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Tracking and combating the rise of false online information about abortion

Video vocabulary

the

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US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

be

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US / bɪ /

UK / bi /

A1
  • verb
  • Being

and

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US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

that

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US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

have

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US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

not

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US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

for

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US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

you

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US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

this

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US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

with

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US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

about

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US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

get

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US / ɡet /

UK / ɡɛt /

A1
  • verb
  • To become affected by illness or disease
  • To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
  • To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
  • To go somewhere to obtain something
  • To (cause to) do a particular thing
  • To obtain, receive or be given something
  • To currently have
  • To prepare for use
  • To understand something being said or read

but

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US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

can

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US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

they

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US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

just

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US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

what

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US / wɒt /

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
  • Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
  • adverb
  • To a certain degree
  • determiner
  • Question words used for asking for information
  • exclamation
  • Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
  • Used to ask people to repeat something they said
  • pronoun
  • Thing or things that; the same kind as
  • Used to emphasize something you are about to say

all

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US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

do

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US / du: /

UK / du /

A1
  • other
  • Question words for 'do' verbs
  • verb
  • To act; to perform actions
  • To be enough; to be acceptable
  • To have a certain effect on something or someone

will

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US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

go

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US / ɡəʊ /

UK / ɡo /

A1
  • noun
  • A turn in a game
  • verb
  • To attend or be at a place
  • To do an activity
  • To function properly
  • To move or travel to another place

one

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US / wʌn /

UK / wʌn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to refer to people generally
  • Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
  • number
  • Number 1
  • pronoun
  • You; we; people in general; someone
  • The thing or person previously referred to

there

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US / ðɛə /

UK / ðɛr /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to illustrate the existence of something
  • In a particular respect
  • In that place or position, at that location

out

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US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

from

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US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

see

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US / si: /

UK / si /

A1
  • verb
  • To go on a date with someone
  • To predict whether something is, or will be true
  • To understand what someone says
  • To use your eyes to look at something
  • To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
  • To visit or meet with someone
  • To find out by waiting or looking
  • To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

make

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US / meɪk /

UK / mek /

A1
  • noun
  • Product made by a particular company; brand
  • verb
  • To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • To get to (a place) on time
  • To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
  • To create something by putting things together
  • To earn a certain amount of money at a job
  • To cause or force a person to do something
  • To cause something to happen or be formed

know

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US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

think

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US / θɪŋk /

UK / θɪŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To have an idea about something without certainty
  • To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

your

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US / jɔ: /

UK / jʊr, jɔr, jor,jə /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to you; belonging to the other person

time

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US / taɪm /

UK / taɪm /

A1
  • noun
  • Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
  • Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
  • Occasion when something happens
  • Period or occasion that something occurred
  • Period in history or the past
  • Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
  • How long an event takes; duration
  • verb
  • To check speed at which music is performed
  • To choose a specific moment to do something
  • To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
  • To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

come

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US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

want

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US / wɔnt /

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something you desire or wish for
  • State or condition of poverty
  • verb
  • To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

more

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US / mɔ:(r) /

UK / mɔr, mor /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In addition; extra
  • Greater in amount, number, or size
  • adverb
  • To a greater degree; in greater quantity
  • For a longer period of time
  • determiner
  • Additional quantity
  • pronoun
  • A greater or additional number

when

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US / wen /

UK / wɛn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or during the time something happens
  • adverb
  • Word you use to ask about the time, or day
  • conjunction
  • Although
  • In the event that; if
  • pronoun
  • Which time

would

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US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

now

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US / naʊ /

UK / naʊ /

A1
  • adverb
  • At the present time or moment
  • Right away or in the next possible moment
  • Used to refer to something that just happened
  • Time between the present and a moment in the past
  • conjunction
  • Resulting from or because of something

some

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US / səm /

UK / sʌm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Remarkable; very good (or very bad) in a way
  • Concerning a certain unclear degree, quantity
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to an unspecified amount or number
  • pronoun
  • Number of persons, things in a group, but not all

because

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US / bɪ'kɒz /

UK / bɪˈkɔz, -ˈkʌz /

A1
  • conjunction
  • For a reason

take

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US / teɪk /

UK / tek /

A1
  • noun
  • Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
  • verb
  • To accept something that is offered
  • To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
  • To use a camera to make (a photo)
  • To pick up something and go away with it
  • To study a subject in school
  • To attempt to pass (an exam)
  • To require a certain amount of time, money, space

here

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US / hɪə(r) /

UK / hɪr /

A1
  • adverb
  • In this place; at this location, position or time

look

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US / lʊk /

UK / lʊk /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
  • Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
  • The way someone, something appears to be
  • Act of searching for or examining something
  • verb
  • To appear to be; seem

say

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US / seɪ /

UK / se /

A1
  • noun
  • Power to decide or greatly influence something
  • verb
  • To indicate or give information using language
  • To use words to tell your message
  • To ask someone to give information to others

how

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US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

right

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US / raɪt /

UK / raɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Correct or true
  • The south side of you looking at the rising sun
  • adverb
  • Exactly in a place or time
  • Being appropriate for a particular event
  • In a straight or direct manner
  • noun
  • Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
  • Ideal of what is just and good
  • Political view based on conservatism
  • verb
  • To fix something previously wrong or unjust
  • To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

really

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US / ˈri:əli /

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to stress something that is said; definitely
  • In a true or accurate manner
  • Very

thing

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US / θɪŋ /

UK / θɪŋ /

A1
  • noun
  • (Used to introduce the reason for something)
  • Something you cannot remember the name of

then

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US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

way

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US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

into

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US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

well

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US / wel /

UK / wɛl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
  • Healthy and in good condition
  • adverb
  • In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
  • In a complete, total, or full manner
  • A great and considerable degree
  • In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
  • exclamation
  • Used to begin or continue a particular statement
  • Used to show you want to start saying something
  • Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
  • You say this to change the topic of a conversation
  • Used to indicate you are making a final remark
  • noun
  • Long deep hole in the ground to get water
  • verb
  • To cause your eyes to fill with tears

very

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US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

over

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US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

actually

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US / ˈæktʃuəli /

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to add new (often different) information

give

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US / ɡɪv /

UK / ɡɪv /

A1
  • noun
  • Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • verb
  • To hand over or present something to someone
  • To cause someone to have or experience something

first

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US / fɜ:st /

UK / fɚst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • 1st; Coming before all others in time or place
  • noun
  • Something that has not happened before
  • Position of the winner of a competition

where

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US / hwɛə /

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

A1
  • conjunction
  • At or in the place which
  • In whatever place
  • pronoun
  • Word you use to ask the location of something

people

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US / 'pi:pl /

UK / ˈpipəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
  • Men, Women, Children

who

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US / hu: /

UK / hu /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Which person
  • Used to introduce information about people

need

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US / ni:d /

UK / nid /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing you must have and cannot not have e.g. air
  • Thing you must have and cannot manage without
  • verb
  • To be unable to manage without something; require

which

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US / wɪtʃ /

UK / hwɪtʃ,wɪtʃ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Question word to ask about a person's choice
  • pronoun
  • (Used to describe something previously mentioned)
  • Question word to decide either, or

our

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US / 'aʊə(r) /

UK / aʊr /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to us

lot

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US / lɒt /

UK / lɑt /

A1
  • noun
  • What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • A group of people seen together
  • Item for sale at an auction
  • Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

two

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US / tu: /

UK / tu /

A1
  • number
  • 2

use

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US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

also

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US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

their

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US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

work

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US / wɜ:k /

UK / wɚk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Activity completed in order to make money
  • noun
  • The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
  • Everything created by an author, artist, musician
  • Activity you do in order to make money
  • Place of employment
  • Final product or result of a some labor or effort
  • verb
  • To bring into a specific state of success
  • To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
  • To do your job in your company or workplace
  • To make an effort to do something
  • To operate a machine or device

put

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US / pʊt /

UK / pʊt /

A1
  • phrasal verb
  • to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
  • verb
  • To move or place a thing in a particular position
  • To rate something in importance or value
  • To write or say something in a certain manner

off

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US / ɒf /

UK / ɔ:f /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of event) canceled; no longer occurring
  • Not having on; not wearing
  • Being somewhat wrong
  • adverb
  • Separated, removed, or away from a place or route
  • (Of a machine) no longer turned on or operating
  • (Of light, computer) no longer attached/connected
  • Far away in terms of time or space
  • preposition
  • Away or free from work
  • (Of foods, drink) old and bad to eat, drink
  • Extending or leading from something
  • No longer in or on some transport or vehicle

those

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US / ðəʊz /

UK / ðoz /

A1
  • determiner
  • The people or things we are talking about
  • pronoun
  • The objects far from the speaker

any

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US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

find

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US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

day

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US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

new

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US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

most

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US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • determiner
  • Constituting nearly all of something
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

around

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US / ə'raʊnd /

UK / əˈraʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Close to someone or something
  • adverb
  • Located on every side, or along something
  • With a motion that moves in a circle or a curve
  • Going here and there within (a place)
  • Turned or turning in the opposite direction
  • preposition
  • Roughly; approximately

before

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US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

should

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US / ʃʊd /

UK / ʃʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

talk

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US / tɔ:k /

UK / tɔk /

A1
  • noun
  • Style of speaking
  • Discussion between two countries
  • Giving information in front of people; lecture
  • Saying things or ideas to someone with words
  • verb
  • To make a formal speech about something
  • To say things or ideas to someone with words

show

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US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

last

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US / lɑ:st /

UK / læst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Most recent; the latest
  • The one before
  • adverb
  • Final; with nothing following; after all others
  • Most recent; the latest
  • determiner
  • The one at the end
  • verb
  • To remain or continue for a certain period of time

great

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US / ɡreɪt /

UK / ɡret /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very large in size
  • Very important
  • Very good; fantastic; wonderful
  • adverb
  • Very good; better than before
  • noun
  • Successful and well-admired person

through

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US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

many

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US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

keep

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US / ki:p /

UK / kip /

A1
  • noun
  • Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
  • Money spent on you so you can live in a place
  • verb
  • To continue doing something; not to stop
  • To stop balls going in a goal in sports
  • To not give back or return something
  • (Of food) to not spoil or not rot
  • To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
  • To have and continue to hold something
  • To do something that you have promised or agreed
  • To stay in a certain place or condition
  • To maintain the rules

happen

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US / 'hæpən /

UK / ˈhæpən /

A1
  • verb
  • To take place or occur

after

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US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

end

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US / end /

UK / ɛnd /

A1
  • noun
  • The point where a process or activity stops
  • A point that marks the limit of something; finish
  • Goal or desired result
  • The tip, edge or limit of something
  • verb
  • To be the last part of something

same

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US / seɪm /

UK / sem /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in quality and amount
  • Identical; not different
  • Not changing; constant

she

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US / ʃɪ /

UK / ʃi /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Female person or animal mentioned before
  • (Refers to female person mentioned before)

might

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US / maɪt /

UK / maɪt /

A1
  • other
  • Used to politely request an action
  • Used to express that something could happen
  • Power, strength, force or influence

play

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US / pleɪ /

UK / pleɪ /

A1
  • noun
  • Loose, free movement between two objects
  • Single action in a sports game
  • Performance in which people act in a theater
  • verb
  • To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
  • To perform music on an instrument
  • To use a device, e.g. a video game
  • To do something for enjoyment and fun
  • To do or perform a game or sport

part

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US / pɑ:t /

UK / pɑ:rt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To some degree; half; not fully
  • noun
  • Division of a book
  • Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
  • A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
  • Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
  • Some, but not all of a specific thing
  • Role in causing something to happen
  • verb
  • To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
  • To move two things apart creating a space
  • To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

able

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US / 'eɪbl /

UK / ˈebəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Skilled; good at something
  • Having the ability to do something

thank

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US / θæŋk /

UK / θæŋk /

A1
  • verb
  • To tell someone you are grateful to them

while

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US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

already

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US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

few

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US / fju: /

UK / fju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Not many, a small number

change

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US / tʃeɪndʒ /

UK / tʃendʒ /

A1
  • noun
  • Exchange of one set of clothes for another
  • Money in the form of coins instead of paper
  • Money returned after giving too much
  • Act of making or becoming something else
  • verb
  • To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • To exchange one kind of money for another
  • To replace something with another thing
  • To make or become something else
  • To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

both

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US / bəuθ /

UK / boθ /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time
  • pronoun
  • Used to refer to two things at the same time

high

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US / haɪ /

UK / haɪ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Excited or relaxed from taking drugs
  • Being of excellent quality or excellent standards
  • Larger than usual in number, amount or degree
  • Holding an important or powerful position
  • With a sound close to the top of the musical scale
  • Rising upward a great distance
  • adverb
  • At or to a place far above the ground
  • At a great value, amount or price
  • In a way that shows a lot of wealth
  • noun
  • (Weather) area of increased pressure

its

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US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

become

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US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

since

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US / sɪns /

UK / sɪns /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a point before the present time
  • conjunction
  • For this reason; because
  • preposition
  • From the time in the past that

believe

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US / bɪ'li:v /

UK / bɪˈliv /

A1
  • verb
  • To think or accept that something is true
  • To have a particular opinion about something

side

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US / saɪd /

UK / saɪd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In addition to the central or most important thing
  • Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
  • noun
  • Position or opinion that is opposite to another
  • Right or left part of a person's body
  • Feature of someone's personality
  • Straight edge of an object
  • One of two or more groups fighting each other
  • verb
  • To decide to agree with one point, not the other

seem

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US / si:m /

UK / sim /

A1
  • verb
  • To appear to be something

week

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US / wi:k /

UK / wik /

A1
  • noun
  • Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

question

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US / 'kwestʃən /

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Issue or problems you are dealing with
  • What you ask about; issue
  • verb
  • To ask for or try to get information
  • To have or express concerns or uncertainty

stay

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US / steɪ /

UK / ste /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal order to stop or delay an action
  • Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
  • Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
  • verb
  • To keep trying without giving up
  • To remain in the same place and not move away
  • To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

important

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US / ɪmˈpɔ:tnt /

UK / ɪmˈpɔrtnt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having power or authority
  • Having a big effect on (person, the future)

least

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US / li:st /

UK / list /

A1
  • adverb
  • In the smallest or lowest way
  • noun
  • Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

sound

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US / saʊnd /

UK / saʊnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Sensible, dependable and reliable
  • Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
  • Firm or solid in structure
  • Sane; not mentally ill
  • Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
  • noun
  • Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
  • Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
  • verb
  • To seem or appear to be, from what was said
  • To say in a clear deliberate manner
  • To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

small

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US / smɔ:l /

UK / smɔl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Little in size; not big
  • (Of letters) not written in capital letters
  • Being insignificant or minor
  • (Of a business) with few people or things; local
  • (Of voice) being soft and quiet
  • (Of a child) being young

follow

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US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

against

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US / əˈgenst /

UK / əˈɡenst /

A1
  • preposition
  • In physical contact with, as for support; next to
  • In opposition to; disagreeing with

understand

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US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

A1
  • verb
  • To know the meaning of language, what someone says

fall

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US / fɔ:l /

UK / fɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
  • A drop in amount; decrease
  • Dropping from a standing position to the ground
  • verb
  • To drop in amount; to decrease
  • To come down from a higher position suddenly
  • To go from standing to the ground, by accident

absolutely

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US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

A2
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally; very

include

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US / ɪnˈklu:d /

UK / ɪnˈklud /

A1
  • verb
  • To make someone, something part of a group

fact

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US / fækt /

UK / fækt /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is known or proved to be true

case

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US / keɪs /

UK / kes /

A1
  • noun
  • Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
  • Set of facts about a crime
  • Set of facts about an event
  • Example or instance of something
  • verb
  • To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

night

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US / naɪt /

UK / naɪt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working during the very early morning
  • noun
  • Time when sun does not shine

pay

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US / peɪ /

UK / pe /

A1
  • noun
  • Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
  • verb
  • To give money for goods or work done
  • To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
  • To be punished or suffer for something you did
  • To make (a visit) to a person or place

across

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US / əˈkrɔs /

UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /

A1
  • adverb
  • Distance from one side to another
  • (Go) from one side to the other of something

mind

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US / maɪnd /

UK / maɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • One's opinion or way of thinking about something
  • Part of humans that allows us to think or feel
  • verb
  • To be bothered or upset by something
  • To take care of someone e.g. as a bodyguard

free

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US / fri: /

UK / fri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Living, happening without being controlled
  • Costing no money
  • Not working; not busy
  • verb
  • To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

matter

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US / 'mætə(r) /

UK / ˈmætɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Material all things are made of that fills space
  • Problem or reason for concern
  • verb
  • To be of great importance; to count

continue

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US / kən'tɪnju: /

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

A1
  • verb
  • To do something without stopping, or after pausing
  • To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

especially

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US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • More than usual; extremely

order

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US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Religious or social group, as of nuns
  • Instructions to others to do what you want
  • State in which things are neat and organized
  • What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
  • Social or political control of an area
  • verb
  • To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
  • To give instructions to others to do what you want
  • To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

type

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US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

late

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US / leɪt /

UK / let /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening near the end of a given time
  • Having died; having held some position recently
  • At a time after the expected time
  • adverb
  • At a time after the expected time

fight

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US / faɪt /

UK / faɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • An argument or quarrel
  • Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
  • A struggle to do a difficult task
  • verb
  • To argue or quarrel with someone about something
  • To try to hurt someone by hitting them
  • To struggle to do a difficult task

myself

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US / maɪˈself /

UK / maɪˈsɛlf /

A1
  • pronoun
  • The same person who did the action mentioned
  • My regular, usual, or healthy self

low

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US / ləʊ /

UK / lo /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
  • Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
  • Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
  • (Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
  • noun
  • Situation of not having a lot of something

whether

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US / ˈweðə(r) /

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

A1
  • conjunction
  • If something will happen or not

large

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US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

base

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US / beɪs /

UK / bes /

A2
  • noun
  • Place military personnel live, train, and operate
  • Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
  • Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
  • Most important idea or ingredient to add others
  • Origin or start from which something came
  • Main place where an organization or a person works
  • verb
  • To use as the starting point or origin for
  • To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

read

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US / ri:d /

UK / ri:d /

A1
  • noun
  • Person's name
  • verb
  • To take a measurement of a meter (e.g. gas meter)
  • To predict your future from cards, a crystal ball
  • To look at and comprehend the meaning of a text
  • To understand something about a situation

system

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US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

focus

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US / 'fəʊkəs /

UK / ˈfokəs /

A2
  • noun
  • Main purpose or center of interest or activity
  • verb
  • To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
  • To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

amount

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US / ə'maʊnt /

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Quantity of something
  • verb
  • To add up to a certain figure

school

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US / sku:l /

UK / skul /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being to do with schools and education
  • noun
  • Large group of fish that swim together
  • Education of a child
  • Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
  • A particular belief or idea about something
  • verb
  • To teach or train someone to know or do something

consider

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US / kən'sɪdə(r) /

UK / kənˈsɪdər /

A1
  • verb
  • To think carefully about something

news

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US / nju:z /

UK / nu:z /

A1
  • noun
  • Broadcast on radio or TV about recent events
  • Information about recent events

force

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US / fɔ:s /

UK / fɔrs, fors /

A1
  • noun
  • Group of persons trained for military action; army
  • Pressure; attraction
  • The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
  • verb
  • To use physical strength or violence to persuade

challenge

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US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
  • Act of formally inviting someone to compete
  • A question to determine correctness of something
  • verb
  • To formally invite someone to compete at something
  • To question the correctness of something

form

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US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

space

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US / speɪs /

UK / spes /

A1
  • noun
  • Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
  • Empty area with nothing in it
  • Area in the sky where the stars are
  • Area between written words on a page
  • verb
  • To make a certain distance or time between

group

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US / ɡru:p /

UK / ɡrup /

A1
  • noun
  • Two or more musicians who play music together
  • Number of people or things gathered together
  • verb
  • To combine or collect objects or people together

actual

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US / ˈæktʃuəl /

UK / ˈæktʃuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Real or existing in fact, not imagined; real

within

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US / wɪˈðɪn /

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

A1
  • adverb
  • Inside the limits of an area, time or range
  • preposition
  • From the inside of something

quickly

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US / ˈkwɪkli /

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Without taking a lot of time; fast

extra

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US / 'ekstrə /

UK / 'ekstrə /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • More than necessary; additional
  • noun
  • Items more than you need; additional items
  • Person who has a small part in a movie
  • Special version of a newspaper

company

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US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

A1
  • noun
  • Good feeling from being with someone else
  • A business that sells things or provides services
  • Guests, especially in your home
  • Being with another person rather than alone

example

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US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

hundred

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US / 'hʌndrəd /

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

A1
  • number
  • 100

themselves

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US / ðəmˈselvz /

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Reflexive form of 'they'

medium

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US / 'mi:dɪəm /

UK / ˈmidiəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Method of expressing ideas or feelings
  • Something available in a middle size or condition
  • Person who claims to communicate with the dead

social

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US / ˈsəuʃəl /

UK / ˈsoʃəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
  • Liking being with other people; friendly
  • Living together and depending on each other

information

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US / ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

UK / ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Collection of facts and details about something

cause

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US / kɔ:z /

UK / kɔz /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • Reason for
  • verb
  • To make something happen; create effect or result

content

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US / 'kɒntent /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛnt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being happy or satisfied
  • noun
  • Information in something, e.g. book or computer

event

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US / ɪˈvent /

UK / ɪˈvɛnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Any social gathering; occasion; planned activity
  • Something that happens that you will remember
  • Race or contest in a sports activity or program

likely

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US / 'laɪklɪ /

UK / ˈlaɪkli /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • With a good chance that a thing will really happen
  • Seeming suitable or good for a particular purpose

public

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US / 'pʌblɪk /

UK / ˈpʌblɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Owned by the government
  • Concerning society in general
  • Being available or accessible to people in general
  • Known or able to be known by all people

report

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US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

A1
  • noun
  • Account of the necessary facts and information
  • The telling of news in the media
  • Official statement about something
  • verb
  • To submit a report or bill to the government
  • To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
  • To state something officially
  • To officially present yourself to an authority
  • To describe something by telling it to others

remain

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US / rɪˈmeɪn /

UK / rɪˈmen /

A2
  • verb
  • To be left behind; to continue to exist
  • To stay in a place when other people have gone
  • To be left undone (after other things changed)

increase

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US / ɪn'kri:s /

UK / ɪnˈkris /

A1
  • noun
  • Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
  • verb
  • To make or become larger in size or amount

health

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US / helθ /

UK / hɛlθ /

A1
  • noun
  • (Person, company) being in a good condition; well

decision

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US / dɪ'sɪʒn /

UK / dɪˈsɪʒən /

A1
  • noun
  • Choice made after thinking; final judgment
  • Ability to make quick and confident choices

available

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US / əˈveɪləbl /

UK / əˈveləbəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Present and able to be used
  • Able to be used at a scheduled time

access

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US / 'ækses /

UK / ˈæksɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
  • verb
  • To be able to use or have permission to use

attention

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US / əˈtenʃn /

UK / əˈtɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Taking notice of someone or something
  • (Soldiers) Standing with straight backs

online

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US / ˌɒnˈlaɪn /

UK / ˌɑ:nˈlaɪn /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Connected to the internet

wake

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US / weɪk /

UK / wek /

A1
  • noun
  • Wave behind a ship, caused by its movement
  • verb
  • To cause to become more energetic or attentive
  • To stop something or someone sleeping

recently

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US / ˈri:sntli /

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just a while ago; not long ago

claim

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US / kleɪm /

UK / klem /

A2
  • noun
  • Demand for something that is believed to be due
  • Something said to be true when others don't agree
  • verb
  • To demand something that is believed to be due
  • To cause someone's life to come to an end
  • To say something is true when others may not agree

role

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US / rəʊl /

UK / rol /

A2
  • noun
  • Character played by an actor
  • Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

impact

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US / 'ɪmpækt /

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

A2
  • noun
  • A striking effect or result to hit with force
  • Very strong influence
  • Act or force of one thing hitting something else
  • verb
  • To hit or strike someone or something with force

risk

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US / rɪsk /

UK / rɪsk /

A1
  • noun
  • Actions that cause potential problems
  • verb
  • To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

unique

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US / jʊ'ni:k /

UK / juˈnik /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Unlike other things; being the only one like it

market

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US / ˈmɑ:kɪt /

UK / ˈmɑ:rkɪt /

A1
  • noun
  • Need or demand for a particular product or service
  • Area or region where a certain product is sold
  • Public event where people sell goods on tables
  • Institution where stocks are bought and sold
  • verb
  • To publicize products to get you to buy; advertise

natural

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US / ˈnætʃərəl /

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
  • Not made by humans; without human intervention

approach

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US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
  • Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
  • Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
  • verb
  • To get close to reaching something or somewhere
  • To request someone to do something specific

individual

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US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Made for use by one single person
  • Having a distinct manner different from others
  • noun
  • Single person, looked at separately from others

spread

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US / spred /

UK / sprɛd /

A2
  • noun
  • A big meal, often laid out as a buffet
  • The distance between two things
  • Soft food thinly applied, e.g. on bread
  • When a disease is passed to more people
  • Range or wide variety of something
  • verb
  • To place over a large area; to cover a large area
  • To apply something thinly, usually onto food
  • To give or be given to other people, as a disease
  • (Of ideas, gossip) to pass to and affect others
  • To move something apart, or to put space between
  • To become known by a greater number of people

accept

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US / ək'sept /

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

A1
  • verb
  • To agree to receive or take something offered
  • To admit that something is true or correct

potential

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US / pəˈtenʃl /

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Capable of happening or becoming reality

technology

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US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

tool

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US / tu:l /

UK / tul /

A2
  • noun
  • Device used to make things, e.g. a hammer
  • verb
  • To provide a workshop with the right equipment

mostly

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US / ˈməʊstli /

UK / ˈmoʊstli /

A2
  • adverb
  • In large part; mainly or chiefly

opinion

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US / əˈpɪnjən /

UK / əˈpɪnjən /

A2
  • noun
  • Court judge's statement why a decision was made
  • A person's thoughts on a topic

concern

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US / kənˈsɜ:n /

UK / kənˈsɚn /

A2
  • noun
  • Company, firm or business
  • Feeling of worry or anxiety
  • verb
  • To be about a particular topic
  • To have a direct impact on someone
  • To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
  • To feel worry or anxiety

careful

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US / ˈkeəfl /

UK / ˈkerfl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Trying not to make mistakes; working slowly

successful

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US / səkˈsesfl /

UK / səkˈsɛsfəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having the desired effect or result
  • Having achieved wealth, respect, or social status

science

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US / 'saɪəns /

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Study of the physical world, based on facts

court

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US / kɔ:t /

UK / kɔrt, kort /

A2
  • noun
  • Place king or queen meet people, makes laws etc.
  • Place where legal cases are decided
  • Large, flat area, to play tennis or basketball
  • verb
  • To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
  • To encourage dangerous behavior
  • To pay attention to someone to get their support

platform

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US / 'plætfɔ:m /

UK / ˈplætˌfɔrm /

B1
  • noun
  • Flat, raised structure that people stand on
  • Area from which you board a train at a station

limit

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US / 'lɪmɪt /

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Point beyond which it is not possible to go
  • verb
  • To stop or prevent an increase past a point

contain

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US / kənˈteɪn /

UK / kənˈten /

A2
  • verb
  • To keep something from spreading
  • To hold something inside something else

judge

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US / dʒʌdʒ /

UK / dʒʌdʒ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who decides on the results of a contest
  • Person who has the power to make a decision
  • verb
  • To reach a decision about who won a contest
  • To form an opinion after careful consideration
  • To make a decision in court

significant

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US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
  • Having meaning; important; noticeable
  • (Statistics) being clearly different

evidence

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US / 'evɪdəns /

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

A1
  • noun
  • Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

noise

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US / nɔɪz /

UK / nɔɪz /

A1
  • noun
  • Loud sounds that cause discomfort or annoyance

tech

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US / tek /

UK / tɛk /

A2
  • noun
  • Shortened form of 'technology' or 'technician'

folk

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US / fəʊk /

UK / fok /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of ordinary people) not sophisticated
  • noun
  • Ordinary common people

tweet

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US / twi:t /

UK / twit /

B1
  • noun
  • Weak chirping sound as of a small bird
  • Message sent to Twitter
  • verb
  • To make a weak chirping sound as of a small bird
  • To write a message on Twitter

medical

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US / ˈmedɪkl /

UK / ˈmɛdɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of or relating to physical health or medicine
  • noun
  • A health check or test

user

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US / ˈju:zə(r) /

UK / ˈjuzɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Person that uses a service/thing, e.g. a website

critical

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US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Making a negative judgment of something
  • Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
  • Most important part

policy

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US / 'pɒləsɪ /

UK / ˈpɑlɪsi /

A2
  • noun
  • Document stating terms of an insurance agreement
  • Course of action proposed by an organization, etc.

originally

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US / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

UK / əˈrɪdʒənəli /

A2
  • adverb
  • At first; in the beginning
  • In a new and unique manner

legal

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US / 'li:ɡl /

UK / ˈliɡəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning the law; allowed by law

john

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US / dʒɔn /

UK / dʒɑn /

A1
  • noun
  • A toilet.
  • A prostitute's client.
  • proper noun
  • (1165–1216), son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine; king of England 1199–1216; known as John Lack
  • The name of six kings of Portugal.

argument

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US / ˈɑ:gjumənt /

UK / ˈɑrɡjəmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Discussion in which you disagree with someone
  • A presentation of reasons for or against an idea

forth

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US / fɔ:θ /

UK / fɔrθ, forθ /

B1
  • adverb
  • So as to be seen; out
  • Outward or forward in space, time

debate

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US / dɪ'beɪt /

UK / dɪˈbet /

A2
  • noun
  • General public discussion of a topic
  • A formal event where two sides discuss a topic
  • verb
  • To consider options before making a decision
  • To take part in a formal discussion

monitor

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US / ˈmɒnɪtə(r) /

UK / ˈmɑ:nɪtə(r) /

A2
  • noun
  • A senior student at school
  • Electronic screen on which you can see images
  • verb
  • To observe and keep a record of something

ban

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US / bæn /

UK / bæn /

B1
  • noun
  • Official action preventing something happening
  • verb
  • To make something illegal or not allowed

digital

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US / ˈdɪdʒɪtl /

UK / ˈdɪdʒɪtl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Using electronic signals or computers

lean

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US / li:n /

UK / lin /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having a low fat content
  • Efficient; well-designed with no waste
  • Thin; slim; skinny; with little fat on your body
  • verb
  • To balance against or on something for support
  • To have a tendency to do something; favor

responsibility

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US / rɪˌspɒnsə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / rɪˌspɑnsəˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Job, task or thing you are expected to look after
  • A thing to be done because it is morally correct
  • State of being dependable or reliable

speech

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US / spi:tʃ /

UK / spitʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • A formal talk to an audience
  • Expression of ideas or opinions by talking

context

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US / ˈkɒntekst /

UK / ˈkɑnˌtɛkst /

A2
  • noun
  • Set of facts surrounding a person or event

appeal

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US / ə'pi:l /

UK / əˈpil /

A2
  • noun
  • Ability to attract interest, attention, or desire
  • verb
  • To attract interest, attention, or desire
  • To request a judge or others to change a decision

volume

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US / ˈvɒlju:m /

UK / ˈvɑljum, -jəm /

A2
  • noun
  • Number or amount of something e.g. sales
  • Amount of space that something takes up
  • One book that is part of a set of books
  • Level of sound produced by radio or television

shadow

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US / 'ʃædəʊ /

UK / ˈʃædo /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who follows another person to observe them
  • Area of darkness that is caused by blocked light
  • verb
  • To cover something with shade
  • To secretly follow a person

cycle

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US / ˈsaɪkl /

UK / ˈsaɪkəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Series of regular and repeated actions
  • Bicycle, bike
  • verb
  • To go through a series of events repeatedly
  • To ride on a bicycle

predict

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US / prɪ'dɪkt /

UK / prɪˈdɪkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To guess or estimate what will or might happen

bake

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US / beɪk /

UK / bek /

A2
  • verb
  • To cook food (bread, cakes) in an oven
  • To become hot or hard by exposure to heat or sun

leak

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US / li:k /

UK / lik /

B1
  • noun
  • Act of (gas, liquid) escaping through a small hole
  • Information released that wasn't supposed to be
  • verb
  • (Of a tire) to have air, liquid escaping; (Of air)
  • To make secret information public
  • (Liquid) to go out of/get in through crack/opening

combat

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US / 'kɒmbæt /

UK / kəmˈbæt, ˈkɑmˌbæt /

B1
  • verb
  • To fight someone or something physically

consume

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US / kən'sju:m /

UK / kənˈsum /

A2
  • verb
  • To eat, drink, buy or use up something
  • To take all your energy; focus the attention

researcher

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US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r) /

UK / rɪˈsətʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Someone who works to find new facts and ideas

tricky

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US / 'trɪkɪ /

UK / ˈtrɪki /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Difficult, so needing skill to do or deal with
  • Likely to use tricks; dishonest or deceptive

indicate

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US / ˈɪndɪkeɪt /

UK / ˈɪndɪˌket /

A2
  • verb
  • To show something; direct attention to; point out
  • To represent something using a symbol or sign

draft

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US / drɑ:ft /

UK / dræft /

B1
  • noun
  • Withdrawal of money from the bank
  • System for selecting people to join the military
  • Method of selecting players for sports teams
  • Cold wind coming through a door or window
  • First attempt at a piece of writing
  • verb
  • To order people to join the army in time of war
  • To select people for a task or team
  • To write something that will be edited later

vast

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US / vɑ:st /

UK / væst /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very large in size or amount

consumer

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US / kənˈsju:mə(r) /

UK / kənˈsumɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Person who buys goods or services

false

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US / fɔ:ls /

UK / fɔ:ls /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not real or genuine

scientific

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US / ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk /

UK / ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning academic study of the physical world

belief

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US / bɪˈli:f /

UK / bɪˈlif /

A1
  • noun
  • Being sure that something exists or is true
  • Trust in an idea or set of ideas
  • A particular opinion about something

percentage

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US / pəˈsentɪdʒ /

UK / pərˈsentɪdʒ /

B1
  • noun
  • Part of a whole divided into hundredths

harm

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US / hɑ:m /

UK / hɑrm /

A2
  • noun
  • Damage or injury
  • verb
  • To damage, injure, or hurt someone or something

inform

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US / ɪnˈfɔ:m /

UK / ɪnˈfɔ:rm /

A2
  • verb
  • To give information or facts about something

examine

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US / ɪgˈzæmɪn /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmɪn /

A2
  • verb
  • (Medical) to test to find out what is wrong
  • To test your knowledge or ability
  • To ask questions; to look closely at something

lab

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US / læb /

UK / læb /

B1
  • noun
  • Short for 'laboratory'

instance

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US / 'ɪnstəns /

UK / ˈɪnstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • An example of something; case
  • verb
  • To give as an example of something else

headline

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US / ˈhedlaɪn /

UK / ˈhedlaɪn /

B2
  • noun
  • Title summarizing a news story
  • verb
  • To be the main performer at a show

supporter

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US / səˈpɔ:tə(r) /

UK / səˈpɔrtɚ, -ˈpor- /

B1
  • noun
  • Someone showing they are in favor of a idea, plan
  • Someone who is a fan of a particular sports team

safely

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US / ˈseɪfli /

UK / ˈseflɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Out of danger

conservative

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US / kənˈsɜ:vətɪv /

UK / kənˈsɚvətɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of an estimate, price) set fairly low
  • Resistant to change
  • noun
  • Person with traditional ideas; doesn't like change

manner

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US / ˈmænə(r) /

UK / ˈmænɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • The way a person acts, talks, or behaves
  • Polite and respectful behavior to others
  • The way that something happens or is done

tactic

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US / 'tæktɪk /

UK / ˈtæktɪk /

B2
  • noun
  • One of the ways you attempt to achieve a strategy

chapter

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US / ˈtʃæptə(r) /

UK / ˈtʃæptɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Small local group forming part of a larger one
  • One of the main sections of a book
  • Period or time in your life, e.g. your childhood

objective

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US / əbˈdʒektɪv /

UK / əbˈdʒɛktɪv /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being real, rather than simply being an idea
  • noun
  • Something you decide you want to do; goal

legitimate

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US / lɪ'dʒɪtɪmət /

UK / ləˈdʒɪtəmɪt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being born to legally married parents
  • Being reasonable and sound
  • verb
  • To make acceptable and sound

perceive

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US / pə'si:v /

UK / pɚˈsiv /

B1
  • verb
  • To notice or become aware of something
  • To think of someone or something in a certain way

parallel

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US / 'pærəlel /

UK / ˈpærəˌlɛl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of two lines) at equal distance from each other
  • (Of computer operation) happening at the same time
  • Very similar and often occurring at the same time
  • noun
  • A line on a map a set distance from the equator
  • verb
  • To be equal to, or like, something else
  • To compare

supreme

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US / su:ˈpri:m /

UK / sʊˈprim /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Greatest in degree/nature/quality; absolute best
  • Holding the highest power, status or authority

activist

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US / ˈæktɪvɪst /

UK / ˈæktəvɪst /

B1
  • noun
  • A person who tries to change a government, society

strengthen

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US / ˈstreŋθn /

UK / ˈstrɛŋkθən,ˈstrɛŋ-,ˈstrɛn- /

A2
  • verb
  • To make something stronger

empower

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US / ɪm'paʊə(r) /

UK / ɛmˈpaʊɚ /

B2
  • verb
  • To give someone a power or ability

conscious

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US / ˈkɒnʃəs /

UK / ˈkɑnʃəs /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Aware of what is going on around you

burden

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US / 'bɜ:dn /

UK / ˈbɚdn /

B1
  • noun
  • Something difficult to do, manage, or accept
  • verb
  • To weigh down with a load; impose a task upon

spectrum

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US / 'spektrəm /

UK / ˈspɛktrəm /

B1
  • noun
  • The wavelengths of colors from red to violet
  • a range of different positions, opinions, etc. between two extreme points

medication

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US / ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn /

UK / ˌmɛdɪˈkeʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Substance to relieve pain or cure sickness

texas

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US / ˈtɛksəs /

UK / ˈtɛksəs /

A1
  • other
  • The second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico

lower

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US / 'ləʊə(r) /

UK / ˈlaʊɚ, laʊr /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • In a position more near the bottom
  • verb
  • To move something downward to the ground

intentionally

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US / ɪn'tenʃənəlɪ /

UK / ɪnˈtɛnʃənl:ɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • With a plan to do or achieve something

moderate

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US / ˈmɒdərət /

UK / ˈmɑdərɪt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being average in quantity or size
  • verb
  • To host a meeting or panel discussion
  • To make something less violent, severe, or strong
  • To come between people to help solve an argument
  • To reduce the severity, violence, or strength of

nuance

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US / ˈnju:ɑ:ns /

UK / ˈnu:ɑ:ns /

B2
  • noun
  • Small, not obvious difference in meaning, etc.

prone

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US / prəʊn /

UK / proʊn /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Lying flat with your head facing the ground
  • Likely to have, do or be (usually something bad)

circulate

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US / 'sɜ:kjəleɪt /

UK / ˈsɚkjəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To go round continuously
  • To move from one person to another, as at a party
  • (Of a rumor) to go round from one person to others

herb

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US / hɜ:b /

UK / ɜ:rb /

B1
  • noun
  • Small leafy plant used in medicines or food

consensus

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US / kənˈsensəs /

UK / kənˈsɛnsəs /

B1
  • noun
  • A decision that is shared by most of a group

literature

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US / ˈlɪtrətʃə(r) /

UK / ˈlɪtərəˌtʃʊr, -tʃɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Writing valued as art, e.g. fiction, drama, poetry

extraordinarily

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US / ɪk'strɔ:dnrəlɪ /

UK / ɪkˈstrɔrdn:ˌɛrɪlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • Extremely

overturn

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US / ˌəʊvə'tɜ:n /

UK / ˌovɚˈtɚn /

C1
  • noun
  • Improbable and unexpected victory
  • verb
  • To reverse a decision
  • To cause an object to turn over

foremost

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US / 'fɔ:məʊst /

UK / ˈfɔrˌmost,ˈfor- /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the best or most important

skyrocket

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US / 'skaɪrɒkɪt /

UK / ˈskaɪˌrɑkɪt /

A1
  • verb
  • (Prices or things) to increase suddenly

misinformation

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US / ˌmɪsɪnfə'meɪʃn /

UK / ˌmɪsɪnfə'meɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Information that is incorrect

induce

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US / ɪn'dju:s /

UK / ɪnˈdus, -ˈdjus /

B1
  • verb
  • To make someone do something; create an outcome
  • To make a woman give birth by giving her medicine

abortion

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US / əˈbɔ:ʃn /

UK / əˈbɔ:rʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • A medical operation to stop having a baby

journalism

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US / ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪzəm /

UK / ˈdʒɜ:rnəlɪzəm /

B2
  • noun
  • Profession of writing or reporting news

exaggerate

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US / ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt /

UK / ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt /

B1
  • verb
  • To makes things seem more extreme than reality

misleading

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US / ˌmɪsˈli:dɪŋ /

UK / mɪsˈlidɪŋ /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having the wrong or mistaken idea
  • verb
  • To make someone have the wrong idea about a thing

ethical

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US / ˈeθɪkl /

UK / ˈɛθɪkəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Morally right; following principles of goodness
  • Involving the choice between right and wrong

remedy

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US / 'remədɪ /

UK / ˈrɛmɪdi,'rɛmədɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Way to solve or fix a problem
  • Treatment that relieves pain or cures illness
  • verb
  • To solve or correct a problem

bolster

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US / 'bəʊlstə(r) /

UK / ˈbolstɚ /

B2
  • verb
  • To prop up or support (e.g. a wall)

nonprofit

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US / ˌnɒn'prɒfɪt /

UK / nɑnˈprɑfɪt /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not commercially motivated; charitable

scientifically

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US / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

UK / ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪklɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In an manner that follows the rules of science

harvard

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US / ˈhɑːvəd /

UK / ˈhɑrvərd /

A1

proactive

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US / ˌprəʊˈæktɪv /

UK / ˌproʊˈæktɪv /

C1
  • adjecitve
  • Acting to head off anticipated future problems

downplay

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US / ˌdaʊnˈpleɪ /

UK / ˈdaʊnˌple /

C2
  • verb
  • To suggest something is not a serious as thought

adept

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US / əˈdept /

UK / əˈdɛpt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being highly skilled in some activity

viewpoint

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US / ˈvju:pɔɪnt /

UK / ˈvjuˌpɔɪnt /

C2
  • noun
  • Point of view; your opinion or attitude

anti

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US / 'æntɪ /

UK / ˈæntaɪ, -ti /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • A prefix meaning 'against' or 'opposed'

takedown

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US / ˈteɪkdaʊn /

UK / 'teɪkdaʊn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • (Wrestling) thrown to the mat from standing

mis

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US / ˌem aɪ ˈes /

UK / ˌem aɪ ˈes /

A1
  • noun
  • Prefix meaning wrong, ill, mistaken, or negation

reactive

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US / riˈæktɪv /

UK / riˈæktɪv /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Easily reacting to; responsive

ruling

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US / ˈru:lɪŋ /

UK / ˈrulɪŋ /

A2
  • noun
  • A legal decision about a court case
  • verb
  • To decide legally, especially in court
  • To have control or influence
  • To mark with a straight line

ideological

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US / ˌaɪdɪə'lɒdʒɪkl /

UK / ˌaɪdiəˈlɑdʒɪkəl, ˌɪdi- /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • In conformity with fixed ideas or beliefs

medically

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US / 'medɪklɪ /

UK / ˈmɛdɪklɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • As regards medical matters

disinformation

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US / ˌdɪsˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn /

UK / ˌdɪsˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃn /

B1
  • noun
  • Information intended to confuse others

toolbox

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US / ˈtu:lbɒks /

UK / ˈtulˌbɑks /

C2
  • noun
  • Box, chest or cabinet for holding hand tools

literacy

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US / ˈlɪtərəsi /

UK / ˈlɪtərəsi /

B1
  • noun
  • Fact of having knowledge of a particular subject
  • State of being able to read and write

shoddy

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US / 'ʃɒdɪ /

UK / ˈʃɑdi /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • Poorly made; acting badly

politicize

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US / pəˈlɪtɪsaɪz /

UK / pəˈlɪtɪˌsaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To make a debate or point political

roe

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US / rəʊ /

UK / roʊ /

B2
  • noun
  • Eggs of a fish

chan

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US / tʃæn /

UK / tʃæn /

A1
  • proper noun
  • The capital of the pre-Inca civilization of the Chimu. Its extensive adobe ruins are situated on the

confound

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US / kənˈfaʊnd /

UK / kənˈfaʊnd, kɑn- /

B2
  • verb
  • To confuse or greatly surprise someone

proactively

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US / ˌprəʊˈæktɪvli /

UK / ˌproʊˈæktɪvli /

C1
  • adverb
  • So as to head off anticipated future problems

onus

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US / ˈəʊnəs /

UK / ˈoʊnəs /

C1
  • noun
  • Responsibility; burden

stigmatize

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US / ˈstɪgmətaɪz /

UK / ˈstɪɡməˌtaɪz /

C2
  • verb
  • To consider or describe as shameful or bad
  • To makes someone feel that they are very bad

jenna

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US / 'dʒeləʊ /

UK / 'dʒeloʊ /

A1

battlefront

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US / ˈbæt(ə)lˌfrʌnt /

UK / ˈbætlˌfrʌnt /

A1
  • other
  • Line along which opposing armies face each other

sherman

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US / ˈʃɜːmən /

UK / ˈʃɜrmən /

A1
  • other
  • A peak in the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado (, feet high)

unjustified

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US / ʌnˈdʒʌstɪfaɪd /

UK / ʌnˈdʒʌstɪfaɪd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • That is not justified; unreasonable; wrong

misalign

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US / ˌmɪsəˈlaɪn /

UK / ˈmɪsəlaɪn /

A1
  • other
  • Align imperfectly or badly

subjectively

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US / səb'dʒektɪvlɪ /

UK / səb'dʒektɪvlɪ /

C1
  • adverb
  • In an individual, emotional way; not objective

mifepristone

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US / mɪˈfeprɪˌstəʊn /

UK / mɪˈfeprɪˌston /

A1
  • noun

antiabortion

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US / /

UK / /

A1
  • adjective
  • Opposing or legislating against medically induced abortion.
  • Introduction to Video Content
  • Tracking and combating the rise of false online information about abortionThe recent legal battle over abortion access has highlighted the prevalence of online misinformation and disinformation surrounding this sensitive topic. In light of this, researchers are delving into the vast amount of false information circulating on the internet. Jenna Sherman, a researcher at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and a member of the Meedan Digital Health Lab, a nonprofit organization dedicated to strengthening journalism and digital literacy, has been studying the impact of online misinformation and disinformation in relation to last year's leak of the draft Supreme Court opinion and the subsequent decision to overturn Roe v. Wade.Sherman's investigation sought to understand how the volume of false information changed online before and after these events. By examining hundreds of tweets, she discovered that while the percentage of tweets containing misinformation remained the same, the overall volume of false information skyrocketed. This surge in misinformation surrounding abortion is particularly concerning given the already high levels of noise around this topic online. The rapid increase in false information following the leak and decision had a significant impact and likely caused harm within just a few days.The recent Supreme Court ruling in Texas, which pertains to the abortion medication mifepristone, has further demonstrated the rapid spread of false information. Sherman confirms that there has been a similar trend in the dissemination of misinformation related to this particular case. It is clear that false online information about abortion is a persistent and growing problem, and efforts to combat this issue are urgently needed. By understanding the scale and impact of online misinformation, researchers like Sherman can help inform strategies to promote accurate information and protect individuals' reproductive rights.
  • Subtitles section
  • John: The supreme court said last night that the abortion medication mifepristone will remain available while the challenge to a lower court order that it be taken off the market works its way through the legal system.
  • This latest chapter in the legal fight over abortion access comes as researchers are examining the vast amount of online misinformation and disinformation about abortion.
  • Jenna Sherman is with meedan digital health lab, a technology nonprofit that works to strengthen journalism and digital literacy.
  • She's also a researcher at the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health.
  • I know that you recently looked at what happened with online misinformation and disinformation around last year's leak of both the leak of the draft supreme court opinion and then when the actual opinion came out overturning roe.
  • What did you find?
  • Jenna: Thank you.
  • We wanted to understand how actual volume of mis and disinformation changed about abortion online.
  • So we went through hundreds of tweets from before the leak and the decision and then after the leak and decision, and what we found is that the percentage of tweets containing misinformation stayed the same.
  • And you might be thinking well, stayed the same, that's not very significant.
  • But what's important to keep in mind here is the noise around abortion online was extraordinarily high.
  • So the percentage saying the same actually indicated that the volume of misinformation skyrocketed following both the leak and the decision and then quickly fell within a few days , already making an impact and already causing harm most likely.
  • John: Mifepristone has been in the headlines for the last two weeks since that ruling in Texas, have you seen the same thing?
  • Jenna: Absolutely John.
  • We have been seeing the same thing.
  • We predicted that mis and disinformation around medication abortion would increase after originally the leak and then the decision because it really has become the new battlefront for antiabortion activists in their fight against abortion to end all forms of abortion, and we have seen their tactics become really successful online.
  • We've seen claims circulating that exaggerate the harms of medication abortion, that use very shoddy and in many cases, non-rigorous science.
  • And that do a lot of fearmongering and stigmatizing around people who are considering using medication abortion in a manner that is unjustified, based on the scientific literature.
  • What's really concerning to me, we are seeing many of those same claims in the actual legal appeals themselves.
  • The ruling that the Texas judge put forth that I looked at had at least 20 unique, false or misleading claims that were misaligned with scientific consensus.
  • And that's just an example of this cycle that we're in where mis and disinformation online gets baked into our legal and policy decisions and then bolsters the mis and disinformation online and the cycle continues.
  • John: What you are talking about seems to have been coming from the antiabortion forces.
  • Do you see any misinformation or disinformation coming from abortion-rights supporters?
  • Jenna: That's a great question.
  • So while we have found observationally that most disinformation which is intentionally spread, false and misleading content comes from , more conservative leaning anti abortion groups and individuals.
  • Misinformation is really spread across the ideological spectrum, so some examples of claims that have been put across on social media by folks who are really on the side for abortion rights have been, for instance, claims around being able to use herbs or natural remedies to safely induce abortion, which is not scientifically evidence.
  • Also downplaying really legitimate risks of abortion.
  • This just goes to show how politicized and subjectively perceived this abortion debate is and how it really confounds the public debate.
  • John: What can people do about this?
  • And does the burden fall on the social media platforms or does it fall on the social media users to be careful about what they read?
  • Jenna: We're of the opinion that the onus should really first and foremost be on the tech companies and the social media platforms.
  • There is a role for individual users to play.
  • But what platforms should really be focusing on is using a both reactive approach and proactive approach in parallel.
  • A lot of the arguments around monitoring and moderating abortion content or any content online is that it's limiting free speech.
  • In that argument, we're mostly talking about takedowns and shadow bans, and that's one really small tool in a really large toolbox.
  • What we really need to be focusing on is a parallel approach where we do some takedowns and at the same time are proactively giving people medically sound context for the type of information that they're consuming.
  • You know, we should really be empowering users to be, you know, be more ethical, conscious and informed consumers of content online.
  • And especially now, given what we found in this report to pay extra attention to potential misleading content in the wake of really large public debates, news events and legal decisions.
  • John: How do you combat the fact that I think people are prone to accept and believe arguments that bolster what they already believe?
  • Jenna: It's a challenge.
  • I think that the tricky part of it is that the online space is not a space that's very adept to being critical and consuming content in a nuanced way.
  • I think you know what people need to do, including myself, including all of us, is approached, especially medical claims with a really objective , viewpoint.
  • No matter what your belief is, whether you're for abortion or against abortion, we all have the responsibility to be conscious consumers when it comes to health information.
  • John: Jenna Sherman, thank you Jenna: Thank you, John.
  • ♪♪