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It's Becoming Very Clear That Birds Are Not Normal

Video vocabulary

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

history

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US / 'hɪstrɪ /

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

A2
  • noun
  • Established pattern or record
  • Study of past events as an academic subject

full

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US / fʊl /

UK / fʊl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Containing all the parts; complete
  • Containing or holding as much as possible
  • Having had enough food
  • adverb
  • In a direct manner; completely

muscle

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US / 'mʌsl /

UK / ˈmʌsəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Physical power
  • Body tissue that moves parts of the body
  • verb
  • To use or muscles of force to get what you want

hand

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US / hænd /

UK / hænd /

A1
  • noun
  • Cards given to a player in a card game
  • Piece of a clock that points to the time
  • Someone who performs physical tasks or work
  • Body part at the end of a person's arm
  • Help for someone performing a particular action
  • Condition of having power or influence
  • Member of the crew of a ship
  • verb
  • To give something to someone personally

air

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US / eə(r) /

UK / er /

A1
  • noun
  • Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
  • A person's manner intended to impress others
  • verb
  • To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
  • To broadcast a TV or radio show
  • To open a subject to discussion and debate

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

mind

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US / maɪnd /

UK / maɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • One's opinion or way of thinking about something
  • Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
  • verb
  • To be bothered or upset by something
  • To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

eric

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US / ˈerɪk /

UK / /

A1

model

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US / ˈmɒdl /

UK / ˈmɑ:dl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being an excellent example of
  • noun
  • Person who wears fashion to show it to the public
  • A small scale copy of a full original
  • verb
  • To wear and display clothes at a fashion show
  • To make a small scale copy of a full original

store

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US / stɔ:(r) /

UK / stɔr, stor /

A2
  • noun
  • Place where things are kept for future use
  • Place where you can go to buy things
  • verb
  • To put things in a place for later use

scientist

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US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who is trained in a science

manage

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US / ˈmænɪdʒ /

UK / ˈmænɪdʒ /

A1
  • verb
  • To survive hardships and difficulties; to cope
  • To run or operate a business by directing others

clear

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US / klɪə(r) /

UK / klɪr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Empty; without anything in it or on it
  • Being certain and without doubt
  • Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
  • Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
  • adverb
  • Completely; entirely; through the whole of
  • Away from; free from
  • verb
  • To recover from or remove a problem
  • To get rid of the entire contents of
  • To give permission for something to happen
  • To make a place or surface empty by removing
  • To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

jake

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US / dʒeɪk /

UK / dʒeɪk /

A1
  • adjective
  • All right; satisfactory.

often

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US / ˈɔfən /

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Many times; frequently; on many occasions

outer

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US / ˈaʊtə(r) /

UK / ˈaʊtɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Far away
  • Being farther away from the center
  • On or around something; away from the center

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

bear

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US / bɛː /

UK / bɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
  • Someone who expects stock market to fall
  • verb
  • To accept (responsibilities or duties)
  • To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
  • To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
  • To keep moving left or right while going forward
  • To show (sign of something)
  • To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

davidson

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US / ˈdeɪvɪdsən /

UK / /

A1

tech

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US / tek /

UK / tɛk /

A2
  • noun
  • Shortened form of 'technology' or 'technician'

flap

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US / flæp /

UK / flæp /

B2
  • noun
  • Motion or sound of something waving back and forth
  • Flat material attached on one side
  • verb
  • To move something back and forth or up and down

scared

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US / skeəd /

UK / skerd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Frightened, afraid
  • verb
  • To become frightened
  • To make someone feel frightened or worried

adventure

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US / əd'ventʃə(r) /

UK / ædˈvɛntʃɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • An exciting and often dangerous experience
  • verb
  • To have an exciting or dangerous experience

blood

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US / blʌd /

UK / blʌd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Related by birth; family
  • noun
  • Red liquid in the bodies of people and animals
  • verb
  • To be initiated into something, e.g. a secret club

lifestyle

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US / ˈlaɪfstaɪl /

UK / ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl /

B1
  • noun
  • The type of life that you have; the way you live

upon

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US / əˈpɔn, əpən /

UK / əˈpɑn, əˈpɔn /

A1
  • preposition
  • More formal term for 'on'

simplicity

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US / sɪm'plɪsətɪ /

UK / sɪmˈplɪsɪti /

C1
  • noun
  • Being easy to understand or use

decade

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US / ˈdekeɪd /

UK / ˈdɛkˌed, dɛˈked /

B1
  • noun
  • Period of 10 years

archaeopteryx

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US / ˌɑ:kiˈɒpterɪks /

UK / ˌɑ:rkiˈɑ:pterɪks /

A1
  • other
  • Extinct primitive toothed bird of the Jurassic period having a long feathered tail and hollow bones;

beauty

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US / 'bju:tɪ /

UK / ˈbjuti /

A2
  • noun
  • Something attractive that produces great pleasure
  • Physically or visually attractive person

foot

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US / fʊt /

UK / fʊt /

A1
  • noun
  • Base of something such as a mountain or vase
  • Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
  • Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

occasion

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US / ə'keɪʒn /

UK / əˈkeʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • Significant or important event or function
  • Time when something happens or takes place
  • verb
  • To make or cause something to happen; to lead to

process

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US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

month

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US / mʌnθ /

UK / mʌnθ /

A1
  • noun
  • One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

via

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US / ˈvaɪə /

UK / ˈvaɪə, ˈviə /

B1
  • preposition
  • By the means of using something
  • By going through, by way of

competition

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US / ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn /

UK / ˌkɑmpɪˈtɪʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Fighting against others to win something

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

handful

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US / 'hændfʊl /

UK / ˈhændˌfʊl /

B1
  • noun
  • an amount of something that can be held in one hand; small quantity or amount of people or things
  • A thing requiring great effort to control, manage

structural

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US / ˈstrʌktʃərəl /

UK / ˈstrʌktʃərəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or caused by structure

group

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US / ɡru:p /

UK / ɡrup /

A1
  • noun
  • Two or more musicians who play music together
  • Number of people or things gathered together
  • verb
  • To combine or collect objects or people together

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

cover

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US / 'kʌvə(r) /

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • A different version of another song
  • Bed sheets; blankets
  • (Police or military) protection from attack
  • Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
  • Thing you put over something to close or hide it
  • Front and back part of a book or magazine
  • Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
  • verb
  • To record a different version of another song
  • To include as part of its area
  • To put something over something to hide it
  • To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
  • To form a layer over something so it is hidden
  • To have sufficient funds to pay for something
  • To include something within an agreed limit
  • To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
  • (Police or military) to protect from attack
  • To travel a certain distance in a given time
  • To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

origin

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US / ˈɒrɪdʒɪn /

UK / ˈɔrədʒɪn,ˈɑr- /

A2
  • noun
  • Point at which something begins or is created
  • Country or social group that a person comes from

independently

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US / ˌɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ /

UK / ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner being free from the control of another

refinement

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US / rɪˈfaɪnmənt /

UK / rɪˈfaɪnmənt /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of changing slightly to make it better
  • Small but meaningful improvement to make very good

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

could

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US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

quickly

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US / ˈkwɪkli /

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Without taking a lot of time; fast

relatively

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US / ˈrelətɪvli /

UK / ˈrɛlətɪvlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a manner comparing something to something else

discovery

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US / dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

UK / dɪˈskʌvəri /

A2
  • noun
  • Learning something for the first time

massage

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US / ˈmæsɑ:ʒ /

UK / məˈsɑ:ʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • Rubbing neck, back etc., to relieve pain/to relax
  • verb
  • To rub back, neck etc. to relieve pain or relax
  • To make facts, etc. look better for your benefit

instant

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US / ˈɪnstənt /

UK / ˈɪnstənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Food) requiring very little preparation
  • Occurring immediately
  • noun
  • A very short period of time

world

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US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

least

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US / li:st /

UK / list /

A1
  • adverb
  • In the smallest or lowest way
  • noun
  • Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

hart

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US / hɑ:t /

UK / hɑ:rt /

A1
  • noun
  • A male deer, especially an adult male red deer

fly

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US / flaɪ /

UK / flai /

A1
  • noun
  • Common flying insect, sometimes blue in color
  • Opening with fold of cloth hiding zipper on pants
  • verb
  • To move in the wind, e.g. a flag
  • To move at a high speed
  • To travel in a plane, helicopter, balloon etc.
  • To pilot people or items by plane
  • To travel through the air using wings

firm

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US / fɜ:m /

UK / fɚm /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Fairly hard or solid, not soft
  • Unchanging and strong
  • noun
  • Company that sells goods or services
  • verb
  • To make something become more solid or durable

interesting

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US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Taking your attention; making you want to know
  • verb
  • To make someone want to know about something
  • To persuade to do, become involved with something

hard

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US / hɑ:d /

UK / hɑː(r)d /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult to do; difficult to understand
  • (Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
  • (Of alcohol) strong
  • Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
  • Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
  • Strong
  • (Of edge) clear; sharp
  • Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
  • adverb
  • With lots of force, power, or impact

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

enough

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US / ɪˈnʌf /

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sufficient to answer the need
  • adverb
  • To a satisfactory degree
  • pronoun
  • Equal to what is needed; as much as required
  • Adequate number or amount

bizarre

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US / bɪˈzɑ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈzɑr /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Odd or strange

require

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US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

A2
  • verb
  • To demand that someone does something
  • To need to do something, to make it necessary

include

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US / ɪnˈklu:d /

UK / ɪnˈklud /

A1
  • verb
  • To make someone, something part of a group

specie

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US / 'spi:ʃi: /

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Singular of species

argue

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US / ˈɑ:gju: /

UK / ˈɑ:rgju: /

A1
  • verb
  • To fight or disagree over something
  • To state your reasons for or against an idea

sprout

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US / spraʊt /

UK / spraʊt /

B2
  • noun
  • New part of a plant that has just begun to grow
  • verb
  • To grow, produce, or develop e.g. ideas
  • (Of plants) to start to grow or produce leaves

offer

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US / 'ɒfə(r) /

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Price you say you are willing to pay for something
  • Act of making a thing available to be accepted
  • verb
  • To suggest a price you are willing to pay
  • To give the opportunity to accept something
  • To say you are willing to do something
  • To give or say something as an act of worship

closely

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US / 'kləʊslɪ /

UK / ˈkloslɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • In a careful manner
  • Nearby; just next to

like

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US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

preservation

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US / ˌprezəˈveɪʃn /

UK / ˈprɛzɚ'veʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Keeping something in a good, undamaged state

tissue

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US / ˈtɪʃu: /

UK / ˈtɪʃu /

A2
  • noun
  • Substance formed by cells of living thing; flesh
  • Kind of thin, light paper used to pack objects
  • Thin soft paper for blowing the nose, etc.

preserve

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US / prɪˈzɜ:v /

UK / prɪˈzɜ:rv /

B1
  • noun
  • Protected area of land with plants and animals
  • verb
  • To cook food so it can be kept for long periods
  • To protect something from harm, loss or damage
  • To keep or maintain unchanged or perfect

roughly

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US / ˈrʌfli /

UK / ˈrʌflɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
  • In a manner that is violent or not careful
  • In an inexact, imprecise or violent way
  • In a basic, simple manner

even

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US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

similar

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US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Nearly the same; alike

fight

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US / faɪt /

UK / faɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • An argument or quarrel
  • Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
  • A struggle to do a difficult task
  • verb
  • To argue or quarrel with someone about something
  • To try to hurt someone by hitting them
  • To struggle to do a difficult task

again

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US / ə'ɡen /

UK / əˈɡɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • One more time, once more

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

independent

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US / ˌɪndɪˈpendənt /

UK / ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Making your own decisions; acting by yourself
  • noun
  • A person not connected to a political party

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

elsewhere

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US / ˌelsˈweə(r) /

UK / ˌelsˈwer /

A1
  • adverb
  • In, or to, another or different place

perspective

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US / pə'spektɪv /

UK / pɚˈspɛktɪv /

B1
  • noun
  • Artistic method of creating a sense of distance
  • Ability to understand what is important in life

eventually

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US / ɪˈventʃuəli /

UK / ɪˈvɛntʃuəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • After a long time; after many attempts; in the end

facelift

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US / ˈfeɪslɪft /

UK / ˈfeɪslɪft /

C2
  • noun
  • Redecoration to improve building's appearance

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said

present

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US / 'preznt /

UK / ˈprɛznt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in attendance; being there; having turned up
  • noun
  • Gift
  • Verb tense indicating an action is happening now
  • Current time; now
  • verb
  • To introduce someone to others
  • To host a program on television or radio
  • To give a speech or presentation
  • To show something to someone who will examine it
  • To appear or happen
  • To give an award or prize to someone

fun

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US / fʌn /

UK / fʌn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Amusing and enjoyable
  • noun
  • Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

mean

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US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

dead

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US / ded /

UK / dɛd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not alive
  • Being bored or not interested
  • Unable to operate because electricity etc. ran out
  • Being unable to feel, physically or emotionally
  • adverb
  • Completely; absolutely

fascinating

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US / ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ /

UK / ˈfæsəˌnetɪŋ /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Having your attention fixated as though by a spell
  • Very interesting
  • verb
  • To attract or interest greatly

place

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US / pleɪs /

UK / ples /

A1
  • noun
  • Particular location, area or region
  • verb
  • To put someone in a particular type of situation
  • To put something in a certain location or position

force

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US / fɔ:s /

UK / fɔrs, fors /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of persons trained for military action; army
  • Pressure; attraction
  • The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
  • verb
  • To use physical strength or violence to persuade

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

different

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US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

step

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US / step /

UK / stɛp /

A1
  • noun
  • Movement done as part of a particular dance
  • Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
  • One part or stage in a process
  • Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
  • Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
  • verb
  • To raise and moving the foot to put it down

each

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US / i:tʃ /

UK / itʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Every one of two or more things
  • pronoun
  • Per one person or thing

hit

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US / hɪt /

UK / hɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • A planned killing, usually for money
  • Song, movie etc. that is successful
  • When someone strikes someone or something
  • Time when a player makes contact with the ball
  • Time when a website is accessed
  • verb
  • To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
  • To press something, such as a button or switch
  • To suddenly realize the importance of something
  • To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
  • To fight, attack or damage something or someone
  • To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
  • To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

tell

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US / tel /

UK / tɛl /

A1
  • verb
  • To (strongly) advise a person to do something
  • To be able to guess
  • To say or communicate information to someone
  • To inform, but without speaking; indicate
  • To have a negative effect on someone
  • To order someone to do something; command
  • To recognize something based on certain signs
  • To report something to an authority
  • To explain something or teach someone something

current

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US / 'kʌrənt /

UK / ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr- /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or being in the present time
  • noun
  • Electricity flowing through wires
  • Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky

family

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US / 'fæməlɪ /

UK / ˈfæmli /

A1
  • noun
  • Close group of people or organizations
  • A group of people who are related through blood
  • Group of related plants or animals

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

element

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US / 'elɪmənt /

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Essential or particular part of something

cassie

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US / kəˈset /

UK / kəˈsɛt, kæ- /

A1

adapt

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US / ə'dæpt /

UK / əˈdæpt /

B1
  • verb
  • To change something for a different function
  • To change something to fit or suit a new purpose

mandarin

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US / 'mændərɪn /

UK / 'mændərɪn /

B2
  • noun
  • Official language of China
  • other
  • Small fruit from the orange family

suggest

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US / səˈdʒest /

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

A1
  • verb
  • To mention something that could be done; propose

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

than

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US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

annie

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US / ˈæni /

UK / ˈæni /

A1

john

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US / dʒɔn /

UK / dʒɑn /

A1
  • noun
  • A toilet.
  • A prostitute's client.
  • proper noun
  • (1165–1216), son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine; king of England 1199–1216; known as John Lack
  • The name of six kings of Portugal.

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1

entire

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US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

researcher

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US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

juan

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US / hwɑːn; ˈdʒuːən /

UK / wɑːn; hwɑːn /

A1

other

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US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

lead

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US / li:d /

UK / lid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the main part in movies or plays
  • noun
  • Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve a crime
  • Main part in a play or movie
  • Heavy, gray metal element
  • Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
  • Act of being at the front in a race or game
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game
  • To travel in front of; go in advance of others

refine

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US / rɪ'faɪn /

UK / rɪˈfaɪn /

B1
  • verb
  • To change slightly in order to improve it
  • To narrow down your search to a smaller number
  • To make a liquid cleaner by removing something

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

birthday

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US / ˈbɜ:θdeɪ /

UK / ˈbɚθˌde /

A1
  • noun
  • Date each year on which you were born

follow

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US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

alone

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US / ə'ləʊn /

UK / əˈlon /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Apart from others
  • Without equal
  • adverb
  • Without anyone or anything else

natural

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US / ˈnætʃərəl /

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
  • Not made by humans; without human intervention

broad

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US / brɔ:d /

UK / brɔd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • General; not detailed
  • Wide; from the shorter two sides to the other

sister

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • noun
  • Female you share a parent with
  • Full-time female member of a (Christian) religion

originally

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US / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • At first; in the beginning
  • In a new and unique manner

relative

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US / ˈrelətɪv /

UK / ˈrɛlətɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Measured or considered in comparison to another
  • (Grammar) referring to words that appear earlier
  • noun
  • Members of the family
  • Humans or animals sharing the same family history

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

arm

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US / ɑ:m /

UK / ɑrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Part of your body from your shoulder to your hand
  • A branch of another object e.g. company
  • The side part of a chair where your arms go
  • The influence or power an authority has
  • verb
  • To activate a weapon or bomb for use
  • To give a gun or other weapon to a person or group

year

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US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

ones

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US / wʌnz /

UK / wʌnz /

A1
  • number
  • Number 1, a single person or thing

visible

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US / ˈvɪzəbl /

UK / ˈvɪzəbəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Can see, easily seen or understood
  • Being obvious or easy to see

parasail

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US / 'pærəseɪl /

UK / 'pærəˌseɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Parachute that will lift a person up into the air when it is towed by a motorboat or a car

outside

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US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adverb
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
  • noun
  • Area around or near something, such as a building
  • preposition
  • Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

kind

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US / kaɪnd /

UK / kaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a caring and helpful manner
  • friendly and considerate
  • noun
  • One type of thing

lineage

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US / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

UK / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

B2
  • noun
  • People in someone's family who lived in the past

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

level

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US / 'levl /

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Sports) equal to another
  • Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
  • noun
  • Specific height of something
  • Amount of ability you have compared to others
  • Floor or deck within a building
  • Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
  • verb
  • To aim a gun at someone
  • To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
  • To make things flat or even
  • To make a score equal to another, in sports

across

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US / əˈkrɔs /

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Distance from one side to another
  • (Go) from one side to the other of something

mutation

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US / mju:'teɪʃn /

UK / mjuˈteʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Change that changes genetic structure

outtake

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US / 'aʊtteɪk /

UK / ˈaʊtˌtek /

A1
  • other
  • A scene that is filmed but is not used in the final editing of the film

village

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US / 'vɪlɪdʒ /

UK / ˈvɪlɪdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Small town in the country

raphael

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US / ˈreifl, ˈræfeil /

UK / ˈræfiəl, ˈrefi-, ˌrɑfiˈɛl /

A1
  • noun
  • An archangel of the Hebrew tradition

higgins

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US / haɪə'rəɡlɪfs /

UK / haɪə'rəɡlɪfs /

A1

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

consider

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US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

A1
  • verb
  • To think carefully about something

mammal

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US / 'mæml /

UK / ˈmæməl /

B1
  • noun
  • Animal which drinks milk from its mother

theropod

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • noun
  • Any of numerous carnivorous dinosaurs of the Triassic to Cretaceous with short forelimbs that walked

folk

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US / fəʊk /

UK / fok /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of ordinary people) not sophisticated
  • noun
  • Ordinary common people

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

among

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US / əˈmʌŋ /

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

A1
  • preposition
  • In the center of several things

gradual

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US / ˈgrædʒuəl /

UK / ˈɡrædʒuəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Moving slowly by small amounts, over time

probably

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US / ˈprɒbəbli /

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

A1
  • adverb
  • That is likely to happen or be true

northeastern

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US / ˌnɔ:θ'i:stən /

UK / ˌnɔ:θ'i:stən /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Area in both the north and east

describe

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US / dɪ'skraɪb /

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

ever

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US / 'evə(r) /

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At any time; at all times in the future

age

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US / eɪdʒ /

UK / edʒ /

A1
  • verb
  • To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
  • To get older
  • noun
  • Period of time in history
  • Number of years a person or thing has lived

flow

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US / fləʊ /

UK / flo /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of something that moves through an area
  • verb
  • To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

normal

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US / 'nɔ:ml /

UK / ˈnɔrməl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Standard or regular way of doing something
  • Having standard mental or physical ability, health

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

stiff

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US / stɪf /

UK / stɪf /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Frozen still due to fear or anger
  • Not able to be bent
  • noun
  • Slang term for a dead body

appear

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US / ə'pɪə(r) /

UK / əˈpɪr /

A1
  • verb
  • To be seen, become visible; come into sight
  • To seem to be
  • To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

million

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US / ˈmɪljən /

UK / ˈmɪljən /

A1
  • number
  • 1,000,000

submit

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US / səbˈmɪt /

UK / səbˈmɪt /

A2
  • verb
  • To accept a superior force has power over you

medical

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US / ˈmedɪkl /

UK / ˈmɛdɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or relating to physical health or medicine
  • noun
  • A health check or test

perch

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US / pɜ:tʃ /

UK / pɜ:rtʃ /

B2
  • noun
  • Edible fish that lives in fresh water
  • Raised seat or high position
  • verb
  • To sit or rest something in a high place

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

arboreal

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US / ɑ:ˈbɔ:riəl /

UK / ɑ:rˈbɔ:riəl /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Zoology inhabiting or frequenting trees

always

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US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

totally

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US / ˈtəʊtəli /

UK / ˈtotl:ɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • In a complete way; completely; absolutely

too

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition, also; with emphasis
  • Say that something is more than you want

develop

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US / dɪ'veləp /

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

A1
  • verb
  • To explain something in steps and in detail
  • To create or think of something
  • To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
  • To make a photograph from film

pterosaurs

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US / /

UK / pterəˈsɔ:z /

A1
  • other
  • Extinct reptile of the Jurassic and Cretaceous having a bird-like beak and membranous wings supporte

skill

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US / skɪl /

UK / skɪl /

A2
  • noun
  • Ability to do something well

usual

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US / ˈju:ʒuəl /

UK / ˈjuʒuəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the way things occur most of the time

weird

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US / wɪəd /

UK / wɪrd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Odd or unusual; surprising; strange

soft

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US / sɒft /

UK / sɔft, sɑft /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having flowing curves rather than sharp edges
  • Easy to press, bend or cut; not hard or firm
  • Showing a sympathetic and gentle heart
  • Not rough to the touch; light in feel
  • (Of lights, music) not too bright; not too loud

feather

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US / ˈfeðə(r) /

UK / ˈfɛðɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • One of the many light soft things on a bird's body
  • verb
  • To grow feathers
  • To cover something with feathers
  • To cut hair so that it lays in layers

jurassic

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US / dʒʊˈræsɪk /

UK / dʒʊˈræsɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • From million to million years ago; dinosaurs; conifers

point

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US / pɔɪnt /

UK / pɔɪnt /

A1
  • noun
  • An item to be discussed
  • Small spot or dot
  • Fact or detail
  • Feature of something
  • The size of the text on a page or screen
  • A certain time or stage in a process
  • Certain position in time or space
  • Idea or fact you try to convince people about
  • Measurement of scores in a game, sport
  • Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
  • verb
  • To face a certain direction, e.g. north
  • To indicate something with your finger to others

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

certain

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US / ˈsə:tn /

UK / ˈsɚtn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Definite, fixed
  • Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
  • Being sure about something; without doubt

available

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US / əˈveɪləbl /

UK / əˈveləbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Present and able to be used
  • Able to be used at a scheduled time

wrist

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US / rɪst /

UK / rɪst /

A2
  • noun
  • Part where your hand joins your arm

area

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US / 'eərɪə /

UK / ˈɛriə /

A1
  • noun
  • Amount of measured space
  • A specific section or space; part of a region
  • A subject or field of study

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

perk

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US / pɜ:k /

UK / pɜ:rk /

B2
  • noun
  • An advantage or something extra, such as money or goods, that you are given because of your job
  • verb
  • To suddenly get more energy

relate

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US / rɪ'leɪt /

UK / rɪˈlet /

A2
  • verb
  • To demonstrate a logical relationship between
  • To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
  • To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

fail

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US / feɪl /

UK / fel /

A1
  • noun
  • A mark on a test showing you did not pass
  • verb
  • To be unsuccessful in passing a class or exam
  • To not do or provide something that is needed
  • To stop working or functioning; to break down
  • To not achieve a goal, or to go wrong

reason

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US / 'ri:zn /

UK / ˈrizən /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
  • Explanation for why something occurred or was done
  • verb
  • To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

subscribe

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US / səb'skraɪb /

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

B1
  • verb
  • To regularly pay to receive a service

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

nearly

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US / ˈniəli /

UK / ˈnɪrli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not completely; almost

halfway

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US / ˌhɑ:fˈweɪ /

UK / ˌhæfˈweɪ /

B2
  • adverb
  • A middle point between two extremes

life

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US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

fossil

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US / 'fɒsl /

UK / ˈfɑsəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Plant or animal that became rock after many years

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

online

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US / ˌɒnˈlaɪn /

UK / ˌɑ:nˈlaɪn /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Connected to the internet

whether

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US / ˈweðə(r) /

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

A1
  • conjunction
  • If something will happen or not

boom

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US / bu:m /

UK / bum /

B1
  • noun
  • Very fast increase in growth or popularity
  • A very loud and deep sound
  • verb
  • To experience a rapid increase in growth
  • To make a very loud and deep sound

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

farmer

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US / ˈfɑ:mə(r) /

UK / ˈfɑ:rmə(r) /

A1
  • noun
  • Person who operates a farm

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

melanie

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US / ˈmɛləni /

UK / ˈmɛləni /

A1

juvenile

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US / ˈdʒu:vənaɪl /

UK / ˈdʒuvəˌnaɪl, -nəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning young people or children
  • Childish; immature; not behaving like an adult
  • noun
  • Someone who is young; a child

study

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US / 'stʌdɪ /

UK / ˈstʌdi /

A1
  • noun
  • Room that a person studies or reads in
  • Piece of research
  • Topic or subject you research or learn about
  • verb
  • To focus on learning something usually at school

dinos

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US / ˈdaɪnəʊz /

UK / ˈdinoʊz /

A1
  • abbreviation
  • (in the US) Democrat in name only, referring to a member of the Democratic Party considered too cons
  • noun
  • A dinosaur.

surprising

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US / səˈpraɪzɪŋ /

UK / sərˈpraɪzɪŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Making you feel a bit shocked because unexpected
  • verb
  • To do something that another person didn't expect

support

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US / səˈpɔ:t /

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Assistance or advice given to someone
  • Evidence that helps prove something is true
  • A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
  • verb
  • To give assistance or advice to someone
  • To help prove or show that something is true
  • To hold up or prevent from falling down

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

bone

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US / bəʊn /

UK / bon /

A1
  • noun
  • Hard piece of your body that holds your muscles
  • verb
  • To remove bones from meat or fish

whole

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US / həul /

UK / hol /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Complete or full; all of
  • Being in a good condition
  • noun
  • Complete amount or sum; total

good

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US / ɡʊd /

UK / ɡʊd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper, appropriate or right
  • (Of an amount) enough; plenty
  • Excellent; high quality
  • Acting well or properly; of moral character
  • In a positive or happy emotional state
  • noun
  • Advantage or benefit

squirrel

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US / 'skwɪrəl /

UK / ˈskwɚrəl, ˈskwʌr- /

B2
  • noun
  • Small furry tree-living animal with a big tail

ability

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US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • The power, resources or skill to do something

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

museum

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US / mjuˈzi:əm /

UK / mjuˈziəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Building to display art/science/history objects

comparison

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US / kəmˈpærɪsn /

UK / kəmˈpærɪsən /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of comparing things

bat

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US / bæt /

UK / bæt /

A2
  • noun
  • Small flying mouse-like animal with wings
  • Object used for hitting a ball in various games
  • verb
  • To use a wooden stick in baseball or cricket

record

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US / 'rekɔ:d /

UK / ˈrekərd /

A1
  • noun
  • Highest or most extreme level achieved
  • Round plastic disc on which music has been stored
  • History of a person's past actions or achievements
  • verb
  • To indicate a temperature, speed, etc.; register
  • To write down or say what happened
  • To put music, sounds onto a device to store it

usually

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US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Normally; regularly

neck

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US / nek /

UK / nɛk /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of the body joining the head and the body
  • Opening of a piece of clothing for your head
  • verb
  • (Lovers) to play affectionately; kissing

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

facial

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US / 'feɪʃl /

UK / ˈfeʃəl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or on the face
  • noun
  • Treatment to improve condition of the skin of face

maybe

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US / ˈmeɪbi /

UK / ˈmebi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

structure

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US / ˈstrʌk.tʃə /

UK / ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in
  • verb
  • To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something

represent

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US / ˌreprɪ'zent /

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt /

A2
  • verb
  • To depict art objects, figures, scenes; to portray
  • To show or describe something in a particular way
  • To act on behalf of others in government
  • To act or speak for another person or other people

creature

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US / ˈkri:tʃə(r) /

UK / ˈkritʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Animal of any type

adam

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US / ˈædəm /

UK / ˈædəm /

A1
  • proper noun
  • (in the biblical and Koranic traditions) the first man. According to the Book of Genesis, Adam was c

testament

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US / ˈtestəmənt /

UK / ˈtɛstəmənt /

B1
  • noun
  • Evidence or proof (usually of something good)

invention

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US / ɪnˈvenʃn /

UK / ɪnˈvɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Something new that is different from other things
  • Power or ability to create new things
  • Process of creating a new device or idea

member

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US / ˈmembə(r) /

UK / ˈmɛmbɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Part of the body of a human, animal
  • Person or thing belonging to a group or team

attach

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US / ə'tætʃ /

UK / əˈtætʃ /

A2
  • verb
  • To be associated or connected with

planet

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US / 'plænɪt /

UK / ˈplænɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • One of the bodies that orbit the sun

membrane

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US / 'membreɪn /

UK / ˈmɛmˌbren /

B2
  • noun
  • Outside covering of a cell
  • A thin covering of tissue or of a cell

joke

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US / dʒəʊk /

UK / dʒoʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • A funny or amusing statement
  • Something or someone not taken seriously
  • verb
  • To say or do things that are meant to be funny

never

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US / 'nevə(r) /

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Not ever; not at any time

climb

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US / klaɪm /

UK / klaɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • A trip up something, e.g. a mountain
  • Increase or a rise toward a higher price or point
  • verb
  • To rise gradually and steadily to a higher point
  • To increase or rise toward a higher price or point

unique

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US / jʊ'ni:k /

UK / juˈnik /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unlike other things; being the only one like it

start

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US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

animal

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US / ˈænɪml /

UK / ˈænəməl /

A1
  • noun
  • A living creature that is not a plant or person

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

short

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US / ʃɔ:t /

UK / ʃɔrt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Less than what is needed
  • Suddenly stopping what you are saying or doing
  • verb
  • (Of electric circuit) to spark because faulty
  • adjecitve
  • Measuring a small distance
  • Happening for a small amount of time
  • Unfriendly or rude

palaeontologist

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US / ˌpæliɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst /

UK / ˌpeɪliɑːnˈtɑːlədʒɪst /

C1
  • noun
  • Person who studies and is an expert in fossils

evolve

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US / ɪ'vɒlv /

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

B1
  • verb
  • To develop certain features
  • To develop or change slowly over time
  • To slowly change or develop into something better

extend

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US / ɪkˈstend /

UK / ɪkˈstɛnd /

A2
  • verb
  • To offer something (help, friendship) to someone
  • To reach from one point to another
  • To straighten or stretch something out, e.g. leg
  • To make something last longer

relax

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US / rɪˈlæks /

UK / rɪˈlæks /

A1
  • verb
  • To calm or quiet yourself, or stop worrying
  • To release the tightness in muscles
  • To make a rule or law less strict

why

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US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

technology

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US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

flight

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US / flaɪt /

UK / flaɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of leaving a place, usually to escape danger
  • Trip by plane, helicopter etc.

branch

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US / brɑ:ntʃ /

UK / bræntʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of a family related to the same members
  • Part of organization with a specific function
  • Part of a tree growing outward from the trunk
  • One of several streams combining to create a river
  • Local office or store of a bank or large company
  • (Often secret) group or subgroup of a religion
  • Specific area of knowledge or study
  • verb
  • To separate away from the main part

wing

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US / wɪŋ /

UK / wɪŋ /

A2
  • noun
  • Part of an animal's body that is used for flying
  • One of the two parts on the side of a plane, bird
  • verb
  • To fly to a place

within

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US / wɪˈðɪn /

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Inside the limits of an area, time or range
  • preposition
  • From the inside of something

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

difference

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US / 'dɪfrəns /

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

A1
  • noun
  • A thing or issue that people do not agree about
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

grow

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US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

question

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US / 'kwestʃən /

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Issue or problems you are dealing with
  • What you ask about; issue
  • verb
  • To ask for or try to get information
  • To have or express concerns or uncertainty

depend

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US / dɪˈpend /

UK / dɪˈpend /

B1
  • verb
  • Be controlled or determined by (someone/something)

fact

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US / fækt /

UK / fækt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is known or proved to be true

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

yourself

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US / jɔ:ˈself /

UK / jʊrˈsɛlf, jɔr-, jor-, jə- /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Reflexive form of 'you', used for an emphasis

period

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US / ˈpɪəriəd /

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

A1
  • noun
  • Set amount of time during which events take place
  • A way to emphasize what you will say
  • A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
  • A menstrual cycle
  • A set time for a class to be held

grant

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US / ɡrɑ:nt /

UK / ɡrænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Money given for education or research
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To admit an opinion is true but not fully agreeing
  • To give or let someone do what they want

capable

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US / 'keɪpəbl /

UK / ˈkepəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being able to do something very well; proficient

visibly

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US / ˈvɪzəbli /

UK / ˈvɪzɪblɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to be seen or noticed

pulsation

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US / pʌl'seɪʃn /

UK / pʌlˈseʃən /

C2
  • noun
  • Sharp waves in the normal electrical state

ask

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US / ɑ:sk /

UK / æsk /

A1
  • verb
  • To say to someone that you want something

though

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US / ðəu /

UK / ðo /

A1
  • adverb
  • Although, despite the fact that

earth

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US / ɜ:θ /

UK / ɚθ /

A1
  • noun
  • Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
  • The planet we live on
  • Soil in which we grow plants

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

much

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US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

define

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US / dɪ'faɪn /

UK / dɪˈfaɪn /

A2
  • verb
  • To explain the meaning of words
  • To set or mark the limits of something

success

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US / sək'ses /

UK / səkˈsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Achievement of a desired purpose or goal
  • A successful person; one who achieved their aims

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

incredible

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US / ɪnˈkredəbl /

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very good; amazing
  • Really good; amazing; great
  • Very hard to believe

stumble

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US / 'stʌmbl /

UK / ˈstʌmbəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Failing to do something well, e.g. giving a speech
  • Act of tripping and almost falling
  • verb
  • To fail to perform, e.g. when giving a speech
  • To trip and almost fall

special

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US / 'speʃl /

UK / ˈspɛʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being additional or extra
  • Different, better or greater than normal
  • noun
  • Heavily discounted sales item

tension

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US / 'tenʃn /

UK / ˈtɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Feeling of anxiety and inability to relax
  • Degree to which something is stretched tight

face

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US / feɪs /

UK / fes /

A1
  • noun
  • Side or outer surface of something
  • An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
  • Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
  • Characteristics you show in public
  • verb
  • To cover a surface with something like paint
  • To deal with a problem or responsibilities
  • To look toward; point in a certain direction

back

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US / bæk /

UK / bæk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
  • adverb
  • Have returned to a place you were before
  • noun
  • The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
  • Location at the rear of something
  • The reverse of side something
  • Area on the rear of your body
  • verb
  • To bet money on something
  • To go backwards in a car
  • To support and encourage someone or some cause

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

altogether

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US / ˌɔ:ltəˈgeðə(r) /

UK / ˌɔltəˈɡɛðɚ /

A2
  • adverb
  • All things considered
  • Completely and entirely, fully
  • With all included and counted

huh

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US / hʌ /

UK / hʌ /

A1
  • exclamation
  • Sound people make when they are confused

default

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US / dɪ'fɔ:lt /

UK / dɪˈfɔlt /

B2
  • noun
  • Automatic setting when no indicated preference
  • Failure to meet an agreement or make a payment
  • verb
  • To fail to meet as agreed; failure to pay
  • To return to a previously determined state

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

far

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US / fɑ:(r) /

UK / fɑr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A long way away
  • Being a long way away
  • adverb
  • To a large degree or extent

skeletal

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US / ˈskelətl /

UK / ˈskɛlɪtl /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Of the bones of the body
  • So thin that you see bones through the skin

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

studio

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US / 'stju:dɪəʊ /

UK / ˈstudio, ˈstju- /

A2
  • noun
  • Place for painting, broadcasting, etc.

diverse

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US / daɪˈvɜ:s /

UK / dɪˈvɚs, daɪ-, ˈdaɪˌvɚs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being varied or different from each other
  • Very different from each other

tree

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US / tri: /

UK / tri /

A1
  • noun
  • Tall green plants in a forest

forever

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US / fər'evə(r) /

UK / fɔrˈɛvɚ, fə- /

B1
  • adverb
  • For all future time; in the future

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

help

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US / help /

UK / hɛlp /

A1
  • noun
  • Something given to enable a person to do something
  • Assistance given to someone in need
  • Someone who makes something easier or possible
  • verb
  • To act to enable a person to do something; assist
  • To make something better or less difficult

certainly

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US / ˈsə:tnli /

UK / ˈsɚtnli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Sure; of course

familiar

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US / fəˈmɪliə(r) /

UK / fəˈmɪljɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Well-known or easily recognized

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

trait

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US / treɪt /

UK / tret /

C2
  • noun
  • A particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior

channel

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US / 'tʃænl /

UK / ˈtʃænəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
  • TV or radio station or its programs
  • Method or way of sending or receiving information
  • Narrow passage through which water travels
  • Method or route used for sending or getting things
  • verb
  • To dig a long hole for carrying water
  • To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
  • To direct water or liquid through a passage
  • To direct energy or feelings into something

flier

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US / 'flaɪə /

UK / ˈflaɪɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Someone who pilots a plane

plenty

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US / 'plentɪ /

UK / ˈplɛnti /

A2
  • pronoun
  • When there is not too little of something; a lot

name

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US / neɪm /

UK / nem /

A1
  • noun
  • What something or someone is called
  • verb
  • To state what someone is called, e.g. John

poor

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US / pʊə(r) /

UK / pʊr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Inferior; below the normal standard
  • Deserving of pity or sympathy
  • Without money; not rich

electrical

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US / ɪˈlektrɪkl /

UK / ɪˈlektrɪkl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Related or connected to electricity

join

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US / dʒɔɪn /

UK / dʒɔɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To bring something close to another, to become one
  • To become a member of
  • To participate in an activity with others

contour

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US / 'kɒntʊə(r) /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtʊr /

C2
  • noun
  • Shape of the outside edge of a face, a hill, etc.

sentence

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US / 'sentəns /

UK / ˈsɛntəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Official punishment given by a court of law
  • Set of words that make a whole statement
  • verb
  • (Of a judge) to decide the punishment of

quarry

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US / ˈkwɒri /

UK / ˈkwɔ:ri /

B2
  • noun
  • Large pit in the earth where stone is mined
  • Animal that is hunted
  • verb
  • To dig for minerals in an open mine

particular

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US / pəˈtɪkjələ(r) /

UK / pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ, pəˈtɪk- /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • One specific (one)
  • Having firm ideas about what is desirable
  • Being special or more than is typical

base

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US / beɪs /

UK / bes /

A2
  • noun
  • Place military personnel live, train, and operate
  • Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
  • Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
  • Most important idea or ingredient to add others
  • Origin or start from which something came
  • Main place where an organization or a person works
  • verb
  • To use as the starting point or origin for
  • To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

call

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US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

contrast

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US / 'kɒntrɑ:st /

UK / ˈkɑ:ntræst /

A2
  • noun
  • Comparison that shows obvious differences
  • Difference in light and dark in photos, etc.
  • verb
  • To compare; to show clear, obvious differences

propose

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US / prə'pəʊz /

UK / prəˈpoz /

A2
  • verb
  • To make an offer of marriage
  • To offer or put forward an idea for consideration

experiment

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US / ɪk'sperɪmənt /

UK / ɪkˈspɛrəmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Test performed to assess new ideas or theories
  • verb
  • To create and perform tests to research something
  • To try something new that you haven't tried before

brand

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US / brænd /

UK / brænd /

A2
  • noun
  • A mark burned on an animal to show who owns it
  • Product made or designed by a named company
  • verb
  • To burn a mark on an animal to show who owns it
  • To describe someone as a liar, coward, etc.
  • To give a famous name to a product or service

industry

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US / 'ɪndəstrɪ /

UK / ˈɪndəstri /

A1
  • noun
  • Hard work; being busy working
  • Factories or businesses that make certain products

skin

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US / skɪn /

UK / skɪn /

A2
  • noun
  • Outer covering of an animal used for leather; hide
  • Outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
  • Outer layer of an animal or human
  • Outer part of an object, such as a plane
  • verb
  • To defeat someone easily and completely
  • To hurt yourself, accidentally cutting yourself
  • To remove the outer covering from an animal

dozen

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US / ˈdʌzn /

UK / ˈdʌzən /

A2
  • noun
  • 12 people or things

slash

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US / slæʃ /

UK / slæʃ /

B2
  • noun
  • Line ( / ) used in writing
  • Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
  • verb
  • To cut violently with a sharp object
  • To decrease something by a large amount

ancient

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US / 'eɪnʃənt /

UK / ˈenʃənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Very old; having lived a very long time ago

complex

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US / 'kɒmpleks /

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
  • noun
  • Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
  • Psychological issue regarding self-image

layer

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US / ˈleiə /

UK / ˈleɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • One of several sheets of a material or object
  • verb
  • To put things one on top of another

bird

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US / bɜ:d /

UK / bɜ:rd /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal with feathers that uses wings to fly

only

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US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

linear

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US / ˈlɪniə(r) /

UK / ˈlɪniər /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Made of lines
  • Series of progressing from one stage to another

picture

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US / 'pɪktʃə(r) /

UK / ˈpɪktʃɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • General situation or state of being
  • Mental image of what something is or looks like
  • Movie; film
  • Painting, drawing or photograph on paper or screen
  • verb
  • To understand or imagine something
  • To imagine someone or something in an image

anything

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US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

A1
  • pronoun
  • A thing of any kind

meet

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US / mi:t /

UK / mit /

A1
  • noun
  • Sporting competition e.g. swimming
  • verb
  • To provide something that is necessary
  • To come together at a certain time or place

rest

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US / rest /

UK / rɛst /

A1
  • noun
  • Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
  • State in which there is a lack of motion
  • Part of something remaining after some was used
  • verb
  • To stop working or avoid activity to recover
  • (Of dead person) to lie in a grave
  • To lean, support or place something against
  • To not be tired because you had enough sleep

detour

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US / ˈdi:tʊə(r) /

UK / ˈdi:tʊr /

B2
  • noun
  • Indirect route to avoid something, as an accident
  • verb
  • To (cause to) go around, as to avoid an accident

early

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US / ˈɜ:li /

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening or appearing before
  • adverb
  • Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • Happening sooner than expected

couple

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US / 'kʌpl /

UK / ˈkʌpəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Two people in a romantic relationship
  • Two of something; two people; a pair
  • verb
  • To join something to something else
  • (Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
  • To put two people or things together

rude

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US / ru:d /

UK / rud /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being unkind or impolite to others; disrespectful
  • Offensive; ill-mannered
  • Being made in a simple way

extinct

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US / ɪkˈstɪŋkt /

UK / ɪkˈstɪŋkt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of animal, etc.) having died out; with none left
  • (E.g. of volcano) not active

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

flightless

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US / ˈflaɪtləs /

UK / ˈflaɪtlɪs /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Incapable of flying

crooner

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US / ˈkruːnə(r) /

UK / ˈkruːnər /

A1
  • noun
  • Singer of popular ballads

bet

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US / bet /

UK / bet /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of gambling money on the result of a race etc.
  • verb
  • To gamble money to win more money, e.g. on horses

china

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US / ˈtʃaɪnə /

UK / ˈtʃaɪnə /

A1
  • noun
  • A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the wo
  • other
  • High quality porcelain originally made only in China

ago

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US / əˈgəʊ /

UK / əˈgoʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a specified length of time in the past

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

space

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US / speɪs /

UK / spes /

A1
  • noun
  • Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
  • Empty area with nothing in it
  • Area in the sky where the stars are
  • Area between written words on a page
  • verb
  • To make a certain distance or time between

approach

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US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
  • Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
  • Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
  • verb
  • To get close to reaching something or somewhere
  • To request someone to do something specific

change

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US / tʃeɪndʒ /

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Exchange of one set of clothes for another
  • Money in the form of coins instead of paper
  • Money returned after giving too much
  • Act of making or becoming something else
  • verb
  • To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • To exchange one kind of money for another
  • To replace something with another thing
  • To make or become something else
  • To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

ancestor

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US / 'ænsestə(r) /

UK / ˈænˌsɛstɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • A person from your family that lived in the past

design

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US / dɪˈzaɪn /

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

A1
  • noun
  • The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
  • verb
  • To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
  • To think of a plan

direction

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US / də'rekʃn /

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

A2
  • noun
  • When someone tells people what to do
  • Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

feature

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US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Main; important
  • noun
  • Special report in a magazine or paper
  • Distinctive or important point of something
  • verb
  • To highlight or give special importance to

simple

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US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

travel

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US / ˈtrævl /

UK / ˈtrævəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Going to other places, esp. distant places
  • verb
  • To go to a place that is far away

display

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US / dɪˈspleɪ /

UK / dɪˈsple /

A2
  • noun
  • Arrangement of objects so people can see or buy
  • verb
  • (Animals) to indicate readiness for sex
  • To show, e.g. your feelings, thoughts; demonstrate
  • To put so they can be seen or be bought

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

burst

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US / bɜ:st /

UK / bɚst /

A2
  • noun
  • Brief time period when something happens and ends
  • verb
  • To move (arrive, exit, etc.) suddenly or hurriedly
  • To break apart/open in a sudden and violent way

digit

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US / ˈdɪdʒɪt /

UK / ˈdɪdʒɪt /

B2
  • noun
  • Person's finger or toe
  • Written symbol of the numbers from 0 to 9

announce

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US / əˈnaʊns /

UK / əˈnaʊns /

A2
  • verb
  • To make a public statement about a plan, decision

innovation

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US / ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnəˈveʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Process of creating new ideas or inventions

vertebrate

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US / ˈvɜ:təbrɪt, -ˌbreɪt /

UK / ˈvə:təbrɪt, -ˌbret /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a backbone
  • noun
  • Animal with a backbone

blind

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US / blaɪnd /

UK / blaɪnd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unable to see; with eyes that cannot see
  • Lacking in judgment or awareness
  • Be unable to see the truth about a situation
  • noun
  • Window covering that you can pull up and down
  • verb
  • To cause someone to lose the ability to see
  • To be unable to see the truth about a situation

believe

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US / bɪ'li:v /

UK / bɪˈliv /

A1
  • verb
  • To think or accept that something is true
  • To have a particular opinion about something

comfortably

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US / ˈkʌmftəbli /

UK / ˈkʌmfɚtəblɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • Having more than enough e.g. money for your needs
  • Not being worried about something; at ease

due

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US / dju: /

UK / du, dju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • When something is required or expected
  • Owed to a person as a right
  • noun
  • Something you deserve; something you can expect

between

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US / bɪˈtwi:n /

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1
  • preposition
  • From one person, thing, or place, to another
  • In the space that separates two objects
  • Among two or more people who share something

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

otherwise

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US / ˈʌðəwaiz /

UK / ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz /

A2
  • adverb
  • In an additional or different way
  • Unless; or

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

sweden

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US / 'swi:dn /

UK / 'swi:dn /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A country that occupies the eastern part of the Scandinavian peninsula; population 9,800,000 (estima

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

powered

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US / ˈpaʊəd /

UK / ˈpaʊərd /

A2
  • verb
  • To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
  • To move something forcefully and quickly

gradually

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US / ˈgrædʒuəli /

UK / ˈɡrædʒʊəlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Occurring in a slow manner over a period of time

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

glide

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US / ɡlaɪd /

UK / ɡlaɪd /

B1
  • verb
  • To move smoothly and quietly as if without effort
  • (Plane) to fly without using the engines

strange

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US / streɪndʒ /

UK / strendʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Unusual or odd; surprising because unexpected

chance

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US / tʃɑ:ns /

UK / tʃæns /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening by luck; not planned
  • Taking a risk to try something
  • noun
  • The way something happens without planning
  • An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
  • The possibility that something will happen
  • verb
  • To occur just through luck; happen
  • To take a risk to try something

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

evidence

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US / 'evɪdəns /

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

device

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US / dɪˈvaɪs /

UK / dɪˈvaɪs /

A2
  • noun
  • Object, machine, or equipment for a specific use
  • Method of doing something; a way

old

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US / əʊld /

UK / old /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having existed for a long time, not young or new
  • Age of a person since birth

fill

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US / fɪl /

UK / fɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of filling; amount used to make something full
  • verb
  • To make something full
  • To move into all parts of an area
  • To repair a surface by adding a substance to it
  • To use (time); to do something during

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

airborne

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US / ˈeəbɔ:n /

UK / ˈerbɔ:rn /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in the air
  • Subtitles section
  • Thank you to Foreo for supporting PBS.
  • In 2007, in a quarry just outside a village in northeastern China, a farmer stumbled upon what seemed like some kind of small dinosaur fossil.
  • A museum fought the fossil from him, and in 2015, scientists announced that this chance discovery was a dinosaur unlike any found before.
  • It was a pigeon-sized, feathered creature from the late Jurassic period, around 159 million years ago.
  • And it seemed like a very close relative of the earliest birds, which also got their start around this time.
  • But it had one bizarre feature that had never been seen before in any ancient bird relative, or in any other kind of dinosaur.
  • Bat-like, membraned wings.
  • They named it Ichi, which means strange wing in Mandarin.
  • Overnight, it showed us that there was a lot more going on near the origin of birds than we had previously thought.
  • And its differences from birds actually makes the birds we know seem like the weird ones in comparison.
  • Because if we take a step back, the discovery of Ichi forces us to ask an important question.
  • From an evolutionary perspective, who really has the stranger wings?
  • When we think of wings, many of us might picture feathers, probably because birds are so familiar to us.
  • We're just used to feathered wings being the default for airborne dinosaurs.
  • And for decades, the fossil records seemed to back this up, with paleontologists finding feathered dinosaurs in China and elsewhere.
  • And though we knew we didn't have the full picture, the evolution of feathered wings in theropod dinosaurs, eventually leading to flight, was thought to have happened in a relatively linear process of gradual refinement.
  • From poor fliers at first, like Anchiornus, to Archaeopteryx, which could flap its wings enough to fly in short bursts, to the birds that fill the skies today.
  • And there was no evidence to suggest otherwise.
  • No reason to think that other bird relatives might have taken an evolutionary detour and developed totally different kinds of wings altogether.
  • But in the early 2000s, a couple of interesting members of one particular dinosaur family were described.
  • The first, in 2002, was the sparrow-sized juvenile specimen of Scansoriopteryx, which is also called Epidendrosaurus, depending on which researchers you ask.
  • It was followed by the magpie-sized Epidepsipteryx in 2008.
  • And based on some of the unique skeletal traits of these two species, researchers hypothesized that this family, the Scansoriopterygids, were small dinosaurs with an arboreal or tree-climbing lifestyle.
  • These traits included their long arms, an extended digit on each hand, and feet that seemed adapted for perching.
  • So for over a decade, this family, known only from a handful of other small fossils from the mid-to-late Jurassic period of China, was just considered a strange group of dinosaurs.
  • One that was closely related to the lineage that gave rise to birds and that had adapted to life in the trees.
  • Now, this was already plenty fascinating.
  • No other non-avian dinosaurs are thought to have been so arboreal.
  • But the discovery of Ichi revealed that there was even more to this group than we originally thought.
  • The incredible level of preservation of this specimen meant that some soft tissue elements were still visible, including clear evidence of a membraned wing attached to a rod-like extended wrist bone that gave it structural support.
  • It suggested that Ichi, and probably some of the other members of this family, were not just climbing, but also taking to the air.
  • And other Scansauriopterygids that were found later provided more evidence of this.
  • Like Ambopteryx, which was also found by a farmer in northeastern China and described in 2019.
  • It's a close relative of Ichi that also has evidence of a membraned wing attached to the same extended wrist bone.
  • So researchers propose that these dinosaurs represent a previously unknown, independent experiment in dinosaur flight.
  • Maybe even one of many experiments near the origin of birds, the group that usually comes to mind when we think of winged flying dinosaurs.
  • Though it's hard to tell from fossils alone whether they were capable of powered flight, like birds and bats, or gliding flight, like flying squirrels.
  • Though gliding seems much more likely.
  • One study from 2020 that modeled their flying abilities based on their wing structure even found that they probably couldn't do much more than very clumsy, short-distance gliding between branches.
  • They argued that Ichi, Ambopteryx, and the rest of their family were not just an experiment in dinosaur flight, but a failed experiment.
  • And that might be why all the species found to date are from roughly the same time and place in the late Jurassic.
  • The experiment hit a dead end due to competition with other groups, like the ancestors and closest relatives of birds.
  • It was in the late Jurassic, after all, that feathered wings also first appeared and gradually became more refined for flight over time.
  • Eventually, this gave feather-winged dinosaurs flying skills that were much more impressive than anything the membrane-winged Ichi and its relatives had managed.
  • Now, while the Scansoriopteridgids had both feathers and wings, they didn't have feathered wings.
  • And they certainly didn't have the best of both worlds when it came to flight.
  • Because their feathers, preserved in some specimens like Ichi, were simple, stiff, and paintbrush-like.
  • They were probably used for thermal insulation and for display, as they were in many other non-avian dinosaurs.
  • In contrast, the flight feathers of birds that cover their wings have a totally different and more complex structure.
  • And because feathered wings are so successful today, we take them for granted and think of membrane-winged dinosaurs as strange and unusual.
  • But if we take a broader view, maybe the way we think about Ichi and its relatives is totally backwards.
  • Membrane-winged dinosaurs aren't strange at all, really.
  • They've convergently evolved many times across the animal kingdom, from pterosaurs, the sister group of dinosaurs, to mammals like bats and flying squirrels.
  • They show up so often for a simple reason, too.
  • Their simplicity.
  • Membrane-winged dinosaurs don't require nearly as much evolutionary innovation.
  • The right mutations come together for an area of skin to grow more than usual, and for the arms to change to support it, and boom, you've got yourself a membrane-winged dinosaur.
  • And these membranes often enable gliding flight, and in some cases, even powered flight, to quickly evolve in previously flightless groups.
  • So is it really surprising that some dinos, like so many others, went in this direction, too, experimenting with gliding flight via a membraned wing?
  • The fact that we saw them as strange is more like a testament to the success of feathered wings instead.
  • But birds are not normal, folks.
  • Flight feathers are just about the weirdest and most complex things to ever sprout from vertebrate skin.
  • And as far as we know, in the entire history of life on Earth, using feathered wings as a means of flight evolved only in birds and their closest dinosaur relatives.
  • And if birds were to go extinct, the skies of planet Earth would be feather-free, and might remain that way forever.
  • But if every animal with a membrane wing went extinct today, on the other hand, you can comfortably bet that very similar structures would show up again before too long.
  • They just don't require nearly as much evolutionary innovation.
  • So from a certain point of view, Ichi, our so-called strange wing, and the other scansauriopterygids weren't so strange after all.
  • They were just one of the many diverse groups that independently experimented with this same simple approach to becoming at least kinda airborne.
  • The unique feathered wings of birds, instead, are actually the strangest wings of all.
  • Thank you to Foreo for supporting PBS.
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  • Thanks to the follow-wing Eontologists for their support this month.
  • Raphael Haas, Jake Hart, Juan M., Annie and Eric Higgins, John Davidson Ng, Melanie Lamb-Carnival, and Colton.
  • By becoming an Eonite at patreon.com slash eons, you can get fun perks, like submitting a joke for me to read.
  • Like this one from Cassie W. What do you call crooners on parasails?
  • Dino-sores.
  • I don't get it.
  • What?
  • Crooners?
  • So they're saying they're old?
  • Well, that's rude.
  • I like crooners.
  • And as always, thanks for joining me in the Adam Lo studio.
  • Subscribe at youtube.com slash eons for more ancient adventures.
  • Epidexipteryx.
  • Epidexipteryx.
  • Magpie-sized epidexipteryx.
  • Believe in yourself.
  • Don't get scared and stop halfway through the sentence.
  • You're going to say the whole sentence.
  • Blind confidence.
  • It was followed by the magpie-sized epidepicter...
  • It was followed by the magpie-sized epidepzipteryx in 2008.
  • Huh?
  • I think that was it.
  • Oh, the outtakes you'll have for this one.