt /

C1
  • noun
  • Family member from generations following you

rebellion

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US / rɪ'beljən /

UK / rɪˈbɛljən /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of conflicting with someone in authority
  • Resisting and fighting against existing authority

colonial

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US / kəˈləʊniəl /

UK / kəˈloʊniəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Of a system where one country controls another

exile

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US / 'eksaɪl /

UK / ˈɛɡˌzaɪl, ˈɛkˌsaɪl /

B2
  • noun
  • State of being forced to leave your country
  • One forced to leave their home and live elsewhere
  • verb
  • One forced to leave their home and live elsewhere

consolidate

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US / kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt /

UK / kənˈsɑ:lɪdeɪt /

B1
  • verb
  • To combine into one; make bigger or stronger

rein

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US / reɪn /

UK / ren /

C2
  • noun
  • Control; limitation
  • Strap on a horse's head the rider controls it with
  • verb
  • To keep under control; limit; restrict

grandson

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US / 'ɡrænsʌn /

UK / ˈɡrændˌsʌn, ˈɡræn- /

B2
  • noun
  • Your son or daughter's son

slump

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US / slʌmp /

UK / slʌmp /

B1
  • noun
  • Time when an economy becomes less successful
  • verb
  • To sit, lean or fall down because tired or ill
  • Sudden reduction in prices, profits or amounts
  • To decline suddenly by a large amount

arab

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US / ˈærəb /

UK / ˈærəb /

C2
  • noun
  • Citizen of an Arabic speaking nation

architectural

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US / ˌɑ:kɪˈtektʃərəl /

UK / ˌɑrkəˈtɛktʃərəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning architecture

exquisite

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US / ɪkˈskwɪzɪt /

UK / ˈɛkskwɪzɪt, ɪkˈskwɪzɪt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very sensitive or detailed, e.g. of taste

revolt

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US / rɪ'vəʊlt /

UK / rɪˈvolt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Causing you to feel distaste or shock
  • noun
  • Protest against authority; fight to take control
  • Often violent rising up against a government
  • verb
  • To refuse to obey someone's authority or wishes
  • To cause someone to feel distaste or shock

allegiance

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US / əˈli:dʒəns /

UK / əˈlidʒəns /

B2
  • noun
  • Loyalty

moslem

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US / ˈmɒzləm /

UK / ˈmɑzləm, ˈmɑs- /

A1
  • adjective
  • Relating to Muslims or their religion.
  • noun
  • A follower of the religion of Islam.

fateful

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US / 'feɪtfl /

UK / ˈfetfəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having an important (bad) effect on future events

conquest

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US / ˈkɒŋkwest /

UK / ˈkɑ:ŋkwest /

B2
  • noun
  • Land or a nation won or taken by force, an army

trample

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US / 'træmpl /

UK / ˈtræmpəl /

B2
  • verb
  • To step heavily on something or someone

portuguese

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US / ˌpɔ:tʃuˈgi:z /

UK / ˌpɔrtʃəˈɡiz, -ˈɡis, ˌpor- /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of Portugal
  • noun
  • Person from Portugal

memoir

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US / ˈmemwɑ:(r) /

UK / ˈmɛmˌwɑr, -ˌwɔr /

B2
  • noun
  • Written collection of memories someone has

immortalize

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US / ɪˈmɔːtəlaɪz /

UK / ɪˈmɔːrtəlaɪz /

B2
  • verb
  • To worship and adore after someone's death

opioid

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US / ˈəʊpiɔɪd /

UK / ˈoʊpiɔɪd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Hallucinogenic narcotics, having similar effects to opium

startled

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US / 'stɑ:tld /

UK / ˈstɑrtl:d /

B2
  • verb
  • To give someone a shock or surprise

peacock

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US / 'pi:kɒk /

UK / ˈpiˌkɑk /

C1
  • noun
  • Bird with colorful long feathers

foothold

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US / ˈfʊthəʊld /

UK / ˈfʊtˌhold /

C2
  • noun
  • Place providing support for the foot when climbing

missionary

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US / ˈmɪʃənri /

UK / ˈmɪʃəneri /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or connected to a religious mission

muhammad

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • proper noun
  • (c.570–632), Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c.610, in Mecca, he received the first of a serie

hindu

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US / ˈhɪnduː /

UK / ˈhɪnduː /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or relating to or supporting Hinduism

shia

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US / ˈʃiːə /

UK / ˈʃiːə /

A1
  • adjective
  • Relating to Shia.
  • noun
  • One of the two main branches of Islam, followed especially in Iran, that rejects the first three Sun

conqueror

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US / 'kɒŋkərə /

UK / 'kɒŋkərə /

B2
  • noun
  • Someone who takes control of a country by force

cohesion

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US / kəʊˈhi:ʒn /

UK / koˈhiʒən /

B1
  • noun
  • State of being logical and well-organized

americas

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US / əˈmɛrɪkəz /

UK / əˈmɛrəkəz /

A1

ottoman

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US / 'ɒtəmən /

UK / 'ɑ:təmən /

A1
  • noun
  • A Turk (especially a Turk who is a member of the tribe of Osman I)
  • other
  • Of or relating to the Ottoman Empire or its people or its culture
  • The Turkish dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire from the th century to its dissolution after World
  • Thick cushion used as a seat

nur

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US / nʊr /

UK / /

A1
  • noun
  • National Union of Railwaymen.

sunni

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US / ˈsʊni /

UK / ˈsʊni /

A1
  • other
  • One of the two main branches of orthodox Islam

depose

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US / dɪ'pəʊz /

UK / dɪˈpoz /

C1
  • verb
  • To remove something from power or prominence

quash

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US / kwɒʃ /

UK / kwɑ:ʃ /

C1
  • verb
  • To stop (a rebellion, etc.) forcefully or violently

sultan

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US / 'sʌltən /

UK / ˈsʌltən /

B2
  • noun
  • Ruler of a Muslim country or state

musket

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US / ˈmʌskɪt /

UK / ˈmʌskɪt /

C1
  • noun
  • Rifle in which you put gunpowder

ibrahim

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US / /

UK / /

A1

bengal

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US / bɛŋˈgɔːl /

UK / ˈbɛŋgəl /

A1
  • other
  • A region whose eastern part is now Bangladesh and whose western part is included in India

drunkenly

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US / ˈdrʌŋkənli /

UK / ˈdrʌŋkənli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Showing effects of much strong drink

taj

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US / tɑ:dʒ /

UK / tɑ:dʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • A tall conical cap worn by a dervish.

mahal

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US / məˈhɑːl /

UK / məˈhɑl /

A1
  • noun
  • A mansion or palace (in names)
  • Living quarters set aside for a particular group of people.

traitorous

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US / ˈtreɪtərəs /

UK / ˈtretərəs /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Disloyal; betraying your country/someone's trust

incalculable

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US / ɪnˈkælkjələbl /

UK / ɪnˈkælkjələbəl /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Huge; not able to be estimated or counted

jesuit

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US / ˈdʒezjuit /

UK / ˈdʒɛʒuɪt,ˈdʒɛzu-,-ju- /

A1
  • other
  • A member of the Jesuit order

akbar

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US / /

UK / /

A1

mughal

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US / ˈmuːɡɑːl /

UK / ˈmuːɡɑːl /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Powerful, important person

jain

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US / dʒeɪn /

UK / dʒaɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • Relating to or characteristic of Jainism

jahan

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US / /

UK / /

A1

zoroastrian

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US / ˌzɒrəʊˈæstriən /

UK / ˌzɔːroʊˈæstriən /

A1
  • other
  • Follower of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism
  • Of or pertaining to Zoroaster or the religion he founded

multiethnic

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US / ˌmʌltɪˈeθnɪk /

UK / ˌmʌltiˈeθnɪk; ˌmʌltaɪˈeθnɪk /

A1
  • other
  • Involving several ethnic groups
  • Introduction to Video Content
  • The Mughal Empire, one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world, rose to prominence in Northern India in 1526. The empire was founded by Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, a prince from Central Asia, who had long harbored ambitions of building his own empire. However, Babur faced challenges in gaining a foothold among the ambitious princes in Central Asia. As a result, he turned his attention to India, where his descendants stayed and established the Mughal Empire.
    Babur's reputation and impact were immortalized through his own memoirs and the work of his descendants. For example, his daughter, Gulbadan, recalled in her memoir how Babur, who had recently given up drinking, filled a newly-constructed pool with lemonade instead of wine. His grandson, Akbar, commissioned exquisite miniature paintings depicting Babur's stories, including one where Babur is depicted drunkenly slumped over his horse.
    It was Akbar who consolidated Mughal power and expanded the empire through military campaigns. Akbar implemented protections for peasants, increasing their productivity and generating more tax revenue for the empire. Princes who pledged their allegiance to Akbar were rewarded, while those who resisted were brutally dealt with, often resulting in their death and the death of their subjects.
  • Subtitles section
  • It's 1526 in what is now Northern India, and Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi is about to face off against a prince from Central Asia, Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
  • To quash the threat, the Sultan brings his war elephants to battle.
  • But it's said that the explosions of Babur's cannons and muskets startled the elephants and they trampled the Sultan's own army.
  • Babur had long harbored ambitions of building his own empire.
  • Though he was descended from some of the world's most successful conquerors, he struggled to gain a foothold among the many ambitious princes in Central Asia.
  • So he turned his attention to India, where his descendants stayed and built the Mughal Empire, one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world and home to nearly a quarter of the global population.
  • Babur died just four years after that fateful battle, but his own memoirs and the work of his descendants immortalized him in colorful fashion.
  • His daughter, Gulbadan, recalled in her own memoir how Babur— having recently given up drinking— filled a newly-constructed pool with lemonade rather than wine.
  • His grandson, Akbar, commissioned exquisite miniature paintings of Babur's stories— one depicted the empire's founder riding through his camp, drunkenly slumped over his horse.
  • It was Akbar who consolidated Mughal power.
  • He established protections for peasants— which in turn increased their productivity and generated more tax revenue— and embarked on military campaigns to expand Mughal territory.
  • Princes who swore allegiance to him were rewarded, while he made brutal examples of those who resisted, killing them and many of their subjects.
  • His conquests opened access to port cities on the Indian Ocean, which connected the Mughals to Arab, Chinese, Ottoman, and European traders, bringing in incalculable wealth, including silver and new crops from the Americas.
  • As the Muslim ruler of a diverse, multiethnic empire, Akbar worked to create internal cohesion by appointing members of the Hindu majority to high positions in his government, marrying a Hindu bride, and distributing translated copies of the "Mahabharata," an ancient Indian epic poem, to his Muslim nobles.
  • Akbar also hosted lively religious debates where Sunni and Shia Muslims, Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, and the newly arrived Portuguese Jesuit missionaries defended the merits of their respective faiths.
  • While most participants viewed this as an intellectual exercise, Portuguese missionaries were disappointed by their failure to convert Akbar.
  • The Mughals built architectural masterpieces such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort, a palace three kilometers around, that housed 50,000 people and contained the magnificent gold and jewel-encrusted Peacock Throne.
  • Just the throne took seven years to construct.
  • During its first 180 years, the Mughals had only six rulers, which contributed to the empire's stability.
  • When the fourth emperor, Jahangir, struggled with alcohol and opioid addiction, his wife, Nur Jahan, took the reins as co-ruler.
  • When a traitorous general captured her husband in an attempted coup, she negotiated his release and rallied the army to stop the rebellion.
  • She once led a hunting party to track down a tiger that was terrorizing a village, leading one poet to write: "Though Nur Jahan be in form of a woman/ In the ranks of men she's a tiger-slayer." Following the death of the sixth emperor, Aurangzeb, in 1707,
  • seven emperors took the throne over the next 21 years.
  • These frequent transitions of power reflected the larger political, economic, social, and environmental crises that plagued the empire throughout the 18th century.
  • In response to this turmoil, regional leaders started refusing to pay taxes and broke away from Mughal control.
  • The British East India Company offered military support to these regional rulers, which in turn increased the company's political influence, enabling it to eventually take direct control of Bengal, one of the wealthiest regions in India.
  • By the 19th century, the East India Company had massive political influence and a large standing army, which included Indian troops.
  • When these troops revolted in 1857, aiming to force out the British and restore Mughal influence, the British government intervened, replacing company rule with direct colonial rule, deposing the last Mughal emperor and sending him into exile.
  • And so, over three centuries after its founding, the Mughal Empire came to an end.