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Microsoft warning about China hacking highlights tensions in South China Sea, says Phosphorus CEO

Video vocabulary

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

be

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US / bɪ /

UK / bi /

A1
  • verb
  • Being

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

do

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US / du: /

UK / du /

A1
  • other
  • Question words for 'do' verbs
  • verb
  • To act; to perform actions
  • To be enough; to be acceptable
  • To have a certain effect on something or someone

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

there

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US / ðɛə /

UK / ðɛr /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to illustrate the existence of something
  • In a particular respect
  • In that place or position, at that location

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

more

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US / mɔ:(r) /

UK / mɔr, mor /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In addition; extra
  • Greater in amount, number, or size
  • adverb
  • To a greater degree; in greater quantity
  • For a longer period of time
  • determiner
  • Additional quantity
  • pronoun
  • A greater or additional number

when

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US / wen /

UK / wɛn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or during the time something happens
  • adverb
  • Word you use to ask about the time, or day
  • conjunction
  • Although
  • In the event that; if
  • pronoun
  • Which time

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

some

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US / səm /

UK / sʌm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Remarkable; very good (or very bad) in a way
  • Concerning a certain unclear degree, quantity
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to an unspecified amount or number
  • pronoun
  • Number of persons, things in a group, but not all

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

thing

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US / θɪŋ /

UK / θɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • (Used to introduce the reason for something)
  • Something you cannot remember the name of

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

these

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US / ði:z /

UK / ðiz /

A1
  • determiner
  • People, things, or ideas near you
  • pronoun
  • The objects near the speaker

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

need

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US / ni:d /

UK / nid /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing you must have and cannot not have e.g. air
  • Thing you must have and cannot manage without
  • verb
  • To be unable to manage without something; require

which

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US / wɪtʃ /

UK / hwɪtʃ,wɪtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Question word to ask about a person's choice
  • pronoun
  • (Used to describe something previously mentioned)
  • Question word to decide either, or

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

try

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US / traɪ /

UK / traɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
  • verb
  • To make an effort, to attempt to do something
  • To examine someone or something in a court of law
  • To test to see if it is good or you like it
  • To make a person go through hardship; test
  • To examine something to see if it works

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • determiner
  • Constituting nearly all of something
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

around

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US / ə'raʊnd /

UK / əˈraʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Close to someone or something
  • adverb
  • Located on every side, or along something
  • With a motion that moves in a circle or a curve
  • Going here and there within (a place)
  • Turned or turning in the opposite direction
  • preposition
  • Roughly; approximately

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

feel

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US / fi:l /

UK / fil /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
  • To sense through direct contact; touch

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

should

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US / ʃʊd /

UK / ʃʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

great

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US / ɡreɪt /

UK / ɡret /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very large in size
  • Very important
  • Very good; fantastic; wonderful
  • adverb
  • Very good; better than before
  • noun
  • Successful and well-admired person

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

every

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US / 'evrɪ /

UK / ˈɛvri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening at equal specified intervals/distance
  • determiner
  • Including each person or thing in a group

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

play

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US / pleɪ /

UK / pleɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Loose, free movement between two objects
  • Single action in a sports game
  • Performance in which people act in a theater
  • verb
  • To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
  • To perform music on an instrument
  • To use a device, e.g. a video game
  • To do something for enjoyment and fun
  • To do or perform a game or sport

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

today

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US / tə'deɪ /

UK / təˈde /

A1
  • adverb
  • On this day; at the time that is happening now
  • noun
  • This day; day that is happening now

point

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US / pɔɪnt /

UK / pɔɪnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An item to be discussed
  • Small spot or dot
  • Fact or detail
  • Feature of something
  • The size of the text on a page or screen
  • A certain time or stage in a process
  • Certain position in time or space
  • Idea or fact you try to convince people about
  • Measurement of scores in a game, sport
  • Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
  • verb
  • To face a certain direction, e.g. north
  • To indicate something with your finger to others

able

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US / 'eɪbl /

UK / ˈebəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Skilled; good at something
  • Having the ability to do something

move

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US / mu:v /

UK / muv /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
  • An action; doing something
  • Step taken to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to have certain emotions
  • To cause something to change to a different place
  • To change where people live or a business operates
  • To take action to do or achieve something

own

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US / əʊn /

UK / on /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Belong to oneself
  • determiner
  • Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
  • pronoun
  • (Something) belong to myself
  • verb
  • To have something as your property

hear

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be aware of sound; to perceive with the ear
  • To be told or find out information or facts
  • To consider or listen to a court case

anything

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US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • A thing of any kind

game

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US / ɡeɪm /

UK / ɡem /

A1
  • noun
  • Activity with rules that people play to have fun
  • Birds and animals people hunt to kill and eat
  • Match between two teams

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

seem

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US / si:m /

UK / sim /

A1
  • verb
  • To appear to be something

someone

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US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person who is not known or named

definitely

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US / ˈdefɪnətli /

UK / ˈdefɪnətli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Without question; beyond doubt

sort

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US / sɔ:t /

UK / sɔrt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group or class of similar things or people
  • verb
  • To organize things by putting them into groups
  • To deal with things in an organized way

under

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US / ˈʌndə(r) /

UK / ˈʌndɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In the same place as another thing, but lower
  • adverb
  • In a lower quantity or price than expected
  • preposition
  • According to the terms of an agreement or law
  • Managed or controlled by the authority of
  • Being of a lesser quality or amount than expected
  • Influenced or affected by something or someone
  • Less or lower in age, amount, size or number

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

begin

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US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

less

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US / les /

UK / lɛs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Smaller in amount or degree
  • adverb
  • To a smaller degree
  • noun
  • A smaller amount
  • preposition
  • With the subtraction of

word

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US / wɜ:d /

UK / wɚd /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of language that has a meaning
  • Promise
  • Short remark or piece of information
  • verb
  • To express something by choosing particular words

level

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US / 'levl /

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Sports) equal to another
  • Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
  • noun
  • Specific height of something
  • Amount of ability you have compared to others
  • Floor or deck within a building
  • Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
  • verb
  • To aim a gun at someone
  • To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
  • To make things flat or even
  • To make a score equal to another, in sports

expect

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US / ɪk'spekt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛkt /

A1
  • verb
  • To believe something is probably going to happen

during

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US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

A1
  • preposition
  • At some point in the course of an event or thing

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

interesting

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US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Taking your attention; making you want to know
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

link

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US / lɪŋk /

UK / lɪŋk /

A2
  • noun
  • Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
  • Connection between two or more things or people
  • Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
  • verb
  • To join or connect together

whether

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US / ˈweðə(r) /

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

A1
  • conjunction
  • If something will happen or not

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

country

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US / ˈkʌntri /

UK / ˈkʌntri /

A1
  • noun
  • An area of land that is controlled by a government
  • Open land that is away from towns and cities

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

future

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US / ˈfju:tʃə(r) /

UK / ˈfjutʃɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Time that is to come after the present

join

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US / dʒɔɪn /

UK / dʒɔɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To bring something close to another, to become one
  • To become a member of
  • To participate in an activity with others

state

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US / steɪt /

UK / stet /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning region within a country
  • noun
  • Region within a country, with its own government
  • Situation or condition something is in
  • verb
  • To say; declare as fact

foot

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US / fʊt /

UK / fʊt /

A1
  • noun
  • Base of something such as a mountain or vase
  • Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
  • Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

challenge

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US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
  • Act of formally inviting someone to compete
  • A question to determine correctness of something
  • verb
  • To formally invite someone to compete at something
  • To question the correctness of something

action

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US / 'ækʃn /

UK / ˈækʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that a person or thing does
  • verb
  • To act to do something

difference

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US / 'dɪfrəns /

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

A1
  • noun
  • A thing or issue that people do not agree about
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

ability

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US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • The power, resources or skill to do something

option

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US / 'ɒpʃn /

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • A choice
  • Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

attack

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US / ə'tæk /

UK / əˈtæk /

A2
  • noun
  • Act intended to hurt someone physically, mentally
  • verb
  • To try to destroy, beat, or injure

event

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US / ɪˈvent /

UK / ɪˈvɛnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Any social gathering; occasion; planned activity
  • Something that happens that you will remember
  • Race or contest in a sports activity or program

certainly

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US / ˈsə:tnli /

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Sure; of course

rule

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US / ruːl /

UK / ruːl /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that is normal and usually happens
  • Governmental control or power over a region
  • Statement that says how things should be
  • verb
  • To decide legally, especially in court
  • To have control or influence
  • To mark with a straight line

government

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US / ˈgʌvənmənt /

UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of people and system that rule a nation

multiple

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US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having or involving more than one of something
  • noun
  • Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
  • Shop with many branches

describe

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US / dɪ'skraɪb /

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

unique

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US / jʊ'ni:k /

UK / juˈnik /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unlike other things; being the only one like it

field

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US / fi:ld /

UK / fild /

A1
  • noun
  • Area of study, such as physics or biology
  • Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
  • Open area of land, especially without buildings
  • Grassed area where you play some sports
  • verb
  • To respond to something or answer a question
  • To catch or stop a ball during a game

truly

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US / 'tru:lɪ /

UK / ˈtruli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

perhaps

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US / pəˈhæps /

UK / pɚˈhæps /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

advantage

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US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Thing making the chance of success higher
  • A positive point about something

suggest

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US / səˈdʒest /

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

A1
  • verb
  • To mention something that could be done; propose

approach

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US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
  • Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
  • Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
  • verb
  • To get close to reaching something or somewhere
  • To request someone to do something specific

computer

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US / kəmˈpju:tə(r) /

UK / kəmˈpjutɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Machine for storing data, accessing the internet

gain

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US / ɡeɪn /

UK / ɡen /

A2
  • noun
  • An increase in something, such as weight
  • verb
  • To increase in something, such as weight
  • To get something wanted, needed or valued

technology

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US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

code

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US / kəʊd /

UK / kod /

A2
  • noun
  • A password made of a set of letters or numbers
  • Set of rules for behavior
  • A secret language using secret symbols
  • Written part of a computer program
  • verb
  • To express information in a series of numbers
  • To write a secret message using secret symbols
  • To write programs using computer languages

former

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US / ˈfɔ:mə(r) /

UK / ˈfɔrmɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being something previously, but not now
  • noun
  • The first mentioned

internet

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US / ˈɪn.tə.net /

UK / ˋɪntɚ͵nɛt /

A1
  • noun
  • Worldwide computer network system

national

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US / 'næʃnəl /

UK / ˈnæʃənəl, ˈnæʃnəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a nation as a whole
  • noun
  • A person of a particular country

perform

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US / pə'fɔ:m /

UK / pɚˈfɔrm /

A1
  • verb
  • To carry out an action well or successfully
  • To entertain an audience by dancing, singing etc.

worried

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US / ˈwʌrid /

UK / ˈwɜ:rid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Feeling troubled or concerned
  • verb
  • To cause concern or trouble over something
  • To feel concerned or troubled about something

interest

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US / 'ɪntrəst /

UK / ˈɪntrɪst, -tərɪst, -ˌtrɛst /

A1
  • noun
  • Best or most advantageous thing for someone
  • Activity or subject one enjoys doing or learning
  • Fee for borrowing money
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

device

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US / dɪˈvaɪs /

UK / dɪˈvaɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • Object, machine, or equipment for a specific use
  • Method of doing something; a way

concern

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US / kənˈsɜ:n /

UK / kənˈsɚn /

A2
  • noun
  • Company, firm or business
  • Feeling of worry or anxiety
  • verb
  • To be about a particular topic
  • To have a direct impact on someone
  • To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
  • To feel worry or anxiety

mode

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US / məʊd /

UK / moʊd /

A2
  • noun
  • Fashion and design
  • Status or way of functioning

activity

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US / æk'tɪvətɪ /

UK / ækˈtɪvɪti /

A1
  • noun
  • An action or task, e.g. sports, washing clothes

versus

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US / ˈvə:səs /

UK / ˈvɚsəs, -səz /

A2
  • preposition
  • Used to show that two things are competing

security

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US / sɪ'kjʊərətɪ /

UK / sɪˈkjʊrɪtisə'kjurətɪ /

A2
  • noun
  • Department in a company in charge of protection
  • Financial document, like stocks, bonds and notes
  • Person paid to protect property and people
  • Things done to protect people, buildings etc.
  • Condition of being safe from danger or harm

constantly

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US / ˈkɒnstəntli /

UK / ˈkɑnstəntlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Frequently, or without pause

actor

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US / ˈæktə(r) /

UK / ˈæktɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person who acts in the theater, movies, or TV

industry

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US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

A1
  • noun
  • Hard work; being busy working
  • Factories or businesses that make certain products

united

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US / jʊ'naɪtɪd /

UK / juˈnaɪtɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Joined or combined together
  • verb
  • To join or come together for the same goal

significant

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US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
  • Having meaning; important; noticeable
  • (Statistics) being clearly different

traditional

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US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Involved in a custom or event common to a people

military

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US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the army or navy
  • noun
  • Army or armed forces

sea

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US / si: /

UK / si: /

A1
  • noun
  • Very large group of people, similar-looking things
  • Large body of salty water with land around it

testing

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US / ˈtestɪŋ /

UK / ˈtestɪŋ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be given a medical examination
  • To try to establish the truth or nature of
  • To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

south

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US / saʊθ /

UK / saʊθ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
  • Coming from the opposite direction from north
  • noun
  • The direction to your right of the rising sun

campaign

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US / kæm'peɪn /

UK / kæmˈpen /

A2
  • noun
  • Series of actions meant to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To work in an organized, active way towards a goal

ignore

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US / ɪɡ'nɔ:(r) /

UK / ɪɡˈnɔr, -ˈnor /

A2
  • verb
  • To not listen to, look at, or pay attention to

unit

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US / ˈju:nɪt /

UK / ˈjunɪt /

B2
  • noun
  • One apartment in a building
  • Group of people, e.g. soldiers, that work together
  • A chapter of a textbook
  • A standard of measurement of something
  • Single item made by a company

network

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US / ˈnetwɜ:k /

UK / ˈnetwɜ:rk /

A2
  • noun
  • Group of computers connected to each other
  • System of connections
  • Group who work closely with each other
  • Group of radio or television stations, programs
  • verb
  • To join a group of computers together
  • To exchange information with colleagues, contacts

critical

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US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Making a negative judgment of something
  • Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
  • Most important part

method

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US / 'meθəd /

UK / ˈmɛθəd /

A2
  • noun
  • (Organized and planned) way of doing something

typically

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US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a normal or usual way

however

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US / haʊˈevə(r) /

UK / haʊˈevɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In whatever way; by whatever means
  • conjunction
  • (Used to introduce a counter statement)

financial

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US / faɪˈnænʃl /

UK / faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Involving money

property

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US / 'prɒpətɪ /

UK / ˈprɑpəti /

A2
  • noun
  • Particular quality that someone or something has
  • Buildings or piece of land owned by someone

oppose

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US / əˈpəʊz /

UK / əˈpoʊz /

A2
  • verb
  • To fight against someone in a contest or game

advance

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US / əd'vɑ:ns /

UK / ædˈvæns /

A2
  • noun
  • Forward movement by an army
  • An attempt to seduce someone
  • verb
  • (Of an army) to move forward
  • To change or improve
  • To increase in price or value
  • To move forward in a certain direction
  • To try to seduce someone

constant

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US / 'kɒnstənt /

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Happening frequently or without pause
  • noun
  • Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

conflict

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US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

A2
  • noun
  • Argument or struggle between two or more parties
  • verb
  • To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

commercial

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US / kəˈmə:ʃəl /

UK / kəˈmɚʃəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • noun
  • Radio or television advertisement

communication

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US / kəˌmju:nɪ'keɪʃn /

UK / kəˌmjunɪˈkeʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Talking to people; giving information to people

hack

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US / hæk /

UK / hæk /

B1
  • noun
  • Dry cough
  • Horse for hire to work or pull a vehicle for a fee
  • Writer writing a lot of poor quality work for fees
  • verb
  • To illegally access someone else's computer
  • To cough in a loud dry way
  • To cut away plants and branches to make a path
  • To cut something with many irregular blows

intelligence

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US / ɪn'telɪdʒəns /

UK / ɪnˈtɛlədʒəns /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of the spying services; acting in secrecy
  • noun
  • Collection of secret information about something
  • Ability to learn things or to consider situations

announcement

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US / əˈnaʊnsmənt /

UK / əˈnaʊnsmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of informing people about something publicly

timing

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US / ˈtaɪmɪŋ /

UK / ˈtaɪmɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • Measurement of how fast someone is
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

outcome

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US / ˈaʊtkʌm /

UK / ˈaʊtˌkʌm /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that happens as a result, consequence

implement

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US / ˈɪmplɪment /

UK / ˈɪmpləmənt /

B1
  • noun
  • A tool
  • verb
  • To start to do something you plan to do

china

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US / ˈtʃaɪnə /

UK / ˈtʃaɪnə /

A1
  • noun
  • A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the wo
  • other
  • High quality porcelain originally made only in China

devastating

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US / ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ /

UK / ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Destroying everything; very shocking
  • verb
  • To cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

op

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US / ɒp /

UK / ɑːp /

B2
  • noun
  • Shortened form of of 'medical operation'

capability

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US / ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti /

UK / ˌkeɪpə'bɪləti /

B1
  • noun
  • Means, ability, or potential to do something

chris

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US / /

UK / /

A1

advise

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US / ədˈvaɪz /

UK / ædˈvaɪz /

A2
  • verb
  • To suggest what would be helpful

compromise

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US / 'kɒmprəmaɪz /

UK / ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz /

B1
  • noun
  • When you lessen your demands to get agreement
  • verb
  • To weaken your position or views
  • To lessen your demands so as to reach agreement
  • To put something at risk or in danger

balloon

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US / bəˈlu:n /

UK / bəˈlun /

B1
  • noun
  • Thin bag of rubber filled with air, used as a toy
  • Large air-filled bag to carry people into the air
  • verb
  • To grow larger quickly; spring up suddenly
  • To travel in a large balloon

relation

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US / rɪˈleɪʃn /

UK / rɪˈleɪʃn /

A2
  • noun
  • Connection between two or more things
  • A member of your family
  • Way in which two or more things are connected

infrastructure

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US / 'ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r) /

UK / ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Basic necessary equipment for a country or region

chinese

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US / ˌtʃaɪˈniːz /

UK / ˌtʃaɪˈniːz /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the culture and people of China

spy

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US / spaɪ /

UK / spaɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Person who gets secret information about an enemy
  • Person who secretly watches other people
  • verb
  • To try to get secrets about an enemy country
  • To secretly watch someone or something
  • To see something or someone

weakness

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US / ˈwi:knəs /

UK / ˈwiknɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • Fault or bad quality preventing success
  • State, condition of not being powerful or strong
  • Liking for something that you are a bit ashamed of

evaluate

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US / ɪˈvæljueɪt /

UK / ɪˈvæljuˌet /

A2
  • verb
  • To form an idea to judge something carefully

disrupt

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US / dɪsˈrʌpt /

UK / dɪsˈrʌpt /

B2
  • verb
  • To cause a disturbance in an activity in progress

indication

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US / ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪndɪˈkeʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Something showing something exists or will happen

dependent

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US / dɪˈpendənt /

UK / dɪˈpɛndənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Someone who relies on (financial) support

interfere

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US / ˌɪntə'fɪə(r) /

UK / ˌɪntɚˈfɪr /

B1
  • verb
  • To get involved in something not your business

financially

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US / fə'nænʃəlɪ /

UK / faɪˈnænʃəlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • From a financial point of view

ceo

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US / ˌsiː iː ˈəʊ /

UK / ˌsiː iː ˈoʊ /

C2
  • abbreviation
  • CEO for Chief Operating Officer

pivot

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US / 'pɪvət /

UK / ˈpɪvət /

B2
  • noun
  • Point on which something turns or balances
  • verb
  • To turn or balance on a center point

significance

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US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns /

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns /

B1
  • noun
  • The potential for something to have a big effect
  • Meaning or importance of something
  • (Statistics) being clearly different

hostile

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US / ˈhɔstail /

UK / ˈhɑstəl, -ˌtaɪl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Unwelcoming; showing ill will, as to an enemy
  • Very difficult to live due to harsh conditions

intellectual

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US / ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl /

UK / ˌɪntlˈɛktʃuəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things
  • other
  • a person who is well educated and enjoys activities in which they have to think seriously about thin

installation

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US / ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnstəˈleʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Process of setting up equipment to use

probe

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US / prəʊb /

UK / prob /

B1
  • noun
  • A thorough or deep examination of a problem
  • Device used to send information from outer space
  • Long medical instrument to look inside your body
  • verb
  • To carefully examine an issue by asking questions
  • To examine the inside of something using a tool

motive

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US / ˈməʊtɪv /

UK / ˈmoʊtɪv /

A2
  • noun
  • A reason for doing something

infiltrate

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US / ˈɪnfɪltreɪt /

UK / ɪnˈfɪlˌtret, ˈɪnfɪl- /

B2
  • verb
  • To enter a group, place to get secret information
  • (Of liquids/gases) to enter into something slowly

attacker

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US / əˈtækə(r) /

UK / əˈtækər /

A1
  • noun
  • Someone who attacks

posture

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US / 'pɒstʃə(r) /

UK / ˈpɑstʃɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Attitude someone adopts regarding a subject
  • The position of the body when standing or sitting
  • verb
  • To be insincere in order to gain favor

volt

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US / vəult /

UK / volt /

B1
  • noun
  • Unit in which electricity is measured

cyber

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US / 'saɪbə /

UK / 'saɪbə /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the internet

adversary

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US / ˈædvəsəri /

UK / ˈædvərseri /

B2
  • noun
  • Opponent who want to fight you for some reason

traverse

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US / trəˈvɜ:s /

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  • verb
  • To pass across, over, or through

microsoft

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US / ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp /

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A1

ignorant

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US / ˈɪgnərənt /

UK / ˈɪɡnərənt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Lacking knowledge, awareness or information

disruptive

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US / dɪsˈrʌptɪv /

UK / dɪsˈrʌptɪv /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Causing trouble; disturbing a class, etc.

indicative

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US / ɪnˈdɪkətɪv /

UK / ɪnˈdɪkətɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the mood of verbs used in statements
  • Showing; suggesting

taiwan

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US / ˈtaɪˈwɑːn /

UK / ˈtaɪˈwɑn /

A1
  • other
  • A government on the island of Taiwan established in by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainlan
  • An island in southeastern Asia miles off the coast of mainland China in the South China Sea

espionage

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US / ˈespiənɑ:ʒ /

UK / ˈɛspiəˌnɑʒ, -nɪdʒ /

C1
  • noun
  • Act of spying

doctrine

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US / ˈdɒktrɪn /

UK / ˈdɑktrɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • Rules or principles taught in a system of beliefs

cybersecurity

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US / ˌsaɪ.bə.sɪˈkjʊə.rə.ti /

UK / ˌsaɪ.bɚ.səˈkjʊr.ə.t̬i /

A1
  • noun
  • Things that are done to protect a person, organization, or country and their computer information ag

typhoon

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US / taɪ'fu:n /

UK / taɪˈfun /

B1
  • noun
  • Tropical cyclone created over oceans

incursion

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US / ɪnˈkɜ:ʒən /

UK / ɪnˈkə:ʒən /

C1
  • noun
  • Sudden invasion or attack by enemies

linkage

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US / ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ /

UK / ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • A system of connections joining items

ransomware

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US / ˈrænsəmweə(r) /

UK / ˈrænsəmwer /

A1
  • noun
  • A type of malicious software designed to block access to a computer system until a sum of money is p

layman

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US / 'leɪmən /

UK / ˈlemən /

B2
  • noun
  • An ordinary person (not a clergyman, priest etc.)

cybercrime

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US / ˈsaɪbəkraɪm /

UK / ˈsaɪbərkraɪm /

B1
  • noun
  • Crime committed using a computer and the internet

guam

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US / ɡwɑːm /

UK / ɡwɑːm /

A1
  • noun
  • Islands in the marianas administered by the United States

cto

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US / /

UK / /

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  • noun
  • A chief technology (or technical) officer, a senior executive with responsibility for managing the t
  • Introduction to Video Content
  • The recent warning from Microsoft and the U.S. government about China hacking has brought attention to the tensions in the South China Sea. Chris Ruland, CEO of Phosphorus Security and former CTO of IBM's X unit, discusses the significance of this announcement.
    Ruland highlights that the compromise beginning in Guam is particularly interesting. It could indicate China's interest or ability to disrupt communications in the South China Sea during a conflict. What makes this case even more intriguing is the methods employed by the attackers. Unlike typical cybercrime or cybersecurity threats that focus on financial gains or ransomware, these state actors are infiltrating networks and utilizing a technique called pivoting. This allows them to move around undetected, compromising various devices on the network.
    The fact that the attackers are targeting devices rather than just computers is significant. These devices are often overlooked in cybersecurity doctrines, yet they play a crucial role in network infrastructure. This highlights the need to evaluate and secure all elements of a network to prevent such infiltrations.
    Ruland emphasizes the distinction between state actors performing espionage and those aiming to disrupt operations. The ability to interfere with computer communications during a conflict can have devastating consequences, as our systems are heavily reliant on internet and network communications. Unlike traditional attacks driven by financial motives, disruptive actions can render our systems non-functional.
    The implications of China's hacking activities in the South China Sea are far-reaching. The ability to compromise and disrupt communications infrastructure poses a significant threat in times of conflict. This announcement from the U.S. government and Microsoft serves as a reminder of the importance of cybersecurity and the need to address vulnerabilities in our networks to safeguard critical operations.
  • Subtitles section
  • Joining us now, Chris Ruland is CEO of Phosphorus Security and the former CTO of IBM's X unit.
  • Chris, it's great to have you here today.
  • What is the significance of this announcement from the U.S. government and Microsoft about the Chinese hacking?
  • Well, certainly an indication of compromise beginning in Guam is very interesting and unique and could be indicative of the interest or ability to disrupt communications in the South China Sea in the event of conflict.
  • It's also very interesting as to the types of devices and their methods in compromising these networks.
  • How so?
  • Well, a lot of times when we think about cybercrime or cybersecurity, the end game is a financial game or a mode of ransomware.
  • In this case, the adversary is infiltrating networks and implementing what we call a pivot or the ability to move around the networks.
  • Also, as opposed to compromising computers, these attackers are compromising devices that you might see on a network, which are typically ignored in most cybersecurity doctrines and need to be evaluated.
  • So there's a difference, isn't there, between a state actor performing espionage in their hacking and performing disruptive activities, in other words, really trying to interfere with operations.
  • What is this and why would disruptive actions be so much more devastating, critical to this infrastructure that is being attacked?
  • Well, we're so dependent on Internet communications and computer network communications, the ability to disrupt our computer communications during a conflict could be significant.
  • Our systems just wouldn't work.
  • And it's a much different approach than a traditional attack you would see where someone is actually trying to gain financially from the outcome.
  • These attackers are trying to gain intelligence about what we're doing, how we're doing it, and they like to have the option to be able to disrupt those communications at some point in the future.
  • And that feels to me as an ignorant layman, like the kind of testing that a hostile state actor would do before they would make some military move against Taiwan.
  • In other words, if they're testing our sort of infrastructure this way, wouldn't it suggest to you that they're doing it with motive?
  • Well, the code can't tell us that, but the people can.
  • But what's interesting is the timing.
  • The National Security Agency's advised that this attack, Volt Typhoon, began at the same time the Chinese spy balloon traversed the country.
  • So the timing could be linked.
  • There could be multiple campaigns, but it's definitely very interesting.
  • How would you describe, Chris, the U.S. versus China when it comes to kind of cybersecurity?
  • Who has the better systems, the technology?
  • When we hear about these incursions, are we expected that we are up to the challenge?
  • The United States government and the U.S. has great cybersecurity posture.
  • We have great capabilities.
  • However, we are under constant attack, and they are constantly probing for every weakness.
  • It's really less about the technology and how they play by the rules.
  • And in our case, the Chinese will hack into anything they can get into, whether it's to advance their own intellectual property for commercial gains or government footing.
  • In this case, communications are perhaps a military advantage.
  • Our government does not use our cyber capabilities to advance industry.
  • And this is not a level playing field.
  • How much should we be worried about this incursion?
  • Well, this truly happens all the time.
  • What's the most interesting thing about this to me is it started in Guam.
  • And that seems like it might be a linkage to the relation of Guam and the South China Sea.
  • It makes it very interesting and very concerning, and perhaps about what might happen in the future.
  • Large military installations, U.S. military installations in Guam.