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the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

A1

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

be

US / bɪ /

•

UK / bi /

A1

verb
Being

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

A1

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

A1

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

A1

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

A1

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

A1

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

A1

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1

adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said
pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

A1

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

A1

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

A1

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

A1

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

do

US / du: /

•

UK / du /

A1

other
Question words for 'do' verbs
verb
To act; to perform actions
To be enough; to be acceptable
To have a certain effect on something or someone

there

US / ðɛə /

•

UK / ðɛr /

A1

adverb
Used to illustrate the existence of something
In a particular respect
In that place or position, at that location

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

A1

adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1
pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to

go

US / ɡəʊ /

•

UK / ɡo /

A1

noun
A turn in a game
verb
To attend or be at a place
To do an activity
To function properly
To move or travel to another place

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

A1

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

A1

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

A1

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

A1

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

A1

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

A1

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

A1

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

your

US / jɔ: /

•

UK / jʊr, jɔr, jor,jə /

A1

determiner
Belonging to you; belonging to the other person

when

US / wen /

•

UK / wɛn /

A1

adjecitve
Concerning or during the time something happens
adverb
Word you use to ask about the time, or day
conjunction
Although
In the event that; if
pronoun
Which time

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

A1

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

say

US / seɪ /

•

UK / se /

A1

noun
Power to decide or greatly influence something
verb
To indicate or give information using language
To use words to tell your message
To ask someone to give information to others

more

US / mɔ:(r) /

•

UK / mɔr, mor /

A1

adjecitve
In addition; extra
Greater in amount, number, or size
adverb
To a greater degree; in greater quantity
For a longer period of time
determiner
Additional quantity
pronoun
A greater or additional number

because

US / bɪ'kɒz /

•

UK / bɪˈkɔz, -ˈkʌz /

A1

conjunction
For a reason

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

A1

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

A1

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

A1

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

A1

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

A1

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

A1

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

thing

US / θɪŋ /

•

UK / θɪŋ /

A1

noun
(Used to introduce the reason for something)
Something you cannot remember the name of

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

A1

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

these

US / ði:z /

•

UK / ðiz /

A1

determiner
People, things, or ideas near you
pronoun
The objects near the speaker

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

A1

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

A1

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

A1

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

A1

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

A1

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

A1

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

which

US / wɪtʃ /

•

UK / hwɪtʃ,wɪtʃ /

A1

determiner
Question word to ask about a person's choice
pronoun
(Used to describe something previously mentioned)
Question word to decide either, or

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

A1

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

A1

determiner
Belonging to us

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

A1

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

A1

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

A1

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

A1

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

A1

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

A1

determiner
Belonging to them

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

A1

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

A1

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

off

US / ɒf /

•

UK / ɔ:f /

A1

adjecitve
(Of event) canceled; no longer occurring
Not having on; not wearing
Being somewhat wrong
adverb
Separated, removed, or away from a place or route
(Of a machine) no longer turned on or operating
(Of light, computer) no longer attached/connected
Far away in terms of time or space
preposition
Away or free from work
(Of foods, drink) old and bad to eat, drink
Extending or leading from something
No longer in or on some transport or vehicle

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

A1

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

still

US / stɪl /

•

UK / stɪl /

A1

adjecitve
Quiet; without sound
adverb
(Used of an action or condition that is ongoing)
noun
Machine or device for making alcohol
Photograph (not a video or moving image)

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

A1

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

A1

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

guy

US / ɡaɪ /

•

UK / ɡaɪ /

A1

noun
Man; boy; any person

around

US / ə'raʊnd /

•

UK / əˈraʊnd /

A1

adjecitve
Close to someone or something
adverb
Located on every side, or along something
With a motion that moves in a circle or a curve
Going here and there within (a place)
Turned or turning in the opposite direction
preposition
Roughly; approximately

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

A1

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
determiner
Constituting nearly all of something
pronoun
Nearly all of something

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

A1

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

A1

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

A2

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

A1

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

A1

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

A1

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

A1

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

A1

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

A2

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

A1

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

love

US / lʌv /

•

UK / lʌv /

A1

noun
Person's name
A very strong feeling of affection
The person you care very deeply about
Strong, deep emotional and sexual attraction
verb
To care for and like someone very strongly, deeply
To like doing very much; enjoy greatly
To feel a strong emotional and romantic attraction

today

US / tə'deɪ /

•

UK / təˈde /

A1

adverb
On this day; at the time that is happening now
noun
This day; day that is happening now

long

US / lɒŋ /

•

UK / lɔŋ, lɑŋ /

A1

adjecitve
Large distance from one end to the other
Having many parts, e.g. a book with many chapters
adverb
For a large amount of time
noun
Person's name
verb
To have a strong desire for something or someone

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

A1

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

A1

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

ever

US / 'evə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛvɚ /

A1

adverb
At any time; at all times in the future

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

A1

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

A1

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

run

US / rʌn /

•

UK / rʌn /

A1

noun
Journey between two places made by ship or car
Series of similar things or successes and failures
Act of running; exercise of running
verb
To depart or travel according to a schedule
To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
(Of an engine) to be operating
To start or use a computer program
To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
To manage or operate a business
To operate or drive something
(Of a road) to go from one place to another
To move your legs faster than walking

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

A1

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

A1

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

A1

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

A1

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

A1

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

A1

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

A1

verb
To say to someone that you want something

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

A1

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

close

US / kləʊz /

•

UK / kloʊz /

A1

adjecitve
Almost; near
(Of a friend) well-known; liked by others
Being near or related
Similar; nearly the same
verb
To come progressively nearer to something
To end; to bring to an end
To make something shut; stop from being open

course

US / kɔː(r)s /

•

UK / kɔː(r)s /

A2

noun
The route or direction e.g. a river moves along
A series of lessons given over time
Part of a meal that is served separately
Place where horses etc. race against each other
Route or direction that a river, etc. moves along
verb
To flow somewhere rapidly and in great quantity

everyone

US / ˈevriwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌwʌn /

A1

pronoun
Every person; everybody

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

A1

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

hey

US / heɪ /

•

UK / he /

A1

exclamation
What you say when you want someone's attention

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

A1

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

subscribe

US / səb'skraɪb /

•

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

B1

verb
To regularly pay to receive a service

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

A1

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

friend

US / frend /

•

UK / frɛnd /

A1

noun
Person who you like and enjoy being with

easy

US / ˈi:zi /

•

UK / ˈizi /

A1

adjecitve
Not hard to do; not difficult

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

A1

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

A1

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

together

US / tə'ɡeðə(r) /

•

UK / təˈɡɛðɚ /

A1

adverb
In an entire or whole manner
In the same place; not far in a family or group
In a combined manner
With contact between two things; touching
In a loving or sexual manner
With the same physical position
At the same time
In a supportive and united manner

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

A1

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

A1

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

else

US / els /

•

UK / ɛls /

A1

adverb
Otherwise; if you fail to
(Of person place thing etc.) besides; in addition

seem

US / si:m /

•

UK / sim /

A1

verb
To appear to be something

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

A1

verb
To take pleasure in something

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

A1

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

A1

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

pick

US / pɪk /

•

UK / pɪk /

A1

noun
Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
Item selected from a group of choices
verb
To take fruit or vegetables from a plant or tree
To decide on a thing from various choices; select
To remove (flower, etc.) with your fingers

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

A1

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

A1

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

ready

US / 'redɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɛdi /

A1

adjecitve
Being likely or about to do something
Being willing to do a task
verb
To prepare something for use or action

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

A1

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

person

US / 'pɜ:sn /

•

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

A1

noun
Man, woman or child

learn

US / lɜ:n /

•

UK / lɚn /

A1

verb
To get knowledge or skills by study or experience

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

A1

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

please

US / pli:z /

•

UK / pliz /

A1

adverb
Used when you politely ask people for things
verb
To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
To make someone happy by doing something

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

A1

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

comment

US / 'kɒment /

•

UK / ˈkɑmɛnt /

A2

noun
Something you say, giving an opinion; remark
verb
To say something that gives your opinion

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

A1

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

A1

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

night

US / naɪt /

•

UK / naɪt /

A1

adjecitve
Working during the very early morning
noun
Time when sun does not shine

buy

US / baɪ /

•

UK / baɪ /

A1

noun
Something you pay for
verb
To believe something; accept
To get something by paying money for it

mind

US / maɪnd /

•

UK / maɪnd /

A1

noun
One's opinion or way of thinking about something
Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
verb
To be bothered or upset by something
To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

A1

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

A1

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

A1

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

A1

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

yourself

US / jɔ:ˈself /

•

UK / jʊrˈsɛlf, jɔr-, jor-, jə- /

A1

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'you', used for an emphasis

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

A1

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

free

US / fri: /

•

UK / fri /

A1

adjecitve
Living, happening without being controlled
Costing no money
Not working; not busy
verb
To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

sorry

US / ˈsɒri /

•

UK / ˈsɑ:ri /

A1

adjecitve
Causing others to feel pity; poor
Feeling regret or sympathy about wrong thing
exclamation
What you say to admit you were wrong

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

A1

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

A1

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

experience

US / ɪk'spɪərɪəns /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɪriəns /

A1

noun
Thing a person has done or that happened to them
An event at which you learned something
Knowledge gained by living life, doing new things
verb
To gain knowledge by doing things

sometimes

US / ˈsʌmtaɪmz /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz /

A1

adverb
Only at certain times; occasionally

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

A1

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

amazing

US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

A2

adjecitve
Surprising in a pleasing way
verb
To cause wonder; to surprise completely

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

A1

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

perfect

US / 'pɜ:fɪkt /

•

UK / ˈpɚfɪkt /

A1

adjecitve
So good it cannot be improved
verb
To do something so well, it cannot be done better

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

A1

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

A1

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

decide

US / dɪ'saɪd /

•

UK / dɪˈsaɪd /

A2

verb
To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
To make a legal judgment in court
to affect the result of something

listen

US / ˈlɪsn /

•

UK / ˈlɪsən /

A1

verb
To carefully consider what someone is saying

instead

US / ɪnˈsted /

•

UK / ɪnˈstɛd /

A1

adverb
When one thing is replaced by another

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

A1

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

feeling

US / ˈfi:lɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈfilɪŋ /

A1

noun
Sensation or emotion you experience
verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

A1

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

A2

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

A1

number
1,000,000

forget

US / fəˈget /

•

UK / fərˈget /

A1

verb
To not remember something

across

US / əˈkrɔs /

•

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

A1

adverb
Distance from one side to another
(Go) from one side to the other of something

share

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

A2

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

A1

conjunction
If something will happen or not

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

A1

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

spend

US / spend /

•

UK / spɛnd /

A2

verb
To use money to pay for something
To use time in order to do something
To use up something completely

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

A1

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

A1

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

special

US / 'speʃl /

•

UK / ˈspɛʃəl /

A1

adjecitve
Being additional or extra
Different, better or greater than normal
noun
Heavily discounted sales item

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

A1

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

push

US / pʊʃ /

•

UK / pʊʃ /

A1

noun
Movement into enemy country with a military attack
Encouragement to convince someone to do something
Action of forcing something away from you
Act of forcing a change in price, quantity etc.
verb
To move into enemy country with a military attack
To press down (a button or a switch)
To attempt to make someone accept certain beliefs
To encourage or convince someone do something
To force something away from you
To force a change in a quantity, price, number

sign

US / saɪn /

•

UK / saɪn /

A1

noun
Indication that something exists or will happen
Motion or movement that expresses your thoughts
A board in the street that conveys information
Mark or symbol with an understood meaning
verb
To communicate by using ones hands and gestures
To write your signature on a document

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

A1

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

A2

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

notice

US / 'nəʊtɪs /

•

UK / ˈnotɪs /

A1

noun
Time by when you must leave, e.g. if you are fired
Paper with an announcement, e.g. pinned to a board
verb
To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing

usually

US / ˈju:ʒuəli /

•

UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /

A1

adverb
Normally; regularly

wonder

US / 'wʌndə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwʌndɚ /

A1

noun
Surprise caused by experiencing something amazing
verb
To feel curious about something
To think or consider about something over time

box

US / bɒks /

•

UK / bɑ:ks /

A1

noun
A marked area of a baseball field
A container with four straight sides and a lid
Area of seating in a theater separated from others
A 4 sided container or shape printed on a page
Entire amount of something inside a container
verb
To strike someone on the side of the head
To pack an object in a six-sided container
To fight with gloved hands as a sport

choose

US / tʃu:z /

•

UK / tʃuz /

A1

verb
To select; decide between several possibilities

list

US / lɪst /

•

UK / lɪst /

A1

noun
Lean of a boat to one side
Series of written names, words or numbers
verb
To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
To present for sale for a specific price
To write a series of names, words, or numbers

ones

US / wʌnz /

•

UK / wʌnz /

A1

number
Number 1, a single person or thing

worry

US / ˈwʌri /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:ri /

A1

noun
Something that causes trouble or concern
verb
To cause concern or trouble over something
To feel concerned or troubled about something

movie

US / ˈmu:vi /

•

UK / ˈmuvi /

A1

noun
Motion picture; film

music

US / 'mju:zɪk /

•

UK / ˈmjuzɪk /

A1

noun
Sounds that are sung or played to give pleasure
Academic study of rhythms and sounds
Written symbols that represent musical sounds

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

A1

number
8

towards

US / tə'wɔ:dz /

•

UK / 'təuədz, twɔ:dz /

A1

preposition
In the direction of someone or something

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

A2

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

A2

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

explain

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

A1

verb
To make clear or easy to understand by describing

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

A1

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

hurt

US / hɜ:t /

•

UK / hɚt /

A1

noun
Mental, emotional, or physical pain
verb
To cause pain, damage or injury

green

US / gri:n /

•

UK / ɡrin /

A1

adjecitve
Color of young leaves
Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
Concerned about protecting the environment
The color of young leaves
Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
noun
Large grassy area
used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

A1

number
Number 1,000

party

US / 'pɑ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈpɑrti /

A1

noun
Social event often with food, drinks and dancing
Group of people who travel, do something together
One side in a legal action or conflict
Official political group
verb
To attend, meet, gather at an event to have fun

social

US / ˈsəuʃəl /

•

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

A1

adjecitve
Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
Liking being with other people; friendly
Living together and depending on each other

sleep

US / sli:p /

•

UK / slip /

A1

noun
Substance in a person's eyes after waking up
Period of time during which a person is asleep
verb
To have enough beds for
To rest your body in bed, as at night time

alone

US / ə'ləʊn /

•

UK / əˈlon /

A1

adjecitve
Apart from others
Without equal
adverb
Without anyone or anything else

provide

US / prə'vaɪd /

•

UK / prəˈvaɪd /

A1

verb
To make available; to supply for use
To make certain something will happen or be done
To offer or give something that is wanted, needed

somewhere

US / 'sʌmweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

A1

adverb
At or to an unknown or unnamed place

tough

US / tʌf /

•

UK / tʌf /

A2

adjecitve
(Of food) difficult to chew or bite through
Very difficult to do or deal with
Having strict standards
Being firm and not easily bent or broken
Being strong physically or mentally
Being difficult to persuade
Capable of violence

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

A2

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

incredible

US / ɪnˈkredəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl /

A2

adjecitve
Very good; amazing
Really good; amazing; great
Very hard to believe

health

US / helθ /

•

UK / hɛlθ /

A1

noun
(Person, company) being in a good condition; well

note

US / nəʊt /

•

UK / not /

A1

noun
Paper money
Comments at the bottom of a page or end of a book
A particular musical sound from voice, instrument
Short piece of writing to help remember something
verb
To make mention of something; to make a remark
To write brief comments to help remember something

decision

US / dɪ'sɪʒn /

•

UK / dɪˈsɪʒən /

A1

noun
Choice made after thinking; final judgment
Ability to make quick and confident choices

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

A1

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

A2

noun
Physical or mental strength

quality

US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

•

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

A2

noun
Feature associated with someone or something
High level of worth or excellence

connect

US / kə'nekt /

•

UK / kəˈnɛkt /

A2

verb
To associate a thing with something else
To join or attach things together
To become friends with another person
To transfer from one part of a trip to another

laugh

US / lɑ:f /

•

UK / læf, lɑf /

A1

noun
Happy noise you make when something is funny
verb
To make a happy sound when something is funny

above

US / əˈbʌv /

•

UK / əˈbʌv /

A1

adverb
In a higher place than something else
preposition
At a higher point or level than

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

A1

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

struggle

US / 'strʌɡl /

•

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

A2

noun
Strong efforts made to do something difficult
verb
To try very hard to do something difficult

project

US / prəˈdʒekt /

•

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

A1

noun
A planned piece of work for specific purpose
Group of homes built by government for poor people
verb
To predict what will happen in the future
To show something on a screen using light
To stick out past the edge of something

conversation

US / ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑnvɚˈseʃən /

A2

noun
Talking with other people; discussion or chat

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

A2

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

value

US / 'vælju: /

•

UK / ˈvælju /

A1

noun
Importance you attach to something
Some information expressed as a number
Stated price of something; worth
verb
To place a high importance on something
To say how much money something is worth

shut

US / ʃʌt /

•

UK / ʃʌt /

A2

verb
To stop being open for business
To close something, e.g. a door

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

A2

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

claim

US / kleɪm /

•

UK / klem /

A2

noun
Demand for something that is believed to be due
Something said to be true when others don't agree
verb
To demand something that is believed to be due
To cause someone's life to come to an end
To say something is true when others may not agree

race

US / reɪs /

•

UK / res /

A2

noun
Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
People who share physical features or culture
verb
To take part in a running or swimming competition
To move or go at a very fast pace
To take someone, something to a place very quickly

immediately

US / ɪˈmi:diətli /

•

UK / ɪˈmidiɪtli /

A1

adverb
Without any delay; straight away

skill

US / skɪl /

•

UK / skɪl /

A2

noun
Ability to do something well

interested

US / ˈɪntrəstɪd /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪd, -tərɪstɪd, -təˌrɛstɪd /

A1

adjecitve
Having had your attention taken; curious
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

overall

US / ˌəʊvər'ɔ:l /

•

UK / ˈovɚˌrɔl /

A2

adjecitve
Viewed as a whole; in general, not as details

brain

US / breɪn /

•

UK / bren /

A1

noun
The part of the head that thinks
A smart person who often makes good decisions
verb
To strike someone forcefully on the head

truly

US / 'tru:lɪ /

•

UK / ˈtruli /

A2

adverb
In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

surprise

US / səˈpraɪz /

•

UK / sərˈpraɪz /

A1

adjecitve
That surprises you; not expected
noun
Something unexpected that slightly shocks you
verb
To do something that another person didn't expect

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

A1

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

trouble

US / ˈtrʌbl /

•

UK / ˈtrʌbəl /

A2

noun
Lack of public order; disturbance
State of difficulty or stress
verb
To worry, bother or disturb someone
To make an effort to do something; bother
To do difficult or bad things which cause problems

edge

US / edʒ /

•

UK / ɛdʒ /

A2

noun
An advantage you have over others
Cutting side of a sharp object
Boundary of a surface
verb
To cut something to make the blade sharp
To move slowly and carefully alongside something
To go around the boundary of something

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

A2

verb
To cause a change in something else

positive

US / ˈpɒzətɪv /

•

UK / ˈpɑzɪtɪv /

A2

adjecitve
Showing agreement or support for something
Being sure about something; knowing the truth
Having the charge produced by electrons
Being good or useful
Showing that a chemical is present in a test

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

A2

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

daily

US / 'deɪlɪ /

•

UK / ˈdeli /

A1

adverb
Happening every day
noun
A newspaper that is printed every day

poor

US / pʊə(r) /

•

UK / pʊr /

A1

adjecitve
Inferior; below the normal standard
Deserving of pity or sympathy
Without money; not rich

wonderful

US / ˈwʌndəfl /

•

UK / 'wʌndərfl /

A2

adjecitve
Producing feelings of enjoyment or delight

reaction

US / rɪ'ækʃn /

•

UK / riˈækʃən /

A2

noun
Bodily response to a drug or something eaten
Feeling or action in response to something

recognize

US / ˈrek.əɡ.naɪz /

•

UK / ˈrek.əɡ.naɪz /

A2

verb
To accept the truth or reality of something
To consider something as important or special
To accept the legal authority of someone, thing
To publicly show appreciation for someone's work
To know someone or something because you have seen or heard him or her or experienced it before

tend

US / tend /

•

UK / tɛnd /

A2

verb
To move or act in a certain manner
To take care of
To regularly behave in a certain way

negative

US / 'neɡətɪv /

•

UK / ˈnɛɡətɪv /

A2

adjecitve
Being harmful, unwanted or unhelpful
In mathematics, being less than zero
Focusing on the bad aspects; pessimistic
noun
The opposite to a positive electrical charge
In grammar, containing words such as 'no' or 'not'
Reply to a question or statement that means 'no'
Image on camera film used to make a photo

loud

US / laʊd /

•

UK / laʊd /

A2

adjecitve
Being very bright with colors, clothes etc.
Making a lot of noise

partner

US / 'pɑ:tnə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpɑrtnɚ /

A2

noun
One you have a business/personal relationship with
Someone you have personal relationship with
verb
To join with others for work or other activity

reduce

US / rɪ'dju:s /

•

UK / rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus /

A2

verb
To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
To make something smaller in size, amount, level

gift

US / gɪft /

•

UK / ɡɪft /

A2

noun
Something given to another for a reason; present
Special skill or natural ability to do something

shout

US / ʃaʊt /

•

UK / ʃaʊt /

A2

noun
Speaking loudly so you get attention
verb
To speak very loudly to get attention

soft

US / sɒft /

•

UK / sɔft, sɑft /

A2

adjecitve
Having flowing curves rather than sharp edges
Easy to press, bend or cut; not hard or firm
Showing a sympathetic and gentle heart
Not rough to the touch; light in feel
(Of lights, music) not too bright; not too loud

noise

US / nɔɪz /

•

UK / nɔɪz /

A1

noun
Loud sounds that cause discomfort or annoyance

boss

US / bɒs /

•

UK / bɔs, bɑs /

A1

noun
Person in charge of you at work
verb
To give orders to someone in an unpleasant way

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

A2

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

stress

US / stres /

•

UK / strɛs /

A2

noun
Emphasis on part of a word or sentence
Pressure on something or someone
A state of mental tension, worry due to problems
verb
To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
To put pressure on something or someone
To say your opinion strongly
To be in a state of mental tension due to problems

trap

US / træp /

•

UK / træp /

A2

noun
Device used for catching animals
Vehicle pulled by a single horse
Area or hazard on a golf course
Someone's mouth
Uncomfortable event that is hard to escape
verb
To use a device to catch animals or people
To hold, e.g. a nerve, so that it cannot move
To catch or prevent someone from escaping
To trick someone
To put into a situation you can't escape from

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

A2

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

solve

US / sɒlv /

•

UK / sɑ:lv /

A2

verb
To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

expert

US / 'ekspɜ:t /

•

UK / ˈɛkˌspɚt /

A2

adjecitve
Having special knowledge or skill
noun
Skillful person with special knowledge

coffee

US / ˈkɒfi /

•

UK / ˈkɔ:fi /

A1

adjecitve
A brown chocolate color
noun
A brown drink made from roasted beans and water

barely

US / ˈbɛəli /

•

UK / ˈbɛrli /

A2

adverb
Only just; just possible

understanding

US / ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ /

A1

adjecitve
Being sympathetic
noun
When you get the meaning correctly; comprehension
Knowledge about something or someone
verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

sea

US / si: /

•

UK / si: /

A1

noun
Very large group of people, similar-looking things
Large body of salty water with land around it

ear

US / ɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɪr /

A1

noun
Organ on the head used for hearing
The part of a corn plant that the seeds grow on
An ability to understand and appreciate music etc.

invite

US / ɪnˈvaɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvaɪt /

A2

noun
An invitation
verb
To ask someone to go somewhere or do something

confident

US / ˈkɒnfɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnfɪdənt /

A2

adjecitve
Feeling that you can do well at something

mental

US / ˈmentl /

•

UK / ˈmɛntl /

A2

adjecitve
Concerning the mind

grand

US / ɡrænd /

•

UK / ɡrænd /

A2

adjecitve
A counter for 1000 of something
Great in amount, number or size
Being highest in status or rank; impressive

maintain

US / meɪn'teɪn /

•

UK / menˈten /

A2

verb
To keep saying something a certain way
To keep (machine) working by checking, repairing
To keep, exist or continue without changing

aspect

US / 'æspekt /

•

UK / ˈæspɛkt /

A2

noun
Way something looks or seems to be
An element, feature, or quality of something

vibe

US / vaɪb /

•

UK / vaɪb /

C1

noun
Distinct emotional aura experienced instinctively

university

US / ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / ˌjunɪˈvɜrsəti /

A1

noun
High-level educational institution; college

helpful

US / ˈhelpfl /

•

UK / ˈhɛlpfəl /

A2

adjecitve
Doing things that help someone

bang

US / bæŋ /

•

UK / bæŋ /

A2

noun
Sudden loud noise, as when a bomb explodes
A loud noise
verb
To strike something loudly or forcefully

david

US / /

•

UK / /

A1

proper noun
(died c.962 BC), king of Judah and Israel c.1000–c.962 BC. In the biblical account, he killed the Ph
The name of two kings of Scotland.

guest

US / ɡest /

•

UK / ɡɛst /

A2

adjecitve
Referring to people visiting or staying at a place
noun
Person invited to visit or stay in someone's home
Paying customer at a hotel or restaurant

spirit

US / 'spɪrɪt /

•

UK / ˈspɪrɪt /

A2

noun
Person's strong determination or attitude
Unique qualities of person, place, or time
Part of a person thought to be moved by religion
Appearance or sense of a dead person
verb
To take someone away as if by magic

evening

US / ˈi:vnɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈivnɪŋ /

A1

noun
Last part of the day and early part of night
A social event in the early part of the night
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

patient

US / 'peɪʃnt /

•

UK / ˈpeʃənt /

A2

adjecitve
Not getting annoyed when things take a long time
noun
Person who receives medical treatment or care

trigger

US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

•

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

B1

noun
Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
Device that starts a process
verb
To start a process off e.g. a memory

genuinely

US / 'dʒenjʊɪnlɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnjʊɪnlɪ /

A2

adverb
In a real, actual, not false or artificial way

invest

US / ɪn'vest /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛst /

A2

verb
To use resources to build for the future

naturally

US / ˈnætʃrəli /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəli, ˈnætʃrə- /

A2

adverb
In the expected or usual way
Without the aid of someone or something

shine

US / ʃaɪn /

•

UK / ʃaɪn /

A2

noun
Act of using a polish to clean shoes
verb
To point a light in a certain direction
To make something clean by using a polish
To make or produce a bright light

slip

US / slɪp /

•

UK / slɪp /

B1

noun
Act of beginning to fall from losing balance
A field position in cricket
A quick escape or become free from something
Combination of clay and water, used in pottery
Occasion when something grows worse or drops lower
Minor mistake
Thin women's underwear to go under a dress
verb
To begin to fall as a result of losing balance
To escape or become free from something
To move from one state to another, usually worse
To slide out of place or fall to the ground
To occur or pass rapidly
To put something in a place quietly and secretly

chocolate

US / ˈtʃɒklət /

•

UK / ˈtʃɑ:klət /

A1

adjecitve
Being made from cocoa beans
noun
Hard brown candy made from cocoa beans

snap

US / snæp /

•

UK / snæp /

B1

noun
An informal word for a photograph
verb
To close your mouth quickly like biting something
To break something dry and thin, e.g. a branch
To lose control of your emotions; get angry

dive

US / daɪv /

•

UK / daɪv /

B1

noun
Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
Rapid fall through air
A jump into water head-first from a high place
Rapid fall in the value or price of something
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

typical

US / ˈtɪpɪkl /

•

UK / ˈtɪpɪkəl /

A2

adjecitve
Normal; usual; expected

cloud

US / klaʊd /

•

UK / klaʊd /

A1

noun
A mass of smoke or mist hanging in the air
verb
To confuse the mind/judgment of a person
(Of the sky) to get darker and fill with clouds
To make (glass, etc.) difficult to see through
To make an activity less pleasant or enjoyable
(Of person's face, etc.) to show worry/anger

growth

US / grəʊθ /

•

UK / groʊθ /

A2

noun
Improvement, development in a skill over time
A mass on the skin or body part related to illness
Act of growing

desire

US / dɪ'zaɪə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪr /

A2

noun
Thing that is wished for or wanted
verb
To wish for, hope or want something

traffic

US / 'træfɪk /

•

UK / ˈtræfɪk /

A2

noun
The cars or vehicles on the road
Amount of activity over a communication system

physically

US / 'fɪzɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəlɪ /

A2

adverb
In a manner related to the body
Concerning reality or the laws of nature

weigh

US / weɪ /

•

UK / weɪ /

A2

verb
To balance things against each other
To consider something carefully to form an opinion
To determine the weight of, using scales

comfort

US / 'kʌmfət /

•

UK / ˈkʌmfət /

A2

noun
Acts or words that reduce pain or sadness
State of being relaxed, warm or happy
verb
To try to make distressed person feel better

appeal

US / ə'pi:l /

•

UK / əˈpil /

A2

noun
Ability to attract interest, attention, or desire
verb
To attract interest, attention, or desire
To request a judge or others to change a decision

mood

US / mu:d /

•

UK / mud /

A1

noun
Emotion or a state of mind; how you feel

honey

US / ˈhʌni /

•

UK / ˈhʌni /

A2

noun
Sweet, thick golden liquid that is made by bees
Darling; used to refer to express love

transform

US / træns'fɔ:m /

•

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

C2

verb
To change the shape completely in a good way

instantly

US / ˈɪnstəntli /

•

UK / ˈɪnstəntli /

A2

adverb
In a manner without delay; immediately

consistent

US / kənˈsɪstənt /

•

UK / kənˈsɪstənt /

A2

adjecitve
Agreeing with or being similar to another part
In agreement; reliable

valuable

US / ˈvæljuəbl /

•

UK / ˈvæljuəbəl, ˈvæljə- /

B1

adjecitve
Being useful or important
Being worth a lot of money

capacity

US / kə'pæsətɪ /

•

UK / kəˈpæsɪti /

B1

noun
Ability to hold, involve or contain (e.g. liquids)
Largest amount of something that can be produced
Physical, emotional ability to do something
Person's job or role

regret

US / rɪ'ɡret /

•

UK / rɪˈɡrɛt /

B1

noun
Feeling of being sorry, as for what you didn't do
verb
To feel sorrow or guilt, as for what you didn't do

passion

US / 'pæʃn /

•

UK / ˈpæʃən /

A2

noun
Powerful, positive excitement and interest
Something for which one has a great love
Strong sexual feelings toward someone

slight

US / slaɪt /

•

UK / slaɪt /

B1

adjecitve
Small (amount, quality)
Appearing thin, delicate and physically weak
noun
Rude and disrepectful treatment
verb
To ignore or treat rudely and with no respect

management

US / 'mænɪdʒmənt /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒmənt /

A2

noun
People who are in control of a business or group
The process of running an organization

surprisingly

US / sə'praɪzɪŋlɪ /

•

UK / səˈpraɪzɪŋlɪ /

B1

adverb
In an unexpected manner; to an unexpected degree

distract

US / dɪ'strækt /

•

UK / dɪˈstrækt /

B1

verb
To draw someone's attention away from something

tension

US / 'tenʃn /

•

UK / ˈtɛnʃən /

A2

noun
Feeling of anxiety and inability to relax
Degree to which something is stretched tight

feedback

US / ˈfi:dbæk /

•

UK / ˈfidˌbæk /

B1

noun
A response or opinion, about a service, etc.

rub

US / rʌb /

•

UK / rʌb /

B1

noun
Act of moving you hand forcefully along a surface
verb
To spread a cream, etc., using a repeated motion
To move something back and forth along a surface

anxiety

US / æŋ'zaɪətɪ /

•

UK / æŋˈzaɪɪti /

B1

noun
Fear about what might happen; worry

robert

US / 'rɒbət /

•

UK / 'rɒbət /

A1

proper noun
The name of three kings of Scotland.

crucial

US / 'kru:ʃl /

•

UK / ˈkruʃəl /

B1

adjecitve
Extremely important or necessary

scheme

US / ski:m /

•

UK / skim /

A2

noun
Plan (sometimes dishonest) to get or do something
Way something is organized, e.g. colors of a room
verb
To make secret plans to do something (often bad)

license

US / ˈlaɪsns /

•

UK / ˈlaɪsəns /

B1

noun
Freedom to do what you want or act as you want
verb
To give official permission to do something

unable

US / ʌnˈeɪbl /

•

UK / ʌnˈebəl /

B1

adjecitve
Not being able to do something

oven

US / ˈʌvn /

•

UK / ˈʌvən /

B1

noun
Kitchen appliance you put food in to bake, roast

reminder

US / rɪˈmaɪndə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmaɪndər /

A2

noun
Something that causes one to remember something

symptom

US / 'sɪmptəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪmtəm, ˈsɪmp- /

B1

noun
Sign that suggests that there is a problem

decrease

US / dɪˈkri:s /

•

UK / dɪˈkris /

B1

noun
Amount by which something has been reduced
verb
To reduce the size, amount or number of something

barrier

US / 'bærɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbæriɚ /

B1

noun
Difficult situation preventing something happening
Structure or object that stops free movement

hardly

US / ˈhɑ:dli /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:rdli /

A2

adverb
Clearly or undoubtedly not; very little
Almost not; scarcely

author

US / 'ɔ:θə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔθɚ /

A2

noun
Person who writes books, plays, poems etc.
verb
To write book or articles

importance

US / ɪmˈpɔ:tns /

•

UK / ɪmˈpɔ:rtns /

A2

noun
Being important; having a big effect on

navigate

US / 'nævɪɡeɪt /

•

UK / ˈnævɪˌɡet /

B2

verb
To direct (car, plane etc.) in the right direction
To deal successfully with something complex
To travel by water (often through islands)

frustrated

US / frʌˈstreɪtɪd /

•

UK / ˈfrʌstretɪd /

B1

adjecitve
Annoyed because things don't go the way you want
verb
To make annoyed because things don't go well

tense

US / tens /

•

UK / tɛns /

A2

adjecitve
Unable to relax; feeling nervous or stressed
Stretched tight and stiff
noun
The use of grammar to state the time things happen
verb
To tighten the muscles, a rope, etc.

daniel

US / 'dænjəl /

•

UK / 'dænjəl /

A1

noun
(Old Testament) a youth who was taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar and given divine protection w
other
A wise and upright judge
An Old Testament book that tells of the apocalyptic visions and the experiences of Daniel in the cou

recall

US / rɪˈkɔ:l /

•

UK / rɪˈkɔl /

A2

noun
(Company) asking for the return of faulty goods
Act of remembering events or details of the past
verb
(Company) to ask for the return of faulty goods
To remember events or details of the past

attractive

US / əˈtræktɪv /

•

UK / əˈtræktɪv /

A2

adjecitve
Making you like them, as by being good-looking

jar

US / dʒɑ:(r) /

•

UK / dʒɑr /

B2

noun
Glass container for foods
verb
To have a harsh or unsettling effect on someone
To make a harsh sound to the ears

overwhelm

US / ˌəʊvəˈwelm /

•

UK / ˌoʊvərˈwelm /

B1

verb
To defeat something or someone completely
To affect someone emotionally in a strong way
To cause to have too much to handle (e.g. work)

judgement

US / ˈdʒʌdʒmənt /

•

UK / ˈdʒʌdʒmənt /

A2

noun
An opinion or decision made after consideration
Official court decision given by judge

elsewhere

US / ˌelsˈweə(r) /

•

UK / ˌelsˈwer /

A1

adverb
In, or to, another or different place

isolate

US / ˈaɪsəleɪt /

•

UK / ˈaɪsəˌlet /

B1

verb
To identify, consider, or deal with separately
To keep in a place or situation apart from others
To separate something from another substance

up

US / ʌp /

•

UK / ʌp /

A1

adjecitve
Going to a higher level
Being in a good mood
Move higher; raise
Happening
adverb
Apart
A more upward position; to a standing position
Above a surface
A higher level, like a price
preposition
Toward a place that is farther along something
verb
To act suddenly and unexpectedly
To increase something

awareness

US / əˈweənəs /

•

UK / əˈwɛrnɪs /

A2

noun
Having knowledge of something

sarah

US / /

•

UK / /

A1

patience

US / ˈpeɪʃns /

•

UK / ˈpeʃəns /

B2

noun
Ability to wait without being annoyed

psychological

US / ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / ˌsaɪkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl /

A2

adjecitve
Concerning the study of the mind
Concerning psychology

lightly

US / ˈlaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈlaɪtli /

A2

adverb
In a gentle manner; with little weight or force
With only a small amount of something
Without worry or serious consideration

leaf

US / li:f /

•

UK / lif /

A2

noun
Page in a book
Green part of a tree or plant
verb
To look through pages in a book

toll

US / təʊl /

•

UK / tol /

B2

noun
Sound that a big bell makes, when it is rung
Number of people hurt or killed in a disaster
Sum of money to be paid to use a bridge or road
verb
(Bell) to ring in a slow, loud and repeated way

uncover

US / ʌn'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ʌnˈkʌvɚ /

B1

verb
To remove what is on top to show something
(Journalist) to discover some news to be reported

distant

US / 'dɪstənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪstənt /

B1

adjecitve
Unfriendly; cold
Existing or happening far away in place or time
(Of relationships) not being closely related

flaw

US / flɔ: /

•

UK / flɔ /

B1

noun
Quality that makes something imperfect

tendency

US / 'tendənsɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɛndənsi /

A2

noun
Likelihood to behave in a particular way

attraction

US / ə'trækʃn /

•

UK / əˈtrækʃən /

A2

noun
Theme park or fairground; place worth visiting
The act of making someone become interested in

isolation

US / ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌaɪsəˈleʃən /

B1

noun
Condition of being in a distinct, separate place
Process of separating things from other things

deadline

US / ˈdedlaɪn /

•

UK / ˈdɛdˌlaɪn /

B1

noun
A date or time before which something must be done

prioritize

US / praɪˈɒrətaɪz /

•

UK / praɪˈɔ:rətaɪz /

B1

verb
To rank things in importance

companion

US / kəm'pænɪən /

•

UK / kəmˈpænjən /

A2

noun
Someone who keeps you company, goes out with you

psychology

US / saɪ'kɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / saɪˈkɑlədʒi /

C2

noun
The study of the mind and how it affects behavior
Way in which a person or group thinks and behaves

cereal

US / 'sɪərɪəl /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəl /

B1

noun
Breakfast food eaten with milk
Grain that can be eaten

amy

US / ə'mju:zɪŋlɪ /

•

UK / ə'mju:zɪŋlɪ /

A1

kansas

US / ˈkænzəs /

•

UK / ˈkænzəs /

A1

other
A state in midwestern United States

retreat

US / rɪ'tri:t /

•

UK / rɪˈtrit /

B2

noun
Act of a force moving back from a winning enemy
A place away from home and work to relax
Movement slowly backward, like floods of water
A change away from a previous opinion or belief
Act of going away from something difficult
verb
(Of army, etc.) to move back from a winning enemy
To go away from home and work for a vacation
To move slowly backward, like floods of water
To stop arguing for a particular opinion or belief
To go away from something difficult/dangerous

aisle

US / aɪl /

•

UK / aɪl /

B2

noun
Long narrow space between rows of seats

interfere

US / ˌɪntə'fɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈfɪr /

B1

verb
To get involved in something not your business

clarity

US / 'klærətɪ /

•

UK / ˈklærɪti /

B1

noun
Being easy to be seen through, heard or understood

puff

US / pʌf /

•

UK / pʌf /

B1

verb
To breath in and out quickly
To produce a small cloud of smoke, steam etc.
To breath smoke from a pipe, etc. in and out
noun
Sweet baked food filled with cream or jam
Small cloud of air/smoke that can be seen or felt

withdraw

US / wɪð'drɔ: /

•

UK / wɪðˈdrɔ, wɪθ- /

B1

verb
To take money out of a bank account
To pull back; move away or backward from something
To remove something from its place or position
To stop taking a strong, usually illegal, drug
To take something back that was given or offered

enthusiast

US / ɪnˈθju:ziæst /

•

UK / ɪnˈθu:ziæst /

B1

noun
A person having a strong liking for something

listener

US / ˈlɪsənə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlɪsənər /

A1

noun
Someone who listens

socially

US / 'səʊʃəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈsoʃəlɪ /

A2

adverb
As part of a social group

psychologist

US / saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst /

•

UK / saɪˈkɑlədʒɪst /

C2

noun
An expert who studies the mind and behavior

indiana

US / ˈindiˈænə /

•

UK / ˌɪndiˈænə /

A1

noun
A state in midwestern United States

thoughtful

US / ˈθɔ:tfl /

•

UK / ˈθɔtfəl /

B1

adjecitve
Concerned about needs and feelings of other people

fog

US / fɒg /

•

UK / fɔ:g /

B1

noun
Cloudy air that makes seeing things difficult
verb
To have water drops on it so you cannot see out

chronic

US / 'krɒnɪk /

•

UK / ˈkrɑnɪk /

B1

adjecitve
Always or often doing something, e.g. lying
(Of disease) over a long time; serious

empathy

US / ˈempəθi /

•

UK / ˈɛmpəθi /

B2

noun
Understanding how other people feel/suffer

amplify

US / 'æmplɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˈæmpləˌfaɪ /

B2

verb
To increase the effect of something
To add more details to a story or something said

embody

US / ɪmˈbɒdi /

•

UK / ɪmˈbɑ:di /

B2

verb
To make something into part of a body or system

This One Thing Can Make You Less Attractive

the

be

and